推荐:新托福阅读基础课讲义 精
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【关键字】托福托福强化班阅读讲义范琛Samuel100VSPStrategy /skills反衬凡塵Mortaldust10028 26 23 23Input vs outputOutputinput30考试报名:送一套OG 3Delta-Blue 4Delta-Red 6TPO 13InputOutput一、词汇题:1.题型概括:近义2.解题思路i.“生僻”词汇ii.熟词僻义iii.上下文理解5%Context3.备考提示数量词源词性i.背诵词汇的优先顺序a)通用的V & Adj,特别是已经学过的简单词汇的升级版(书面语b)常用的名词c)专有名词jargonii.背单词的方法:词根词缀iii. B. Delta p63-p66Vocabulary Builder4.例题OG 43-11,B.Delta 72-8, 73-9, 73-1, 74-3*, 75-8/9, 76-2, 79-,Dis-banded band dismissSophisticatedUniqueBan brandSophisticatedDis-band-edUniqueThis custom is unique to the southwestern aboriginal tribes.=only found inXXXXX (风俗) is unique to XXX Tribe.二、指代题1.题型概述i.基本原则:a)代词指名词b)代词通常指前(相邻句子)没有歧义:同一句相邻句子:两句话c)单复数一致代词指后When he returned to homeland, the ambassador embarked on anew course.主从句/主句+状语从句/状语在前,主句在后,则名词完整形式放主句中,代词放从句/状语中2.解题思路代入检查i.主语同指主1 xxxxxxxx. 主2(代词)xxxxx ii.上下文理解112-43.例题OG 42-5 62-9 71-5 92-2Delta 48-1/2 49-4 51-1 52-6三、插入题:1.题型概述2.解题思路i.代词(指代)黑体句句首:代词+名词→原文(重复/同义替换)黑体句首有This→段落最开头的方格必错ii.总分/隐含先后关系a)明显标记词(之后的名词) Both, also, again, another; a third, finalb)先抽象后具体●在抽象句子开头有结论性词语,则颠倒顺序Thus, in conclusion, consequently…c)A of B = B’s Ad)要比较先介绍A: xxx, B: xxx A>B三转折13ChaosSalonUltimate clue: Cohesion between ‘Repeated’ nouns3.例题OG: 43-12 52-12 63-12 84-11 107-11 114-12 指代73-11 95-11 121-11*Delta:143-7/9(先抽象后具体)144-10 (both) 145-3(AofB) 146-6(要比较先描述) 147-8(先整体后个体)486-39* ,514-38*,538-24,红Delta:36-2444-49 210-24四、句子改写(简化)1.题型概述Essential Infoi.主谓宾ii.逻辑关系条件/因果/转折/对比/比较级2.解题思路i.简单句筛选主’谓’提示:竖读选项排除具有相同错误的选项看上文:◆句首代词◆主语内涵不明◆呼应结构(also)ii.并列句筛选主谓宾小心:并列句原句前短后长,答案将对原句进行缩减,要把握句子重心And ;➢原句隐含关系在选项表面化分词→结果/原因/目的/伴随iii.复杂句抓住原句逻辑关系词筛选选项3.例题Delta:一124例题131-7 135-7;128-2* 129-4*(看上文)二126-7 128-1 130-6* (错项)130-5*(分词/隐含关系)三127例题131-8 133-3 135-10OG:一93-7二81-2*(句子重心的把握)三43-10 51-10 60-3 72-8*(whereas)106-10 112-6* 120-9 Respectively五、细节题纯粹细节Infer否定(先看选项,观察共性) EXCEPT NOT细节题重大出题点:i.相似性/差异性描述As …as比较级The same, similar, different, like/unlike关系/内容ii.否定信息/强调信息否定/最高级、绝对化表达、each /every,强调语气、强调句iii.逻辑关系改变转折iv.从结构看细节2.错项特征i.新概念ii.新逻辑(小心隐含)iii.绝对化表达only all 最高级never always(原文没有)3.例题OG 41-1*/2* 61-6* 81-1* 51-11 105-9**(逻辑关系转变)OG 43-9* 92-5* 42-7/8红Delta 213-26*蓝Delta449-10*六、修辞目的Why/in order to1.答案特征功能&对象(同义替换)2.解题思路i.例证关系:a)标记词such as, for example,e.g. –PrevailPrevailb)对称/相似结构描述同类现象,往前找答案ii.相似性/差异性:判断关系确定内容A VS B:为啥提到A: 为了B (互为目的)为啥提到A:为了告诉你B是XXX(= / 不= A)Delta:108-1 112-2 OG 92-3 60-3 iii.逻辑关系的另外一半A 细节与B细节用逻辑关系词相联,两者互为目的。
托福强化阅读Advanced TOEFLReading讲义Learning MaterialsLecture 1 Get Ready for TOEFL Reading 托福阅读强化预备1. 自测问题Self-evaluating questions✓托福阅读有几篇文章?每篇有几道题目?每篇文章大约多少字?考试时间多久?✓托福阅读有哪些题型?哪种题最简单?哪种题最难?我是否掌握了每周题型的解题方法和步骤?✓托福阅读满分多少分?我如果一共做对了15个可以得多少分?答案十大题型Basic Information(提取信息)①词汇题Vocabulary 词②指代题Reference③简化句子题Sentence Simplification 句④插入文本题Insert Text⑤事实信息题Factual Information⑥否定排除题Negative Factual Information 段Inferencing(分析推理)⑦推断题Inference⑧修辞目的题Rhetorical PurposeReading to Learn (学以致用)⑨图表题Fill in a Table 篇⑩小结题Prose Summary机考界面评分标准(2019年8月之后)2. 托福阅读文章特点(Characteristics of TOEFL reading text)“TOEFL iBT® reading passages are excerpts from college-level textbooks thatwould be used in introductions to a discipline or topic. The excerpts are changedas little as possible because the goal of the test is to assess how well test takerscan read the kind of writing that is used in an academic environment.The passages cover a variety of subjects. Do not worry if you are unfamiliar with the topic of a passage. All the information needed to answer the questions is in the passage.”Official Guide 5th edition作为一项语言能力测试,托福阅读备考是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力,以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。
托福阅读课讲义(花花整理)阅读课讲义怎样的考试和怎样的我们…….托福考试的本质探求——对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知托福到底有多难?◆习惯的说法:⾼考->六级->考研->托福->SA T->GRE->GMA T->LSA T◆⽤合理的⽅式进⾏难度的评价从“OF”到“IN”◆Test OF English:“对”英语的测试●TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)●IEL TS (International English Language Testing System)●TOEIC (Test Of English for International Communication)●CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4)●CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6)●PETS (Public English T est System)◆Test IN English:“⽤”英语的测试●GRE (Graduate Record Examination)●GMA T (Graduate Management Admission Test)●SA T (Scholastic Assessment Test)●LSA T (Law School Admission Test)●NCEE (National College Entrance Examination)●NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination)托福作为语⾔考试的本质◆测试考⽣对英语的综合应⽤能⼒——包括听、说、读、写的独⽴能⼒和综合能⼒;◆测试考⽣在实际的学习、⽣活过程中的语⾔应⽤能⼒——所有测试内容均与实际结合;◆考⽣的英语⽔平与分数具有直接相关性——零基础测试假设;◆包含且仅包含语⾔使⽤过程中的所有因素——词汇、句⼦、语篇、语境、交流⽅式。
阅读部分1. 句子简化题The Great Red SpotOne distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案:C2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案:DPassage One (Question 1-2)CamouflageCamouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in thetreeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protectivecoloration for Arctic animals.B.The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails toprotect the Arctic tundra.C.In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treelessArctic.D.For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protectsthem during summer and winter months.答案:A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B.The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summerand white in the winter.C.It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtimeand gray in the fall.D.The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change duringdifferent seasons.答案:DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty, could be reused. Onesuggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar. A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes – have been developed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not aparticularly strong adhesive.B.Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C.Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program to develop the strongestadhesive of all.D.Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylatecopolymer microspheres.答案:A4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a reportprepared by a colleague.B.One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending andreceiving notes attached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’sproducts.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions byother workers.答案:B5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities tointroduce innovative products.B.Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar tomost customers.C.The new product did not sell well because potential customers did notunderstand it.D.After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the productwas not innovative enough.答案:C6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The company immediately understood the potential of the product and beganto develop it further.B.The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creatingnumerous varieties to make it successful.C.The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watchedfor decades as sales improved.D.It took some time for the company to understand how important its newproduct was and how many variation were possible.答案:D2. 排除列举题The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water.Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. Itdissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantlyLine modifying the face of the Earth.(5) Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transportedby wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles downto formbrooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. Thisimmense polarized network channels the water toward a single recepatcle: an ocean.(10) Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize itspotential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sealevel.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is ameasure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the(15) average time for a water molecule to pass throught one of the three reservoirs —atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A watermolecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on acontinent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance ofthe ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water(20) transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over thecontinents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium aredissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay wherethey are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes(25) soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of thecontinents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemicalerosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend ondifferent factors.8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium答案:BThe canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbingmammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, andporcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are notLine as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.(5) Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulentenvironment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area perunit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly.Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions mayfluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.(10) Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy forinsects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition forfood, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminalleaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or(15) leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping offand retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail andplucking food with their hands.Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than forlarge climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that(20) typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: itcan achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as aspringboard,even bouncing on a limb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a smallanimal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect(25) diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may beproblematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?(A) Monkeys(B) Cats(C) Porcupines(D) Mice答案:DDuring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about thecontributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newlyformed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,Line women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some(5) significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the bestcontemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned importantletters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the secondPresident of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions.During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.(10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the effortsof female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, andthey were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keensense of(15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National,regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personalcorrespondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sourcesform the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States; oneat the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the(20) Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuablematerials for later generations of historians.Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women"theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great(25) men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to Americanlife, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies. or else importantwomen produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in publiclife as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were notrepresentative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people(30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT(A) authors(B) reformers(C) activists for women's rights(D) politicians答案:DPotash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the otherbeing soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making ofglass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being theLine product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and(5) vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America needhardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was(10) more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of theeconomy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It wasrequired for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced insufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of(15) Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England includedpassengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned inthe open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in thebottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was(20) boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass intowhat was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing ofland for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing landcould be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New(25) Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic,consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despitethe beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a seriesencourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoodsin the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial North America答案:C2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.答案:B7. According to paragraph 4, all of following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(C) sand(D) water答案:CPennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had bothindustrial and political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right tothe profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of theLine colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the(5) colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 toprohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneurMark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making hadbecome the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issuesthat fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the(10) time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, wasmanufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other "iron plantations," continued toform the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rurallandscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke,(15) charcola-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation'sgrowth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods duringwar and peace—ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-ironstoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of(20) iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron,hardwoodforests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows thatpumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves,for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its (25) transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts madeby Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. There they ware assembled intostoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the "Hopewell stove". By the time thelast fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community had produced some80,000 cast-iron stoves.5. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT(A) Many workers were available in the area(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby(C) The metal ore was easy to acquire(D) There was an abundance of wood答案:BUnder the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there aredeposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds;or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also revealLine clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock thatgradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots oftrees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers—all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust intosmaller andsmaller pieces that eventually become clay.(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is themost abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxidessilica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impuritiessuch as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is thebasis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful(15) objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered withimpermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanicaction, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rockcalled obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard,dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire(20) clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay canstand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting.Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account forthe differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenwareflowerpot.2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?(A) in desert sand dunes(B) in forests(C) on hillsides(D) near rivers答案:AIn July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiouslywatched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere ofJupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9Line after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out(5) along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been firstglimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quicklyscientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giantplanet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming firethat quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed(10) at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy wastransformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through thetunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues form these explo-sions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out tofrom dark ribbons.(15) Although this impact event was of considerable scientific importance, it especially piquedpublic curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening televisionnewscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientificendeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed beforeour very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the(20) fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catstrophe by randomassaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should nothave been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary explo-ration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least ingeologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT(A) a dismembered body(B) a train(C) a pearl necklace(D) a giant planet答案:DBy far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax orwool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning andLine weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during(5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. Americanproducers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cottongin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separatingthe fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton wasrelatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were (10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, availableonly along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shortergrowing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that aworker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from(15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The laterdevelopment of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivityfurther.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread ofthe cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American(20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total Americanexports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of Americanexports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The(25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to anunprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of theUnited States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased。
托福阅读基础班讲义Version20100625Table of ContentsⅠ.Basic Reading Requirements (2)1.1. Material Reference (2)1.2. V ocabulary (2)1.3 Sentence (7)1.3.1 Parallel Constructions (12)1.3.2Parenthetical sentence (13)1.3.3Phrases (13)1.3.4Appositons (16)1.3.5Attributive clauses (16)1.3.6Complex sentences (17)Ⅱ.Effective Reading Practice (20)2.1 Coherence (20)2.2. Structure (23)Ⅲ.Critical Reading Practice (24)3.1Distinguish fact from opinion (24)3.2Topic (generalization) and main idea (25)3.3. Purpose and inference (26)Table of words with various meanings: (28)Table of Correlative words (29)Complex sentences for practice (30)V ocabulary with Contexts (34)Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements1.1. Material Reference•§Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT (North Star)•§Old TOEFL Reading Passages•§Old TOEFL Vocabulary•§Effective Reading in a Changing World1.2. Vocabulary•§How many words?•§How to promote efficiency?•§What kinds of words?•√multivocal words•√abstract words•√academic words•√correlative words√multivocal words•Little test:1.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes -not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.rge domestic animals became the societies’main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport.3.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.4.Most machines, no matter how complex they may be, are combinations of the lever and the inclined plane.5.In the foreground rose the Gongtang Pagoda with its dazzling gilded stupa rising above a rectangular series of green tiled sloping roofs. Beyond, leading up to the mountains lay the fabled Labrang Monastery. Surrounding the entire complex stretched a reddish-brown wall, severalkilometers long, lined with hundreds of prayer wheels.•More about multivocal words:1.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-----rents.2. The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region.3. The author mentions the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux as an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person4. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.5. Black was considered inappropriate because of its association with death.6. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.7. As a famous woman, Fengjie’s disposition has been marked as extreme self-confidence. The disposition of Furong’s “S”posture cannot match up with Fengjie’s sudden turn of her face with a charming smile. The disposition of all these national treasures overseas has ignited the admiration of foreign news agency, such as the report of Brother sharp.8. Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the "man in the moon" or the "lady in the moon."9. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them –even while building materials have changed dramatically.10. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent manner.the reflection in a mirrordo sth. without sufficient reflectionreflections on the current situationHe is simply a reflection of his father.Recommended Solution•Table of Mutivocal words•Requirements:•Look all these words up•Write down all the meanings√abstract words•Little test:1. Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.2. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.•Desire; demand; need•Special; specific•establish; set up3.NS advance, page 10:•Reasonable; reasoning•Prioritize; priority4. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in deprived subjects.•Definition: 抽象•Range: verbs and adjectivesRecommended Solution•List of Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary•Reading passages of NS, high intermediate and advanced•Requirements:• 1.Mark all the abstract words• 2.Make differences between synonymy• 3.Make sentence with each abstract words√academic words•Elaboration of academic background• 1.Natural and Physical Sciences• 2.Biological Sciences• 3.Arts and American History• 4.Social Sciences• 5.Humanities• 6.Biography and others1.Natural and Physical SciencesThe nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.2.Biological SciencesMolt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.3.Arts and American HistoryThe American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.4.Social SciencesThe term “satellite city”is used to describe the relationship between a large city and neighboring smaller cities and towns that are economically dependent upon it. Satellite cities may be collection and distribution points in the commercial linkages of a trading metropolis, or they may be manufacturing or mining centers existing with one industry economics as the creatures of some nearby center. This latter form is what is generally meant when one uses the term "satellite city." Taken in this sense, nineteenth - century Chicopee and Lowell, Massachusetts, were satellites of Boston. Both were mill towns created by Boston investors to serve the economy of that New England metropolis.5.HumanitiesThe most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurbishing older buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation. A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardell Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970’s. with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation, as well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene.6.Biography and othersThough Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, his novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.Recommended Solution•Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary (1st time)•Old TOEFL Reading Passage (2nd time)•Requirement:• 1.Mark the frequent academic words• 2.Write down all these words in specific category and proper notebook√correlative words•The importance of CW•Table of CW1.3 Sentence• 1.3.1 Parallel Constructions• 1.3.2Parenthetical sentence• 1.3.3Phrases• 1.3.4Appositons• 1.3.5Attributive clauses• 1.3.6Complex sentences分句:包含一个主语和一个谓语。
新托福阅读讲义杜昶旭一. 准备知识1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点(1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇(5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN?General statement ideasSome details(3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).细节主体(填充)(2) 文章具体结构如下:Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构)Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节) Conclusion: topic(结构)5.快速笔记方法(1) 快速笔记的意义:辅助思维框架形成索引功能(2) 快速笔记的内容结构主体的核心词时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记举例主体新概念和核心概念重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5) 好笔记的特点:笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系:(1) 规范口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语前置定语: adj+n后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for youprep phrase介词短语: a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tooldeveloped for the project不定式: a way to solve the problem注:✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solvethe problem定语从句:✧关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句)✧关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句✧介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句)A, or BA that + 句子( 完整句)A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离Adv 副词Prep phrase 介词短语分词短语不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配……关联词(完整句)…… (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 化右括号的条件:句子终结连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenthcentury in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方法构成主语的成分:名词代词The +形容词不定式主语从句动名词完全倒装的判断流程阅读和写作的关系:为写作提供原始模仿素材,并且是抽象结构.Basic to any understanding of the disadvantages ofbuilding a large factory near a community is_________.例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the country’s impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)). 例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 〔bording the Hudson River〔)).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as ‘slient’, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to thehealth of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法构成:It + be + 强调成分+that/ who+ 其他成分注意:把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整\正确的就是强调句.强调句不强调形容词和代词.例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句) that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of socialdeference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING1) 需要详细阅读的内容结构主体的内容非举例性质的概括描述题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容大量的数据堆砌明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置对比\类比读一半让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法✓可以合并为意群的成分:✧副词✧介词短语✧分词短语✧非谓语的不定式✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语✧固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解----强调一遍阅读法(3) 文章的类型和题材1) 文章类型: :参见OG第19页顺承式: 时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构)分类式: 分类方式及类别特征. (树型结构)问题解决式\现象解释式: 解决方案\解释及最终结论.(伞型结构) 2) 题材分类自然科学a. 生物学✧植物学: 植物的分类和特征✧动物学: 动物的分类和行为.鸟类\群体昆虫\海洋生物✧微生物学: 真菌(蘑菇\真菌的顽固)b. 地理\地质学✧地形\地貌特征: 成因\分布\气候\生态\影响✧地质事件: 成因或原理\过程\影响c. 天文学✧具体的星体特征: 基本特征(形状\距离\轨道\旋转\温度\质量);大气层(氢气\氦气Helium \氨气ammonia \甲烷); 表面特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索✧天文学事件: 成因\过程\影响d. 考古学✧古生物: 恐龙(灭绝), 鸟类( 进化史pterosau r翼龙目动物;飞龙→archaeopteryx n.始祖鸟→modern birds)✧古代遗址\遗迹: 中国的古代遗迹e.气象学✧灾害性天气: 成因\过程\危害\预防✧天气预报: 卫星\计算机技术f. 新技术和新事物✧发展史✧特征及应用人文科学a. 美国历史✧土人: 生活\宗教\艺术✧都市化过程: 人口增长\城市扩张\交通发展\经济繁荣b. 历史学和人类学✧原始人生活变迁: 游牧到定居(农业)✧古代文明c. 文学✧流派: 产生\思想\代表✧作家: 生平\作品d. 绘画和雕塑✧流派✧类型:城市艺术✧画家e. 音乐✧类型: country, ragtime…✧乐器f.心理学: 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析1. 词汇题(V ocabulary Question)(1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第25页(2) 词汇题的解答方法认识:直接解题,沾边就对。
目录第一部分阅读2一.真题高频词汇21天速成 (2)二.新托福阅读考试中句际关系解读 (21)三.逻辑 Or 语义——托福阅读句子简化题新攻略 (26)四.托福阅读之插入文本题解题思路剖析 (29)五.阅读真题三篇 (32)六.样题两篇 (50)七.最新考情 (56)第二部分听力 (58)一.新托福听力文章段落和出题点解析 (58)二.新托福听力笔记之图像记忆法 (62)三.托福听力新方法 (66)四.备考概述 (66)五.听力演练 (67)六.听力真题场景词汇 (100)第三部分口语 (170)一.Speaking Tips For TOEFL iBT (170)二.托福口语满分=mission impossible? (173)三.搞定口语TASKS (175)四.练习 (182)五.补充练习 (202)第四部分写作 (204)一.新托福作文特点浅析 (204)二.托福独立写作思路扩展 (207)三.独立写作 (209)四.综合写作 (229)五. 托福写作结构模式 (235)六.“6+1”托福独立写作心经 (252)附录 (257)附录(一)2012年托福考试独立写作汇总 (257)附录(二)2013年托福考试独立写作汇总 (261)附录(三)2013年NA托福写作真题汇总及解析 (264)第一部分阅读一.真题高频词汇21天速成Day 11. a matter of speculation supposition n.推断2. a solicitation of an invitation of n.恳求3.abandon give up v. 放弃4.abandoned left a.被遗弃的5.aberrant abnormal a.脱离常轨的6.abolish end v. 终止;取消7.abort quit v.夭折;中止8.abrupt sudden a 突然的9.abruptly suddenly ad.突然地;意外地10.absorb appeal/learn/take in v.吸收11.abstract not concrete a.抽象的;非实际的12.absurd ridiculous a.荒谬的;可笑的13.abundance laager amount/great number/14.plenty n.大量15.abundantaffluent/ample/numerous/plentiful/16.substantial a.丰富的17.abundantly plentifully ad.丰富地;大量地18.accelerate speed up/get faster v. 加速,提前19.access reach v. 接近20.accessible reachable/easy to reach a.可接近的21.accidental unexpected/unintentionala.意外的;偶然的22.accommodate provide for v. 提供23.accomplished achieved/ skilled a.实现完成的24.account description n. 说明25.account for explain v. 说明26.accrete come together v. 合成27.accumulate collect/pile up/build up v.积累;聚集29. accumulate increase v. 积累28.accumulation deposit n. 沉淀物29.accurate correct a. 正确的30.accurately correctly ad. 正确地31.acknowledge recognize v. 承认32.acquire obtain v. 获得33.actually in fact ad. 事实上34.added extra a.附加的;额外的35.adept skilled a.熟练的36.adequately sufficiently adv. 足够地37.adherent supporter/advocate n.拥护者38.adjacency nearing n.临近39.adjacent nearby a. 毗连的40.adjacent neighboring a.毗连的41.adjust modify v.调整42.administer manage v. 管理43.admit let in v. 准许进入44.adopt enact v. 采用45.advance improvement n.发展;增长46.advent arrival/beginning n.出现;到来47.affair matter n.事件;事情48.afford provide/offer v.提供;给予49.aggravate increase/annoy v.加重;增剧;使恼火50.aggravate annoy v.使恼火51.aggregate overall/combined a.聚集的aggregation group n. 聚合52.agile astute/clever/quick and active/moveand act quickly a.灵活的;敏捷的53.alarm sound/ warning v.警报54.albeit although/even though conj. 尽管;虽然55.alleged supposed v. 假设,断言56.allow enable v.允许57.allude suggest v.暗示58.allude to refer to v.提到59.allusion reference n. 暗示;提及60.ally with link to v.结盟61.alter change to v.改变62.amazing remarkable/ a.令人惊讶的、非凡的63.ambiguous vague a.不明确的64.ambivalent mixed a.矛盾的65.ample plentiful/ spacious a.充足的66.ancestor forefather/progenitorn. 祖先,前辈67.anchor hold in place v.使固定68.ancient old/antique a.古老的69.annihilate destroy/completely removev.消灭70.annihilated destroy v. 废止71.annually yearly ad.每年72.anomaly irregularity n.异常的人或物73.anonymous nameless/incognito a. 匿名的74.antagonist competitor n. 对手75.anticipate expect v. 预期76.antiseptic clean a.抗菌的77.antithesis opposite n.对立面78.antler horn n. 鹿角79.anxiety worry n. 忧虑;担心80.apart from exception/except for phr.除了…之外81.apparatus equipment n. 仪器;设备Day 21.apparent o bvious a. 显然的2.apparently clearly ad. 显然地3.appeal attraction n. 吸引力4.appealing attractive a.有吸引力的5.appear seem v. 似乎6.appearance rise/arrival/showing up n.出现7.application use n. 应用8.appreciable noticeable a.相当可观的9.approach method n. 方法10.approach move toward v. 接近11.approximately roughly ad. 大约地12.architecture structure n. 构造13.archive record/stock v. 存档14.arduous difficult a. 艰巨的15.arid dry a. 干旱的16.arise emerge/come about v. 出现17.arrangement configuration n. 安排;布置18.array range n. 一系列19.article item/object n. 物品20.artificial not real a. 虚伪的21.as a rule in general phr. 通常22.assert declare v. 断言;宣称23.assertion strong statement n. 断言24.asset advantage n. 资产;有利条件25.assimilate combine v. 同化26.assistance help n. 帮助;协助27.associated connected a. 关联的28.assorted various a. 各式各样的29.assume believe/suppose v. 假定30.assume take on v. 承担31.assumption premise n. 假设32.assure guarantee v. 担保33.astonishing amazing/incredible a.惊人的34.astoundingly incredibly adv. 使人震惊的35.astute clever a. 敏锐的36.at random without a definite patternphr. 随便地; 任意地37.attachment to preference for n. 依恋38.attain achieve v. 达到;获得39.attainment achievement n. 达到;获得40.attendant accompanying a. 伴随的41.attest to confirm v. 证实42.attribute accredit/ ascribe v.把…归于;认为43.attribute characteristic n. 特点44.attribute to credit with v. 归于45.attribution character n. 属性46.augment increase v. 增加;提高47.authenticity genuineness n. 真实48.autonomous independent a. 自主的49.available obtainable a. 可获得的50.avenue method/means n. 途径;手段51.avid enthusiastic a. 热衷的52.back up support n. 支持,援助53.barely just ad. 仅仅54.barge boat n. 驳船55.barrier obstacle/impediment n.障碍56.battle struggle n. 搏斗;奋斗57.be inclined tend v. 倾向58.be accustomed to get used to phr./v.习惯59.be aware of familiar with phr./v.了解60.be beforehand foreordain v. 预先61.be closer resemblance to be more likephr. 非常相似62.be consistent with be compatible with phr.一致的63.be entitled to have the right phr./v.有…权利64.be susceptible to be subject to 受…影响的65.beckon invite v. 招唤66.become extinct die out phr./v. 灭绝67.being creature n. 生命68.beneficial advantageous a. 有益的69.blossom flourish/thrive v. 兴旺70.boast puff/exaggerate v. 吹嘘71.bombard assail/assault/strike v.炮击;轰击72.boom expansion n. 激增73.boon great benefit n. 利益74.boost raise v. 增加75.boundary periphery n. 边界76.branch division n. 分支77.breakthrough revolution n. 突破78.breed reproduce v. 繁殖79.brew develop vt. 开发80.brilliant bright a. 光辉的81.brittle breakable/fragile a.脆弱的82.broad appeal wide popularity a.广泛的吸引力83.broadly generally/extensively ad.大体上84.bulk majority/large part/largeportion/great quantity n. 大部份85.bulk major part n. 主体Day 31.burgeon expand v. 急速成长2.bustling lively/ busy a. 活跃的;忙乱的3.by and large for the most part 总的来说4.camouflage disguise/hide/decorate/blendwith circumstances v. 伪装5.cardinal fundamentala. 基本的6.cargo shipment n. 船货7.catastrophic badly harmful a. 灾难性的8.celebrated famous a. 着名的9.central essential a. 主要的10.certain specified a. 指定的11.champion promote vt.提升,提拔12.championed supported v. 支持13.chancy risky a. 冒险的14.channel provide/direct/guidev. 提供;引导15.chaotic disorganized a. 混乱的16.cherish value v. 珍爱17.chief major a. 主要的18.chisel carve v. 刻;凿19.choose opt v. 选择20.chronic persistent/confirmed/habitual/inveterate a. 长期的;不断的21.chronically constantly ad. 长期地22.circuitous indirect a.迂迴的23.circumstance condition/situationn.环境24.cite quote/refer to v. 引用25.classic typical a. 典型的26.clear visible/apparent a.显然的27.cling to attach to v. 附着28.close careful a.严密的;周密的29.clue hint n. 线索30.clung to hold v. 坚持31.cluster group n. 组,群32.coating cover n. 覆盖层33.coincide with be as the same time as v.同时发生34.coincide with accord with 与…相一致35.coincidence likely events 相同,符合36.collaborate cooperate v. 合作37.collaboration joint effect n.合作成果38.collect gather v. 收集39.collide hit each other v. 碰撞40.collide with run into v. 碰撞41.colossal enormous a. 巨大的memorate celebrate v.庆祝;纪念monly generally/normally adv.通常地pact concise/compresseda.紧密的;简明的parable equivalent a.可比较的parative relative a. 相当的pel push v. 强迫pelling convincing/persuasive/forcing a.令人信服的; 强烈的;引人入胜的pensate reimburse v. 赔偿pensate for balance phr./v. 赔偿plaint protest v. 抗议plement supplement n.补充物plement add to v. 补充pletely totally ad. 完全地plex elaborate a. 复杂的plex system n.复合物;综合体plicated complex/made things moredifficult a.复杂的ponent constituent a.组成的position mixture n.合成物prehensive understandable a.能理解的prehensive complete a.全部的prehensive thorough a.全面的;彻底的prise form/make up v. 组成pulsory required a. 必须的65.consensus agreement n. 一致66.concern interest v.感兴趣67.concept idea n. 观念,概念68.confined simple a.简明的,简要的69.conclusive final/ultimate a.最后的70.concur agree v. 同意71.conducive contributive a.有助于...的72.configuration arrangement/form/shapen. 布局;结构73.confine limit/boundary/restrict v.限制74.confined limited a. 有限的75.confined to limited to v. 仅限于76.confront face v. 面临77.congeal solidify v.使凝结78.congregate gather v.(使)集合79.cope adapt v. 处理80.consecutive successive a.连续的81.consensus agreement n. 一致82.consequence result/importance n.结果83.consequent later/resultant/resultinga. 随后的;作为结果的84.consequential significant a. 重要的Day 41.consequently therefore/thus/as a resultad.因此2.conserve save v. 保存3.consider think as/view as/think aboutv. 考虑;认为4.considerable substantial/significantv. 相当大的5.considerably greatly ad. 相当大地6.consist of compose of v. 由…组成7.consistent regular/uniform a.一致的8.consistently regularly ad. 一致地9.conspicuous notable/noticeable a.明显的10.constant stable a. 固定的11.constantly always ad. 经常12.constellation collection/combination n.一系列;一群13.constitute make up v.组成,构成14.constitution component n. 构造15.constrain restrict v. 限制16.constraint limit/restriction n. 限制17.consume eat up/ use completelyv.消耗;吃;喝吃;喝18.consumed used up v. 消耗19.consumption utilization n. 消耗20.contains includes v. 包含21.contemplate consider v. 沉思22.contemporary modern a. 现代的23.contention debate n. 争辩,辩论24.contentious disputed a. 好争吵的25.context environment n. 环境26.contiguous neighboring a. 邻近的27.continual constant a.不间断的;连续的28.continuous uninterrupted/ongoing a.连续的;持续的29.contour outline vt. 画轮廓30.contrive create/invent v. 发明31.controversy conflict/disagreement n.冲突32.conventional customary/traditional a. 习惯的;惯例的33.converging concentrating a.收缩的34.convert transform v. 使转变35.convert into change to v. 转变成36.convey communicate v. 传达,沟通37.convict condemn/sentence/doom v.宣判38.conviction (strong)belief n.坚定的相信39.convince persuade vt. 劝说,说服40.cope with handle/deal with phr./v.应付;处理41.copious plentiful a.丰富的;大量的42.core center n. 核心;要点43.correlate match v. 相关,关联44.correspondence harmony n. 一致45.correspondingly accordingly ad. 相应地46.corroborate confirm v.证实;确证47.costly expensive a. 贵重的48.counsel advise v. 忠告49.countless innumerable a. 数量多的50.counter oppose/act against v. 反对51.counter of in the opposite of a. 相反的52.counterpart version(版本)/similitude(类似物)/ equivalent(同等物) n. 复本;副本53.countervail compensate/oppose v. 抵销54.couple associate v.与…联系起来55.couple with together with 把..连同在一起56.covered included a.隐蔽的;有盖的57.cramp confine v. 限制58.crawl move v. 爬行59.create invent v. 创作60.creative inventive a. 创造的61.credible believable a. 可信的62.crest peak n. 顶峰63.crisis disturbance n. 危机,混乱64.criteria standard n. 标准65.critical crucial/essential a.关键的66.criticize debate(争论) v. 批评;责备67.crucial important a.重要的68.crucially decisively ad. 关键地69.crushed ground a.碾碎了的70.culminate climax v. 达到顶点71.culminate in peak 达到顶点;以…告终72.culmination high point n. 最高点73.cumbersome awkward/clumsy/unwieldya.笨重的;麻烦的74.curb control v. 控制;遏止75.curing hint/clue n. 暗示76.current present a. 现在的77.cushioned protect v. 保护78.dam block v. 筑坝79.dangle hang v. 悬摆80.daring bold a.大胆的81.debate argue v. 辩论82.deceive mislead v. 欺骗83.decimate destroy v. 大量毁灭84.decimation destruction n. 大量毁灭85.deficient inadequate a. 不足的86.degree extent/measure n. 程度Day 51.deliberation discussion n. 考虑2.delicate dainty/fragile a. 易碎的3.delight please v. 使高兴4.delight pleasure n. 高兴5.deluxe lavish a. 奢华的6.demand need n.需要;需求7.demise extinction n. 死亡8.demography population n.人口统计9.dense crowded/thick a.稠密的;密集的10.designate assign v. 指定11.depend rely on v.依赖;依靠12.dependable reliable a.可信赖的13.depict describe/portray/picture v.描述14.depletion drain n. 消耗15.deplete exhaust vt. 耗尽,用尽16.deposit accumulate/lay down v.沉积;放下;放置17.derive arise v. 源于;导出18.designate dry a. 干的19.design create v. 设计20.designate identify v. 命名;指定21.despite even though prep. 尽管22.despondent unhappy a. 沮丧的23.detected identified vt. 认出;识别24.determine figure out vt. 决定;判决25.detractor critic n.诽谤者26.detrimental harmful a.有害的;不利的27.devastate destroy v. 毁坏;破坏28.deviate digress v. 偏离29.deviation departure n. 背离30.devise create v.设计;发明31.devoid of lack of/without/scant of a. 缺乏的32.devoted dedicated a. 虔诚的;专心的33.devoted to concentrated on a. 虔诚的;专心致志的34.devour eat vt. 吞食35.discernible noticeable a.可感知到36.dictate determine/order v.口授;命令37.differential uneven a 差别的38.diffuse travel//spread(out) v.扩散39.dilemma problem n. 进退两难40.diligent careful a. 勤奋的41.diligently carefully ad.勤奋地42.dilute reduce v. 稀释;使薄弱43.dim decrease v. 变暗淡44.dim weak a. 暗淡的45.dimension aspect/size n. 尺寸;次元46.disassemble break apart/break up v.拆开47.disband dismiss/throw away/throw upv.解散;遣散48.discern identify v. 识别49.discernible noticeable/discriminatinga.可辨别的50.discharge release v. 释放51.discipline punish v. 惩罚52.discrete separate a. 分开的53.disentangle disband v. 解开54.disgust distaste v. 厌恶55.disintegrate break apart/fall apart/tearapart v. 分解;碎裂56.dismantle demolish v.拆开;拆除57.disorder anarchy n. 混乱58.dispensable not necessary a.非必要的59.dispersal distribution n.散布;驱散60.disperse scatter vt. 分散61.dispersal spread n.传播,散布62.displace move out of position v. 迫使(人)离开63.disposition temperament n. 性格;性情64.dispute contention/argument n.争论65.disruption disturbance n. 破坏,干扰66.dissipate disperse v. 驱散67.dissipated dispersed a. 分散的68.dissuade discourage v. 劝阻69.distant far a. 遥远的70.distinct clear and recognizable a.清楚的;明确的71.distinction difference n. 差别72.distinction honor/excellence n. 荣誉73.distinctive characteristic a.有特色的74.distinguish notice from the difference v.区别;识别75.distribute spread v. 分配;散布76.distribution dispersion/ geographic rangen. 散布;分布区域77.disturb upset v.打乱;扰乱78.diverse distinct/various a.不同的79.diversification emergence of many varietiesn. 多样化80.divert deflect/shift v. 转向,转移81.diversity variety n.多样性82.diversify vary vt. 使多样化83.divest deprive/get rid of v. 剥夺84.doctrine principle n. 原则85.domestic home a. 家庭的;国内的Day 61.dormant hibernated/inactive a.休眠的2.dramatic striking a.引人注目的3.dramatically greatly/noticeably ad.戏剧性地;引人注目地4.drastic extreme a.激烈的5.Drastically obviously/severely ad.大大地6.dual double a.双的;双重的7.duplicate copy v.复制8.duplicate repeat n.复本9.durable lasting a.经久的;持久的10.duration length n. 持续11.dwellers inhabitant n. 居民12.earn acquire v. 赚得;赢得13.ease facilitate(使容易) v. 使减轻14.eccentric erratic a. 古怪的;反常的15.eccentric strange a. 古怪的;反常的16.edible eatable a. 可食用的17.efface eliminate v. 消去18.effort attempt n. 努力;试图19.elaborate detailed/dainty a.精巧的;详尽的20.elaboration use n.经营,使用21.elapsed passed a.过去的;经过的22.element weather condition n. 恶劣的天气23.elevate raise vt. 举起,提升24.eliminate removev. 排除;消除25.elite excellent person n. 精英26.elusive difficult to catch a.难懂的27.emanate emerge v. 散发;产生28.embark on start v. 从事(着手)29.embed insert/implant/enclose v.插入;植入30.emergence appearance n. 出现31.emergency crisis n. 紧急情况32.emergent developing a. 新兴的33.empirical based on observation 经验主义的34.employ use v. 利用35.enable allow v. 使能够36.enactment establishment n. 制定37.encapsulate state briefly v. 概述38.encounter meet vt. 遭遇,邂逅39.encourage stimulate v. 激励;刺激40.end purpose n. 目的41.endangered not abundant a.濒临绝种的42.endeavor enterprise n. 努力43.endorse support n. 认可,支持44.endow provide/ bestow v. 捐赠,提供45.enduring withstanding a. 耐心的46.enigmatic mysterious a. 神秘的47.engrave carve v. 雕刻48.engulf swallow v. 吞没49.enhance increase /improve /intensifyv. 提高;增强50.enjoy experience v. 经历51.enlist obtain v. 谋取52.enormous great a. 巨大的53.enormous very large/huge a. 庞大的54.enrich enhance v. 使富足55.ensue result v. 因…产生56.ensuing subsequent a.接着发生的57.ensure guarantee v. 保证;担保58.entail involve v. 牵涉59.enthusiastic eager a. 热情的60.entirely wholly ad. 完全地,彻底地61.environment setting n. 环境62.envision imagine vt. 想象63.ephemeral short-lived/ transient a.短暂的64.episode event n. 事件65.epitomize exemplify v. 摘要,概括66.equilibrium balance n. 平衡67.era period n. 时代;年代68.eradicate remove completely v. 根除69.erect build v. 建立70.erratic unpredictable a.不稳定的71.erratic irregular a. 不稳定的72.erroneous wrong a. 错误的73.escalate extend v. 逐步扩大74.essential crucial/required a.极重要的;必须的Day 71.essentially fundamentally ad. 本质上2.established qualified a. 已制定的3.establishment formation(构成) n. 建立4.estimate projection n. 估计5.estimation evaluation n. 估计6.euphoric extremely happy a.心情愉快的7.evaluate judge v. 评价8.eventual later/ final a. 最后的9.eventually finally/later/ultimately/in theend/over time ad. 最后,终于10.evidence proof n. 证据11.evident apparent/ obvious a. 明显的12.evokearouse/draw/produce/promote/stimulate/create in mind v. 唤起;引起13.evolve develop vt. 发展,进化14.exaggerate overstate v. 夸张;夸大15.excavate dig out v. 挖掘16.excavation dug-out n. 挖掘17.exceed surpass v. 超越;胜过18.extol praise v. 赞美19.extraneous rom outside/inessential a.无关的20.extraordinary exceptional a. 异常的21.exude release/give off v. 渗出;发散22.fabricate produce v. 制造23.facet aspect n. 方面24.facilitate make easier 使容易25.faithful loyal a. 忠诚的26.far-reaching extensive a. 深远的;广泛的27.far-reaching broad a. 深远的;广泛的28.fascinating extremely attractive a.迷人的29.fashion make v. 形成;造30.fashion way n. 样子;方式31.fashionable popular a. 流行的;时尚的32.fastidious demanding a. 苛求的Day 81.feasible achievable a. 可实行的2.feasible practical a. 可实行的3.feasible probable a. 可能的4.feast eating n. 盛宴5.ferry transport n. 渡轮6.fertile reproductive a.肥沃的;多产的7.figure out map(详细规划) phr.计算出;解决8.figuring out mapping v. 计划9.finding discovery n. 发现10.first and foremost above all phr.首先; 首要地11.flake fragment n. 小薄片12.flattery praise n. 恭维13.flaw fault n. 缺点14.flee run away from v. 逃走15.flexible adaptable a. 易适应的16.float stay on the top v. 漂浮17.float upward rise phr./v. 浮起18.flourish prosper/ thrive v.繁荣;兴旺19.flourish succeed v. 繁荣;兴旺20.flourishing prosperous a. 繁荣的21.flow movement n. 流动22.fluctuate change v. 变动23.fluctuation variation n. 变动;起伏24.focal point center area n. 焦点25.focus concentrate vt. 使集中26.follow trackv. 跟随27.for instance for example phr. 例如28.forage feed n. 饲料29.forage search for food v.觅食30.foremost important a. 重要的31.formidable excessive a. 巨大的32.foster promote the development of/urge/ encourage v.培养;促进;鼓励33.foul pollute v. 污染34.fracture crack v. 破裂,断裂35.fragment break up v. 使成碎片36.fragmentation break n. 破裂37.fragmentize break up v. 使成碎片38.frankly openly ad. 坦白地39.frankly sincerely ad. 真诚地40.friction conflict n. 争执;不合41.fringe border n. 边缘;边境42.frigid cold a. 寒冷的43.function operation/ utility n.效用;作用44.fundamental basic a. 基础的45.funds money n. 资金46.further additional a. 更远的47.furthermore in addition/moreover a d.此外;而且48.gap opening n. 缺口;裂口49.gear adjust v. 使适合50.generate produce v. 产生51.genuine true a. 真实的,真正的52.genuinely actually ad. 真诚地53.gesture movement n. 姿势,动作54.get accustomed to become used toPhr./v. 习惯55.giant huge a. 巨大的56.give rise to produce phr./v. 引起57.given particular a. 规定的ern regulate/ control v. 统治;管理59.grasp understand v. 领会;理解60.groom clean/ make upv. 装扮;使整洁61.groundless unfounded a. 无根据的62.grounds reasons n. 根据;理由63.groundwork base/basis/foundation n.基础64.grudging unenthusiastic a.勉强的65.guarantee ensure v. 保证;担保66.hairline slight a. 细小的,纤细的67.hallmark characteristic n. 戳记68.halt stop v. 停止,终止69.hamper restrict/make difficultyv. 防碍;束缚70.handy convenient a. 便利的71.haphazard random a. 随意的72.harness use/ utilize v. 利用73.harsh drastic a. 严厉的74.hasty hurried a. 匆匆的75.haul pull v. 拉76.have nothing to do with in no relation tophr./v. 不相干Day 91.havoc destruction n. 浩劫2.hazard danger n. 危险3.heed notice v. 留心;注意4.heighten increase v. 增加;提高5.heir inheritor n. 继承人;后继者6.hence therefore ad. 因此7.heritage legacy/ tradition n. 遗产;传统8.heterogeneous varied a.由不同类组成的9.hide conceal v. 隐藏10.highlight emphasize v. 强调11.hinder interfere with v. 妨碍12.hint clue/implication/ indication/ leadn. 暗示;迹象13.hire employ v. 雇用14.hitherto previously ad. 先前的15.hobby pastime n. 嗜好16.hold support/ keep up v. 支撑;保持17.hollow an empty space n. 中空18.homogeneous uniform a. 同种的19.host of great number n. 大量20.however yet conj. 然而21.hub center n. 中心22.huge large a. 巨大的23.hurdle fence v. 用篱笆围24.hypothetical supposed a. 假设的;假定的25.ice sheet glacier(冰河) n. 冰原26.identical the same a. 同样的27.idiosyncrasies peculiarity n. 特性28.ignite set on firev. 点燃29.illuminate bright/light a. 明亮的30.illusion impression(印象) n. 错觉;幻像31.illusory misleading a. 错觉的32.imaginative creative a. 有创造力的33.immeasurably greatly ad. 无限地34.immediately closest ad. 接近;紧接着35.immense great/ huge/ vast/enormousa.巨大的36.immensely extremely a d. 非常37.immigration movement n. 移居38.immobile fixed a. 固定的;静止的39.immobile motionless a. 静止的40.immobility absence of motion n. 固定;静止41.immoral improper/indecent a. 不道德的42.impediment obstruction n. 妨碍43.impermeable impenetrable/impervious a.不能渗透的44.impetus stimulus v. 刺激;促进45.impetus incentive n. 刺激;促进46.implausible unbelievable a.难以置信的47.implement tool n. 工具48.implement carry out vt. 实施49.imply indicate v. 意味50.imposing impressive a.给人深刻印象的51.imprecise inexact a.不精确的52.Improbable unlikely a.不像会发生的53.in fact actually phr. 事实上54.in great demand in popularity phr. 普遍55.in respect to in term of phr. 就…而言56.inaccessible unreachable a. 难接近的57.inadvertently unintentionally ad. 非故意地58.inaugurate introduce vt. 开创59.inauspicious unfavorable a.不吉利的60.incentive motive n. 动机;刺激61.inception beginning n. 起初62.incidentally by the way ad. 顺便一提63.inclement unfavorable a.(气候)严酷的64.inclination tendency n. 倾向65.inconceivable unimaginable a. 难以置信的66.inconclusive without result(毫无结果)a.不确定的67.incorporate merge/include v. 吸收;并入;包含68.incredible unbelievable a. 难以置信的69.incursion invasion n. 入侵70.indicate demonstrate v. 指示71.indigenous native a.本土的;土生土长的72.indiscriminately at random ad. 无差别地73.indispensable essential/ necessarya.不可缺少的Day 101.Indispensable needed/required/vital/significant a.不可缺少的2.indistinct not clear a. 模糊的,不清楚的3.induce bring/ cause v. 引起4.inducement incentive n. 诱因5.ineffectively without any result ad.无效地6.inert motionless/ motiveless a. 迟缓的;惰性的7.inevitable unavoidable a.不可避免的8.inference conclusion n. 推断的结果9.infirm weak a. 不坚定的;衰弱的10.inflate expand v. 膨胀;扩大11.inflating enlarging n. 充气,扩大12.inflicting bring out/impose v. 使承受13.infrastructure foundation n. 基础建设14.infrequent uncommon a. 罕见的15.ingenious very clever a.心灵手巧的16.ingenuity cleverness/creativeness/inventiveness/resourcefulness n.心灵手巧;独创性17.inherent essential/internal/instinctive a.内在的;固有的; 与生俱来的18.inherent in characteristic of a.与生俱来的19.inherently essentially ad. 固有地20.inhibit hinder/ restrict v. 约束;抑制21.inhospitable unfavorable/ adverse a.冷淡的;不适宜的22.initial first a. 最初的23.initialing beginning v. 开始;创建24.initially originally ad. 最初;开头25.initiate begin v. 开始;创始26.initiate start v. 开始;创始27.innovation new n. 革新;创新28.innovative new a. 创新的29.inordinate excessive a. 过度的30.insight into perceive 洞察31.install put in place v. 放置,安置32.Instant moment n. 片刻;瞬间33.instantaneous immediate a. 即刻的34.instigate incite/caused v. 唆使;煽动35.instructive informative v. 富有教育意义的36.insufficient inadequate a. 不足的37.intact untouched/ complete a.完好的38.in tandem together ad. 共同,一起39.intangible immaterial/immaterial a.无形的40.integral essential a. 不可或缺的41.intense strong/extremea. 强烈的42.intentionally deliberately ad. 有意地43.intercourse exchange n. 交流44.interlock link v. 互锁,连接45.intermediate in-between a./n. 中间的46.intermingle interact vt. 使混合47.interplay interaction n. 相互作用48.intimate close a. 亲密的49.intricate complex/carefully shaped a.复杂的50.intrigue interest v. 引发…兴趣51.intriguing fascinating a. 迷人的52.intrinsic essential/ inherent a. 本质的;内在的53.intrinsically fundamentally ad. 本质地,固有地54.intrusive invasive a. 侵入的55.invade move into v. 入侵;侵犯56.invaluable highly useful a. 极宝贵的57.invariably always ad. 始终如一地;一贯地58.invent devise v. 发明59.Inviolable without exception/allowing noattack a.不可违背的60.invoke appeal/ call upon v. 垦求,祈求61.irrecoverable permanent a.不能挽回的62.irreparable permanent a.不能挽回的63.isolated separated a. 孤立的;分离的64.jettison abondan/grop/reject/get rid ofv. 抛弃65.jolt shock v. 震动;震惊Day 111.judge estimate v. 评判2.junction connection n. 连接;接合3.juncture connection n. 连接;接合4.justified right/supposed a.正当的,假定的5.justify prove v. 证明...是正当的6.key significant/ important a. 重要的;关键的7.justly rightly ad. 正当地,公正地8.keep turn to maintain 保持9.key critical a. 关键的ding cargo/ shipment n. 货物ndscape scenery n. 风景;景色g delay n. 落后rge extensive a.大的;大量的rgely mostly ad. 大部分;主要地unch initiate/ start v. 发起;发动x careless a. 马马虎虎的;不严谨的17.legendary famous a. 传奇的,著名的18.legitimacy authority n. 合法性19.legitimately properly ad. 正当地;合法地20.leisure free time n. 闲暇21.leisurely slowly a.悠闲的;从容不迫地22.lethal fateful/ deadly a. 致命的23.liberal extensive a. 宽大的24.liken to compare v. 比较25.likewise similarly ad. 同样地26.linger wander/ stroll v. 徘徊;漫步27.link put together/connect/consistof v. 连接; 结合28.listening advertent a. 留神听的29.livelihood means of support n.生活;生计30.locale place n. 现场;场所31.locate find v. 找出32.location place n. 位置,地点33.lucrative profitable a. 有利益的34.luxuriant thriving a. 茂盛的35.magnify enlarge/ increase v. 放大;加大36.magnitude amount/ extent n. 量;大小;巨大;广大37.maintain continue v. 维持;使继续38.majestic magnificent a. 壮观的39.make their way travel phr./v. 前进40.malleable pliable a. 有延展性的41.mandatory required/ obligatory a. 强制的;义务的42.manifest reveal v. 表明;显现43.manipulate control v. 操纵44.marked considerable/ significant a. 显着的45.markedly distinctly/noticeably ad. 显着地46.marvelously remarkably ad. 引人注目地47.mask cover/disguise v. 遮避;掩护;伪装48.massive enormous/ huge a. 巨大的49.mastery control n. 控制50.match equal v. 相配,等于51.materialize come into being 产生,形成52.matter issue n. 问题;事件53.mature get older a. 成熟的54.maximum greatest size n. 最大量55.meager very low/thin a. 贫乏的;极低的56.mean average n. 平均值57.mechanism means n. 机制,原理58.mere subsistence minimize survival 最低的维持生存59.merely only/simply/no more than ad. 仅仅60.merit worth n. 价值61.merge blend/ combine v.合并;融合62.meticulously carefully ad. 小心地63.microbe germ n. 微生物;细菌estone significant event n. 里程碑;划时代的事件Day 12ky way galaxy n. 银河。
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,Line women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some (5) significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions.During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books. (10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources. During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of (15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources form the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States; one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the (20) Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians. Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women" theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great (25) men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies. or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people (30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published. 9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT (A) authors (B) reformers (C) activists for women's rights (D) politicians 答案:D Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the Line product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and (5) vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was (10) more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent. The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of (15) Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making. The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was (20) boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash. In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New (25) Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance. 1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss? (A) How it was made (B) Its value as a product for export (C) How it differs from other alkalis (D) Its importance in colonial North America 答案:C 2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT: (A) They are alkalis. (B) They are made from sea plants. (C) They are used in making soap. (D) They are used in making glass. 答案:B 7. According to paragraph 4, all of following were needed for making potash EXCEPT (A) wood (B) fire (C) sand (D) water 答案:C。