《组织行为学》双语教学英语部分练习题及答案Chapter 1 Introduction to Organizational BehaviorTrue/False Questions1. Organizational behavior is the study of human attitudes, behavior, and performance inorganizations.2. Organizational behavior is the study of values, goals and policies in an organization.3. The study of organizational behavior focuses on organizations, groups and individuals.4. Organizational behavior draws on many different business disciplines.5. Contributions from psychology, sociology, economics and industrial engineering are appliedin organizational behavior theory.6. Practical experience is more relevant to the study of organizational behavior than research andtheory.7. Scientific management involves the study of work processes to make them more efficient.8. Efficiency and quality can be improved by studying work processes.9. Administrative management proposes that a manager’s job include the basic functions ofplanning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.10. Organizations could reduce conflict by getting employees and managers focused on sharedgoals.Short Answer Questions1. _____________ consists of the actions and interactions of individuals and groups in organizations.Answer: organizational behavior (OB)2. A social entity that is goal directed and deliberately structured is known as a(n)_____________. Answer: organization3. _____________ is a school of management that involves developing a standard method for performing each job, training workers, and offering wage incentives.Answer: scientific management4. The _____________ school of management explores ways managers can influence productivity through human relations.Answer: human relationsEssay Questions1.Describe the various management schools of thought.Answer:Scientific management—developed a standard method for performing each job, trained workers in the standard, eliminated interruptions, and offered wage incentives. ?Administrative management—identified what structured would be most efficient in a given environment and advocated putting policies and procedures into writing.Human relations school—explored way managers could influence productivity byestablishing positive relationships with employees.Management science—applies scientific method and mathematical models to management problems.Open systems—describes organizations as systems that interact with their environment, transforming inputs into outputs.Sustained competitive advantage—focuses on the meansorganizations can create to sustain an advantage over competitors.2.Outline the assumptions about employees identified as Theory X and Theory Y.Answer:Theory X assumes workers dislike their work and must be coerced into doing it.Theory Y assumes that work is a natural part of employees’ lives and that employees will be industrious and creative if they are committed to their work.3.Identify and discuss five core values of Total Quality Management.Answer: There are ten core values with descriptions offered in Exhibit 1.3, page 15. Use this table to guide your grading of the question.4.Identify and discuss the four management functions. Which function is most importantand why?Answer:Planning—defines goals and determines how to achieve themOrganizing—assigns tasks, delegates responsibility, and allocates resources.Leading—use of influence to inspire and empower others to work toward the organizational goals.Controlling—measures performance to its objectives.The most important function is planning because it influences all the other functions in how each function is administrated.Chapter2Individual DifferencesTrue/False Questions1. Productivity, innovativeness, creativity, and other organizational outcomes are influenced by how employees behave.2. People are an organization’s most valuable resource and are least likely to cause problems.3. Individual differences do not influence whether a person will be able to successfully performa job.4. A psychological contract describes what an employer expects from the employee and what the employee will contribute based on these expectations.5. A psychological contract outlines what an employee expects to contribute and what the organization will provide to the employee for these contributions.6. Psychological contracts are negotiated and written down as terms of employment.7. If an organization violates the psychological contract, employee satisfaction, trust and desire to stay with the organization goes down.8. Psychological co ntracts in today’s work environment emphasize job security for the employee.9. Psychological contracts in today’s work environment emphasize employee career management and development.10. If an employee is struggling in a job, the manager should reshape the job.Short Answer Questions1. __________________ are an organization’s most valuable resource.Answer: People Page: 892. __________________ are characteristics that vary from one person to another.Answer: Individual differences Page: 893. What an employee expects to contribute and what the organization will provide to the employee for their contributions is known as __________________.Answer: Psychological contract Page: 904. The extent to which a person’s ability and personality match the requirements of a job is called __________________.Answer: Person-job fit Page: 935. When __________________ is poor, jobs need to be restructured or employees need to be replaced.Answer: Person-job fit Page: 946. __________________ refers to the match between an individual’s personality, goals, and values and the organization culture.Answer: Person-organization fit Page: 94Essay Questions1. Explain cognitive ability and define its three specific dimensions.Answer:Cognitive ability refers to an indi vidual’s capacity to think and analyze information. Threedimensions are verbal comprehension, quantitative ability, reasoning ability.Verbal comprehension refers to a person’s capacity to understand and use written and spoken language.Quantitative abili ty refers to an individual’s speed and accuracy in solving math problems.?Reasoning ability refers to anindividual’s capacity to solve different types of problems Level: 12．What are cognitive styles and explain the four dimensions of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator.Answer:Cognitive styles are different ways individuals perceive and process information. The four dimensions areEnergy (Introversion vs. Extroversion) determines where individuals gain interpersonal strength and stimulation. Extroverts gain energy through others while introverts focus on personal thoughts and feelings.Information gathering relates to the action individuals take when making decisions. Sensing focus on facts and details and intuitive focus less on facts and more on the relationships between ideas.Decision making relates to how much consideration a person gives to others’ feelings. Thinking focus on being objective while feelings are considered how the decision impacts others.Life style relates to an individual’s tendency to b e flexible and adaptive. Judging focus on goals and is less flexible while perceiving dislikes deadlines.3. What is emotional intelligence and outline and discuss three of its components.Answer:Emotional intelligence is the ability to accurately perceive, evaluate, express, and regulate emotions and feelings. The five components are listed in exhibit 3.7, p. 102. Use the exhibit to assist with grading the five components.4. Explain the learning process. Identify and explain one type of learning style and indicate the type of likely occupations thosewith this learning style might have.Answer:The learning process goes from a concrete experience to reflective observation to abstract conceptualization to active experimentation. The results of the experimentation generate new experiences and the cycle outlined above repeats itself. As for one learning style use exhibit 3.9, p. 105 to assist in grading the question.5. What are instrumental and terminal values? How do values and attitudes relate?Answer:Instrumental values are beliefs about the types of behavior that are appropriate for reaching goals.Terminal values are beliefs about which outcomes are worth trying to achieve.Attitudes are considered to have three components: cognition, feelings, and behavior. The cognition component includes the beliefs and values of a person. Therefore, one’s attitude is usually grounded in one’s bel iefs or values.Chapter 3Perception and AttributionTrue/False Questions1. The perception process begins with attention.2. The organization stage of perception begins when a person pays attention to a stimulus and then begins to make sense of it.3. A person who uses the closure mechanism for organizing stimuli might overhear one side ofa phone conversation and is likely to imagine the overall content of the conversation.4. When a person perceives sensory data in a continuous pattern, they are using the continuity mechanism for organizing stimuli.5. A person who uses the continuity mechanism for organizing stimuli might overhear one side of a phone conversation and is likely to imagine the overall content of the conversation.6. When a person perceives sensory data in a continuous pattern, they are using the closure mechanism for organizing stimuli.7. When people organize stimuli, they often use frames of reference called schemas.8. If managers review salaries and employee performance at the same time, employees perceive the two reviews as being in proximity.9. When employees bring their own script to a given situation, it will reduce the possibility of misunderstandings.10. A prototype is a schema that summarizes what we have learned about categories of people or objects.11. A script is a schema that summarizes what we have learned about categories of people or objects.12. In the interpretation stage of the perception process, the perceiver looks for explanations for stimuli.13. Projection is an interpretive process where you assign your own thoughts and feelings to a person being perceived.14. Attribution is an interpretive process where a person uses observations and inferences to explain people’s behavior.15. Attribution is an interpretive process where you assign your own thoughts and feelings to a person being perceived.16. Projection is an interpretive process where a person usesobservations and inferences to explain people’s behavior.17. In the retrieval stage of the perception process, a person recalls information about past events.18. In the judgment stage of the perception process a person aggregates and weights information to arrive at an overall conclusion.19. The interpretation stage is the final stage in the perception process.20. All people follow the same stages of perception.Short Answer Questions1. ____________________ is the process by which people notice and make sense of information from the environment.Answer: Perception2. The stage in the perception process that involves noticing some of the information available and filtering out the rest is ____________________.Answer: Attention3. The stage in the perception process that involves sorting information by using a frame of reference is ____________________.Answer: Organization4. When people use the ____________________ mechanism for organizing stimuli, they tend to perceive incomplete data in a whole, complete form.Answer: Closure5. When people perceive sensory data in a continuous pattern, they are using the ____________________ mechanism for organizing stimuli.Answer: Continuity6. ____________________ is when stimuli are near each other and people perceive them as being related.Answer: Proximity7. When stimuli are alike in some way people tend to group them. This mechanism for organizing stimuli is known as ____________________.Answer: Similarity8. ____________________ is a mechanism for organizing stimuli where people tend to perceive the sensory data they are most attentive to as standing out against the background of other sensory data.Answer: Figure-ground9. A cognitive structure in which related items of information are grouped together is known as ____________________.Answer: Schema10. A ____________________ is a schema that describes a sequence of actions.Answer: Script11. A ____________________ is a schema that summarizes what we have learned about categories of people or objects.Answer: PrototypesChapter 4Sources of MotivationTrue/False Questions1. Content theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.2. Basic needs create internal tension that will motivate positive behaviors to fulfill the needs.3. Basic needs create internal tension that will motive behavior to fulfill the needs.4. Intrinsic rewards are the personal satisfactions a person receives while performing a particular action.5. Extrinsic rewards are given by another person as a result of the employee’s performing a particular action such as completion of a task.6. Extrinsic rewards are the personal satisfactions a person receives while performing a particular action.7. Intrinsic rewards are given by another person as a result of the employee’s performing a particular action such as completion of a task.8. A manager might give an extrinsic reward by recommending promotion or pay increase for an employee who performs well.9. When an employee feels a sense of accomplishment for completion of a task, they are receiving an intrinsic reward.10. Scientific management is an example of the traditional approach to motivation.Short Answer Questions1. ___________________ are motivation theories that emphasize the needs that motivateAnswer: Content theories2. ___________________ refers to the forces either within or external to a person that energize, direct, and maintain behavior.Answer: Motivation3. ___________________ are the satisfactions a person receives while performing a particular action.Answer: Intrinsic rewards4. ___________________ are given by another person as a result of the employee’s performinga particular action such as completion of a task.Answer: Extrinsic rewards5. The ___________________ to motivation emphasizesincreasing the efficiency of an employee’s job and providing economic rewards for high performance.Answer: Traditional approach6. The ___________________ to motivation emphasizes that noneconomic rewards are more important than money as a motivator of work behavior.Answer: Human relations approach7. The ___________________ to motivation suggests that employees are complex and motivated by many factors.Answer: Human resources approach8. ___________________ are a contemporary approach to motivation and stress the analysis of underlying human needs.Answer: Content theories9. A motivation theory that proposes that humans are motivated by multiple needs and that these needs vary in importance is the ___________________.Answer: Hierarchy of needs10. ___________________ needs are the most basic human needs including food water and sex.Answer: PhysiologicalEssay Questions1. Identify and explain the four foundations of motivation.Traditional approach—emphasizes external factors on motivation where people work for the money; also known as the economic man.Human relations approach—emphasizes the noneconomic rewards over money; the idea of the social man.Human resource approach—combines the economic and social man and views the person as a whole.Contemporary approach—focus is on the three differenttheories of motivation: content (satisfy underlying needs), process (thought processes that influence behavior) and reinforcement theories.2. Describe Mas low’s hierarchy of ne eds and the ERG theory. How are these two theories similar and how are they different?Answer:Maslow has five needs that motivate individuals. Those five in order of lowest to highest are: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization.ERG has three categories: existence, relatedness, growth.Maslow and ERG are similar in that an unsatisfied need motivates, existence is the combination of physiological and safety and growth are the combination of esteem and self-actualization.Maslow and ERG differ in that with Maslow the movement on the hierarchy is more rigid than the ERG.3. What is the acquired needs theory? Which need appears to predict entrepreneurs?Answer:Acquired needs theory proposes that certain types of needs are acquired during an individual’s lifetime. As with all content theories, an unsatisfied need motivates.Need for achievement—the desire to accomplish something difficult, attain a high standard of success, master complex tasks, and surpass others.Need for affiliation—the desire to form close personal relationships.Need for power—the desire to influence or control others.High need for achievement appears to predict entrepreneurs.4. What is the two-factor theory? How does it differ from Mas low’s hi erarchy of needs?Answer:The work characteristics associated with dissatisfaction (hygiene factors) are very different from those pertaining to satisfaction (motivators). In other words, once hygiene factors are no longer a source of dissatisfaction, the employee is still not motivated. To motivate, motivators must be added once the employee is neither dissatisfied nor satisfied.Hygiene factors are job context factors like working conditions, pay, company policies, andMotivators are job content factors like challenging work, recognition, and responsibility.The difference between Maslow and two-factor is the state where an employee is neither dissatisfied nor satisfied.5. Identify and explain the four job design approaches. Which approach provides the opportunity for higher job satisfaction?Answer: The four approaches are motivational, mechanistic, biological, and perceptual-motor. Use exhibit 5.6 page 177 to assist in gradingMotivational—use job characteristics model indicating where jobs are design t o increase the quality of employees’ work experience (satisfaction) and productivity.Mechanistic—a job-design approach that emphasizes the simplest way to perform a job to maximize efficient (assembly line).Biological—job-design that focus on individuals’ physical capabilities and limitations (ergonomics).Perceptual-motor—focuses on the individual’s mental capabilities and limitations where the job does not exceedhumans’ mental capabilities. Like air traffic controllers.Motivational provides the opportunity for higher job satisfaction.Chapter 5Motivation ProcessesTrue/False Questions1. Process theories explain how employees are motivated.2. Content theories explain what motivates employees.3. Content theories explain how employees are motivated.4. Process theories explain what motivates employees.5. According to the equity theory, employees will be satisfied if they perceive their rewards as equal to what others receive for similar contributions.6. Inequity can be perceived both through overpayment and underpayment in comparison with others.7. The only methods for reducing perceived inequity are changing inputs and/or changing outcomes.8. Employee theft is an example of employee response to perceived unfair procedural justice.9. Expectancy theory is concerned with identifying types of needs.10. Expectancy theory is concerned with understanding the thinking process that individuals use to achieve rewards.Essay Questions1. What is equity theory? Explain four common methods for reducing perceived inequity.Answer: A process theory that focuses on the individual’s perception of how they were treated in comparison to others. The four common methods areChange inputs—increase or decrease effortChange outcomes—request more based on what others receiveDistort perceptions—of the input-output ratioLeave the job2. What is the expectancy theory? Explain the three major elements of the expectancy theory.Answer: A process theory that depends on individual’s expectations about the ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards. The major elements are the effort to performance, performance to outcome, and valence. Effort to performance is a judgment as to whether putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance. Performance to outcome involves whether successful performance of a task will lead to the desired outcomes. Valence is the value of the reward to the individual. If the individual doesn’t believe any of three will happen, the result is low motivation.3. Identify and explain the four types of reinforcement.Answer: the four types of reinforcement are:Positive reinforcement—provide something of value increases likelihood that the behavior is repeated.Avoidance learning (negative)—person avoids something unpleasant which increase odd that the behavior will be repeated.Punishment—imposition of something unpleasant on an outcome therefore decreasing the odds of that behavior being repeated.Extinction—withdraw of positive reinforcement which decreases the odds of that behavior appearing again.4. Identify and explain four characteristics of effective goals?Answer: Utilize exhibit 6.6 p. 206 to assist in your grading. The following six characteristics are listed: are specific andmeasurable, are accepted and endorsed, are linked to rewards, relate to a defined time period, are challenging and realistic, and are focused on key result areas.5. Identify and explain the five items along the continuum of empowerment and provide an example for each item.Answer: Utilize exhibit 6.12 p. 218 to assist your grading. The five items along the continuum with an example of each are: Have no decision discretion (staff meetings).Give input (suggestion box).Participate in decisions (quality circles).Make decisions (task force).Are responsible for decision process and strategy (self-management).Chapter 7The Structure and Behavior of GroupsTrue/False Questions1. Passive membership in an organization such as the American Automobile Association is an example of an organizational behavior group.2. Groups have the potential to meet their individuals’ social needs.3. The reasons for establishing a group influence the form the group takes.4. Departments, teams, and divisions are examples of a formal group.5. One person in a group can have success independently of the contributions of the other group members.6. A committee established to define disaster plans in the event of an emergency is an example of a task group.7. Informal groups have no influence on achievement oforganizational objectives.8. The phrase “keeping up with the Jones’s” describes a reference group.9. Group development occurs in stages of specific intensity or length.10. The first stage in group development is the forming stage.Essay Questions1. Identify and discuss the stages of group development.Answer: There are five stages of group development.Forming—group begins and there is a level of uncertaintyStorming—conflict over directionNorming—conflict resolution and generation of team spirit Performing –collaboration and goal achievementAdjourning—end of group。
