2011年中山大学外国语学院833语言学概论考研真题及答案【圣才出品】
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:7.17 MB
- 文档页数:8
二、简答题1.为什么说语言的社会功能是语言的本质功能?[武汉大学2013年研]答:语言的社会功能是语言的本质功能,这主要是由语言的性质和作用共同决定的。
(1)语言的本质语言是一种社会现象,它随着人类社会的产生而产生,随人类社会的发展而发展;语言作为一种社会现象,既不属于经济基础,也不属于上层建筑,它作为一种全民交际工具,一视同仁地为全体社会成员服务。
(2)语言是人类最重要的交际工具语言是所有交际工具中使用范围和使用领域最广的,人类社会时时刻刻都离不开语言;语言是其他交际工具的基础,其他交际工具代表的都是语言信息。
旗语、电报等交际工具,大多是在语言和文字的基础上产生的,各有其特殊的服务领域,使用的范围相当狭窄,它们是只适用于某些特殊领域的辅助性的交际工具。
(3)语言是人们建立或保持社会联系的基本纽带“社会”是指生活在一个共同的地域中、说同一种语言、有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。
每一个社会都必须有自己的语言,因为语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。
人与人之间的联系得靠语言来维持。
没有语言,人与人之间的联系就会中断,社会就会解体。
2.为什么说语言最重要的社会功能是人际功能?[中山大学2011年研]答:语言的社会功能主要包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。
其中,人际互动功能是语言最重要的社会功能。
之所以说语言最重要的社会功能是人际互动功能,主要是因为:(1)信息传递功能是人际互动功能的基础,是为人际互动功能服务的。
信息语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能,是社会中人与人交流的基本方式,语言发挥信息传递功能的目的就是为了更好地进行人际互动和交流。
(2)在真实语言环境中,使用语言不仅仅是传递一种信息,更多的是在发挥人际互动功能。
语言的人际互动功能是建立或保持某种社会关联,主要包括两个方面:一方面,是说话者在话语中表达自己的情感、态度、意图;另一方面,这些又对受话者施加了影响,得到相应的语言或行动上的反馈,从而达到某种实际效果。
中山大学中国语言文学系2011年现代汉语与语言学概论(代码613)真题及详解一、单项选择题(20分)在每小题列出的各个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的,请把答案写在答题纸上,注明题号。
1.下列汉字音节中,主要元音是舌面、前、半高、不圆唇元音的是________A.月B.对C.论D.界2.下列各组字中韵腹相同的是________。
A.问、军、肯、坤B.料、到、当、雅C.依、市、吉、迎D.桂、非、文、言3.下列加着重号的词语在句子中的比喻意义不是该词的固定义项的是________。
A.我们要避开市民出行的高峰..。
B.党员要做党和广大群众联系的桥梁..C.改革开放的春风吹遍了祖国大地。
..为自己谋利益。
D.他打着政府的招牌..4.下列句子中的“得”,属于助动词的是________。
A.这件事我不想干,免得添麻烦。
B.你不干也得干!C.老干那么多吃得消吗?D.没办法,这阵子大家都忙得晕头转向。
5.下列短语中不是谓词性短语的是________。
A.清新自然B.飞也似的C.为广大群众D.轻轻旋转6.下列句子中补语的语义指向主语的是________。
A.我写好了两篇文章。
B.天热得令人难受。
C.你要弄清楚他的意图。
D.猫把鸟儿吓跑了。
7.汉字“爱/阿/盎/案/奥”的汉语拼音分别是“ài/à/àng/àn/ào”,它们的拼式中都有一个共同的字母ɑ。
但实际上ɑ在以上各字中代表着不同的音位变体。
请问以上五字中含有几个拼音字母ɑ的音位变体?A.1个B.2个C.3个D.4个8.下列各组词中属于纯粹的借词的是________。
A.电话咖啡电视B.咖喱可乐蛇果C.吉普坦克手机D.沙发麦克风拷贝9.下列各词中附加色彩与其他词不同的是________。
A.大娘B.老大爷C.老头D.大妈10.下列各项中不是词缀的是________。
A.“worker”(工人)中的“er”(work:工作)B.“老板”中的“老”C.“working”(工作)中的“ing”D.“阿姨”中的“阿”二、多项选择题(20分)每题作出2项以上的选择,把答案写在答题纸上,注明题号。
11.中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案(2011,2013)中山大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目:语言学概论C(用英文考试)I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni: θ/1. empirical2. plagiarize3. compound4. finite5. clause6. phonemics7. threatened8. epiphenomenon9. beta10. generic【答案】1. empirical — / /2. plagiarize —/ /3. compound —//4. finite — //5. clause — //6. phonemics — //7. threatened — //8. epiphenomenon — //9. beta — //10. generic — //II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.【答案】Displacement2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.【答案】Consonants3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.【答案】morphology4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc. 【答案】reference5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.【答案】synchronic6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.【答案】interlanguage7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot. 【答案】Horn8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.【答案】compositionality9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.【答案】monistic10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness todesignate something in the scene.【答案】deixis11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have thefollowing possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.【答案】Short12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area ofexample-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.【答案】computational13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.【答案】non-pulmonic14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,interpersonal, and textual meanings.【答案】realization15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language isnot arbitrary at the ______ level.【答案】syntacticIII. Define the following terms. (50 points)1. recreational function【答案】The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.2. pharyngeal【答案】Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.3. loanshift【答案】It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。
语言学概论考研真题与典型题详解第2章语言的功能2.1语言的社会功能2.1.1知识要点一、语言和言语1.定义(1)语言是一种特殊的社会现象,是人类作为必不可少的思维工具和最重要的交际工具来使用的一种音义结合的符号系统,包括说话中反复使用的有限的材料和为数不多的规则。
(2)言语是对语言的运用,包括:①言语行为,指人用语言说和写的过程,是人的一种行为;②言语作品,指人说出来的话和写出来的东西,是语言的表现形式,是运用语言工具,表达思想所产生的结果。
2.区别(1)语言是从言语中抽象概括出来的社会公认的词语和规则的总和,是抽象的,不自由的,具有社会性。
言语是个人说和写的行为及说出来的话和写出来的作品,是具体的、自由的、具有个人特点。
(2)语言的规则和材料是有限的。
言语是运用语言产生的言语是无限的。
(3)语言系统是社会共有的交际工具,因而是稳定的,具有相对静止的特点。
言语是人们运用语言进行交际的过程和结果,具有运动状态。
3.联系(1)语言是从言语中概括出来的,存在于言语之中,通过言语表现出来,没有言语就无所谓语言。
(2)语言的存在以言语需要为前提。
(3)言语是对语言的运用,以语言为活动基础,语言在言语中起着规范作用。
二、语言在人类交际工具中的地位语言是人类最重要的交际工具1.语言是一种社会现象,和人类现象有紧密的联系。
2.语言这种交际工具是人类特有的。
3.除语言外,人类还借助其他的交际工具。
(1)文字(2)旗语、电报代码、信号灯(3)面部表情、手势、躯体姿态等非语言工具三、语言的社会本质1.语言是一种社会现象(1)语言中的语音与语义怎样结合成特定的语言成分都是社会习惯所使然,都是约定俗成的。
(2)语言依存于社会①语言是随着社会产生而产生的②语言又是随着人类社会的发展而发展、死亡而死亡的。
(3)社会不能没有语言2.语言具有全民一致性3.语言作为社会现象的特殊性语言是既非基础又非上层建筑的一种特殊的社会现象,它是以交际工具和思维工具的身份来替社会服务的。
中山大学语言学及应用语言学2011年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试汉语言学基础部分(150分)一、判断正误。
认为正确的打“√”,不正确的打“×”。
(20分)1. “5月20 日报名截止”和“截至5月20日共有5人报名”中的“截止”和“截至”的用法是正确的。
2. 汉字记录的语音单位相当于音节,所以汉字可视为音节文字。
3. 现代汉语普通话的音节,最多可有4个音素,最少得1个音素。
4. “听说两张票叫他拿走了一张”是兼语句。
5. zhi、chi、shi等音节的韵母应归入开口呼。
6. “突然”是形容词,“忽然”是副词,所以它们不是同义词。
7. 普通话有阴平、阳平、上声、去声、轻声五个调类。
8. 代词几乎能代替所有的实词和短语。
9. “f②ng”中的“n”与“f②n”中的“n”是一个音。
10. “s”是舌尖前送气清擦音。
11. “j❾”、“j❾e”、“y❾e”这几个音节的韵头都是“ ”。
12. “连门儿也没有”一共有六个音节。
13. “说”字由四个部件组成。
14. “上、下、本、末、三、亦”都是指事字。
15. “绷带”是音意兼译的外来词。
16. “赞成”和“反对”是绝对反义词。
17. “你说他也不听”不是兼语句18. “一斤鱼”和“一斤的鱼”,结构类型和语义都相同。
19. “他身体健康”这个句子的主语是“他身体”,20. 确定句型时,省略不是影响句型的因素。
二、分析题。
1.写出下列汉字的拼音,并分析音节结构(5分)例子:汉字拼音声母韵头韵腹韵尾声调四呼交ji①o j i ①o 阴平齐齿呼(1)语(2)准(3)学(4)的(5)通2.指出下列句中被括号提取的词的词性,并说明原因(10分)(1)我们要继续学习。
(继续)(2)理想与现实不一致。
(一致)(3)这是一本袖珍词典,(袖珍)(4)他连开三枪。
(连)(5)这东西可以连皮吃。
(连)3.请将下面的词按构成方式归入相应的类。
(6分)单纯词合成词单音词复音词复合式重叠式附加式连绵词叠音词译音词联合型偏正型补充型动宾型主谓型兄弟、蛐蛐、寺庙、秋千、马匹、月亮、石头、坦克、花儿、扑克、性急、阿婆4.试指明下列多义词的词义并说明词义的派生方式(6分,每题3分)(1)近视(2)巾帼5.指出下列形声字的形旁和声旁,并从部件角度分析其部件的组合方式(6分)(1)旗(2)裹(3)闻(4)赶6.用符号法分析下列句子的成分(6分,每题2分)(连动项之间用/隔开,主语用标出,谓语或述语中心用标出,宾语中心用标出,兼语中心用标出,定语用()标出,状语用[ ]标出,补语用< >标出。
第5章语言习得理论一、填空题1.儿童习得第一语言有5个阶段:(1)前语言阶段,(2)独词句阶段,(3)双词句阶段,(4)________,(5)复杂句和语篇阶段。
(中山大学2011年研)【答案】电报句阶段(实词句阶段)【解析】儿童习得第一语言有5个阶段:喃语阶段(前语言阶段,半岁至一岁),独词句阶段(一岁左右),双词句阶段(一岁半以后),电报句阶段(实词句阶段,两岁至两岁半),复杂句和语篇阶段(成人句阶段,两岁半到五岁)。
电报句又叫实词句,在这一阶段儿童突破了双词句,出现了多词句。
2.学习过程中已获得的知识、技能和方法、态度对学习新知识、技能的影响叫做________,这种影响有的起积极的、促进的作用叫做________。
(北京大学2010年研)【答案】迁移;正迁移【解析】迁移是心理学的概念,指在学习过程中已获得的知识、技能和方法、态度等对学习新知识、技能的影响。
这种影响有的起积极、促进的作用,称为正迁移,有的起阻碍的作用,称为负迁移,也称为干扰。
3.中介语偏误的“化石化”现象表明中介语的偏误具有________特点。
(北京外国语大学2010年研)【答案】顽固性【解析】中介语的偏误有顽固性。
语言中的某一部分可能会停滞不前,产生“僵化”或“化石化”(fossi1ization)的现象,特别表现在语音方面。
僵化的原因是多方面的。
4.美国语言学家乔姆斯基认为人类先天具有一种习得语言的能力,他把这种能力称为________。
(中国传媒大学2010年研)【答案】语言习得机制【解析】乔氏认为人类先天具有一种习得语言的特殊能力,表现为儿童头脑中有一种受遗传因素决定的“语言习得机制”(1anguage acquisition device,简称LAD)。
这一特殊机制脱离人类的其他功能而独立存在,甚至跟智力没有直接关系,在12岁以前发挥作用。
5.第二语言学习者特有的一种目的语语言系统,这种语言系统既不同于自己的第一语言,也不同于目的语,这种语言系统叫做________。
目 录2017年中山大学834法语语言文学考研真题及详解2018年中山大学834法语语言文学考研真题及详解2017年中山大学834法语语言文学考研真题及详解Partie de la linguistique 语言学部分 50%1. Quelles sont les différences entre la langue et le langage ? 10%La langue est un système évolutif de signes linguistiques,【答案】vocaux, graphiques et gestuels, qui permet la communication entre les individus, alors que le langage est la capacité d’exprimer et de communiquer au moyen d’un système de signes. La langue est une des nombreuses manifestations du langage.2. Préciser les fonctions des composants (marqués en formedifférente) de la phrase suivante ? 10% Monsieur Ma est un professeur qui aime bien expliquer la grammaire. (Tels que sujet, verbe, complémentd’objet indirect...)« Monsieur Ma » est le sujet ; « est » le verbe ; « un 【答案】professeur » est l’attribut du sujet et l’antécédent de la proposition relative ;« qui » est le pronom relatif ; « aime » est le verbe ; « bien » est l’adverbe ;« expliquer » est le complément d’objet direct du verbe « aime » ; « la grammaire » est le complément d’objet direct du verbe « expliquer ».3. Veuillez expliquer les différences entre le signifiant et le signifié,avec un mot par exemple. 10%Le signifié désigne la représentation mentale du concept associé【答案】au signe, tandis que le signifiant désigne la représentation mentale de la forme et de l’aspect matériel du signe. On utilise le mot « arbre » pourdésigner le réel arbre. Le mot « arbre » est donc le signifiant, alors que ce que le mot désigne est le signifié.4. D'après vous, quelles sont les caractéristiques de la langue française ?(Écrivez un petit texte d'entre 100 à 150mots. Attention aux bonnes expressions, à la structure et à la logique) 20%【答案】Une des caractéristiques de la grammaire française est la richesse de ses temps et modes. Toutefois, cette richesse tend à se réduire à l’oral. Certains temps ne se trouvent guère plus qu’à l’écrit. Comme le français est écrit avec l’alphabet latin de base, elle ressemble beaucoup à l’anglais. Grâce à ses normes orthographiques assez rigoureuses et détaillées, elle est considérécomme la langue la plus précise du monde et souvent utilisée comme langue officielle et de travail de plusieurs organisations internationales.La majorité du fonds lexical français provient du latin ou bien est construit à partir des racines gréco-latines. La langue française se caractérise aussi par les emprunts à d’autres langues : d’abord à l’anglais, puis à l’italien, aux autres langues romanes, aux langues germaniques tels que l’allemand et le néerlandais.Partie de la littérature 文学部分 100%1. Répondez aux questions suivantes (60 pts)1) Comment appelle-t-on les récits épiques du Moyen Age qui ontprécédé l'apparition du genre romanesque ? /5 pts.【答案】Les chansons de geste.2) Quels sont les deux sens du mot « roman »? /10 pts.Au Moyen Age, le roman désigne une oeuvre en vers ou en 【答案】prose, présentant des aventures surnaturelles et rédigées en langue romane. Maintenant, il désigne plus souvent une oeuvre en prose, relativement longue, basée sur une intrigue imaginaire qui dépeint l’évolution et la psychologie des personnages.3) Citez un roman symbolique du moyen Age./5 pts.【答案】Le Roman de Renart4) Citez les caractéristiques de l'Humanisme. Donnez le nom d'un auteur emblématique de cette époque. /10 pt.L’appétit de savoir, l’esprit critique et l’attention à l’humain 【答案】définissent les contours de l’Humanisme. François Rabelais.5) Pourquoi ce nom « Philosophes des Lumières »? Que traduit cette métaphore ?/10 pts.【答案】Ce terme est utilisé pour désigner les philosphes avant vécu。
2011年中山大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷(总分:82.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、音标题(总题数:10,分数:20.00)1.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find—/faind/, beneath—/bi"ni:θ/corpora(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.sociologist(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.chef(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.debris(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.nasal(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.embedding(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.antonymy(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.facial(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.annotated(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.phonetics(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________二、填空题(总题数:15,分数:30.00)11.Lyons predicted in the seventies by pointing out that linguistics is 1, rather than speculative or intuitive; it operates with publicly variable date obtained by means of observation or experiment.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________12.Phonetic similarity means that the 1of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________13.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have 1 changes. That is, the same word may have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________14.In their book 1 written in 1923,C. K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a " representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured. " There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________15.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. The upper term in this sense relation, i. e. the class name, is called 1, and the lower terms, the members, Hyponyms.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________16.Charles Darwin, the founder of Evolution Theory, was one of the first keeping the diary of his son"s 1.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________17.And the Firthian tradition in this respect was further developed by the founder of systemic-functional linguistics, M.A.K. Halliday, whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be better seen from his understanding of language from a socially 1 or interactional perspective, his functional interpretation of grammar as a resource for meaning potential, and his linguistic model in the study of literature.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________18.For some reasons, much of the research on writing has concentrated on the preparation and revision processes rather than on the sentence generation and lexical access processes that have been the focus of 1language production.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________19.As Carter and Simpson(1989)observed that "if the 1960s was a decade of formalism in stylistics, the 1970s a decade of functionalism, and the 1980s a decade of 1stylistics. "(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________20.As a compromise between the "purely form-focused approaches" and the "purely meaning-focused" approaches, a recent movement called 1 seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________21.While Firth inherited the tradition by taking up some of 1"s and Malinowski"s views, he developed their theories and put forward his own original points of view.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________22.Mood is made up of two parts: the "Subject" and the " 1" element.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________23.In spite of the dominant influences of Transformational Generative Grammar in the American linguistic scholarship, it has been challenged by a number of rebels, among whom, are Fillmore with his 1and other with Generative Semantics.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________24.The idea of 1was first developed by Roman Jacobson(1896 - 1982)in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________25.Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word. When pitch is related to a sentence, it is called 1.(分数:2.00)填空项1:__________________三、名词解释(总题数:10,分数:20.00)26.Logical subject(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 27.Sentence(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 28.Performatives(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 29.Orientational metaphor(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 30.SPEAKING(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 31.Free indirect thought(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 32.Blog(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 33.Applied linguistics(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 34.Mental processes(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 35.Error analysis(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________四、举例说明题(总题数:3,分数:6.00)36.Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar.(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 37.In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of individual words.(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 38.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i. e. , a word or a group of words, which serve as a definable centre or head.(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________五、简答题(总题数:3,分数:6.00)39.What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 40.What are the characteristics of Grice"s "conversational implicature" ?(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 41.What does Halliday"s Systemic Grammar aim to do?(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________。
第5章语法一、名词解释1.语法(北京师范大学2010年研)答:语法是词、短语、句子等语言单位的结构规律,即说话所遵守的词句排列组合的规矩。
它有两个含义,一是指语法结构规律本身,即平常说的语法事实;二是指语法学,即研究、描写、解释语法结构规律的科学,是对客观存在着的语法系统的认识和说明。
语法具有抽象性、生成性、层次性、递归性、系统性和稳固性等特征,一般包括词法和句法:词法是指词的构成和变化的规则;句法是指词或词组组成句子的规则。
2.语素(首都师范大学2011年研)答:语素是语言中音义结合的最小单位,是不能独立运用的构词语素。
语素可以根据不同的角度划分出不同的类型。
根据语音的数量可以划分为单音节语素和多音节语素。
如“马”是单音节语素,“葡萄”和“歇斯底里”是多音节语素。
根据语素在词中的不同作用把它分为词根和词缀,如“石头”中“石”是词根,“头”是词缀。
3.构词语素和构形语素(武汉大学2011年研)答:(1)构形语素构形语素指的是指在构词中只负责起改变词的形态,不改变词的意义,也不生成新的词的构词语素。
根据语素在词中的不同作用,把词根和派生词缀称为构词语素,词根是词的核心部分,词的意义主要是由它体现出来的。
它可以单独构成词,也可以彼此组合成词,也可以和词缀一起构成词。
派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词,也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。
如英语的work是个动词,表“工作”义,而加了派生词缀-er后的worker增加了表“……的人”的词义,词类也变成了名词。
(2)构词语素构词语素指的是在构词中生成新词的构词语素。
把屈折词缀称为变词(构形)语素。
屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式,不能构成新词。
也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义,并且总是不改变词的类别归属。
比如英语的book加上-s以后成为books,walk 加上-s、-ing、-ed之后而成为walks、walking、walked,复数s不仅与单个名词有关,还决定句子中与它搭配的动词要用复数形式,是句法范畴的表征。
2011年中山大学外国语学院833语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example:find—//,beneath—//1.corpora2.sociologist3.Chef4.debris5.nasal6.embedding7.antonymy8.facial9.annotated10.phoneticsII.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.Lyons predicted in the seventies by pointing out that linguistics is_______,rather than speculative or intuitive:it operates with publicly variable data obtained by means of observation or experiment.2.Phonetic similarity means that the_______of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.3.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words.As for variable words,they may have_______changes.That is,the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.4.In their book_______written in l923,C.K.Ogden and I.A.Richards presented a“representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured.”There are16 major categories of them,with sub-categories all together,numbering22.5.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership.The upper term in this sense relation i.e.the class name,is called_______,and the lower terms,the members,Hyponyms.6.Charles Darwin,the founder of Evolution Theory,was one of the first keeping the diary of his son’s_______.7.And the Firthian tradition in this respect was further developed by the founder of systemic-functional linguistics,M.A.K.Halliday,whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be better seen from his understanding of language from a socially_______or interactional perspective,his functional interpretation of grammar as a resource for meaning potential, and his linguistic model in the study of literature.8.For some reasons,much of the research on writing has concentrated on the preparation and revision processes rather than on the sentence generation and lexical access processes that have been the focus of_______language production.the l970s a decade of functionalism,and the l980s a decade of_______stylistics”.10.As a compromise between the“purely form-focused approaches”and the“purelymeaning-focused”approaches,a recent movement called_______seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.11.While Firth inherited the tradition by taking up some of_______’s and Malinowskid’s views,he developed their theories and put forward his own original points of view.12.Mood is made up of two parts:the“Subject”and the“_______”element.13.In spite of the dominant influences of Transformational Generative Grammar in the Americanlinguistic scholarship,it has been challenged by a number of rebels,among whom,are Fillmore with his_______and other with Generative Semantics.14.The idea of_______was first developed by Roman Jacobson(l896-1982)in the1940s as ameans of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.15.Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word.When pitch is related to a sentence,it is called_______.III.Define the following terms.(50points)1.Logical subject2.Sentence3.Performatives4.Orientational metaphor5.SPEAKING6.Free indirect thought7.Blog8.Applied linguistics9.Mental processes10.Error AnalysisIV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar.2.In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of individual words.3.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i.e.,a word or a group of words,which serve as a definable centre or head.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)1.What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?2.What are the characteristics of Grice's“conversational implicature”?3.What does Halliday’s Systemic Grammar aim to do?参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)1.corpora—//2.sociologist—//3.Chef—//4.debris—//5.nasal—//6.embedding—//7.antonymy—//8.facial—//9.annotated—//10.phonetics—//II.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.empirical2.allophones3.inflective4.The Meaning of Meaning5.super ordinate6.speech development7.semiotic8.spoken9.discourse10.focus on form11.Saussure12.finite13.Case Grammar14.minimal pairs15.intonationIII.Define the following terms.(50points)1.Logical subject is the subject of a sentence that expresses the actual agent of an expressed or implied action.In passive voice such as“John was bitten by a dog”,we have two terms “grammatical subject”and“logical subject”.Since the core object noun(John in this case)sits in the slot before the verb in the passive,it is called grammatical subject,for the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb,the space that a subject normally occupies;the core subject(A dog),now the object of a preposition(by a dog),is called the logical subject,since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does:it performs an action.2.Sentence:Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.Bloomfield defined the sentence as one“not included by virtue of any grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form”.Sentences may be classified along the intersecting dimensions of structure and function.Some linguists are now interested in the communicative function of utterances and label various sentences as“statement”,“question”,“command”,“request”,“confirmation”,etc.3.Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state.They cannot be said to be true or false.The uttering of these sentences is,or is part of,the doing an action.The judge’s imprisonment sentence,the president’s war or independence declaration,etc.,are performatives.4.Orientational metaphor:It means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,as entities and substances.It gives a concept a spatial orientation.They are characterized not so much by structuring one concept in terms of another,but by a co-occurrence in our experience.The orientational metaphors are grounded in an experiential basis,which link together the two parts of the metaphor.For example,“I’m feeling up.”and“I’m feeling down.”implicate that“I’m happy”and“I’m sad”.5.SPEAKING is a mnemonic way of summarizing certain components of speech which make possible the description and analysis of communicative behavior:S=Situation,P=Participants, E=Ends,A=Act sequence,K=Key,I=Instrumentalities,N=Norms,and G=Genres.6.Free indirect thought,FIT for short,is kind of thought presentation used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters.For example,“He was bound to be late!”is free indirect thought.7.Blog,which is the short form of weblog,is defined by Dan Gilmore as“an online journal comprised of links and postings in reverse chronological order,meaning the most recent posting appears at the top of the page”.Matisse Enzer’s Glossary of Internet Terms puts it this way:A blog is basically a journal that is available on the web.The activity of updating a blog is “blogging”and someone who keeps a blog is a“blogger.”Blogs are typically updated daily using software that allows people with little or no technical background to update and maintain the blog.8.Applied linguistics:It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality.For example,there are studies on multilingualism,language acquisition,first and second language teaching and learning.please)and“cognition”(know,believe,convince),for example,“John likes Mary”.A mental process involves two participants,Sensor and Phenomenon.10.Error Analysis:Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught,in tellingthe researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves,first independently or objectively,describing the learners’interlanguage(that is,their version of the target language and the target language itself),then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches.Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis,EA for short,gives1ess consideration to learners’native language.The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps:(1)Recognition(2)Description.(3)Explanation.For example,explanation:the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance:e.g.She sleeping.Type of error:Omissions.IV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.A phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit.It is not any particular sound,but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.For example,the[P]sound in peak is called an aspirated[p],and the [p]sound in speak is an unaspirated[p].Its distinctive features of a phoneme are capable of distinguishing meaning.Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.For example, the word“tourists”contains three morphemes.There is one minimal unit of meaning,tour, another minimal unit of meaning-ist(meaning“person who does something”),and a minimal unit of grammatical function-s(indicating plural).Therefore,phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit grammar.(此题考查音素与词素的概念。