FREE VIBRATION OF A PARTIALLY LIQUID-FILLED AND SUBMERGED, HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL SHELL.

翻译：英文原文Definitions and Terminology of VibrationvibrationAll matter-solid, liquid and gaseous-is capable of vibration, e.g. vibration of gases occurs in tail ducts of jet engines causing troublesome noise and sometimes fatigue cracks in the metal. Vibration in liquids is almost always longitudinal and can cause large forces because of the low compressibility of liquids, e.g. popes conveying water can be subjected to high inertia forces (or “water hammer”) when a valve or tap is suddenly closed. Excitation forces caused, say by changes in flow of fluids orout-of-balance rotating or reciprocating parts, can often be reduced by attention to design and manufacturing details. Atypical machine has many moving parts, each of which is a potential source of vibration or shock-excitation. Designers face the problem of compromising between an acceptable amount of vibration and noise, and costs involved in reducing excitation.The mechanical vibrations dealt with are either excited by steady harmonic forces ( i. e. obeying sine and cosine laws in cases of forced vibrations ) or, after an initial disturbance, by no external force apart from gravitational force called weight ( i.e. in cases of natural or free vibrations). Harmonic vibrations are said to be “simple” if there is only one frequency as represented diagrammatically by a sine or cosine wave of displacement against time.Vibration of a body or material is periodic change in position or displacement from a static equilibrium position. Associated with vibration are the interrelated physical quantities of acceleration, velocity and displacement-e. g. an unbalanced force causes acceleration (a = F/m ) in a system which, by resisting, induces vibration as a response. We shall see that vibratory or oscillatory motion may be classified broadly as (a) transient; (b) continuing or steady-state; and (c) random.Transient Vibrations die away and are usually associated with irregulardisturbances, e. g. shock or impact forces, rolling loads over bridges, cars driven over pot holes-i. e. forces which do not repeat at regular intervals. Although transients are temporary components of vibrational motion, they can cause large amplitudes initially and consequent high stress but, in many cases, they are of short duration and can be ignored leaving only steady-state vibrations to be considered.Steady-State Vibrations are often associated with the continuous operation of machinery and, although periodic, are not necessarily harmonic or sinusoidal. Since vibrations require energy to produce them, they reduce the efficiency of machines and mechanisms because of dissipation of energy, e. g. by friction and consequentheat-transfer to surroundings, sound waves and noise, stress waves through frames and foundations, etc. Thus, steady-state vibrations always require a continuous energy input to maintain them.Random Vibration is the term used for vibration which is not periodic, i. e. has no made clear-several of which are probably known to science students already.Period, Cycle, Frequency and Amplitude A steady-state mechanical vibration is the motion of a system repeated after an interval of time known as the period. The motion completed in any one period of time is called a cycle. The number of cycles per unit of time is called the frequency. The maximum displacement of any part of the system from its static-equilibrium position is the amplitude of the vibration of that part-the total travel being twice the amplitude. Thus, “amplitude” is not synonymous with “displacement” but is the maximum value of the displacement from the static-equilibrium position.Natural and Forced Vibration A natural vibration occurs without any external force except gravity, and normally arises when an elastic system is displaced from a position of stable equilibrium and released, i. e. natural vibration occurs under the action of restoring forces inherent in an elastic system, and natural frequency is a property of he system.A forced vibration takes place under the excitation of an external force (or externally applied oscillatory disturbance) which is usually a function of time, e. g.in unbalanced rotating parts, imperfections in manufacture of gears and drives. The frequency of forced vibration is that of the exciting or impressed force, i. e. the forcing frequency is an arbitrary quantity independent of the natural frequency of the system.Resonance Resonance describes the condition of maximum amplitude. It occurs when the frequency of an impressed force coincides with, or is near to a natural frequency of the system. In this critical condition, dangerously large amplitudes and stresses may occur in mechanical systems but, electrically, radio and television receivers are designed to respond to resonant frequencies. The calculation or estimation of natural frequencies is, therefore, of great importance in all types of vibrating and oscillating systems. When resonance occurs in rotating shafts and spindles, the speed of rotation is known as the critical speed. Hence, the prediction and correction or avoidance3 of a resonant condition in mechanisms is of vital importance since, in the absence of damping or other amplitude-limiting devices, resonance is the condition at which a system gives an infinite response to a finite excitation.Damping Damping is the dissipation of energy from a vibrating system, and thus prevents excessive response. It is observed that a natural vibration diminishes in amplitude with time and, hence, eventually ceases owing to some restraining or damping influence. Thus if a vibration is to be sustained, the energy dissipated by damping must be replaced from an external source.The dissipation is related in some way to the relative motion between the components or elements of the system, and is caused by frictional resistance of some sort, e.g. in structures, internal friction in material, and external friction caused by air or fluid resistance called “viscous” damping if the drag force is assumed proportional to the relative velocity between moving parts. One device assumed to give viscous damping is the “dashpot” which is a loosely fitting piston in a cylinder so that fluid can flow from one side of the piston to the other through the annular clearance space.A dashpot cannot store energy but can only dissipate it.Basic Machining Operations and Machine ToolsBasic Machining OperationsMachine tools have evolved from the early foot-powered lathes of the Egyptians and John Wilkinson’s boring mill. They are designed to provide rigid support for both the workpiece and the cutting tool and can precisely control their relative positions and the velocity of the tool with respect to the workpiece. Basically, in metal cutting, a sharpened wedge-shaped tool removes a rather narrow strip of metal from the surface of a ductile workpiece in the form of a severely deformed chip. The chip is a waste product that is comsiderably shorter than the workpiece from which it came but woth a corresponding increase in thickness of the uncut chip. The geometrical shape of the machine surface depedns on the shape of the tool and its path during the machinig operation.Most machining operations produce parts of differing geometry. If a rough cylindrical workpiece revolves about a central axis and the tool penetrates beneath its surface and travels parallel to the center of rotation, a surface of revolution is producedand the operation is called turning. If a hollow tube is machined on the inside in a similar manner, the operation is called boring. Producing an external conical surface of uniformly varying diameter is called taper turning. If the tool point travels in a path of varying radius,a contoured surface like that of a bowling pin a can be produced; or, if the piece is short enough and the support is sufficiently rigid, a contoured surface could be produced by feeding a shaped tool normal to the axis of rotation. Short tapered or cylindrical surfaces could also be contour formed.Flat or plane surfaces are frequently required. The can be generated by adial turning or facing, in which the tool point moves normal to the axis of rotation. In other cases, it is more convenient to hold the workpiece steady and reciprocate the tool across it in a series of straight-line cuts with a crosswise feed increment before each cutting stroke. This operation is called planing and is carried out on a shaper. For larger pieces it is easier to keep the tool stationary and draw the workpiece under it as inplaning. The tool is fed at each reciprocation. Contoured surfaces can be produced by using shaped tools.Multiple-edged tools can also be used. Drilling uses a twin-edged fluted tool for holes with depths up to 5 10times the drill diameter. Whether the dril turns or the workpiece rotates, relative motion between the cutting edge and the workpiece is the important factor. In milling operations a rotary cutter with a number of cutting edges engages the workpiecem which moves slowly with respect to the cutter. Plane or contoured surfaces may be produced, depending on the geometry of the cutter and the type of feed. Horizontal or vertical axes of rotation ma be used, and the feed of the workpiece may be in any of the three coordinate directions.Basic Machine ToolsMachine tools are used to produce a part of a specified geometrical shape and precise size by removing metal from a ductile materila in the form of chips. The latter are a waste product and vary from long continuous ribbons of a ductile material such as steel, which are undesirable from a disposal point of view, to easily handled well-broken chips resulting from cast iron. Machine tools perform five basic metal-removal processes: turning, planing, drilling, milling, and frinding. All other metal-removal processes are modifications of these five basic processes. For example, boring is internal turning;reaming,tapping, and counterboring modify drilled holes and are related to drilling; hobbing and gear cutting are fundamentally milling operations; hack sawong and broaching are a form of planing and honing; lapping, superfinishing, polishing, and buffing are avariants of grinding or abrasive removal operations. Therefore, there are only four types of basic machine tools, which use cutting tools of specific controllable feometry: thes, 2.planers, 3.drilling machines, and ling machines. The frinding process forms chips, but the geometry of the barasive grain is uncontrollable.The amount and rate of material removed by the various machining processes may be large, as in heavy truning operations, or extremely small, as in lapping or superfinishing operations where only the high spots of a surface are removed.A machine tool performs three major functions: 1.it rigidly supports the workpiece orits holder and the cutting tool; 2. it provedes relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tools; 3. it provides a range of feeds and speeds usually ranging from 4 to 32 choices in each case.Speed and Feeds in MachiningSpeeds feeds, and depth of cut are the three major variables for economical machining. Other variables are the work and tool materials, coolant and geometry of the cutting tool. The rate of metal removal and power required for machining depend upon these variables.The depth of cut, feed, and cutting speed are machine settings that must be established in any metal-cutting operation. They all affect the forces, the power, and the rate of metal removal. They can be defined by comparing them to the needle and record of a phonograph. The cutting speed is represented by the velocity of the record surface relative to the needle in the tone arm at any instant. Feed is represented by the advance the needle radially inward per revolution, or is the difference in position between two adjacent grooves.Turning on Lathe CentersThe basic operations performed on an engine lathe are illustrated in Fig. Those operations performed on extemal surfaces with a single point cutting tool are called turning. Except for drilling, reaming, and tapping, the operations on intermal surfaces are also performed by a single point cutting tool.All machining operations, including turning and boring, can be classified as roughing, finishing, or semi-finishing. The objective of a roughing ooperation is to remove the bulk of the material sa repidly and as efficiently as possible, while leaving a small amount of material on the work-piece for the finishing operation. Finishing operations are performed to btain the final size, shape, and surface finish on the workpiece. Sometimes a semi-finishing operation will precede the finishing operation to leave a small predetermined and uniform amount of stoxd on the work-piece to be removed by the finishing operation.Generally, longer workpieces are turned while supported on one or two lathe centers. Cone shaped holes, called center holes, which fit the lathe centers are drilled in the ends of the workpiece-usually along the axis of the cylindrical part. The end of the workpiece adjacent to the tailstock is always supported by a tailstock center, while the end near the headstock may be supported by a headstock cener or held in a chuck. The headstock end of the workpiece may be held in a four-jar chuck, or in a collet type chuck. This method holds the workpiece firmly and transfers the power to the workpiece smoothly; the additional support to the workpiece priovided by the chuck lessens the tendency for chatter to occur when cutting. Precise results can be obtained with this method if care is taken to hold the workpiece accurately in the chuck.Very precise results can be obtained by supporting the workpiece between two centers.A lathe dog is clamped to the workpiece; together they are driven by a driver p;ate mounted on the spindle nose. One end of the workpiece is machined; then the workpiece can be turned around in the lathe to machine the other end. The center holes in the workpiece serve as precise locating surfaces as well as bearing surfaces to carry the weight of the workpiece and to resist the xutting forces. After the workpiece has been removed from the lathe for any reason, the center holes will accurately align the workpiece back in the lathe or in another lathe,or in a cylindrical grinding machine. The workpiece must never be held at the headstock end by both a chuck and a lathe center. While at first thought this seems like a quick method of aligning the workpiece in the chuck, this must not be done because it is not possible to press evenly with the jaws against the workpiece while it is also supported by the center. The alignment provided by the center will not be maintained and the pressure of the jaws may damage the center hole, the lathe center,and prehaps even the lathe spindle. Compensatng or floating jaw chucks used almost exclusively on high production work provice an exception to the statements made above. These chucks are really work drivers and cannot be used for the same purpose as ordinary three or four=jaw chucks. While very large diameter workpieces are sometimes mounted on two centers, they are preferably held at the headstock end by faceplate jaes to obtain the smooth power transmission; moreover, large lathe dogs that are adequate to transmit the power notgenerally available, although they can be maed as a special. Faceplate jaws are like chuck jaws except that thet are mounted on a faceplate, which has less overhang from the spindle bearings than a large chuck would have.BoringThe boring operation is generally performed in two steps; namely, rough boring and finish boring. The objective of the rough-boring operation is to remove the excess metal rapidly and efficiently, and the objective of the finish-boring operation is to obtain the desired size, surface finish, and location of the hole. The size of the hole is obtained by using the trial-cut procedure. The diameter of the hole can be measured with inside calipers and outside micrometer calipers. Basic Measuring Insteruments, or inside micrometer calipers can be used to measure the diameter directly.Cored holes and drilled holes are sometimes eccentric wwith respect to the rotation of the lathe. When the boring tool enters the work, the boring bar will take a deeper cut on one side of the hole than on the other, and will deflect more when taking this deeper cut,with the result that the bored hole will not be concentric with the rotation of the work. This effect is corrected by taking several cuts through the hole using a shallow depth of cut. Each succeeding shallow cut causes the resulting hole to be more concentric than it was with the previous cut. Before the final, finish cut is taken, the hole should be concentric with the rotation of the work in order to make certain that the finished hole will be accurately located.Shoulders, grooves, contours, tapers, and threads are bored inside of holes. Internal grooves are cut using a tool that is similar to an external grooving tool. The procedure for boring internal shoulders is very similar to the procedure for turning rge shoulders are faced with the boring tool positioned with the nose leading, and using the cross slide to feed the tool. Internal contours can be machined using a tracing attachment on a lathe. The tracing attachment is mounted on the cross slide and the stylus follows the outline of the master profile plate. This causes the cutting tool to move in a path corresponding to the profile of the master profile plate.Thus, the profile on the master profile plate is reproduced inside the bore. The master profile plate is accurately mounted on a special slide which can be precisely adjusted in two dirctions, in two directionsm, in order to align the cutting tool in the correct relationship to the work. This lathe has a cam-lick type of spindle nose which permits it to take a cut when rotating in either direction. Normal turning cuts are taken with the spindle rotating counterclockwise. Thie boring cut is taken with the spindle revolving in a clockwise direction, or “backwards”. This permits the boring cut to be taken on the “back side” of the bore which is easier to see from the operator’sposition in front of the lathe. This should not be done on lathes having a threaded spindle nose because the cutting force will tend to unscrew the chuck.中文翻译振动的定义和术语振动所有的物质---固体，液体和气体-----都能够振动，例如，在喷气发动机尾部导管中产生的气体振动会发出令人讨厌的噪声，而且有时还会使金属产生疲劳裂缝。

GESensingTransPort ®PT878Panametrics PortableUltrasonic Liquid FlowmeterTransPort PT878 is a Panametrics product. Panametrics has joined other GE high-technology sensing businesses under a new name _GE Industrial, Sensing.ApplicationsThe TransPort PT878 portable liquid flowmeter is a complete portable ultrasonic flow metering system for measurement of:•Potable water •Wastewater•Cooling and heating water •Ultrapure water and liquids •Water/glycol solutions •Crude oil•Refined hydrocarbons •Diesel and fuel oils •Lubricating oils •Chemicals •Beverages •Other liquidsgFeatures•Small, lightweight and easy to use •Non-intrusive flow measurement •Velocity, volumetric and energy flow rates •Totalized flow and trend data •Large, backlit LCD display •Alphanumeric and graphic formats •Multiple-language user interface •Rechargeable battery pack •Logs over 100,000 flow data points •Submersible package •32 site locations •Optional thickness gauge •Optional energy measurement•Suitable for most pipe sizes and materials, including lined pipe1981Portable Flow Metering at Its BestThe TransPort PT878 flowmeter is a highly versatile,self-contained, portable transit-time system with options and accessories to meet all your liquid flow measurement needs. Its compact size; lightweight, rechargeable internal battery pack; and universal power supply charger make it the ideal go-anywhere flowmeter.Accurate with Two-Phase and Perfectly Clean LiquidsThe TransPort PT878’s patented CorrelationTransit-Time™ digital signal processing (DSP) technique greatly increases its signal-to-noise ratio for accurate, drift-free flow measurement in liquids that contain a second phase of entrained solids or gas bubbles. The TransPort flowmeter operates in these and other difficult applications where conventional transit-time flowmeters fail.The TransPort PT878 flowmeter also accurately measures flow rate in perfectly clean liquids containing no “scatterers,” where Doppler-type flowmeters cannot work. The TransPort flowmeter is suited for all standard transit-time applications, plus many that would prevent other transit-time flowmeters from working.Quick and Easy to UseIt’s possible to make your first flow measurement within minutes of opening the box—the TransPort flowmeter is that easy to use. Simply input the site parameters, clamp the transducers onto the pipe, adjust the spacing, and you’re under way. No ancillary equipment is needed, and there’s no need to break into the pipeline. An experienced user can make scores of different measurements in a single day. The TransPort PT878 flowmeter is ideal for all kinds of flow survey work.Flow Transducers and Clamping FixturesUsing clamp-on transducers, the TransPort PT878 flowmeter measures flow rate through metal, plastic or even concrete-lined pipes, without penetrating the pipe wall. From ultra-pure water to corrosive and toxic liquids, the TransPort PT878 flowmeter ensuresnon-contaminating, leak-free measurement withdrift-free accuracy. The TransPort PT878 flowmeter has no moving parts to wear or orifices to clog. It can’t be fouled, and it requires no routine maintenance.A wide variety of transducers are available with different operating frequencies, materials of construction, operating temperatures and sizes to meet the requirements of rugged industrial environments.To hold clamp-on transducers in contact with the pipe, a variety of clamping fixtures are available to accommodate different pipe and transducer sizes. These fixtures use a variety of attachment methods including chain, metal strap, Velcro® strap and magnetic clamps. Alphanumeric and Graphic Liquid Crystal Display Completes the PictureA large, multifunction LCD presents measured data in both alphanumeric and graphic forms. In addition, it helps make programming easy by presenting a software menu that walks you through data entry and function selection.Standard alphanumeric functions include flow velocity, volumetric or energy flow rates, and totalized flow in either English (U.S.) or metric units.In graphic mode, the LCD shows both real time and logged data. The result is a chart recording right on the display, which is very useful for reviewing data and observing trends while on the site.Submersible, Rugged Electronics HousingYour investment in this flowmeter is protected from the day-to-day rigors of industrial usage. The TransPortPT878 is equipped with a rubber boot that provides protection against vibration and shock. The completely sealed housing and ports meet IP67 requirements, so the unit will withstand submersion in up to 3 ft (1 m) of water for limited periods of time. It will continue to function safely even if it is dropped in water.The complete TransPort PT878flowmeter system f its in a compact carrying case.Optional Energy MeasurementThe TransPort PT878 flowmeter combines proven ultrasonic flow measurement with precise RTDtemperature measurement to determine the energy flow rate in liquid heating and cooling systems.With this option, the TransPort flowmeter comesequipped with a built-in power supply for loop-powered RTD temperature sensors, as well as all necessary circuitry and software to make energy flow ratemeasurements. GE offers a variety of optional clamp-on and wetted RTD temperature sensors.Optional Pipe Wall Thickness Gauge TransducerPipe wall thickness is a critical parameter used by the TransPort flowmeter for clamp-on flow measurements.The thickness-gauge option allows accurate wall thickness measurement from outside the pipe.Infrared PortThe TransPort PT878 contains an infrared port forcommunication with your PC. If your laptop or desktop PC does not have infrared capability, an adapter isavailable that can be plugged into your PC’s serial port.Optional Infrared Thermal Printer and AccessoriesWhen you need a permanent record of your work, live measurements, logged data and site parameters can be sent to a variety of printers by beaming data directly from the TransPort PT878’s infrared port. A compact,lightweight, hand-held, infrared thermal printer isavailable. This printer is powered by a lithium ion battery.Built to Be Economical and Stay EconomicalTo be of real value, a portable flowmeter must be as economical to own and operate as it is capable in the field. The TransPort PT878 flowmeter is built to stay in service for many years. Completely solid state, the device rarely wears out or needs servicing, resulting in little downtime and low maintenance costs.The TransPort PT878 Flowmeter Uses the Transit-Time Flow Measurement TechniqueIn this method, two transducers serve as both ultrasonic-signal generators and receivers. Whenmounted on a pipe, they are in acoustic communication with each other, meaning that the second transducer can receive ultrasonic signals transmitted by the first transducer and vice versa.In operation, each transducer functions as a transmitter,generating a certain number of acoustic pulses, and then as a receiver for an identical number of pulses.The time interval between transmission and reception of the ultrasonic signals is measured in both directions.When the liquid in the pipe is not flowing, the transit-time downstream equals the transit-time upstream. When the liquid is flowing, the transit-time downstream is less than the transit-time upstream.The difference between the downstream and upstream transit times is proportional to the velocity of the flowing liquid, and its sign indicates the direction of flow.Ultrasonic Signal PathTransit-time flow measurement technique11AC charger2LEMO®-BNC transducer interconnection cable 3Input/output cable4IR-to-serial port adapter 5Small-pipe transducers 6Thickness gauge7Transducers with universal clamping fixture 8IR thermal printer9Printer AC power supply 10Printer battery chargerTransPort PT878 Accessories2345678910PT878SpecificationsFluid TypesAcoustically conductive fluids, including most clean liquids, and many liquids with entrained solids or gas bubbles. Maximum void fraction depends on transducer,interrogation carrier frequency, path length and pipe configuration.Pipe Sizes0.5 in to 300 in (12.7 mm to 7.6 m) and larger Pipe Wall Thickness Up to 3 in (76.2 mm)Pipe MaterialsAll metals and most plastics. Consult GE for concrete,composite materials, and highly corroded or lined pipes.Clamp-On Flow Accuracy (Velocity)•Pipe ID>6 in (150 mm): ±1% to 2% of reading typical •Pipe ID<6 in (150 mm): ±2% to 5% of reading typical Accuracy depends on pipe size and whethermeasurement is one-path or two-path. Accuracy to ±0.5%of reading may be achievable with process calibration.Repeatability±0.1% to 0.3% of reading Range (Bidirectional)–40 to 40 ft/s (–12.2 to 12.2 m/s)Rangeability (Overall)400:1Specif ications assume a fully developed flow prof ile (typically 10 diameters upstream and 5 diameters downstream of straight pipe run) and flow velocity greater than 1 ft/s (0.3 m/s).Measurement ParametersVolumetric flow, totalized flow and flow velocityOperation and PerformanceFlow MeasurementPatented Correlation Transit-Time mode EnclosureSubmersible IP67DimensionsWeight 3 lb (1.36 kg),size (h x w x d) 9.4 in x 5.5 in x 1.5 in (238 mm x 138 mm x 38 mm)Display240 x 200 pixel backlit LCD graphic display Keypad25-key rubberized tactile membrane keypadInternal BatteryRechargeable battery: 9 to 11 hr of continuous operation Battery Charger Input100 to 250 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 0.38 A MemoryFLASH memory, field-upgradable Operating Temperature –4°F to 131°F (–20°C to 55°C)Storage Temperature–40°F to 158°F (–40°C to 70°C)To ensure maximum battery life, storage temperature exceeding 35°C (95°F) is not recommended for more than one month.Standard Inputs/Outputs•One 0/4 to 20 mA current output•One user-selectable pulse (solid state, 5 V maximum) or frequency (5 V square wave, 100 to 10,000 Hz)•Two 4 to 20 mA analog inputs with switchable power supply for loop-powered temperature transmitters Digital InterfaceInfrared communication port for printer or PC interface Site-Parameter Programming•Menu-driven operator interface using keypad and “soft” function keys•Online help functions including pipe tables •Storage for saving site parametersElectronicsPT878 thickness-gauge optionPT878SpecificationsClamp-On Ultrasonic Flow TransducersTemperature Ranges•Standard: –40°F to 300°F (–40°C to 150°C)•Optional (overall range): –310°F to 572°F (–190°C to 300°C)MountingsStainless steel chain or strap, welded or magnetic clamping fixturesArea Classifications•Standard: General purpose•Optional: Weatherproof Type 4/IP65•Optional: Submersible IP67/68PT878 electronics are designed for general purpose areas.Thickness-Gauge OptionTransducerPanametrics dual-element transducer Pipe-Thickness Range0.05 in to 3 in (1.3 mm to 76.2 mm)Pipe MaterialsMost standard metal and plastic pipe materials Accuracy±1% typical or ±0.002 in (±0.05 mm)Thermal ExposureContinuous operation to 100°F (37°C); intermittentoperation to 500°F (260°C) for 10 sec followed by 2 min air coolingTransducer Cables•Standard: One pair of LEMO® coaxial transducer connectors with 25-ft (8-m) cables•Optional: 1,000-ft (305-m) extension cables available for most transducersData Logging•Memory capacity to log over 100,000 flow data points •Keypad programmable for log units, update times, and start and stop timeDisplay Functions•Graphic display shows flow in numerical or graphic format•Displays logged data•Extensive diagnostic parameters•Supports multiple languages: Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and othersEuropean ComplianceBattery-powered system complies with EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and transducers comply with PED 97/23/EC for DN<25PT878 Specifications Energy MeasurementEnergy MeasurementCalculates energy flow rate and totalized energy. Requires optional dual-RTD, loop-powered transmitter. Temperature TransducersLoop-powered, three-wire platinum RTDs; clamp-on and wetted (thermo-well) types are availableAccuracy±0.15°C with wetted RTDs (matched pairs)Range–4°F to 500°F (–20°C to 260°C)The accuracy of the energy measurement is a combination of the accuracy of the associated flow and temperature measurements. 1% to 2% of reading is typical for calibrated systems. Not all extremes of parameters can be achieved simultaneously.Additional OptionsPanaView™ PC-Interface SoftwareThe TransPort PT878 communicates with a PC through the infrared interface and Windows® operating systems. Consult the manual for details on sites, logs and other operations with a PC.Printer•Infrared, portable, thermal printer with rechargeable battery and 120 to 240 VAC power supply/recharger •Weight 13 oz (370 g), size 6.3 in x 6.5 in x 2.3 in (160 x mm 164.2 mm x 59 mm), print width 4 in (104 mm)RS232-to-InfraredInfrared adapter plugs into any available serial port to give desktop PCs infrared capability.PanaView software links your TransPort flowmeter to your PC.©2005 GE. All rights reserved.920-039BAll specifications are subject to change for product improvement without notice. TransPort®is a registered trademark of GE. Correlation Transit-Time™ is a trademark of GE. GE®is a registered trademark of General Electric Co. Other company or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies, which are not affiliated with GE.g 。

Serie | 8, Washing machine, front loader, 9 kg, 1400 rpmWAV28KH3GBOptional accessoriesWMZ2200 : Floor securing componentWMZ2381 : Extension for cold water inlet /AquastopThe Serie|8 i-DOS washer with HomeConnect and 4D Wash System withIntensive Plus provides spotless resultswith every load.i-DOS: automatically measures the precise amount of detergentand water.4D Wash System: highly efficient water and detergentpenetration for spotless results.Home Connect: home appliances with smart connectivity foran easier everyday life.Automatic programmes: adjust the wash for the fabric typeand degree of soiling.EcoSilence Drive™: quiet and energy-efficient drive, with a 10-year warranty.Technical DataEnergy Efficiency Class: BWeighted energy consumption in kWh per 100 washing cycles ofeco 40-60 programme: 57 kWhMaximum capacity in kg: 9.0 kgThe water consumption of the eco programme in liters per cycle:48 lDuration of eco 40-60 programme in hours and mins at ratedcapacity: 3:40 hSpin-drying efficiency class of eco 40-60 programme: BAirborne acoustical noise emission class: AAirborne acoustical noise emissions : 70 dB(A) re 1 pWConstruction type: Free-standingHeight of removable worktop: -2 mmDimensions of the product: 848 x 598 x 590 mmNet weight: 73.5 kgConnection rating: 2300 WFuse protection: 10 AVoltage: 220-240 VFrequency: 50 HzApproval certificates: CE, E17D UKCA marking, VDELength of electrical supply cord: 210 cmDoor hinge: LeftWheels: NoPower consumption standby/network: Please check the usermanual for how to switch off the WiFi module.: 1.5 WTime auto-standby/network: 5.0 minEAN code: 4242005241705Installation type: Free-standing'!2E20A F-c e b h a f!1/3Serie | 8, Washing machine, front loader, 9kg, 1400 rpm WAV28KH3GBThe Serie|8 i-DOS washer with HomeConnect and 4D Wash System with Intensive Plus provides spotless results with every load.Performance-Energy Efficiency Class¹: B -Energy² / Water³: 57 kWh / 48 litres -Load capacity: 1 - 9 kg-Programme duration⁴: 3:40 h:min-Spin drying efficiency class: B-Spin speed**: 400 - 1400 rpm-Noise level: 70 dB (A) re 1 pW-Noise efficiency class: A-Drum volume: 65 litresProgrammes/functions-Touch control buttons: On/off, Ready in, i-DOS 1, i-DOS2, Intensive Plus, Rinse Plus, Remote Start, start/pause with reload function, Temperature selection, SpeedPerfect,Prewash, Spin speed reduction/Rinse Hold -Standard programmes: cottons, easy care, delicates, wool hand wash-Special programmes: Automatic Gentle, Drum clean withreminder, Shirts, Drain / Spin, Mixed Load, Sportswear, Single Rinse, Super Quick 15/30-Safeguard monitoring system adjusts load distribution andprogramme settings to protect clothesKey features-4D Wash System: highly efficient water and detergent fabricpenetration for spotless results.-Home Connect: Remote Monitoring and Control, Energy Management-i-DOS: automatic dosing of liquid detergent and softener -Reload function: Flexibility in adding laundry items into thedrum, even after the wash cycle has started.-EcoSilence drive with 10 year warranty-AntiVibration Design - for more stability and quietness-EcoBar Plus function: five possible levels of energy and waterconsumption Additional features-Large LED-Display for programme status indication,temperature selection, max. spin speed, remaining time and24 hour end time delay, i-Dos selection and consumption indication-Control dial with integrated On / Off mode -VarioDrum: gentle and efficient washing -Drum interior light -Drum clean with reminder function -Sound insulation by additional noise reduction material -Consump indicator energy+water-Aqua Protection-Foam detection system-Overdosage indication-Child lock -Acoustic signals: Buzzer Technical Information-Slide-under installation -Large chrome, white door with 171° opening -Dimensions (H x W): 84.8 cm x 59.8 cm -Appliance depth: 59.0 cm -Appliance depth incl. door: 63.2 cm -Appliance depth with open door: 106.3 cm¹ Scale of Energy Efficiency Classes from A to G² Energy consumption in kWh per 100 cycles (in programme Eco 40-60)³ Weighted water consumption in litres per cycle (in programme Eco 40-60)⁴ Duration of Eco 40-60 programme ** Values are rounded.2/3Serie | 8, Washing machine, front loader, 9kg, 1400 rpmWAV28KH3GB3/3。

Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AA July 2005Rosemount 2110Compact Vibrating Fork Liquid Level SwitchReference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 2110 2110 Compact Vibrating ForkLiquid Level SwitchRead this manual before working with the product. For personal and system safety, and for optimum product performance, make sure you thoroughly understand the contents before installing, using, or maintaining this product.The United States has two toll-free assistance numbers and one International number. Customer Central1-800-999-9307 (7:00 a.m. to 7:00 P.M. CST)International1-(952) 906-8888National Response Center1-800-654-7768 (24 hours a day)Equipment service needsThe products described in this document are NOT designed for nuclear-qualified applications. Using non-nuclear qualified products in applications that require nuclear-qualified hardware or products may cause inaccurate readings.For information on Emerson Process Management nuclear-qualified products, contact your local Emerson Process Management Sales Representative.Rosemount pursues a policy of continuous development and product improvement. The specification in this document may therefore be changed without notice. To the best of our knowledge, the information contained in this document is accurate and Rosemount cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions or other misinformation contained herein. No part of this document may be photocopied or reproduced without the prior written consent of Rosemount.Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AA Rosemount 2110July 2005Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 2110 Table of ContentsSECTION 1IntroductionSwitch Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Short Fork Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Rosemount 2110 Application and Mounting Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Overfill Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3Pump Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3High and Low Level Alarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3Leak Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3Pump Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3Hygienic Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3 Application Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4 Handling the 2110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4 Rosemount Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6 Installation Considerations and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7 Switchpoint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8 Service Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-9 Warranty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-9 SECTION 2InstallationSafety Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 Mechanical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 Correct Fork Alignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2 Pipe Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2 Vessel Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2 Cover Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Electrical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4 Mode Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4 LED Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6 Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7 Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AA July 2005Rosemount 2110TOC-2SECTION 3Troubleshooting Magnetic Test Point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2Spare Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2APPENDIX AReference DataPhysical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1Performance Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2Functional Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2Electrical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3Dimensional Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5Ordering Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7APPENDIX BProduct CertificationsL.V. Directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1Overfill Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1Approved Manufacturing Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 2110S ECTION 1I NTRODUCTIONSwitch Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-2Rosemount 2110 Application and Mounting Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-2Application Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-4Handling the 2110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-4Installation Considerations and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-7Rosemount Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-6Service Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-9Procedures and instructions in this manual may require special precautions to ensure the issues is indicated by a caution symbol (Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 21101-2The Rosemount 2110 is a liquid point level switch based on the vibrating short forktechnology. It is a compact switch with a rugged stainless steel body and forks for use in a wide range of liquid applications. Economical 3/4-in. or 1-in. threaded mounting in pipes or tanks or hygienic mounting for food industry use. Direct load switching suits all supplies or PNP output for direct interface to PLCs. For use in safe area only.Short Fork TechnologyThe natural frequency (~1300Hz) of the fork is chosen to avoid interference from plant vibration which may cause false switching. This also gives short fork length for minimal intrusion into vessel and pipe. Using Short Fork Technology, the Rosemount 2110 isdesigned for use in virtually all liquid applications. Extensive research has maximized the operational effectiveness of the fork design making it suitable for almost all liquids, including coating liquids (avoid bridging of forks), aerated liquids, and slurries.Rosemount 2110 Application and Mounting ExamplesFor most liquids including coating and aerated liquids and slurries, the function is virtually unaffected by flow, turbulence, bubbles, foam, vibration, solid particles, build-up or properties of the liquid.For use in safe area and process temperatures up to 302°F (150°C).Mount in any position in the tank or pipe. Mounting is by 3/4-in. or 1-in. threaded or hygienic fitting.2110c l e a r _r e v .t i fReference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 21101-3Overfill ProtectionSpillage caused by overfilling can be hazardous to people and theenvironment, resulting in lost product, and clean up costs. The 2110 is alimit level switch used to signal overfill at any time.Pump ProtectionShort forks mean minimum intrusion wetside and allow simple low costinstallation at any angle into your pipes or vessels. With the fork projectingonly 2-in. (50 mm) (dependant on connection type), the 2110 can beinstalled in even small diameter pipes. By selecting the option of direct loadswitching electronics, the 2110 is ideal for reliable pump control and can beused to protect against pumps running dry.High and Low Level AlarmMaximum and minimum level detection in tanks containing many differenttypes of liquids are an ideal application for the 2110. The robust 2110operates continuously at temperatures up to 302°F (150°C) and operatingpressure up to 1450 psig (100 barg) making it perfect for use as a high orlow level alarm. It is common practice to fit an independent high level alarmswitch to provide extra back up to the level switch in case of failure.Leak DetectionFlanges, gaskets, seals, corrosive liquids – they all have the potential toleak at the most inconvenient times. Many users site tanks and vesselsabove trays or in containments to prevent any liquids from escaping. Alevel switch can quickly and accurately detect any leakage and therebyeliminating cost.Pump ControlMany processes have batching and header tanks, and there is usually theneed to control a pump to maintain levels between set points. These tanksare often manufactured from thin wall materials and cannot support theweight of heavy instrumentation.Hygienic ApplicationsWith the option of highly polished forks providing a surface finish (Ra)better than 0.8 µm, the 2110 meets the principle design criteria of the moststringent hygienic requirements used in food and beverage, andpharmaceutical applications. Manufactured in stainless steel the 2110 isrobust enough to easily withstand steam cleaning (CIP) routines attemperatures up to 302°F (150°C).Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AA July 2005Rosemount 21101-4Application Considerations •Ensure liquid is inside the temperature and pressure ranges (see specifications).•Check that the liquid is inside recommended viscosity range 0.2 to 10,000 cP .•Examples of products with too high of viscosity is chocolate syrup, ketchup, peanut butter and bitumen. The switch will still detect these products but the drain time can be very long.•Check that the liquid density is above 37.5 lb/ft 3 (600 kg/m 3).•Examples of products with too low of density is acetone, pentane and hexane. •Check for risk of build-up on the forks.•Avoid situations where drying and coating products may create excessive build-up.•Ensure no risk of bridging the forks.•Examples of products that can create bridging of forks are dense paper slurries and bitumen.•Check if solid content in liquid•Problems may occur if product coats and dries causing caking•As a guideline maximum solid particle diameter in the liquid is 0.2-in. (5 mm)•Extra consideration is needed when dealing with particles bigger than 0.2-in. (5 mm), consult factoryHandling the 2110Figure 1-1. Do not hold the 2110 by forks.2110/2110_19a a , 2110_19a a .e p s1-5Figure 1-2. Do not alter the 2110 in any way.2110/2110_27a a .e p s1-6Rosemount IdentificationFigure 1-3. Load Switching Models: ac/dcFigure 1-4. PNP solid state output Models: dc low voltage: 21...264V AC (50/60Hz) /DC 2110/2110_57a a , 2110_58a a .e p s1-7Installation Considerations and RecommendationsBefore you install the Rosemount 2110 Level Switch, consider specific installation recommendations and mounting requirements.•Install in any orientation in tank containing liquid.•Always install in the normally “on” state•For high level recommendation is Dry = on (see “Function” on page 2-6).•For low level recommendation is Wet = on (see “Function” on page 2-6).•Always ensure the system is tested by using the local magnetic test point during commissioning (see “Magnetic Test Point” on page 3-1).•Ensure sufficient room for mounting and electrical connection (see “Dimensional Drawing” on page A-5).•Ensure that the forks do not come into contact with the tank wall or any internal fittings or obstructions.•Ensure the forks does not come into contact with the tank wall of any internal fitting.•Avoid installing the 2110 where it will be exposed to liquid entering the tank at the fill point.•Avoid heavy splashing on fork •Avoid product buildup•Ensure no risk of bridging the forks.•Ensure there is sufficient distance between build-up on the tank wall and the fork.•Ensure installation does not create tank crevices around the forks where liquid may connect (important in high viscosity and high density liquids).•Extra consideration is needed if the plant vibration is close to the 1300 Hz operating frequency of the 2110.•Ensure sufficient clearance for the fork so highly viscous liquids quickly flow off the forks.•Extra consideration is needed if the plant vibration is close to the 1300 Hz operating frequency of the 2110.Figure 1-5. Example of OK and not OK build-up on tank wall.2110/2110_25a a , 2110_26a a .e p s1-8Switchpoint2120/f i g 12.e p sSwitchpoint (H 20) (SP)Switching hysteresis (HY)In the top diagram a lowerdensity media will give switchpoint closer to the connection. A higher density media will give switchpointcloser to fork tip.Service SupportTo expedite the return process outside of the United States, contact the nearest Rosemount representative.Within the United States, call the Rosemount National Response Center using the1-800-654-RSMT (7768) toll-free number. This center, available 24 hours a day, will assist you with any needed information or materials.The center will ask for product model and serial numbers, and will provide a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number. The center will also ask for the process material to which the product was last exposed.Rosemount National Response Center representatives will explain the additional information and procedures necessary to return goods exposed to hazardous substance can avoid injury if they are informed of and understand the hazard. If the product being returned was exposed to a hazardous substance as defined by OSHA, a copy of the required Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each hazardous substance identified must be included with the returned goods.WarrantyEmerson Process Management will replace a faulty or failed 2110 with a new unit provided that the fault or failure is reported either directly or via an accredited representative, within 1 year from the date of supply, and the product has been installed and used in accordance with Emerson Process Management instruction manual 00809-0100-4029. Emerson Process Management reserves the right to examine such product and to refuse replacement at its discretion if the above conditions are not met.1-91-10S ECTION 2I NSTALLATIONSafety Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2-1Mechanical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2-1Correct Fork Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2-2Electrical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2-4Safety MessagesProcedures and instructions in this manual may require special precautions to ensure the issues is indicated by a caution symbol (). The external hot surface symbol (Mechanical InstallationFigure 2-1. SealingFigure 2-2. Tighten the SwitchGasketBSPP (G1)NPT, BSPT (R)Seal (supplied in 02100-1020-0001)Tri-ClampPTFE (Teflon)2110/2110_28a a , 2110_29a a .e p s2-2Correct Fork AlignmentEnsure correct fork alignment.Pipe InstallationVessel Installation2110/14a a .e p sAlignment groove2110/24a a , 2110_16a a .e p s2110/2110_34a a .t i f2-3Cover Orientation2110/2110_36a a .e p sElectrical Installation Mode SelectionMode Selection by customer wiring.2-4Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 2110 LED Indication2-5Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 21102-6FunctionPLC (positive output)PNP dcLoad switching ac/dcLEDU <100uAU <100uAReference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AA July 2005Rosemount 21102-7WiringThe 2110 is IP66 and IP67 when correctly assembled with the supplied connector and suitable cable.NOTEUse only connector supplied.1.Insert cable into plug housing and connect to terminals.2.Ensure both seals are in place to maintain the weatherproof rating.3.Fit plug to body.Maximum 0.31 (8)Minimum 0.24 (6)5.9 (1.5)2110/2110_15a a .e p s2110/ 2110_15a b .e p s Screw SealPlug Seal2110/ 2110_28a c .e p sReference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 21102-84.Tighten the screw.5.Plug fitted.RELAY CONNECTION WARNING (FOR DIRECT LOAD SWITCHING)The Rosemount 2110 requires a minimum current of 3mA, which continues to flow when the 2110 is ‘off’. If selecting a relay to wire in series with the 2110, the user must ensure that the drop-out voltage of the relay is greater than the voltage which will be generated across the relay coil when 3mA flows through it.NOTE (FOR DIRECT LOAD SWITCHING)DPST = ‘Double Pole, Single Throw’ (on/off) switch - must be fitted for safe disconnection of the power supply. Fit the switch as near to the 2110 as possible. Keep the switch free of obstructions. Label the switch to indicate that it is the supply disconnection device for the 2110.2110/ 2110_28a b .e p sPlug Fitted2110/2110_17a a .e p sReference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AA July 2005Rosemount 2110S ECTION 3T ROUBLESHOOTINGMagnetic Test Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-1Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-1Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2Spare Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 3-2Magnetic Test PointA magnetic test point is marked on the side of the housing allowing a functional test of the 2110. By touching a magnet on the target the 2110 output will change state for as long as the magnet is present.InspectionVisually examine the 2120 for damage. If it is damaged, do not use. Check connector and seals are correctly fitted, also that the connector fixing screw and gland are tight.Ensure the LED flash rate is 1 Hz or continually on. If anything else is demonstrated see “LED Indication” on page 2-5.2110/2110_47a a .e p sNormal Condition Test ConditionNo MagnetMagnetReference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 21103-2MaintenanceNOTEIf using a brush to clean, ensure it is of a soft type.TroubleshootingIf there is a malfunction, see Table 3-1 for information on possible causes.Table 3-1. Troubleshooting chart.Spare PartsSee “Accessories” on page A-7.Symptom/Indication Action/SolutionDoes not switch•No LED; no power•Check the power supply; (checkload on direct load switching electronics model)•LED 3 flashes per second •Internal failure; contact supplier •LED 1 flash every 2 seconds •Uncalibrated; return to supplier •LED 1 flash every 4 seconds•Load fault; load current too high, load short circuit; check installation •Fork damaged•Replace•Thick encrustation on forks•Clean the fork with care • 5 second delay on changing mode/delay•Wait 5 secondsIncorrect switching•Dry = On, Wet = On set correctly•Check wiring in the connector. See “Mode Selection” on page 2-4Faulty switching•Excessive electrical noise•Suppress the cause of the interference2110_07a a , 2110_20a a , 2110_12a aReference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 2110 A PPENDIX A R EFERENCE D ATAPhysical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-1 Performance Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-2 Functional Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-2 Dimensional Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-5 Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-6 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-7 Physical SpecificationsProductRosemount 2110 Compact Liquid Level SwitchMeasuring principleVibrating ForkApplicationsMost liquids including coating liquids, aerated liquids, and slurriesMechanicalProcess material316L Stainless Steel (1.4404)For Tri-Clamp connection hand polished to better than 0.8 μm. Gasket material for 1 in. BSPP (G1) is Non-asbestos BS7531 Grade X carbon fiber with rubber binder.Housing materialsBody: 304 SST with polyester labelLED window: Flame retardant Polyamide (Pa12) UL94 V2Plug: Polyamide glass reinforcedPlug seals: Nitrile butadiene rubber 122-in. (50 mm)ConnectionsSee “Process Connection Size / Type” on page A-6.Mounting•3/4-in. BSPT (R) or NPT•1-in. BSPT (R) or BSPP (G) thread, or•Hygienic 2-in. (51 mm) Tri-clamp fittingDimensional DrawingsSee “Dimensional Drawing” on page A-5Ingress of Protection RatingIP66/67 to EN60529Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 2110A-2Performance SpecificationsHysteresis (water)±0.039-in. (± 1mm) nom.Switching point (water)0.5-in. (13mm) from tip (vertical) / from edge (horizontal) of fork (this will vary with different liquid densities)Functional SpecificationsMaximum Operating PressureFinal rating depends on tank connectionThreaded Connection See Figure A-1.Hygienic Connection 435 psig (30 barg)Figure A-1. Process PressureTemperature See Figure A-2.Figure A-2. Temperature(-40)(50)(150)Process Temperature °F (°C)P r o c e s s P r e s s u r e p s i g (b a r g )2120/2120_18a b .e p s (0)(60)(-40)(150)Process Temperature °F (°C)A m b i e n t T e m p e r a t u r e °F (°C )2120/2120_18a c .e p s(0)Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 2110 Liquid DensityMinimum 37.5 lb/ft3 (600 kg/m3)Liquid Viscosity Range0.2 to 10,000 cP (centiPoise)Solids Content and CoatingMaximum recommended diameter of solid particles in the liquid is 0.2-in. (5 mm).For coating product, avoid bridging of forks.Switching delay1 sec dry to wet/wet to dryCIP (Clean In Place) CleaningWithstands steam cleaning routines up to 302°F (150°C)ElectricalSwitching modeUser selectable (Dry =on or Wet =on) by selecting plug wiringCable connectionVia 4-way plug provided - DIN43650. Max. conductor size - 15AWG. Orientation 4-position(90/180/270/360 deg).Conductor sizeMaximum 0.06 inch2 (1.5 mm2)Cable glandPG9 provided - cable diameter 0.24 to 0.31-in. (6 to 8 mm)ProtectionReverse polarity insensitive. Missing load / short circuit protectionGroundingThe 2110 should always be grounded either through the terminals or using the external ground connection provided.A-3Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 2110A-4Operating Voltage21 to 264V ac (50-60Hz)/dc Maximum switched load 500mAMaximum peak load 5A for 40 ms max.Minimum switched load 20mA continuousVoltage drop6.5V @ 24V dc / 5.0V @ 240V ac Current draw (load off)<3.0mA continuousOperating Voltage18-60V dc Maximum switched load 500mAMaximum peak load 5A for 40 ms max.Voltage drop <3VSupply Current3mA nominal Output current (load off)<0.5mALoad0V/N+V/N PEReference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AAJuly 2005Rosemount 2110 Dimensional DrawingTable A-1. Dimensions are in inches (millimeters)Connections A B C D3/4-in. BSPT (R) 2.72 (69) 1.97 (50)7.40 (188)N/A 3/4-in. NPT 2.72 (69) 1.97 (50)7.40 (188)N/A1-in. BSPT (R) 2.72 (69) 1.97 (50)7.40 (188)N/A1-in. BSPP (G) 3.07 (78) 2.36 (60)7.91 (201)N/A 2-in. (51 mm) Tri-Clamp 2.72 (69) 1.97 (50)7.40 (188) 2.52 (64)1-in. Semi-extended 4.57 (116) 3.86 (98)9.41 (239)N/AA-5Reference Manual00809-0100-4029, Rev AA July 2005Rosemount 2110A-6Ordering Information2110Compact Vibrating Fork Liquid Level Switch 0Direct load switching with plug connection (2 wire) 21 to 264 V ac 50/60 Hz, 21 to 264 V dc 1PNP/PLC low voltage switching with plug connection 18 to 60 V dc 0A3/4-in. BSPT (R) thread 1A1-in. BSPT (R) thread 0D3/4-in. NPT thread 2R 2-in. (51mm) Tri-clamp 1B1-in. BSPP (G) thread 1L1-in. BSPP (G) Semi-extended 4.6-in. (116 mm)NANo Hazardous Locations Certifications (safe area use only)Overfill U1DIBt/WHG Overfill protection Calibration Data Certificate Q4Certificate of functional test Tag Plates STTag plate SST engraved plate (maximum 16 digits)WT Tag plate laminated paper (maximum 40 digits)。

Instrumentation Solutions for Hydrogen Applications Components and systems for use with gaseousand liquid hydrogen3ContentsOn-Board Vehicles - EC-79 Certified ComponentsApplications from 30 to 350 bar (435 - 5,076 psi) .................................................................................... 6 Two Ferrule Tube Fittings - A-LOK ® Series ............................................................................................ 6 Applications up to 700 bar (10,152 psi) ................................................................................................... 7 Medium Pressure Fittings - Cone and Thread - Autoclave Engineers ® ...................................................... 7 Medium Pressure Needle Valves SM Series - Autoclave Engineers ® ........................................................ 7 Medium Pressure Tubing - Autoclave Engineers ® . (7)ISO 19880-3 Certified Products for Hydrogen Refueling StationsMedium Pressure Needle Valves 20SM Series - Autoclave Engineers ® .................................................... 8 Medium Pressure O-Ring Check Valves CXO Series - Autoclave Engineers ® .. (8)General Hydrogen ApplicationsApplications up to 414 bar (6,000 psi)...................................................................................................... 10 Two Ferrule Tube Fittings - A-LOK ® Series ............................................................................................ 10 Ball Valves - B Series - Isolation and Directional Control Valves ............................................................... 10 Inline Filters - F Series ......................................................................................................................... 10 Check Valves - CO Series - Directional Control Valves ............................................................................ 11 Stream Switching Systems - R-Max TM Gen II Series ................................................................................ 11 Modular Sample Conditioning Systems - IntraFlow TM Series .................................................................... 11 Pressure Regulators - IR4000 and IR6000 Series ................................................................................... 11 Excess Flow Shutoff Valves - FS190 Series ............................................................................................ 11 Applications up to 1,380 bar (20,000 psi) ................................................................................................ 12 Medium Pressure Two Ferrule Inverted Tube Fittings - MPI TM Series ........................................................ 12 Medium Pressure Fittings - Cone and Thread - Parker Autoclave Engineers ® ........................................... 12 Permanent Ferrule-less Connectors - Phastite ® Series ........................................................................... 12 Ball Valves - Hi-Pro Series - Isolation Valves .......................................................................................... 12 Ball Valves - HB Series - Isolation Valves ............................................................................................... 12 Needle Valves MAN - MPI TM Series ....................................................................................................... 13 Medium Pressure Needle Valves 15SM and 20SM Series - Autoclave Engineers ® .................................... 13 Medium Pressure O-Ring Check Valves CXO Series - Autoclave Engineers ® ............................................ 13 Medium Pressure O-Ring Check Valves MAC - MPI TM Series ................................................................... 13 Double Block & Bleed Needle Type Manifold - 20DBNV Series - Autoclave Engineers ® ............................. 13 Relief Valves - Soft Seat RVS Series - Autoclave Engineers ® ................................................................... 14 Medium Pressure Tubing - MPI TM Series ................................................................................................ 14 Medium Pressure Actuators - Autoclave Engineers ® .............................................................................. 14 Medium Pressure Adapters - Autoclave Engineers ® ............................................................................... 14 Medium Pressure Accessories - Autoclave Engineers ® .. (14)Cryogenic/LH 2 ApplicationsGlobe Valves - Stainless Steel with Bronze Internals - Bestobell Industrial ................................................ 16 Globe Valves - Stainless Steel - Bestobell Marine .................................................................................. 16 Pneumatically Actuated Globe Valves - Stainless Steel with Bronze Internals - Bestobell Industrial ............. 16 Pneumatically Actuated Globe Valves - Stainless Steel - Bestobell Marine ............................................... 16 Lift Check Valves - Stainless Steel with Bronze Internals - Bestobell Industrial .......................................... 17 Lift Check Valves - Stainless Steel - Bestobell Marine ............................................................................. 17 Swing Check Valves - Stainless Steel - Bestobell Marine ........................................................................ 17 Manual Gate Valves - Bestobell Industrial . (17)Actuated Gate Valves - Pneumatic Tyre Design - Bestobell Industrial (17)Offer of SaleThe items described in this document are available for sale by Parker Hannifin Corporation, its subsidiaries or its authorized distributors. Any sale contract entered into byParker will be governed by the provisions stated in Parker’s standard terms and conditions of sale (copy available upon request).45Your Reliable Partner for Driving the Energy Evolution ForwardParker is supporting the global decarbonisation efforts through a broad range of solutions for a variety of applications. Our hydrogen-compatible components and systems enable safe and efficient operation from vacuum to 1,380 bar (20,000 psi) and temperatures from -253O C to +538O C (-423O F to +1000O F).1,380 BAR20,000 PSIParker’s needle valves 20SM series and check valves CXO series havesuccessfully passed all the required tests for high pressure gas valves used in gaseous hydrogen stations of up to the H70 designation specified in ISO19880-3 certification.ON-BOARD VEHICLESTwo Ferrule Tube Fittings - A-LOK ®Series EC-79 CertifiedParker Autoclave Engineers ®:Medium Pressure Fittings EC-79 Certified Needle Valves - SM Series EC-79 Certified Medium Pressure Tubing EC-79 CertifiedISO-CERTIFIED PRODUCTS FOR REFUELING STATIONSParker Autoclave Engineers ®:Needle Valves - 20SM Series Tests Passed - Pending Certification Check Valves - CXO Series Tests Passed - Pending CertificationGENERAL HYDROGEN APPLICATIONSTwo Ferrule Tube Fittings - A-LOK ® SeriesPermanent Ferrule-less Connectors - Phastite ® SeriesBall Valves - B Series Ball Valves - Hi-Pro Series Ball Valves - HB Series Inline Filters - F Series Check Valves - CO SeriesStream Switching Systems - R-Max IIModular Sample Conditioning Systems - IntraFlow TM SeriesPressure Regulators - IR4000 and IR6000 SeriesExcess Flow Shutoff Valves - FS190 SeriesCRYOGENIC/LH 2 APPLICATIONSBestobell Cryogenic Valves:Globe ValvesPneumatically Actuated Globe ValvesLift Check Valves Swing Check Valves Manual Gate Valves Actuated Gate ValvesGENERAL HYDROGEN APPLICATIONSParker Autoclave Engineers ®:Medium Pressure Fittings - Cone and Thread Needle Valves - 15SM and 20SM Series Check Valves - CXO SeriesDouble Block & Bleed Needle Type Manifold - 20DBNV Series Relief Valves - RVS SeriesMedium Pressure Accessories and Adapters Medium Pressure Actuators Medium Pressure MPI TM Series:Fittings TubingNeedle Valves - MAN Series Check Valves - MAC Series67Applications from 30 to 350 bar (435 - 5,076 psi)On-Board VehiclesComponents for on-board hydrogen-powered vehicles for pressures from 30 to 700 bar (435 to 10,152 psi).EC-79 CertifiedParker’s range of products approved for use on-board hydrogen-powered vehicles from 30 to 700 bar includes tube fittings, needle valves and tubing. These products meet the general requirements of hydrogen components and systems used on hydrogen-powered motor vehicles as per regulation (EC) No 79/2009 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 14 Jan 2009.Two Ferrule Tube Fittings - A-LOK ® Series EC-79 CertifiedParker A-LOK ® two ferrule tube fittings are designed to achieve quality leak-free connections on-board hydrogen-powered vehicles up to 350 bar pressures and temperatures down to -40O C. These fittings provide reliable operation in cryogenic, pressure & thermal cycling and vibration applications. Manufactured at an IATF 16949 certified plant and EC-79 approved for hydrogen service, they come in a range of sizes and configurations in 316 Stainless Steel material. For optimised installation instructions see p.18 of this catalogue.To order EC-79 certified components, simply add the suffix EC79 at the end of your part number.For more details please see catalogue ref. 4190-FMTG.Applications up to 700 bar (10,152 psi)*A-LOK ® tees and crosses approved in sizes up to 1/2” (12mm). Please contact Parker for further information.Medium Pressure Fittings - Cone and Thread - Autoclave Engineers ® EC-79 CertifiedParker Autoclave Engineers medium pressure cone and thread connections are designed for applications that require higher flow rate capability. Manufactured from high tensile strength cold worked 316/316L Stainless Steel material as standard for 700 bar (10,152 psi) MAWP , this Medium Pressure range has all the benefits of the High Pressure version with all metal sealing for operations at temperatures from -40O C to +120O C (-40O F to +248O F).These fittings are designed for use with Parker Autoclave Engineers’ 20SM Series valves and medium pressure tubing according to ASME B31.3 Chapter IX standards.To order EC-79 certified components, simply add the suffix EC79 at the end of your part number.For more details please see catalogue ref. 02-0124SE. Medium Pressure Tubing - Autoclave Engineers ® EC-79 CertifiedParker Autoclave Engineers offers a complete selection of austenitic, cold drawn stainless steel tubing designed to match the performance standards of Parker Autoclave valves and fittings. Parker Autoclave Engineers medium pressure tubing is manufactured specifically for high pressure applications requiring both strength and corrosion resistance.For more details please see catalogue ref. 02-0124SE.Medium Pressure Needle Valves SM Series - Autoclave Engi-neers ®EC-79 CertifiedParker Autoclave Engineers SM Series valves are designed specifically for use with matching orifice medium pressure cone & thread fittings and tubing for the most efficient flow path possible using cone & thread style connections. They are manufactured using high tensile strength UNS S31600/S31603 cold worked 316/316L Stainless Steel material as standard for 700 bar (10,152 psi) MAWP .To order EC-79 certified components, simply add the suffix HYGEC79 at the end of your part number.For more details please see catalogue ref. 02-0112SE.E C -79E C -79C E R T I FI E DE C -7989ISO Products For H 2 Refueling StationsComponents for hydrogen refueling stations for pressures up to 700 bar (10,152 psi).Tests Passed, Pending ISO 19880-3 CertificationMedium Pressure Needle Valves 20SM Series - Autoclave Engineers ®Tested, Pending ISO 19880-3 CertificationThese Parker Autoclave Engineers 20SM Series Needle Valves (HYG option) have unique STEM/SEAT and PACKING design that can withstand temperatures ranging between -73°C and 316°C and pressures of up to 700 bar (10,152 psi).The valves are available with two different styles of connection options including cone & thread and MPI TM .To order ISO 19880-3 certified components, simply add the suffix HYG at the end of your part number.For more details please see catalogue ref. 02-0112SE.Parker’s needle and check valves have successfully passed the required tests for high pressure valves used in gaseous hydrogen stations as specified in ISO 19880-3 certification. These are now awaiting thecompletion of the final steps towards achieving the certification.Medium Pressure O-Ring Check Valves CXO Series - Autoclave Engineers ®Tested, Pending ISO 19880-3 CertificationThese Parker Autoclave Engineers O-Ring Check Valves CXO Series (HYG option) canwithstand temperatures ranging between -73°C and 316°C and pressures of up to 1,380 bar (20,000 psi).The valves are available with two different styles of connection options including cone & thread and MPI TM .To order ISO 19880-3 certified components, simply add the suffix HYG at the end of your part number.For more details please see catalogue ref. 02-0124SE.HALS2VI S O 880-3Other associated products for hydrogen refueling stations are featured on the following pages.1011General Hydrogen ApplicationsComponents for general hydrogen applications at pressures from vacuum to 1,380 bar (20,000 psi).Parker offers an extensive range of high-quality components and system solutions suitable for general hydrogen use in a wide variety of industries including power generation, petrochemical, agricultural and research & development.Applications up to 414 bar (6,000 psi)®Ball Valves - B Series - Isolation and Directional Control ValvesNeedle Valves - V Series - Isolation and Flow Control ValvesCheck Valves - CO Series - Directional Control ValvesInline Filters - F SeriesStream Switching Systems - R-Max TMGen II SeriesModular Sample Conditioning Systems - IntraFlow TM SeriesPressure Regulators - IR4000 and IR6000 SeriesExcess Flow Shutoff Valves - FS190 Series(10,000 psi).** Material de-rating and media compatibility factors need to be taken into consideration for higher temperature applications.For optimised installation instructions see p.18 of this catalogue.1213Medium Pressure Needle Valves 15SM and 20SM Series - Autoclave Engineers ®Medium Pressure O-Ring Check Valves CXO Series - Autoclave Engineers ®Medium Pressure O-Ring Check Valves MAC - MPI TMSeriesNeedle Valves MAN - MPI TMSeriesBall Valves - HB Series - Isolation ValvesBall Valves - Hi-Pro Series - Isolation ValvesApplications up to 1,380 bar (20,000 psi)Medium Pressure Two Ferrule Inverted Tube Fittings - MPI TMMedium Pressure Fittings - Cone and Thread - Parker Autoclave®Permanent Ferrule-less Connectors - Phastite ®SeriesDouble Block & Bleed Needle Type Manifold - 20DBNV Series - Autoclave Engineers ®This valve has been modified for use with Hydrogen. To order, add the suffix HYG at the end of your part number.This valve has been modified for use with Hydrogen. To order, add the suffix HYG at the end of your part number.* Material de-rating and media compatibility factors need to be taken into consideration for higher temperature applications.* Material de-rating and media compatibility factors need to be taken into consideration for higher temperature and higher pressure applications. Refer to technical catalogue 02-0142SE.* Material de-rating and media compatibility factors need to be taken into consideration for higher temperature and higher pressure applications. Refer to technical catalogue 02-0142SE.This valve has been modified for use with Hydrogen. To order, add the suffix HYG at the end of your part number.This valve has been modified for use with Hydrogen. To order, add the suffix HYG at the end of your part number.This valve has been modified for use with Hydrogen. To order, add the suffix HYG at the end of your part number.1415Medium Pressure Accessories - Autoclave Engineers ®Medium Pressure Adapters - Autoclave Engineers ®Medium Pressure Actuators - Autoclave Engineers ®Medium Pressure Tubing - MPI TM SeriesADDITIONAL RESOURCES AVAILABLE ON /IPD›WHITE PAPER - ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE OF HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT IN METALLURGY ›BROCHURE - INSTRUMENTATION SOLUTIONS FOR HYDROGEN-POWERED VEHICLESRelief Valves - Soft Seat RVS Series - Autoclave Engineers ®This valve has been modified for use with Hydrogen. To order, add the suffix HYG at the end of your part number.* Material de-rating and media compatibility factors need to be taken into consideration for higher temperature applications.1617Cryogenic/LH 2 ApplicationsComponents for cryogenic/LH 2 applications at temperatures down to -253O C (-423O F) and pressures up to 50 bar (725 psi).Designed and engineered for use with Group 1 gases, Parker Bestobell’s valves are suitable for liquid hydrogen applications requiring temperatures as low as -253O C. All valves are pressure-tested prior to dispatch.To order, add the suffix -H at the end of your part number.Globe Valves - Stainless Steel with Bronze Internals - BestobellIndustrialGlobe Valves - Stainless Steel - Bestobell MarineLift Check Valves - Stainless Steel with Bronze Internals -Bestobell IndustrialLift Check Valves - Stainless Steel - Bestobell MarineSwing Check Valves - Stainless Steel - Bestobell MarineManual Gate Valves - Stainless Steel - Bestobell IndustrialActuated Gate Valves - Stainless Steel - Pneumatic Tyre Design- Bestobell IndustrialPneumatically Actuated Globe Valves - Stainless Steel withBronze Internals - Bestobell IndustrialPneumatically Actuated Globe Valves - Stainless Steel -Bestobell MarineAppendixA-LOK® tube fittings installation for hydrogen serviceParker has an improved and optimised installation procedure for its A-LOK® parts used inhydrogen service. Please follow the steps below for correct installation.1. The tube should be fully inserted into the shoulder of the fitting until full tube abutment isachieved.2. The nut should be advanced to the finger tight position and then be marked at the 6 o’clockposition.3. The nut should then be advanced 1 ½ turns with the appropriate wrench making sure aback-up wrench is used to hold the fitting body during the tightening process.4. The mark will now be at the 12 o’clock position.Once this has been achieved, the assembly will be ready to use in your Hydrogen system.For tube specifications, ordering information, preparation and pressure ratings, please referto the Parker Fittings, Materials and Tubing Guide catalogue ref. 4190-FMTG.18194190-HYD 03/22© 2022 Parker Hannifin Corporation Parker Hannifin Manufacturing Ltd.Instrumentation Products Division, Europe Riverside RoadBarnstaple EX31 1NP United Kingdomphone 0044 1271 /ipd Worldwide Division HeadquartersEuropean Product Information Centre Free phone: 00 800 27 27 5374(from AT, BE, CH, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, IE, IL, IS, IT, LU, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RU, SE, SK, UK, ZA)Europe, Middle East, AfricaAE – United Arab Emirates, DubaiTel: +971 4 8127100AT – Austria, St. Florian Tel: +43 (0)7224 66201 AZ – Azerbaijan, Baku Tel: +994 50 2233 458BE/NL/LU – Benelux, Hendrik Ido Ambacht Tel: +31 (0)541 585 000BY – Belarus, Minsk Tel: +48 (0)22 573 24 00CH – Switzerland, Etoy Tel: +41 (0)21 821 87 00 CZ – Czech Republic, PragueTel: +420 284 083 111DE – Germany, Kaarst Tel: +49 (0)2131 4016 0DK – Denmark, Ballerup Tel: +45 43 56 04 00ES – Spain, Madrid Tel: +34 902 330 001FI – Finland, Vantaa Tel: +358 (0)20 753 2500FR – France, Contamine s/Arve Tel: +33 (0)4 50 25 80 25GR – GreeceTel: +30 69 44 52 78 25HU – Hungary, Budaörs Tel: +36 23 885 470IE – Ireland, Dublin Tel: +353 (0)1 466 6370IL – IsraelTel: +39 02 45 19 21IT – Italy, Corsico (MI) Tel: +39 02 45 19 21KZ – Kazakhstan, Almaty Tel: +7 7273 561 000NO – Norway, Asker Tel: +47 66 75 34 00PL – Poland, Warsaw Tel: +48 (0)22 573 24 00PT – PortugalTel: +351 22 999 7360RO – Romania, Bucharest Tel: +40 21 252 1382RU – Russia, Moscow Tel: +7 495 645-2156SE – Sweden, Borås Tel: +46 (0)8 59 79 50 00SL – Slovenia, Novo Mesto Tel: +386 7 337 6649TR – Turkey, Istanbul Tel: +90 216 4997081UK – United Kingdom, Warwick Tel: +44 (0)1926 317 878ZA – South Africa, Kempton ParkTel: +27 (0)11 961 0700North AmericaCA – Canada, Milton, Ontario Tel: +1 905 693 3000US – USA, Cleveland Tel: +1 216 896 3000Asia PacificAU – Australia, Castle Hill Tel: +61 (0)2-9634 7777CN – China, Shanghai Tel: +86 21 2899 5000HK – Hong Kong Tel: +852 2428 8008IN – India, MumbaiTel: +91 22 6513 7081-85JP – Japan, Tokyo Tel: +81 (0)3 6408 3901KR – South Korea, Seoul Tel: +82 2 559 0400MY – Malaysia, Shah Alam Tel: +60 3 7849 0800NZ – New Zealand, Mt WellingtonTel: +64 9 574 1744SG – Singapore Tel: +65 6887 6300TH – Thailand, Bangkok Tel: +662 186 7000TW – Taiwan, Taipei Tel: +886 2 2298 8987South AmericaAR – Argentina, Buenos Aires Tel: +54 3327 44 4129BR – Brazil, Sao Jose dos CamposTel: +55 080 0727 5374CL – Chile, Santiago Tel: +56 22 303 9640MX – Mexico, Toluca Tel: +52 72 2275 4200Parker Hannifin CorporationInstrumentation Products Division 1005 A Cleaner Way Huntsville AL 35805 USAphone 001 (256) 881 /ipd。

HF-3122Cooling Module FM SeriesIP43/55 Rated Filter PanelThank you for purchasing an Oriental Motor product.This Operating Manual describes product handling procedures and safety precautions.• Please read it thoroughly to ensure safe operation. • Always keep the manual where it is readily available.Before using the product Only qualified personnel should work with the product.The product described in this manual has been designed and manufactured for use in general industrial machinery, and must not be used for any other purpose. Oriental Motor Co., Ltd. is not responsible for any damage caused through failure to observe this warning.Hazardous substances RoHS (Directive 2002/95/EC 27Jan.2003) compliantChecking the product Upon opening the package, verify that the items listed below are included. Report any missing or damaged items to the branch or sales office from which you purchased the product.• Filter panel........................................1 pc. • Mounting frame................................1 pc. • Mounting screw set...........................2 sets(Tap-tight screws for affixing mounting frame and grille affixing screws) • Operating manual..............................1 copyChecking the model name Check the model number against the number indicated on the product.Location for installation The filter panel is designed and manufactured for installation in equipment. The hood side of the filter panel is designed to IP43 or IP55 to provide protection against ingress of objects and liquids in an environment ofpollution degree 2. Install it in a well-ventilated location that provides easy access for inspection. The location must also satisfy the following conditions: • Inside an enclosure that is installed indoors (provide vent holes) • Operating ambient temperature−45 to +85 °C (−49 to +185 °F) (non-freezing)• Operating ambient humidity 65% or less (non-condensing)• Area that is free of explosive atmosphere or toxic gas (such as sulfuric gas) or liquid• Area not exposed to direct sun• Area free of excessive amount of dust, iron particles or the like • Area not subject to splashing water (rains, water droplets), oil (oil droplets) or other liquids • Area free of excessive salt• Area not subject to continuous vibration or excessive shocks• Area free of excessive electromagnetic noise (from welders, power machinery, etc.)• Area free of radioactive materials, magnetic fields or vacuumInstallation method Install the filter panel onto an appropriate flat metal plate having excellent vibration resistance and heat conductivity. Position the filter panel vertically with the hood outlet facing down.1. Drill a mounting hole in theenclosure.Reference mounting hole dimensions8×Ø3 mm (Ø0.12 in.)L1L2L 1L 2[4×Ø3 mm (Ø0.12 in.) for FMZ23 I-F ]㩷Replacement filter media• IP43 rated filter mediaSet of 5 sheetsModel ApplicableproductFMXAB-D FM series – External dimensions: 209 × 226 mm (8.23 × 8.90 in.)FMXAB-E FM series – External dimensions: 157 × 170 mm (6.18 × 6.69 in.)FMXAB-F FM series – External dimensions: 129 × 134 mm (5.08 × 5.28 in.)• IP55 rated filter mediaSet of 5 sheetsModel ApplicableproductFMXAC-D FM series – External dimensions: 209 × 226 mm (8.23 × 8.90 in.)FMXAC-E FM series – External dimensions: 157 × 170 mm (6.18 × 6.69 in.)FMXAC-F FM series – External dimensions: 129 × 134 mm (5.08 × 5.28 in.)Cooling of the filter media reduces the cooling capacity. Clean or replace thefilter media regularly.• Unauthorized reproduction or copying of all or part of this OperatingManual is prohibited.• Oriental Motor shall not be liable whatsoever for any problems relating toindustrial property rights arising from use of any information, circuit,equipment or device provided or referenced in this manual.• Characteristics, specifications and dimensions are subject to changewithout notice.• While we make every effort to offer accurate information in the manual,we welcome your input. Should you find unclear descriptions, errors oromissions, please contact the nearest office.• is a trademark of Oriental Motor Co., Ltd.is a trademark of Oriental Motor Co., Ltd., and is registered inJapan and other countries.© Copyright ORIENTAL MOTOR CO., LTD. 2006• Please contact your nearest Oriental Motor office for further information.ORIENTAL MOTOR U.S.A. 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第35卷第2期2022年4月振动工程学报Journal of Vibration EngineeringVol.35No.2Apr.2022局部粘贴压电宏纤维致动器的水下弹性结构机-电-液耦合振动特性顾霆1，娄军强1，2，杨依领1，陈特欢1，陈海荣1，魏燕定2（1.宁波大学机械工程与力学学院，浙江宁波315211；2.浙江大学浙江省先进制造技术重点研究实验室，浙江杭州310027）摘要:建立了局部粘贴压电宏纤维致动器（Macro Fiber Composite，MFC）的水下弹性结构机⁃电⁃液耦合振动模型，并开展了MFC激励下的水下弹性结构的频率响应实验。

采用混合规则法得到了MFC等效体积单元的等效机电耦合参数。

基于假设模态法推导了局部粘贴MFC的欧拉⁃伯努利梁的分段归一化振型函数。

结果显示粘贴MFC致动器的主动变形段末端的变形量仅为被动变形段末端的3%，局部粘贴MFC致动器弹性结构的模态振型较匀质等截面梁结构发生了明显变化。

建立了包含MFC致动器等效驱动力矩、周围流体水动力载荷及弹性结构振动特性的水下弹性结构机⁃电⁃液耦合振动模型。

基于搭建的实验平台，测试得到了MFC不同激励频率下水下弹性结构的频率响应特性，实验结果表明：耦合动力学模型的理论预测结果与结构实际振动的幅频特性和相频特性基本一致，证明了所建立机⁃电⁃液耦合振动模型的有效性。

关键词:水下弹性结构；机⁃电⁃液耦合；水动力；压电宏纤维；局部粘贴中图分类号:O326；TP241.3文献标志码:A文章编号:1004-4523（2022）02-0387-10DOI：10.16385/ki.issn.1004-4523.2022.02.014引言随着人类探索海洋步伐的不断加快及“海洋强国”战略的提出，具有轻质灵活、操作方便且能耗低等优点的弹性结构被广泛应用于智能仿生水下运动装置、洋流能量采集、海洋微纳器件传感检测以及海底结构健康监测等诸多领域［1⁃2］。

<711> DISSOLUTION溶出度(USP39-NF34 Page 540) General chapter Dissolution <711> is being harmonized with the corresponding texts of the European Pharmacopoeia and/or the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. These pharmacopeias have undertaken to not make any unilateral change to this harmonized chapter.通则<711>溶出度与欧盟药典和日本药典中的相应部分相统一。

这三部药典承诺不做单方面的修改。

Portions of the present general chapter text that are national USP text, and therefore not part of the harmonized text, are marked with symbols to specify this fact.本章中的部分文字为本国USP内容，并没有与其他药典统一。

此部分以（）标注。

This test is provided to determine compliance with the dissolution requirements where stated in the individual monograph for dosage forms administered orally. In this general chapter, a dosage unit is defined as 1 tablet or 1 capsule or the amount specified. Of the types of apparatus designs described herein, use the one specified in the individual monograph. Where the label states that an article is enteric coated and a dissolution or disintegration test does not specifically state that it is to be applied to delayed-release articles and is included in the individual monograph, the procedure and interpretation given for Delayed-Release Dosage Forms are applied, unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph.本测试用于检测药品口服制剂的溶出度是否符合各论中的规定。

机械工程学专业词汇英语翻译(F)2flowage 蠕变fluctuating liquid drop 振荡液滴fluctuating load 变动载荷fluctuating stress 变应力fluctuation 起伏fluctuation velocity 脉动速度flue gas 烟气fluid 铃fluid clutch 液压离合器fluid dynamics 铃动力学fluid element 铃元fluid filament 细水流量fluid film 铃膜fluid flow 铃怜fluid flow efficiency 怜效率fluid flow physics 铃怜物理fluid friction 铃摩擦fluid friction damping 液体摩擦阻尼fluid kinematics 铃运动学fluid line 铃线fluid lubrication 铃润滑fluid mechanics 铃力学fluid motion 铃运动fluid phase 液相fluid plastic 猎塑料fluid pressure 铃压力fluid surface 伶fluid type instability 铃型不稳定性fluid wave 铃波fluidal 铃的fluidal structure 疗结构fluidic 铃的fluidic element 铃元fluidity 怜性fluidity coefficient 寥fluidization 连化fluidized bed 怜床flume 水沟道flute type deformation 槽型形变flutter 颤振flutter of aerofoil 机翼颤振flux 通量flux density 通量密度flux equilibrium 通量平衡flux of force 力线通量flux peak 通量flying height 飞行高度flying range 航程flying speed 飞行速度flywheel 惯性轮flywheel effect 飞轮效应flywheel fan 飞轮风扇flywheel moment 飞轮力矩foam 泡沫foaming 发泡focal length 焦距focal length ratio 焦距比focal plane 焦面focus of earthquake 震源fokker planck collision term 福克尔普朗克碰撞项fokker planck equation 福克尔普朗克方程folded plate structure 折板结构folded system 折板结构folding 弯曲folding strength 曲折强度folding test 曲折试验follow rest 移动中心架following 追踪following wake 伴流foot 底座force 力force analysis 受力分析force coefficient 力系数force constant 力常数force couple 力偶force density 力密度force dependent on position 与位置依赖的力force dependent on velocity 与速度依赖的力force diagram 力图force distribution 力分布force feed 压力进给force field 力场force free 未受力酌的force function 力函数force in member 构件力force in the bar 杆内酌力force of attraction 引力force of gravity 重力force of inertia 惯性力force of repulsion 斥力force operator 力算符force pipe 压力管force polygon 力多边形force polygon rule 力多边形法force pump 压力泵force sensing of robot 机扑的力感度force sensor 力传感器force system 力系force system of equal effect 等效力系force triangle 力三角形force unbalance 力不平衡force vector 力矢量force voltage analogy 力电压模拟forced circulation 强制循环forced convection 强制对流forced convection air cooler 强制对琳气冷却器forced diffusion 强制扩散forced draught 强制通风forced emission 受迫发射forced oscillations 受迫振荡forced regular precession 强迫规则旋进forced ventilation 强迫通风forced vibration 受迫振荡forced vortex 强制旋涡forced wave 强制波forcing screw 加压螺钉foreshock 前震form drag 形阻力form of bifurcation 分叉形状form of energy 能量形式form of oscillations 振荡形式form of vibrations 振荡形式form resistance 形阻力formation energy 形成能formation enthalpy 形成焓formation entropy 形成熵formation heat 形成热formation of eddy 涡旋形成formation of thermal cracks 热裂形成formation of vortices 涡旋形成formation of waves 波的形成forming 成形forward difference 前向差分forward direction 正向forward movement 前向运动forward scattering 前方散射forward scattering angle 前方散射角forward scattering peak 前方散射峰forward speed 前进速度forward velocity 前进速度forward wave 前向波foucault gyrocompass 傅科陀螺仪foucault pendulum 傅科摆foucault pendulum experiment 傅科摆实验foundation slab 基础底板fountain effect 喷注效应four dimensional force 四维力four dimensional velocity 四维速度four dimensional wave vector 四维波矢量fourier component 傅里叶分量fourier expansion 傅里叶展开fourier integral 傅里叶积分fourier law 傅里叶定律fourier series 傅里叶级数fourier transform 傅里叶变换fourier transformation 傅里叶变换fractional fissure 断裂纹fractural cleavage 破劈理fracture 断裂fracture appearance 断口外观fracture condition 断裂条件fracture criterion 断裂准则fracture dynamics 断裂动力学fracture face 破坏面fracture load 断裂载荷fracture mechanics 断裂力学fracture strain 断裂应变fracture surface 破坏面fracture test 断裂试验fracture toughness 断裂韧性fracturing load 断裂载荷fragility 易碎性fragment 碎片fragmentation 破碎frame 框架frame of reference 参考系frame structure 框架结构framework 框架framework method 框架法framing index 照准标志free air effect 自由空气效应free air overpressure 自由大气超压free body 自由体free boundary 自由边界free boundary flow 自由边界流free convection 自由对流free edge 自由边free end 自由端free energy 自由能free energy density 自由能密度free energy function 自由能函数free enthalpy 自由焓free fall 自由下降free fall apparatus 自由降落装置free fall trajectory 自由降落轨道free fall weir 自两溢吝free falling body 自由落体free flight 自由飞行free flow 自由怜free head 自由水头free internal rotation 自由内转动free jet 自由射流free jet wind tunnel 自由喷射风洞free length 自由长度free mass point 自由质点free meander 自由曲流free molecule flow 自由分子流free motion 自由运动free oscillation 自由振荡free outflow 自由瘤free path 自由程free pendulum 自由摆free period 自由周期free plastic flow 自由塑性怜free regular precession 自由规则旋进free rotation 自由旋转free rotor 自由转子free rotor gyroscope 自由转子陀螺仪free running oscillator 自激振荡器free space 自由空间free space propagation 自由空间传播free spinning 旋转free spinning tunnel 旋转竖直风洞free stream 自由怜free stream mach number 自由另赫数free stream velocity 自由怜速度free surface 自由面free surface flow 自由表面怜free surface of water 自由水面free surface vortex 自由面涡free surface wave 自由表面波free time of flight 自由飞行时间free torsion 自由扭转free vector 自由矢量free vibration 自由振荡free volume 自由体积free volume theory 自由体积理论free vortex 自由涡free vortex system 自由涡恋free wave 自由波freedom of motion 运动的自由度freely supported 自由支承的freezing 凝固freezing method 冻结方法freezing point 凝固点freezing temperature 冻结温度freighter 运输机frequency 频率frequency analysis 频率分析frequency analyzer 频率分析器frequency characteristic 频率特性frequency conversion 频率转换frequency distribution 频率分布frequency division 分频frequency domain 频率范围frequency domain method 频域法frequency drift 频率偏移frequency factor 频率因数frequency instability 频率不稳定性frequency jumping 频率跃变frequency meter 频率计frequency method 频率法frequency modulation 频率灯frequency of fadings 衰减频率frequency of ripple 脉动频率frequency parameter 频率参数frequency range 频率范围frequency response 频率响应frequency spectrum 频谱frequency stability 频率稳定度frequency standard 频率标准frequency synthesis 频率合成fresh water 淡水fresh wind 清风friability 易碎性friction 摩擦friction angle 摩擦角friction brake 摩擦闸friction circle 摩擦圆friction coefficient 摩擦系数friction cone 摩擦圆锥friction constant 摩擦常数friction damper 摩擦减震器friction depth 摩擦深度friction drag 摩擦阻力friction drum 摩擦滚筒friction factor 摩擦系数friction gage 摩擦压力计friction head 摩擦水头friction layer 摩擦层friction moment 摩擦力矩friction of motion 运动摩擦friction of rest 静摩擦friction pendulum 摩擦摆friction resistance 摩擦阻力friction roller 摩擦轮friction shock absorber 摩擦式减振器friction spring 摩擦弹簧friction stress 摩擦应力friction surface 摩擦面friction tensor 摩擦应力张量friction term 摩擦项friction velocity 摩擦速度frictional compensation 摩擦补偿frictional error 摩擦误差frictional force 摩擦力frictional heat 摩擦热frictional loss 摩擦损耗frictional oscillation 摩擦振荡frictional ratio 摩擦比frictional resistance 摩擦阻力frictional work 摩擦功frictionless 无摩擦的frictionless instability 非粘性粱稳定性friedrich diagram 弗里德利希示意图fringe density 条纹密度front 锋面front of the detonation wave 爆震波波前front wave 锋面波front wing 前翼frontal drag 迎面阻力frontal edge 前缘frontal resistance 迎面阻力froude pendulum 弗劳德摆frozen equilibrium 冻结平衡frozen flow 冻结怜frozen in degree of freedom 冻结自由度frozen in field lines 冻结力线frozen in magnetic field 冻结磁场frozen soil 冻土fuel 燃料fulcrum 支点fulcrum of suspension 悬挂点full flow 总量full load 全负荷full power 全功率full scale 实际缩尺full sphere 实心球full wave 全波fully developed turbulence 完全发达湍流fully elastic 完全弹性的fully elastic torsion 完全弹性扭转fully ionized plasma 完全电离等离子体fully plastic 完全塑性的fully plastic torsion 完全塑性扭转fume 烟雾function of bounded variation 有界变分函数function of strain 应变函数functional determinant 函数行列式functional equation 函数方程functional model 函数模型functional similarity 函数相似functional simulation 函数模拟fundamental equation 基本方程fundamental frequency 基频fundamental harmonic 基谐波fundamental matrix 基本矩阵fundamental oscillation 基本振动fundamental resonance 基频谐振fundamental tensor 基本张量fundamental vibration 基本振动fundamental wave 基波fundamental wavelength 基波长funicular polygon 肃边形funnel viscometer 漏斗形粘度计fuzzy optimization 模糊优化fuzzy random vibration 模糊随机振动。

1、Accelerometer Principles67 ratings | 4.01 out of 5| Print DocumentOverviewThis tutorial is part of the National Instruments Measurement Fundamentals series. Each tutorial in this series will teach you a specific topic of common measurement applications by explaining theoretical concepts and providing practical examples. There are several physical processes that can be used to develop a sensor to measure acceleration. In applications that involve flight, such as aircraft and satellites, accelerometers are based on properties of rotating masses. In the industrial world, however, the most common design is based on a combination of Newton's law of mass acceleration and Hooke's law of spring action.Table of Contents1.Spring-Mass System2.Natural Frequency and Damping3.Vibration Effects4.Relevant NI Products5.Buy the BookSpring-Mass SystemNewton's law simply states that if a mass, m, is undergoing an acceleration, a, then there must be a force F acting on the mass and given by F = ma. Hooke's law states that if a spring of spring constant k is stretched (extended) from its equilibrium position for a distance D x, then there must be a force acting on the spring given by F = kDx.FIGURE 5.23 The basic spring-mass system accelerometer.In Figure 5.23a we have a mass that is free to slide on a base. The mass is connected to the base by a spring that is in its unextended state and exerts no force on the mass. In Figure 5.23b, the whole assembly is accelerated to the left, as shown. Now the spring extends in order to provide the force necessary to accelerate the mass. This condition is described by equating Newton's and Hooke's laws:ma = kDx(5.25)where k = spring constant in N/mDx = spring extension in mm = mass in kga= acceleration in m/s2Equation (5.25) allows the measurement of acceleration to be reduced to a measurement of spring extension (linear displacement) becauseIf the acceleration is reversed, the same physical argument would apply, except that the spring is compressed instead of extended. Equation (5.26) still describes the relationship between spring displacement and acceleration.The spring-mass principle applies to many common accelerometer designs. The mass that converts the acceleration to spring displacement is referred to as the test mass or seismic mass. We see, then, that acceleration measurement reduces to linear displacement measurement; most designs differ in how this displacement measurement is made.Natural Frequency and DampingOn closer examination of the simple principle just described, we findanother characteristic of spring-mass systems that complicates the analysis. In particular, a system consisting of a spring and attached mass always exhibits oscillations at some characteristic natural frequency. Experience tells us that if we pull a mass back and then release it (in the absence of acceleration), it will be pulled back by the spring, overshoot the equilibrium, and oscillate back and forth. Only friction associated with the mass and base eventually brings the mass to rest. Any displacement measuring system will respond to this oscillation as if an actual acceleration occurs. This natural frequency is given bywhere f N= natural frequency in Hzk = spring constant in N/mm = seismic mass in kgThe friction that eventually brings the mass to rest is defined by a damping coefficient , which has the units of s-1. In general, the effect of oscillation is called transient response, described by a periodic damped signal, as shown in Figure 5.24, whose equation isX T (t) = Xoe-µt sin(2p f N t) (5.28)where Xr(t) = transient mass positionXo= peak position, initiallyµ = damping coefficientfN= natural frequencyThe parameters, natural frequency, and damping coefficient in Equation (5.28) have a profound effect on the application of accelerometers.Vibration EffectsThe effect of natural frequency and damping on the behavior of spring-mass accelerometers is best described in terms of an applied vibration. If the spring-mass system is exposed to a vibration, then the resultant acceleration of the base is given by Equation (5.23)a(t) = -w2xosin wtIf this is used in Equation (5.25), we can show that the mass motion is given bywhere all terms were previously denned and w= 2p f, with/the applied frequency.FIGURE 5.24 A spring-mass system exhibits a natural oscillation with damping as response to an impulse input.FIGURE 5.25 A spring-mass accelerometer has been attached to a table which is exhibiting vibration. The table peak motion is xand the mass motionois D x.To make the predictions of Equation (5.29) clear, consider the situation presented in Figure 5.25. Our model spring-mass accelerometer has been fixed to a table that is vibrating. The x o in Equation (5.29) is the peak amplitude of the table vibration, and Dx is the vibration of the seismic mass within the accelerometer. Thus, Equation (5.29) predicts that the seismic-mass vibration peak amplitude varies as the vibration frequency squared, but linearly with the table-vibration amplitude. However, this result was obtained without consideration of the spring-mass system natural vibration. When this is taken into account, something quite different occurs.Figure 5.26a shows the actual seismic-mass vibration peak amplitude versus table-vibration frequency compared with the simple frequency squared prediction.You can see that there is a resonance effect when the table frequency equals the natural frequency of the accelerometer, that is, the value of Dx goes through a peak. The amplitude of the resonant peak is determined by the amount of damping. The seismic-mass vibration is described by Equation (5.29) only up to about f N/2.5.Figure 5.26b shows two effects. The first is that the actual seismic-mass motion is limited by the physical size of the accelerometer. It will hit"stops" built into the assembly that limit its motion during resonance. The figure also shows that for frequencies well above the natural frequency, the motion of the mass is proportional to the table peak motion, , but not to the frequency. Thus, it has become a displacement sensor. xoTo summarize:1. f < f N- For an applied frequency less than the natural frequency, the natural frequency has little effect on the basic spring-mass response given by Equations (5.25) and (5.29). A rule of thumb states that a safe maximum applied frequency is f < 1/2.5f N.-For an applied frequency much larger than the natural frequency, 2. f > fNthe accelerometer output is independent of the applied frequency. As shown in Figure 5.26b, the accelerometer becomes a measure of vibration displacement xof Equation (5.20) under these circumstances. It isointeresting to note that the seismic mass is stationary in space in this case, and the housing, which is driven by the vibration, moves about the mass. A general rule sets f > 2.5 f N for this case.Generally, accelerometers are not used near the resonance at their natural frequency because of high nonlinearities in output.FIGURE 5.26 In (a) the actual response of a spring-mass system to vibration is compared to the simple w2prediction In (b) the effect of various table peak motion is shownEXAMPLE 5.14An accelerometer has a seismic mass of 0.05 kg and a spring constant of 3.0 X 103N/m Maximum mass displacement is ±0 02 m (before the mass hits the stops). Calculate (a) the maximum measurable acceleration in g, and (b) the natural frequency.SolutionWe find the maximum acceleration when the maximum displacement occurs, from Equation (5.26).a.or becauseb. The natural frequency is given by Equation (5.27).2、Measuring Pressure with Pressure Sensors79 ratings | 4.00 out of 5| Print DocumentOverviewThis tutorial is part of the National Instruments Measurement Fundamentals series. Each tutorial in this series will teach you a specific topic of common measurement applications by explaining theoretical concepts and providing practical examples. This tutorial introduces and explains the concepts and techniques of measuring pressure with pressure sensors.For more information, return to the NI Measurement Fundamentals Main Page. Table of Contents1.What is Pressure?2.The Pressure Sensor3.Pressure Measurement4.Signal Conditioning for Pressure Sensors5.DAQ Systems for Pressure Measurements6.ReferencesWhat is Pressure?Pressure is defined as force per unit area that a fluid exerts on its surroundings.[1] For example, pressure, P, is a function of force, F, and area, A.P = F/AA container full of gas contains innumerable atoms and molecules that are constantly bouncing of its walls. The pressure would be the average force of these atoms and molecules on its walls per unit of area of the container. Moreover, pressure does not have to be measured along the wall of a container but rather can be measured as the force per unit area along any plane. Air pressure, for example, is a function of the weight of the air pushing down on Earth. Thus, as the altitude increases, pressure decreases. Similarly, as a scuba diver or submarine dives deeper into the ocean, the pressure increases.The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (N/m2), but other common units of pressure include pounds per square inch (PSI), atmospheres (atm), bars, inches of mercury (in Hg), and millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).A pressure measurement can be described as either static or dynamic. The pressure in cases where no motion is occurring is referred to as static pressure. Examples of static pressure include the pressure of the air inside a balloon or water inside a basin. Often times, the motion of a fluid changes the force applied to its surroundings. Such a pressure measurement is known as dynamic pressure measurement. For example, the pressure inside a balloon or at the bottom of a water basin would change as air is let out of the balloon or as water is poured out of the basin.Head pressure(or pressure head) measures the static pressure of a liquid in a tank or a pipe. Head pressure, P, is a function solely on the height, h, of the liquid and weight density, w, of the liquid being measured as shown in Figure 1 below.Figure 1. Head Pressure MeasurementThe pressure on a scuba diver swimming in the ocean would be the diver's depth multiplied by weight of the ocean (64 pounds per cubic foot). A scuba diver diving 33 feet into the ocean would have 2112 pounds of water on every square foot of his body. The translates to 14.7 PSI. Interestingly enough, the atmospheric pressure of the air at sea level is also 14.7 PSI or 1 atm. Thus, 33 feet of water create as much pressure as 5 miles of air! The total pressure on a scuba diver 33 feet deep ocean would be the combined pressure caused by the weight of the air and the water and would be 29.4 PSI or 2 atm.A pressure measurement can further be described by the type of measurement being performed. There are three types of pressure measurements: absolute, gauge, and differential. Absolute pressure measurement is measured relative to a vacuum as showing in Figure 2 below. Often times, the abbreviations PAA (Pascals Absolute) or PSIA (Pounds per Square Inch Absolute) are use to describe absolute pressure.Figure 2. Absolute Pressure Sensor[3]Gauge pressure is measured relative to ambient atmospheric pressure asshown in Figure 3. Similar to absolute pressure, the abbreviations PAG (Pascals Gauge) or PSIA (Pounds per Square Inch Gauge) are use to describe gauge pressure.Figure 3.Gauge Pressure Sensor[3]Differential pressure is similar to gauge pressure, but instead of measuring relative to ambient atmospheric pressure, differential measurements are taken with respect to a specific reference pressure as shown in Figure 4. Also, the abbreviations PAD (Pascals Differential) or PSID (Pounds per Square Inch Differential) are use to describe differential pressure.Figure 4. Differential Pressure Sensor[3]The Pressure SensorBecause of the great variety of conditions, ranges, and materials for which pressure must be measured, there are many different types of pressure sensor designs. Often pressure can be converted to some intermediate form, such as displacement. The sensor then converts thisdisplacement into an electrical output such as voltage or current. The three most universal types of pressure transducers of this form are the strain gage, variable capacitance, and piezoelectric.Of all the pressure sensors, Wheatstone bridge (strain based) sensors are the most common, offering solutions that meet varying accuracy, size, ruggedness, and cost constraints. Bridge sensors are used for high and low pressure applications, and can measure absolute, gauge, or differential pressure. All bridge sensors make use of a strain gage and a diaphragm as seen in Figure 4.Figure 4. Cross Section of a Typical Strain Gage Pressure Sensor [3]When a change in pressure causes the diaphragm to deflect, a corresponding change in resistance is induced on the strain gauge, which can be measured by a Data Acquisition (DAQ) System. These strain gauge pressure transducers come in several different varieties: the bonded strain gauge, the sputtered strain gauge, and the semiconductor strain gauge.In the bonded strain gauge pressure sensor, a metal foil strain gauge is actually glued or bonded to the surface where strain is being measured. These bonded foil strain gauges (BFSG) have been the industry standard for years and are continually used because of their quick 1000 Hz responsetimes to changes in pressure as well as their large -452°F to -525°F operating temperature.Sputtered strain gauge manufacturers sputter deposit a layer of glass onto the diaphragm and then deposit a thing metal film strain gauge on to the transd ucer’s diaphragm. Sputtered strain gauge sensors actually from a molecular bond between the strain gauge element, the insulating later, and the sensing diaphragm. These gauges are most suitable for long-term use and harsh measurement conditions.Integrated circuit manufacturers have developed composite pressure sensors that are particularly easy to use. These devices commonly employ a semiconductor diaphragm onto which a semiconductor strain gauge and temperature-compensation sensor have been grown. Appropriate signal conditioning is included in integrated circuit form, providing a dc voltage or current linearly proportional to pressure over a specified range.The capacitance between two metals plates changes if the distance between these two plates changes. A variable capacitance pressure transducer, seen in Figure 5 below, measures the change in capacitance between a metal diaphragm and a fixed metal plate. These pressure transducers are generally very stable and linear, but are sensitive to high temperatures and are more complicated to setup than most pressure sensors.Figure 5. Capacitance Pressure Transducer [4]Piezoelectric pressure transducer, as shown in Figure 6, take advantage of the electrical properties of naturally occurring crystals such as quartz. These crystals generate an electrical charge when they are strained. Piezoelectric pressure sensors do not require an externalexcitation source and are very rugged. The sensors however, do require charge amplification circuitry and very susceptible to shock and vibration.Figure 6. Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer [4]A common cause of sensor failure in pressure measurement applications is dynamic impact, which results in sensor overload. A classic example of overloading a pressure sensor is known as the water hammer phenomenon. This occurs when a fast moving fluid is suddenly stopped by the closing of a valve. The fluid has momentum that is suddenly arrested, which causes a minute stretching of the vessel in which the fluid is constrained. This stretching generates a pressure spike that can damage a pressure sensor. To reduce the effects of “water hammer”, sensors are often mounted with a snubber between the sensor and the pressure line. A snubber is usually a mesh filter or sintered material that allows pressurized fluid through but does not allow large volumes of fluid through and therefore prevents pressure spikes in the event of water hammer. A snubber is a good choice to protect your sensor in certain applications, but in many tests the peak impact pressure is the region of interest. In such a case you would want to select a pressure sensor that does not include overprotection. [3]Pressure MeasurementAs described above, the natural output of a pressure transducer is a voltage. Most strain based pressure transducers will output a small mV voltage. This small signal requires several signal conditioning considerations that are discussed in the next section. Additionally, many pressure transducers will output a conditioned 0-5V signal or 4-20 mA current. Both of these outputs are linear across the working range of thetransducer. For example both 0 V and 4 mA correspond to a 0 pressure measurement. Similarly, 5 volts and 20 mA correspond to the Full Scale Capacity or the maximum pressure the transducer can measure. The 0-5V and 4-20 mA signals can easily be measured by National InstrumentsMulti-function Data Acquisition (DAQ) hardware.See Also:Data Acquistion (DAQ) HardwareSignal Conditioning for Pressure SensorsAs with any other bridge based sensor, there are several signal conditioning considerations. To ensure accurate bridge measurements, it is important to consider the following:∙Bridge completion∙Excitation∙Remote sensing∙Amplification∙Filtering∙Offset∙Shunt CalibrationEach of these considerations are addressed thoroughly in the Measuring Strain with Strain Gauges tutorial linked below.Once you have obtained a measurable voltage signal, that signal must be converted to actual units of pressure. Pressure sensors generally produce a linear response across their range of operation, so linearization is often unnecessary, but you will need some hardware or software to convert the voltage output of the sensor into a pressure measurement. The conversion formula you will use depends on the type of sensor you are using, and will be provided by the sensor manufacturer. A typical conversion formula will be a function of the excitation voltage, full scale capacity of the sensor, and a calibration factor.[+] Enlarge ImageFor example, a pressure trandsducer with a full scale capacity of 10,000 PSI and a calibration factor of 3mv/V and given an excitation voltage of 10V DC produces a measured voltage of 15 mV, the measured pressure would be 5000 PSI.After you have properly scaled your signal, it is necessary to obtain a proper rest position. Pressure sensors (whether absolute or gauge) have a certain level that is identified as the rest position, or reference position. The strain gauge should produce 0 volts at this position. Offset nulling circuitry adds or removes resistance from one of the legs of the strain gauge to achieve this "balanced" position. Offset nulling is critical to ensure the accuracy of your measurement and for best results should be performed in hardware rather than software.See Also:Measuring Strain with Strain GaugesDAQ Systems for Pressure MeasurementsUsing SCXI with Pressure MeasurementsNational Instruments SCXI is a signal conditioning system for PC-based data acquisition systems as shown in Figure 7. An SCXI system consists of a shielded chassis that houses a combination of signal conditioning input and output modules, which perform a variety of signal conditioning functions. You can connect many different types of sensors, including absolute and gauge pressure sensors, directly to SCXI modules. The SCXI system can operate as a front-end signal conditioning system for PC plug-in data acquisition (DAQ) devices (PCI and PCMCIA) or PXI DAQ modules.[+] Enlarge ImageFigure 7. A Typical National Instruments SCXI SystemSCXI offers an excellent solution for measuring pressure. The SCXI-1520 universal strain-gauge module is ideal for taking strain based pressure measurements. It provides 8 simultaneous sampled analog input channels each with bridge completion, programmable excitation (0-10 V), remote excitation sensing, programmable gain amplification (1-1000), a programmable 4-pole Butterworth filter (10 Hz, 100 Hz, 1 kHz, 10kHz), offset nulling, and shunt calibration. The SCXI-1314 terminal block provides screw terminals for easy connections to your sensors. Additionally, the SCXI-1314T includes a built-in TEDS reader for Class II bridge-based smart TEDS sensors.Recommended starter kit for Pressure SCXI DAQ System:1.SCXI-1600 DAQ module2.SCXI chassis3.SCXI-1520 modules and SCXI-1314/SCXI-1314T terminal blocks4.Refer to /sensors for recommended sensor vendorsFor a customized solution, see the SCXI Advisor linked below.Using SC Series DAQ with Strain Based Pressure SensorsFor high performance integrated DAQ and signal conditioning, the National Instruments PXI-4220 shown in Figure 8, part of the SC Series, provides an excellent measurement solution. SC Series DAQ offers up to 333 kS/s measurements with 16-bit resolution, and combines data acquisition and signal conditioning into one plug in board. The PXI-4220 is a 200 kS/s, 16 bit DAQ board with programmable excitation, gain, and 4-pole Butterworth filter. Each input channel of the PXI-4220 also includes a 9-pin D-Sub connector for easy connection to bridge sensors, and programmable shunt and null calibration circuitry. The PXI-4220 provides the perfect solution for dynamic pressure measurements with low channel counts.Figure 8. National Instruments PXI-4220Recommended starter kit for Pressure SC Series DAQ System:1.PXI chassis2.PXI embedded controller3.PXI-4220 modules4.Refer to /sensors for recommended sensor vendorsFor a customized solution, see the PXI advisor linked below.Using SCC with Strain Based Pressure SensorsNational Instruments SCC provides portable, modular signal conditioning for DAQ system as seen in Figure 9 below. The SCC series provides a great low channel count and low cost solution that directly interfaces to National Instruments M Series DAQ boards. SCC modules can condition a variety of analog I/O and digital I/O signals, including bridge sensors. SCC DAQ systems include an SC Series shielded carrier such as the SC-2345 or the SC-2350, SCC modules, a cable, and a DAQ device. The SC-2350 shielded carrier provides additional support for TEDS sensors.[+] Enlarge ImageFigure 9. National Instruments SCC Carrier and ModulesThe SCC-SG24 Load Cell Input module accepts up to two full-bridge inputs from load cells or pressure sensors. Each channel of the module includes an instrumentation amplifier, a 1.6 kHz lowpass filter, and a potentiometer for bridge offset nulling. Each SCC-SG24 module also includes a single 10 V excitation source.Recommended Starter Kit for Pressure SCC DAQ System:1.M Series DAQ board2.SC-2345/SC-2350 module carrier3.SCC-SG24 modules (1 per 2 pressure sensors)4.Refer to /sensors for recommended sensor vendorsSee Also:Sensors - Affiliated Product AdvisorsSCXI Product AdvisorPXI Product AdvisorReferences[1] Johnson, Curtis D, “Pressure Principles” Process Control Instrumentation Technology, Prentice Hall PTB.[2] , “Strain Gauge Pressure Transducers”,/products/trans/t-presstrans.htm (current November 2003).[3] , “Honeywell Sensotec Frequently Asked Questions”, /pdf/FAQ_092003.pdf (current November 2003). [4] , "Pressure Measurement: Principles and Practice", /articles/0103/19/main.shtm l (current January 2003).3、Measuring Strain with Strain Gauges896 ratings | 4.27 out of 5| Print DocumentOverviewThis tutorial is part of the National Instruments Measurement Fundamentals series. Each tutorial in this series will teach you a specific topic of common measurement applications by explaining theoretical concepts and providing practical examples.This tutorial introduces and explains the concepts and techniques of measuring strain with strain gauges.You can also view an on demand webcast on strain gauge measurements. For more information, return to the NI Measurement Fundamentals Main Page. Table of Contents1.What Is Strain?2.The Strain Gauge3.Strain Gauge Measurement4.Signal Conditioning for Strain Gauges5.DAQ Systems for Strain Gauge Measurements6.Relevant NI ProductsWhat Is Strain?Strain is the amount of deformation of a body due to an applied force. More specifically, strain (e) is defined as the fractional change in length, as shown in Figure 1 below.Figure 1. Definition of StrainStrain can be positive (tensile) or negative (compressive). Although dimensionless, strain is sometimes expressed in units such as in./in. or mm/mm. In practice, the magnitude of measured strain is very small. Therefore, strain is often expressed as microstrain (me), which is e x 10-6.When a bar is strained with a uniaxial force, as in Figure 1, a phenomenon known as Poisson Strain causes the girth of the bar, D, to contract in the transverse, or perpendicular, direction. The magnitude of this transverse contraction is a material property indicated by its Poisson's Ratio. The Poisson's Ratio n of a material is defined as the negative ratio of the strain in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the force)/e. to the strain in the axial direction (parallel to the force), or n = eT Poisson's Ratio for steel, for example, ranges from 0.25 to 0.3.The Strain GaugeWhile there are several methods of measuring strain, the most common is with a strain gauge, a device whose electrical resistance varies in proportion to the amount of strain in the device. The most widely used gauge is the bonded metallic strain gauge.The metallic strain gauge consists of a very fine wire or, more commonly, metallic foil arranged in a grid pattern. The grid pattern maximizes the amount of metallic wire or foil subject to strain in the parallel direction (Figure 2). The cross sectional area of the grid is minimized to reduce the effect of shear strain and Poisson Strain. The grid is bonded to a thin backing, called the carrier, which is attached directly to the test specimen. Therefore, the strain experienced by the test specimen is transferred directly to the strain gauge, which responds with a linear change in electrical resistance. Strain gauges are available commercially with nominal resistance values from 30 to 3000 Ω, with 120, 350, and 1000 Ω being the most common values.Figure 2. Bonded Metallic Strain GaugeIt is very important that the strain gauge be properly mounted onto the test specimen so that the strain is accurately transferred from the test specimen, through the adhesive and strain gauge backing, to the foil itself.A fundamental parameter of the strain gauge is its sensitivity to strain, expressed quantitatively as the gauge factor (GF). Gauge factor is defined as the ratio of fractional change in electrical resistance to the fractional change in length (strain):The Gauge Factor for metallic strain gauges is typically around 2. Strain Gauge MeasurementIn practice, the strain measurements rarely involve quantities larger than a few millistrain(e x 10-3). Therefore, to measure the strain requires accurate measurement of very small changes in resistance. For example, suppose a test specimen undergoes a strain of 500 me. A strain gauge witha gauge factor of 2 will exhibit a change in electrical resistance of only2 (500 x 10-6) = 0.1%. For a 120 W gauge, this is a change of only 0.12 W.To measure such small changes in resistance, strain gauges are almost always used in a bridge configuration with a voltage excitation source. The general Wheatstone bridge, illustrated below, consists of four resistive arms with an excitation voltage, VEX, that is applied across the bridge.Figure 3. Wheatstone BridgeThe output voltage of the bridge, VO, will be equal to:From this equation, it is apparent that when R1/R2= R4/R3, the voltageoutput VOwill be zero. Under these conditions, the bridge is said to be balanced. Any change in resistance in any arm of the bridge will result in a nonzero output voltage.Therefore, if we replace R4in Figure 3 with an active strain gauge, any changes in the strain gauge resistance will unbalance the bridge and produce a nonzero output voltage. If the nominal resistance of the strain。

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Serie | 8, washing machine, front loader, 9 kg, 1400 rpmWAWH8660GBOptional accessoriesWMZ2381 : Extension for cold water inlet /AquastopThe washing machine with intelligentdosing system and Home Connect:Convenient remote operation viasmartphone or tablet PC.Home Connect: home appliances with smart connectivity foran easier everyday life.Everything is automatically adjusted to the needs of yourlaundry depending on fabric type and the degree of soiling.EcoSilence Drive™: extremely energy-efficient and quiet inoperation with a 10-year warranty.SpeedPerfect: perfectly clean in up to 65% less time.Consumption indication: easy operation and indication ofenergy and water consumption.Technical DataBuilt-in / Free-standing : Free-standingHeight of removable worktop (mm) : 850Dimensions of the product (mm) : 848 x 598 x 590Net weight (kg) : 73.174Connection Rating (W) : 2300Current (A) : 10Voltage (V) : 220-240Frequency (Hz) : 50Approval certificates : CE, VDELength electrical supply cord (cm) : 160Washing performance class : ADoor hinge : LeftWheels : NoPower consumption standby/network: Please check the usermanual for how to switch off the WiFi module. : 1.1Time auto-standby/network : 20.0EAN code : 4242002929286Capacity cotton (kg) - NEW (2010/30/EC) : 9.0Energy efficiency rating : A+++Energy consumption annual (kWh/annum) - NEW (2010/30/EC) :152.00: 0.12: 0.43Water consumption annual (l/annum) - NEW (2010/30/EC) :11220Spin drying performance class : BMaximum spin speed (rpm) - NEW (2010/30/EC) : 1361Average washing time cotton 40C (partial load) - NEW (2010/30/EC) : 285Average washing time cotton 60C (full load) (min) - NEW(2010/30/EC) : 285Average washing time cotton 60C (partial load) - NEW (2010/30/EC) : 285: 20Noise level washing (dB(A) re 1 pW) : 47Noise level spinning (dB(A) re 1 pW) : 71Installation typology : Freestanding'!2E20A C-j c j c i g!1/3Serie | 8, washing machine, front loader, 9kg, 1400 rpm WAWH8660GBThe washing machine with intelligent dosing system and Home Connect: Convenientremote operation via smartphone or tabletPC.Performance-Energy Efficiency Class: A+++-Capacity: 9 kg-Maximum spin speed: 1400 rpm**-B spin class-Energy consumption :152 kWh per year, based on 220standard washing cycles--30% more economical (152kWh/year) than the standard value(217 kWh/year) of energy efficiency class A+++-Energy consumption: standard 60 °C cotton programme0.92 kWh full load and 0.6 kWh partial load and 40 °C cotton programme 0.42 kWh partial load-Cottons 60 Eco and Cottons 40 Eco are the standard washingprogrammes to which the information in the label relates.These programmes are suitable to clean normally soiledcotton laundry and are the most efficient programmes in terms of combined energy and water consumption.-Weighted power consumption off-mode / left-on mode: 0.12W / 0.43 W-Left-on Mode Duration: 20 min-Water consumption 11220 litres per year, based on 220standard washing cycles.-Programme time:60 °C cotton programme 285 min at full load 285 min at partial load and 40 °C cotton programme 285 min partial load-Drum volume: 65 litres-Noise level washing : 47dB (A) re 1pW: Noise levelspinning:71dB (A) re 1 pW Programmes/functions-Special programmes: Easy-Care, Night Wash, SportsWear,Super Quick 15, Mixed Load, Automatic, Allergy +, Duvet,Drum clean with reminder, rinse/spin/drain, Handwash/Wool,20°C, 40°C, Wool Programme, Delicates 30°C-Sensor electronics with safeguard monitoring system thatadjusts load and distribution and programme settings to protect clothesKey features-Home Connect: Remote Monitoring and Control-i-DOS: automatic dosing of liquid detergent and softener -VarioPerfect: speed or energy efficiency with perfect washperformance every time-EcoBar Plus function: five possible levels of energy and water consumption -ActiveWater: water management system -EcoSilence drive with 10 year warranty-AntiVibration Design - for more stability and quietness-Reload function: Be flexible in adding laundry items even afterstart of the wash cycle.Additional features-Large LED-Display for programme status indication,temperature selection, max. spin speed, remaining time and 24 hour end time delay, i-Dos selection and consumption indication-Control dial with integrated On / Off mode -WaveDrum: gentle and efficient washing -Drum clean with reminder function -Drum interior light -Reload facility-Acoustic signals: Buzzer-Sound insulation by additional noise reduction material -Child lock-Flow-through sensor for optimum water use -Multiple Water Protection-Continuous automatic load adjustment system -Foam detection system-Detergent dispensing: i-DOSTechnical Information-Dimensions (H x W x D): 84.8 x 59.8 x Appliance depth: 63.2cm-Slide-under installation-Large chrome, white door with 171° opening and 32cmporthole opening ** Values are rounded.2/3Serie | 8, washing machine, front loader, 9kg, 1400 rpmWAWH8660GB3/3。

MEMS矢量水听器封装的流体-结构相互作用刘梦然;简泽明;张国军;张文栋【摘要】针对水听器的频响曲线会在透声帽谐振频率处出现共振峰,使水听器频响曲线失真,工作频带变窄等问题.本文考虑水听器的工作环境,通过研究流体-结构相互作用对透声帽谐振频率进行了分析.首先理论分析流体对结构模态频率的影响,分析显示在流体作用下透声帽谐振频率会降低.然后利用LMS b Acoustics 有限元软件对空气中和液体中的MEMS矢量水听器芯片和透声帽进行了模态分析;并利用振动平台和驻波管对有否进行透声帽封装的MEMS矢量水听器进行了测试以验证上述分析.验证结果显示:透声帽在水中的实际一阶谐振频率为550 Hz,与仿真结果非常吻合,表明该谐振频率可使水听器工作频带变窄.实验结果表明:对水听器中透声帽的流固耦合模态分析非常必要,通过准确地获得透声帽在实际状态下的固有频率并预测水听器的接收频响特性,可为改进封装结构提供理论依据,为进一步优化水听器奠定基础.【期刊名称】《光学精密工程》【年(卷),期】2015(023)005【总页数】7页(P1387-1393)【关键词】微机电系统(MEMS);MEMS矢量水听器;流固耦合;透声帽;谐振频率;频带【作者】刘梦然;简泽明;张国军;张文栋【作者单位】中北大学仪器科学与动态测试教育部重点实验室,山西太原030051;中北大学电子测试技术重点实验室,山西太原030051;;【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TB565.11 引言面对水下安全日益严峻的形势，矢量水听器作为声纳探测的重要组成部分，迫切需要采用新技术、新方法来满足工程应用的需求［1］。

矢量水听器性能很大程度上取决于封装，如透声帽固有机械特性耦合作用于MEMS芯片上，导致水听器频率响应起伏较大，并在透声帽的共振频率处出现峰值，导致测试曲线不平坦，使实际测量的频率上限低于矢量水听器透声帽的共振频率。

水听器接收频响曲线，是衡量矢量水听器性能的重要指标。

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专利名称：Stabilization of the free surface of a liquid 发明人：Elrod, Scott A.,Khuri-Yakub, Butrus T.,Quate, Calvin F.申请号：EP93304048.7申请日：19930525公开号：EP0572220B1公开日：19961030专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：Techniques for obtaining an ejection rate independent, spatial relationship between an acoustic focal area and the free surface (12) of a liquid (14). Variations in the spatial relationship are reduced or eliminated by applying substantially the same acoustic energy to the liquid's free surface (12) during periods when droplets (20) are not ejected as when they are, but at power levels insufficient to eject a droplet (20). During ejection periods in which a droplet is not ejected, the acoustic energy is applied at a lower level, but for a longer time. Because it is more convenient to measure and control, the transducer (26) drive voltage is used to control the acoustic energy applied to the liquid's free surface (12).申请人：XEROX CORP地址：US国籍：US代理机构：Reynolds, Julian David更多信息请下载全文后查看。

自由基迁移英语Title: Free Radical Migration: Mechanisms, Implications, and ApplicationsIntroductionFree radical migration is a fundamental process in organic chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. Understanding its mechanisms, implications, and applications is crucial for advancing various fields of science and technology. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the intricacies of free radical migration, examining its role in chemical reactions, biological processes, and material synthesis.Mechanisms of Free Radical MigrationFree radical migration involves the movement of an unpaired electron from one atom or molecule to another. This process typically occurs through three main mechanisms:hydrogen atom transfer, radical addition-elimination, and radical substitution. Hydrogen atom transfer involves the transfer of a hydrogen atom and its accompanying electron from one molecule to another. Radical addition-elimination involves the addition of a radical to a double bond followed by the elimination of another group. Radical substitution involves the substitution of a hydrogen atom in a molecule with a radical.Implications in Chemical ReactionsFree radical migration plays a crucial role in various chemical reactions, including polymerization, combustion, and radical chain reactions. In polymerization reactions, free radical migration leads to the formation of long chains of monomers, resulting in the synthesis of polymers with unique properties. In combustion reactions, free radical migration initiates and propagates the combustion process, leading to the release of energy. Radical chain reactions, such asradical halogenation, rely on free radical migration to propagate the reaction through successive radical intermediates.Implications in Biological ProcessesFree radical migration is also involved in numerous biological processes, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals, are generatedduring normal metabolic processes and can cause damage to biomolecules through free radical migration. DNA damage induced by free radical migration can lead to mutations and contribute to aging, cancer, and other diseases. Additionally, free radical migration plays a role in cell signaling pathways, regulating processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, and proliferation.Applications in Material SynthesisIn materials science, free radical migration is exploited for the synthesis of various materials, including polymers, nanoparticles, and organic semiconductors. Radical polymerization techniques, such as initiated polymerization and controlled/living radical polymerization, enable the precise control of polymer structure and properties. Free radical migration is also utilized in the synthesis of nanoparticles through methods such as radical-mediated nucleation and growth. Moreover, free radical migration is employed in the synthesis of organic semiconductors for electronic and optoelectronic applications, including organic photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes.ConclusionFree radical migration is a versatile and indispensable process with far-reaching implications in chemistry, biology, and materials science. By elucidating its mechanisms, understanding its implications, and harnessing itsapplications, researchers can continue to advance scientific knowledge and develop innovative technologies for various practical purposes. As we continue to explore the intricacies of free radical migration, we unlock new opportunities for scientific discovery and technological advancement.。

Ideal for batch oil samplingThe UBS provides the dynamic link to portable particle counters. The UBS off-line sampler has microprocessor technology to recognize and adjust to the connecting monitor including the icountLCM20.Product FeaturesSimple operationEfficient testing procedureClean and contamination free samplingAvailable for both mineral based and aggressive fluids Further advances the LCM20’s flexibility into laboratory bottle sampling environmentsCan accept various different sized bottles Minimal working partsInternal auto setting fuse for overload protection Simple maintenance proceduresUniversal Bottle SamplerSimple and efficient offline oil sampling3.15 (80mm) CTRS4.72 (120mm) CTRS 12.6 (319m m )6.5 (165mm)5.79 (147mm)7.05 (179mm)5.94 (151m m ).433 (11m m )3.94 (100m m ) C T R SInstallation DetailsUniversal Bottle SamplerSpecificationsdimensions in inch (mm)Bottle CleanlinessIt is preferable that bottles have sealing screw caps and both parts are cleaned to a suitable level in accordance with ISO3722.Standard Parker bottles are supplied clean to ISO15/13/10 (NAS Class 4).The bottle should remain capped until time of sample filling and re-capped immediately afterwards.Sample MixingSedimentation of contaminant in a sample will occur, the rate of which is dependent upon both fluid and particle characteristics.Samples should be analysed, without delay, once agitated and de-gassed.System Flow RateSamples are best taken from a point in the system where the flow is TURBULENT (Reynolds No. greater than 4000). The turbulent flow creates a mixingaction. Where flow is streamline or LAMINAR, larger particulate may tend to settle toward the lower pipe surface and not be sampled.System Condition ChangesChanges in the system operating condition, flow, temperature, pressure or vibration, can result in previously sedimented contaminant being retrained into the flowing oil. It is also possible that these changes may cause partially contaminated filterelements to shed particulate into the system. Samples should, therefore, be extracted when the system is in a steady state condition and the result less likely to be distorted by contaminant peaks.There are a number of proprietary sampling valves available which adhere to good theoretical principles. However, they do tend to generate a level of precision and cost which is unnecessary for trend monitoring.Sampling points should enable extraction of a sample without changing the system’s condition. Fine controlneedle valves are not desirable, as they have atendency to silt up under some operating conditions, causing the distribution of contaminants in the fluid to be changed. The sampling port should be protected to maintain cleanliness and thoroughly flushed beforecollecting the sample for analysis. Allow sufficient airspace in the bottle to enable 80% fill.ACC6NW001 x 50 = ACC6NW002ACC6NK001Universal Bottle SamplerSimple and Efficient Offline Oil SamplingUniversal Bottle SamplerOrdering InformationNote 1: Part numbers featured with bold highlighted codes will ensure a ‘standard’ product selection.Note 2: Alternate displayed part number selection will require you to contact Parker Filtration for availability.Standard products tableTypical ApplicationsBatch samplingAircraft rig certification Oil researchLaboratory testingTransfer line monitoring。

C ontentsC ontents1D escription of the measuring principle (3)2T ype overview (6)3M ounting instructions (8)4E lectrical connection4.1P reparing the connection (9)4.2W iring plan (9)5O peration5.1A djustment,general (13)6T echnical data (14)7D imensions (21)8P roduct code (23)T ake note of safety instructions for E x applicationsP lease note the E x specific safety information which you canfind on our homepage \services\downloads and which comes with every instrument.I n hazardous areas you should take note of the appropriate regulations,conformity and type approval certificates of the sensors and power supply units.T he sensors must only be operated on intrinsically safe circuits.T he permissible electrical values are stated in the certificate.30115-EN-0811191D escription of the measuring principleM easuring principleVEGASWING is a point level sensor with tuning fork for level detection .I t is designed for industrial use in all areas of process technology ,but preferably in liquids .T he vibrating element (tuning fork )is energized piezoelectrically and vibrates at its mechanical resonance frequency .T he piezos are fixed mechanically and are hence not subject to temperature shock limitations .I f the vibrating element is submerged in the product ,the vibrating frequency changes .T his change is de -tected by the integrated electronics module and converted into a switching command .T ypical applications are over fill and dry run protection .T hanks to its simple and robust measuring system ,VEGASWING is virtually una ffected by the chemical and physical properties of the liquid .I t also works when subjected to strong external vibrations or changing products .F ault monitoringT he electronics module of VEGASWING monitors continuously the following criteria :l S trong corrosion or damage on the tuning fork l loss of vibrationl L ine break to the piezo driveI f one of the stated malfunctions is detected or in case of power failure ,the electronics takes on a de fined switching condition ,for example ,the output transistor blocks (safe condition ).F unction testT he recurring function test is used to check the safety function ,in order to reveal possible non -detectable dangerous faults .T he function of the measuring system must be checked in regular ,adequate intervals .T here are two di fferent ways to carry out a function test :VEGASWING 61,63with two -wire electronics in conjunctionwith a VEGATOR signal conditioning instrument .l T est key on the VEGATOR signal conditioning instrument VEGASWING 61,63with two -wire electronics in conjunctionwith a VEGALOG processing system or a PLC .l B rief interruption of the connection cable to the PLC VEGASWING 51T he small level switch model has a tuning fork 40mm long and a small ,compact stainless steel housing and is available as tran -sistor output and contactless electronic switch versions .VEGASWING 61,63VEGASWING series 60level switches are instruments from the VEGA plics ®series ,which are available in standard and tube version .plics ®instruments o ffer suitable versions for all applica -tions thanks to the many di fferent process fittings ,housings andelectronics versions .T hey have all the usual approvals and the tuning fork can also be polished ,e .g .for applications in the food processing industry .VEGASWING are virtually una ffected by product properties and thus do not have to be adjusted .T he level switches are used in applications with process temper -atures up to 250°C (482°F )and pressures of up to 64bar (928psig ).T hey detect liquids from 0.5…2.5g /cm ³(0.018…0.09lbs /in ³).A ll electronics are quali fied for the function over fill and dry run protection according to IEC 61508and 61511for SIL 2,in redun -dant version also for SIL 3.1.1A pplication examplesC hemical industry -SolventsF ig .1:L evel detection in vessels with solventsA part from the continuous level measurement ,level detection is an essential safety feature for storage tanks .M any modern sen -sors for continuous level measurement are actually approved as over fill protectionsystem ,however ,a second ,physically di fferent measuring system provides the best safety and redundance .T hanks to their manifold application possibilities ,VEGASWING vibrating level switches are ideal for all applications in the area of liquids warehousing .A large number of electrical and mechanical versions ensures simple integrationinto existing control systems .A dvantages :l V arious electrical versions l P roduct -independentl U niversal level detection for allliquids30115-E N -081119C hemical industry-reactorsF ig.2:L evel detection in chemical reactorsB ecause they prevent overfilling or dry runningof pumps,sensors for level detection are an important safety element in reactors.D ue to their universal applicability,VEGASWING level switches are well suited for use in reaction vessels.E ven high viscosities, temperaturesup to250°C and pressure up to64bar do not impair their function.T o provide the required chemical resistance,high resistance ma-terials and enamelled versions are available.I n toxic products,the VEGASWING version with metallic process separation ensures a high level of safety.T o prevent product leakage even in case of corrosion on the tuning fork,a glass seal is also welded in.T his guarantees optimum safety.T o provide optimal resistance to the measured medium,what-ever its composition and corrosive properties may be,sensors made of316L or H astelloy,or sensors in plastic-coated and enamelled versions,are available.T hanks to their manifold application possibilities,VEGASWING vibrating level switches are ideal for all applications in the area of liquids warehousing.A large number of electrical and mechanical versions ensures simple integrationinto existing control systems.A dvantages:l V arious electrical versionsl P roduct-independentl C ompletely gas-tightl H igh reliabilityl U niversal level detection for all liquids W ater/S ewage waterplantsF ig.3:P recipitants in sewage water processingC hemicals are required for sewage water treatment.T hey are applied to promote chemical precipitation in the process.P hos-phates and nitrates are sedimented and separated.I n addition to lime water and ferric chloride,various acids and lyes are stored for use in digested sludge treatment and neutralisation.T hese substances are subject to the regulations for water-endan-gering substances.I n accordance with this,overfill protection systems have to be installed on storage tanks.B ecause they prevent overfilling of vessels containing toxic prod-ucts,sensors for level detection are an important safety element.D ue to their versatile nature,VEGASWING vibrating level switches are also well qualified for use with water-endangering substances.T o provide optimal resistance to the measured me-dium,whatever its composition and corrosive properties may be, sensors made of316L,H astelloy,or sensors in plastic-coated or enamelled versions,are available.A dvantages:l H igh reproducibilityl H igh resistance sensor materials such as PFA,ECTFE,H as-telloy C4,enamelPipelinesF ig.4:D ry run protection in pipelinesM onitoring of levels is also important in pipelines,as dry running often causes damage or complete breakdown of the pumps.T he VEGASWING level switch is recommended as dry run pro-tection system,e.g.for drinking water pumps.W ith a fork only 40mm long,this level switch functions reliably,even in tubes with small diameters from DN32.A dvantages:l U niversal level detection for all liquidsl A djustment and maintenance-free30115-EN-081119F ood processing industryF ig .5:L evel detection and dry run protection in a tank storing milkT he processes in food processing tanks ,e .g .for milk ,place heavy demands on the installed measurement technology .H igh pressures and temperatures are generated during sterilization and cleaning of the tanks .T hat means that the implemented level measuring instruments and level detectors must meet the re -quirements of hygienic design .T he innocuousness of all wetted materials must be proven and optimum cleanability must be en -sured through hygienic technical design .VEGASWING is installed for level detection and as dry run pro -tection system .T he tuning fork is highly polished for use in sensi -tive foodstu ffs such as milk .A dvantages :l U niversal level detection for all liquidsl H igh resistance sensor materials such as PFA ,ECTFE ,H as -telloy C 4,enamell A djustment and maintenance -free30115-E N -0811192T ype overviewVEGASWING 51VEGASWING 61VEGASWING 63P referred application :L iquids L iquids L iquidsL ength :--80…6000mm (3.15…236.22in )P rocess fitting :T hread G ¾A ,G 1AT hread G ¾A ,G 1A ,flanges ,hygienic fittingsT hread G ¾A ,G 1A ,flanges ,hygienic fittingsP rocess temperature :-40…+100°C (-40…+212°F )-40…+150°C (-40…+302°F )with temperature adapter-50…+150°C (-58…+302°F )-50…+250°C (-58…+482°F )with temperature adapter-50…+150°C (-58…+302°F )-50…+250°C (-58…+482°F )with temperature adapterP rocess pressure :-1…64bar (-14.5…928psig )-1…64bar (-14.5…928psig )-1…64bar (-14.5…928psig )S ignal output :transistor output ,contactless electronic switch R elay ,transistor ,two -wire ,NAMUR output ,contactless electronic switch R elay ,transistor ,two -wire ,NAMUR output ,contactless electronic switch R uggedness :+++S ensitivity :+++++B uildup :++++C leanability :++++++I nstallation length :++++++30115-EN -081119H ousingP lastic S tainless steel A luminiumA luminium (doublechamber )E lectronicsR elay output T ransistor outputC ontactless elec -tronic switchT wo -wire outputNAMUR outputS ensorsT uning forkA pprovalsG as explosion pro -tection30115-E N -0811193M ounting instructionsS witching pointI n general,VEGASWING can be installed in any position.T he instrument only has to be mounted in such a way that the vibrating element is at the height of the desired switching point.T he tuning fork has lateral markings(notches)marking the switchingpoint with vertical installation.T he switchingpoint refers tothemediumwaterwithbasicsettingofthedensityswitch≥0.7g/ cm³(0.025lbs/in³).K eep in mind that foams with a density>0.45g/cm³(0.016lbs/in³) are detected by the sensor.S ocketT he vibrating element should protrude into the vessel to avoid buildup.F or that reason,avoid using mountingbosses forflanges and screwedfittings.T his applies particularly to horizontal instal-lation and use with adhesive products.A gitatorsD ue to agitators,vibrations or similar,the level switch can be subjected to strong lateral forces.F or this reason,do not use an overly long extension tube for VEGASWING63,but check if a VEGASWING51or61level switch couldn't be used instead, mounted on the side of the vessel in horizontal position.E xtreme vibration caused by the process or the equipment,e.g. agitators or turbulence in the vessel,can cause the extension tube of VEGASWING to vibrate in resonance.T his leads to in-creased stress on the upper weld joint.S hould a longer tube version be necessary,you can provide a suitable support or guy directly above the vibrating element to secure the extension tube.T his measure applies mainly to applications in E x areas.M ake sure that the tube is not subject to bending stressdue to this measure.I nflowing mediumI f VEGASWING is mounted in thefilling stream,unwanted false measurement signals can be generated.F or this reason,mount VEGASWING at a position in the vessel where no disturbances, e.g.fromfilling openings,agitators,etc.,can occur.F ig.6:I nflowing mediumF lowsT o minimiseflow resistance caused by the tuning fork,VEGA-SWING should be mounted in such a way that the surfaces of the blades are parallel to the product movement.L ockfittingVEGASWING in tube version can be mounted with a lockfitting for infinitely variable height adjustment.T ake note of the pressure specifications of the lockfitting.K eep in mind that the lockfitting must not be used with coated instrument versions.P ressure/V acuumT he processfitting must be sealed if there is gauge or low pres-sure in the vessel.C heck if the seal material is resistant against the measured product and the process temperature.P rotective coverT o protect the sensor against pollution and strong heat due to the sun,you can snap a weather protective cover onto the sensor housing.F ig.7:W eather protection cover in differentversions30115-EN-0811194E lectrical connection4.1P reparing the connectionN ote safety instructionsA lways keep in mind the following safety instructions :l C onnect only in the complete absence of line voltage T ake note of safety instructions for E x applicationsI n hazardous areas you should take note of the appro -priate regulations ,conformity and type approval certi fi-cates of the sensors and power supply units .S elect power supplyC onnect the power supply according to the following diagrams .O scillators SW 60R and SW 60C are designed in protection class 1.T o maintain this protection class ,it is absolutely necessary that the ground conductor be connected to the internal ground termi -nal .T ake note of the general installation regulations .A s a rule ,connect VEGASWING to vessel ground (PA ),or in case of plastic vessels ,to the next ground potential .O n the side of the housing there is a ground terminal between the cable entries .T his con -nection serves to drain o ffelectrostatic charges .I n E x applica -tions ,the installation regulations for hazardous areas must be given priority .D ata for power supply is speci fied in chapter "T echnical data ".S electing connection cableVEGASWING is connected with standard cable with round cross section .A n outer cable diameter of 5…9mm (0.2…0.35in )ensures the seal e ffect of the cable gland .I f cable with a di fferent diameter or wire cross section is used ,exchange the seal or use an appropriate cable connection .I n hazardous areas ,only use approved cable connec -tions for VEGASWING .S elect connection cable for E x applicationsT ake note of the corresponding installation regulations for E x applications .4.2W iring planR elay output VEGASWING 61,63F ig .8:VEGASWING 61,63-electronics module with relay output 1C ontrol lamp2DIL switch for mode adjustment 3DIL switch for sensitivity adjustmentW e recommend connecting VEGASWING in such a way that the switching circuit is open when there is a level signal ,line break or failure (safe condition ).T he relays are always shown in non -operative condition .F ig .10:VEGASWING 61,63-wiring plan -relay output1R elay output 2R elay output 3V oltage supplyT ransistor outputW e recommend connecting VEGASWING in such a way that the switching circuit is open when there is a level signal ,line break or failure (safe condition ).T he instrument is used to control relays ,contactors ,magnet valves ,warning lights ,horns as well as PLC inputs .30115-E N -081119VEGASWING61,63F ig.12:VEGASWING61,63-electronics module with transistor output1C ontrol lamp2DIL switch for mode adjustment3DIL switch for sensitivity adjustmentF ig.14:VEGASWING61,63-transistor output-NPNactionF ig.16:VEGASWING61,63-transistor output-PNPaction F ig.18:W ire assignmentconnectioncable.T he numbers of the wires correspond to the terminals of the instrument.1brown(+)voltage supply2W hite3Y ellow4blue(-)voltage supply5S hieldingVEGASWING51F ig.19:VEGASWING51-transistor output with valve plug DIN43650PA P otential equalisationRL L oad resistance(contactor,relay,etc.)30115-EN-081119F ig .21:VEGASWING 51-transistor output with M 12x 1plug connection (housing )1B rown 2W hite 3B lue 4B lackRLL oad resistance (contactor ,relay ,etc .)C ontactless electronic switchW e recommend connecting VEGASWING in such a way that the switching circuit is open when there is a level signal ,line break or failure (safe condition ).T he contactless electronic switch is always shown in non -oper -ative condition .T he instrument is used for direct control of relays ,contactors ,magnet valves ,warning lights ,horns etc .I t must not be operated without an intermediately connected load ,because the elec -tronics would be destroyed if connected directly to the mains .I t is not suitable for connection to low voltage PLC inputs .T he domestic current is temporarily lowered below 1m A after switching o ffthe load so that contactors ,whose holding current is lower than the constant domestic current of the electronics ,are reliably switched o ff.W hen VEGASWING is used as part of an over fill protection sys -tem according to WHG ,also note the regulations of the general type approval .VEGASWING61,63F ig .23:VEGASWING 61,63-electronics module with contactlesselectronic switch 1C ontrol lamp2DIL switch for mode adjustment 3DIL switch for sensitivity adjustmentF ig .25:VEGASWING 61,63-wiring plan -output ,contactless electronic switch30115-E N -081119VEGASWING 51F ig .27:VEGASWING 51-contactlesselectronics switch with valve plug DIN 436501P rotection earthT wo -wire outputVEGASWING 61,63F ig .29:VEGASWING 61,63-electronics module with two -wire electronics1C ontrol lamp2DIL switch for sensitivity adjustmentW e recommend connecting VEGASWING in such a way that the switching circuit is open when there is a level signal ,line break or failure (safe condition ).F or connectionto a signal conditioninginstrument also E x .P ower supply via the connected signal conditioning instrument .F or fur -ther information see chapter "T echnical data ".T he wiring example is applicable for all suitable signal condition -ing instruments.F ig .31:VEGASWING 61,63-wiring plan -two -wire outputNAMUR output VEGASWING 61,63F ig .33:VEGASWING 61,63-electronics module with NAMUR electronics 1C ontrol lamp2DIL switch for characteristics reversal 3DIL switch for sensitivity adjustment 4S imulation keyF or connection of the ampli fier according to NAMUR (IEC 60947-5-6,EN 50227).Y ou can find further information in the "T echnical data ".F ig .35:W iring plan -NAMUR output30115-EN -0811195O peration5.1A djustment ,generalF ig .36:A djustment elements electronics module ,e .g .VEGASWING 61,63relay output (SW 60R )1S ignal lamp (LED )2DIL switch for mode adjustment 3DIL switch for sensitivity adjustmentS witching point adaptation VEGASWING 61,63W ith this DIL switch (2)you can set the switching point to liquids with a density between 0.5and 0.7g /cm ³(0.018and 0.025lbs /in ³).I n the basic adjustment ,liquids with a density >0.7g /cm ³(0.025lbs /in ³)can be detected .F or products with lower density,you have to set the switch to >0.5g /cm ³(0.018lbs /in ³).T he information about the position of the switching point relates to the medium water -density value 1g /cm ³(0.036lbs /in ³).W ith mediums of di ffering density ,the switching point shifts in the di -rection of the fork end ,depending on the density and manner of installation .VEGASWING 51P roducts with a density >0.7…2.5g /cm ³(0.025…0.09lbs /in ³)can be detected .T his setting cannot be modi fied .T he switching status of VEGASWING can be checked when the housing is closed (signal lamp ,illuminated ring below the plug ).VEGASWING has an integrated test switch which can be acti -vated magnetically .T o test the instrument ,you have to hold the test magnet (accessory )to the magnet symbol on the instrument housing .T he test magnet changes the current switching condition of the instrument .Y ou can check the change on the signal lamp .P lease note that the connected instruments are activated during the test .M ode adjustment VEGASWING 61,63W ith the mode adjustment (min ./max .)you can change the switching condition of the output .Y ou can set the required mode (A /max .-max .detection or over flow protection ,B /min .-min .detection or dry run protection ).VEGASWING 51W ith the correct polarity of the supply voltage ,the switching con -dition can be de fined (max .detection /min .detection ).W ith the transistor output version ,PNP or NPN action can be reached by di fferent connection of the consumer (load ).S ignal lamp (LED )VEGASWING 61,63D iode for indication of the switching status (with plastic housing visible from outside ).VEGASWING 51T he switching status of VEGASWING is visible from outside (con -trol lamp ,illuminated lens below the plug ).S imulation keyVEGASWING 61,63-NAMUR electronicsT he simulation key is located in a recess on the upper side of the electronics module .P ush the simulationkey with a suitable object (screwdriver ,pen ,etc .).W hen the key is pushed ,a line break between sensor and pro -cessing unit is simulated .T he signal lamp on the sensor extin -guishes .T he measuring system must signal a fault and take on a safe condition when the key is pushed .K eep in mind that downstream connected instruments will be activated during operation .T his allows you to check the correct function of the measuring system .C haracteristics reversalVEGASWING 61,63-NAMUR electronicsT he characteristics of the NAMUR electronics can be reversed with the DIL switch .Y ou can choose between falling character -istic curve (switch position max .)and rising characteristic curve (switch position min .).T his allows you to output the desired cur -rent .M odesl min .-rising characteristic curve (H igh current when im -mersed )l max .-falling characteristics (L ow current when immersed )T he NAMUR output can be switched to falling or rising character -istics .F or applications according to WHG ,the DIL switch must be set to position max .30115-E N -0811196T echnical dataG eneral dataM aterial 316L corresponds to 1.4404or 1.4435VEGASWING 51M aterials ,wetted parts -P rocess fitting -thread 316L-P rocess seal K lingersil C -4400-vibrating element316LM aterials ,non -wetted parts -H ousing 316L and plastic PEI W eight250g (9oz )P rocess fittings -T hreadG ¾A ,¾NPT ,G 1A ,1NPT-hygienic fittings B olting DN 25PN 40,bolting DN 40PN 40,T ri -C lamp 1",T ri -C lamp 1½",SMSS urface quality -S tandardR a 3.2µm (1.26-4in )-H ygienic version R a <0.8µm (3.15-5in )VEGASWING 61,63M aterials ,wetted parts -P rocess fitting -thread 316L ,H astelloy C 4(2.4610)-P rocess fitting -flange316L ,316L with H astelloy C 4coating ,steel enamelled ,316L with ECTFE coating ,316L with PFA coating -P rocess seal K lingersil C -4400-T uning fork316L /H astelloy C 4(2.4610)-E xtension tube :ø21.3mm (0.839in )316L ,H astelloy C 4(2.4610),H astelloy C 4(2.4610)enamelled ,316L with ECTFE coating ,316L with PFA coating S ensor length VEGASWING 61-L ength VEGASWING 61S ee chapter "D imensions "-switching point as VEGASWING 81or 81A L ength +51mm (+2in )S ensor length VEGASWING 63-316L ,H astelloy C 4(2.4610)80…6000mm (3.15…236.22in )-H astelloy C 4(2.4610)enamelled 80…1500mm (3.15…59.06in )-316L ,ECTFE coated 80…3000mm (3.15…118.11in )-316L ,PFA coated80…3000mm (3.15…118.11in )M aterials ,non -wetted parts -H ousingP lastic PBT (polyester ),A lu die -casting powder -coated ,316L -S eal between housing and housing cover NBR (stainless steel housing ),silicone (A lu /plastic housing )-L ight guide in housing cover PMMA (e .g .M akrolon )-G round terminal316L -T emperature adapter (optional )316L-G as -tight leadthrough (optional )316L /glassW eight-P lastic housing 760g (27oz )-A luminium housing 1170g (41oz )-S tainless steel housing1530g (54oz )-T ube extension VEGASWING 63approx .920g /m (9.9oz /ft )S urface quality -S tandardR a approx .3.2µm (1.26-4in )-H ygienic version (3A )R a <0.8µm (3.15-5in )-H ygienic version R a <0.3µm (1.18-5in )P rocess fittings -T hread G ¾A ,¾NPT ,G 1A ,1NPT -F langesDIN from DN 25,ANSI from 1"-hygienic fittings B olting DN 40PN 40,T ri -C lamp 1",T ri -C lamp 1½"PN 10,conus DN 25PN 40,T uchenhagen V arivent DN 50PN 10C oatings -ECTFE 0.5…0.8mm (0.02…0.031in )-PFA 0.3…0.5mm (0.01…0.02in )-E namel0.8mm (0.031in )H igh voltage test (enamel )>5KV30115-EN -081119G as -tight leadthrough (optional )-L eakage rate<10-6mbar l /s -P ressure resistance PN 64-hygienic fittingsB olting DN 40PN 40,T ri -C lamp 1",T ri -C lamp 1½"PN 10,conus DN 25PN 40,T uchenhagen V arivent DN 50PN 10O utput variableR elay output O utputR elay output (DPDT ),2floating spdts T urn -on voltage -M in .10m V-M ax .253V AC ,253V DC S witching current -M in .10µA-M ax .3A AC ,1A DC B reaking capacity -M ax .1250VA ,50WC ontact material (relay contacts )A g C d O and A u plated M odes (adjustable )M in ./M ax .D elay time approx .-W hen immersed 0.5s -W hen laid bare 1sT ransistor output O utputfloating transistor output ,overload and permanently shortcircuit proof M ax .load current -VEGASWING 51250m A -VEGASWING 61,63400m A V oltage loss-VEGASWING 511V -VEGASWING 61,633VT urn -on voltage 55V DC B locking current <10µA M odes (adjustable )M in ./M ax .D elay time approx .-W hen immersed 0.5s -W hen laid bare1sC ontactless electronic switch O utputC ontactless electronic switch M odes (adjustable )M in ./M ax .D elay time approx .-W hen immersed 0.5s -W hen laid bare 1sT wo -wire output O utputT wo -wire outputS uitable signal conditioning instruments VEGATOR 536E x ,537E x ,636E xO utput signal -M ode min .V ibrating element uncovered :16m A ±1m A ,vibrating element covered :8m A ±1m A-M ode max .V ibrating element uncovered :8m A ±1m A ,vibrating element covered :16m A ±1m A -F ault message <2m AM odes (adjustable )min ./max .(changeover with the signal conditioning instrument )D elay time approx .-W hen immersed 0.5s -W hen laid bare 1sNAMUR output O utputT wo -wire NAMUR output30115-E N -081119C urrent consumption-F alling characteristics≥2.2m A uncovered/≤1m A covered-rising characteristics≤1m A uncovered/≥2.2m A covered-F ault message≤1m AN ecessary processing system NAMUR processing system according to IEC60947-5-6(EN50227/DIN19234)M odes(NAMUR output adjustable to falling or rising characteristics)-M in.rising characteristic curve(H igh current when immersed)-M ax.falling characteristics(L ow current when immersed)M easuring accuracyD eviation±1mm(0.04in)I nfluence of the process temperature on the switching point1S hifting of the switching point in mm(in)2P rocess temperature in°C(°F)3S witching point at reference conditions(notch)4T uning forkI nfluence of the product density on the switching point1S hifting of the switching point in mm(in)2P roduct density in g/cm³(lb/in³)3S witch position0.5g/cm³(0.018lb/in³)4S witch position0.7g/cm³(0.025lb/in³)5S witching point at reference conditions(notch) 6T uning fork 30115-EN-081119。

YJ-LTE ™ Oil-Less Universal Refrigerant Recovery SystemOperation and MaintenanceManual(English and Spanish. French and German available at )1) Know your equipment. Read and under-stand the operation manual and the labelsaffixed to this unit. Learn the applicationsand limitations, as well as the specific poten-tial hazards of the YJ-LTE.2) Use the correct hoses. Use only hoses de-signed for handling of refrigerants. The hose should be the minimum length required foreach job and equipped with a shut-off device (such as the compact ball valve) at the endto reduce the likelihood of refrigerant leaks to the atmosphere. For best performance werecommend using 3/8” hoses. YELLOWJACKET hoses are made for almost everytype of refrigerant. See your local distribu-tor for more information.3) Ground all equipment. Plug the YJ-LTEinto a properly grounded receptacle.4) If the power cord is damaged, it must bereplaced by a cord assembly availablefrom the manufacturer or distributor wherepurchased.6) Do not pressure test with compressed air.Some mixtures of air and refrigerant havebeen shown to be combustible at elevatedpressures.7) Avoid dangerous environments. To keepoperator exposure to a minimum, use theYJ-LTE only in areas with sufficientventilation.Recovery should always be performed in well ventilated areas. Use the YJ-LTE only in locations where mechanical ventilation which provides at least four air changes per hour is present, or place the unit 18” above the floor during use.The YJ-LTE should not be used near open containers of gasoline or any other flammable2liquid. Do not allow refrigerants to come in contact with open flame. Refrigerant decom-position in flame can result in the formation of hydrofluoric acid or phosgene gas. Always wear safety goggles and gloves. Personalprotective equipment should be worn to pro-tect operator from frostbite.8) Use caution when connecting or discon-necting. Improper usage may result in refrigerant burns (frostbite). If a major leakoccurs, proceed immediately to a wellventilated area.9) Disconnect recovery machine frompower before servicing. An electricalshock hazard is present when the unit isdisassembled.10) Repair damaged parts. Do not operate the YJ-LTE if there is a defective part. Repair the unit to proper operating condi-tions before further use.11) Use recommended accessories. Follow the instructions that accompany all acces-ment or create a hazard. 12) Use the YJ-LTE only with the proper refrigerants . (See specifications for acomplete list of compatible refrigerants.)13) Operate the YJ-LTE within the designparameters only. The YJ-LTE was de-signed to operate within a temperaturerange of 40o (4o C) to 120o F (49o C). Donot operate in a wet location. 14) This machine is not to be used in the pres-ence of rain or other precipitation. Caution: All refrigerant hoses, recovery tanks, refrigerant lines, other vessels containing refrig-erants and the YJ-LTE should be handled as if under high pressure. When opening a tank con-taining refrigerant, open valves slowly to pre-vent release of refrigerant, especially if thevalves might be damaged. To prevent the risk of fire DO NOT use an extension cord longer than 50’ (15 m) and aminimum of 16 AWG (1.276 mm 2), 3 conduc-tor grounded.3YJ-LTE Push-Pull Liquid RecoveryThe Push-Pull Liquid Recovery mode is used for transferring large volumes of liquid re-frigerant. The YJ-LTE “pulls" vapor from the recovery cylinder and produces high pressure discharge gas that "pushes" liquid out of the HVAC system and into the recovery cylinder. Some HVAC systems will not allow for the push-pull recovery method. If any of the following conditions apply, do not use push-pull method, but follow the Liquid-Vapor Recovery instructions:System contains less than 10 pounds of refrigerant.System is a heat pump or other unit witha reversing valve.System has an accumulator between the service ports used in liquid recovery.The refrigerant system does not allow for the formation of a solid column ofliquid.For push-pull recovery, a sight glass is moni-tored during recovery. When liquid is no longer visible, stop recovery and finish re-covering using the Liquid-Vapor Recovery process. For complete recovery, the system must be pulled into a vacuum as required by EPA standards.5. Connect the recovery hose from system orutility port of your manifold to the 1/4”SUCTION port of the YJ-LTE.6. Connect the hose from the recovery cylin-der (liquid side) to the 1/4” DISCHARGEport of the YJ-LTE.7. Purge all hoses of non-condensable gassesbefore recovering refrigerant into recovery cylinder.8. Open the liquid valve on the recovery tank.9. Ensure valve is in recover position. Turnthe YJ-LTE on. 10. Open the utility valve and then slowlyopen the high side first to recover as much liquid as possible, then open low side and on your manifold. If severe vibration,knocking or lugging of the motor is no-ticed, it is recommended to partially close the service manifold valves briefly.11. When the manifold pressure gauge indi-cates the appropriate vacuum level recov-ery is complete.41. Close all system valves.2. Close valves on system hoses.3. Connect the system vapor recovery hoseor blue manifold hose to the PURGE porton the YJ-LTE. This hose must have avalve depressor for opening the purgeport Schrader valve.4. Turn the YJ-LTE valve to the PURGEposition, open the recovery/blue hosevalve, and turn the unit on.5. When the pressure gauge indicates theappropriate vacuum level, the purge proc-ess is complete.6. Close the valve on recovery dischargehose and the recovery tank. Shut off theYJ-LTE.5Purging the YJ-LTERecovery Tips and Techniques1) To assure the fastest and quickest recovery possible, use the shortest hoses possible and use hoses with Schrader depressors only where necessary. 2) Know what kind and the amount ofrefrigerant that is going to be recovered. This is critical to avoid contamination and know how much refrigerant will be recovered. The first job of the day usu-ally means a fresh, empty tank and no cause for worry about over-filling. How-ever, the last job of the day means there is already liquid in the tank and over-filling can be a concern. Over-filling a recovery cylinder can have disastrous results. 3) Refrigerant responds to heat. Therefore,a significant increase in the speed of the recovery process will be obtained if a heat gun is used, specifically to any spots where liquid may have accumulated.4) If recovering large amounts ofrefrigerant (20 lbs or more), the push-pull method is recommended. (Note: This process requires the hoses to be switched before recovery of the remaining vapor.) 5) Recovery can often be speeded up bysimultaneous recovery from both the high and low side of the system. Attach short hoses to both the high and low side of the system and join them with a BRUTE™ II Manifold or Y connector to the hose going to the Suction Port of the YJ-LTE. Recovery machines are not vacuum pumps. For proper evacuation, use a YELLOW JACKET SuperEvac™ vacuum pump. To speed up the evacuation process, use the SuperEvac vacuum pump and a core re-moval tool (Part #18975). For more information contact your YELLOW JACKET wholesaler.Wiring Diagram67YJ-LTER-22R-407C R-410AVapor lbs./min 0.37 0.30 0.35 Liquid lbs./min 6.83 7.53 9.27 Push-Pull lbs./min 9.1710.05 10.91Vacuum Level15” Hg*UL Certified Rates to ARI Standard 740-98Other Refrigerants - The YJ-LTE is approved for use with the following refrigerants which have not been certified for a particular recovery rate: R-12, R-114, R-401A, R401B, R-401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-404A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-500, R-502, R-507A and R509A.Model: 95730 95732 95733 95738Compressor:1/2 HP Twin Cylinder Reciprocating Oil-Less Power Source: 115V AC 60 Hz 1 Phase 230V AC 50 Hz 1 PhaseAmperage:8.0 4.0High Pressure Shut-Off: 517 psi—auto restart Vacuum Rating:Size: Height: 11.5”Width: 9.0” Depth: 13.5” Weight:24 lbs.25 lbs.25 lbs.25 lbs.13” @ 400 psi dischargeTechnical DataWarranty InformationRitchie Engineering guarantees YELLOW JACKET products to be free of defective material and workmanship which could affect the life of the product when used for the purpose for which it was designed. War-ranty does not cover items that have been altered, abused or returned solely in need of field service maintenance.The YELLOW JACKET YJ-LTE recoverysystem (UPC 9573X) is covered by a oneyear warranty for parts and labor. The war-ranty also allows for over-the-counter ex-change, when applicable. To receive theover-the-counter exchange, call Ritchie Engi-neering Customer Service at (800)769-8370and get the required authorization number.Failure to get the required authorization num-ber could result in a denial of the over-the-counter exchange.The following exceptions will not be coveredunder this warranty: Recovery products thathave been altered, misused, or improperlymaintained.The following must be done before return-ing unit:1) Call our technical service personnel at(800) 769-8370 to assess if the problemcan be resolved over the phone.2) Obtain an RGA number from RitchieEngineering for the return of the product.3) Fax a copy of the original invoice to(800) 322-8684.Note: All units must be shipped to an au-thorized repair center for repair. If at anytime after the warranty period you have prob-lems with your YELLOW JACKET recoveryunit, call our technical service department forhelp in selecting the correct replacementparts, or to arrange for its repair at reasonablecosts.YELLOW JACKET Products DivisionRitchie Engineering Co., Inc.10950 Hampshire Avenue SouthBloomington, MN 55438e-mail:*************************Web Site: Phone: 800-769-8370Int’l Phone: 952-943-1333Fax: 800-322-8684Int’l Fax: 952-943-1605Printed in U.S.A. Part #151135_C。