西安交大08年西方经济学考博真题

经济与金融学院2010级硕士研究生用《西方经济学说史》试题（任选五道题目，每题25分）1.就西方经济学说史上的“革命”与“综合”谈谈你的理解与认识。

2.试分析魁奈的“经济表”对现代经济学的影响3.李嘉图经济学说的内容及其对经济学的贡献。

4.如何正确理解萨伊定律？5.边际分析给经济学带来了哪些突破？其深远的影响意义何在？6.马歇尔的《经济学原理》如何实现折衷综合的？7.试分析凯恩斯经济政策的现实应用性。

8.试述当代西方经济学的发展趋势及其特点。

2.试分析魁奈的“经济表”对现代经济学的影响。

答：一、“经济表”的内容。

魁奈在《经济表》中对社会总资本的再生产和流通进行了探究和研究，这是魁奈在政治经济学说史上的创见，是一个杰出的贡献。

《经济表》试图通过图解，分析说明社会总资本的再生产和流通过程。

《经济表》的分析有几个假定前提：第一，整个社会普遍实现的是大规模租地农业经济；第二，社会上划分为三个主要阶级；第三，社会资本所进行的是简单再生产；第四，各阶级之间的流通采取固定不变的价格；第五，商品和货币流通只在三个主要阶级之间进行，各阶级内部的流通略为不谈；第六，不对外贸易。

经济表根据这些假设条件分析了社会总资本的再生产和流通过程，在地主阶级、生产阶级和不生产阶级之间，社会总资本再生产和流通的结果是：第一，土地所有者阶级得到了粮食工业品，满足了他们的生活需要；第二，不生产阶级用他们的工业品换得了原料和粮食，保证再生产的继续；第三，生产阶级得到了工业品，同时还留有粮食，没进入流通，用作恢复再生产之用。

二、“经济表”的影响。

a)魁奈在经济学说风行着微观分析的氛围中，首开宏观分析的先河。

魁奈首次运用经济表对一个国家的社会总产品的再生产和流通进行了综合性的总量分析，他用高度抽象的经济表的形式，简洁明快地概述了无比错综复杂的国民经济的运行，描述了国民经济均衡运行的条件，描述了使国民经济运行出现失衡的原因，甚至分析了使国民经济由失衡恢复到均衡的措施，笔笔涉及宏观，处处分析总量，这种宏观经济的分析思路，在当时是绝无仅有的。

西安交通大学2003年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：微观经济学科目编号：482考试时间：1月19日下午微观经济学部分（共100分）一、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1．什么是机会成本？为什么西方经济学比较重视对机会成本的研究和运用？2．如何正确的理解投入要素边际收益的递减规律，在生产过程中怎样才能消除它的不经济影响？3．生产要素的需求有何特征？厂商对生产要素需求的原则是什么？4．公共产品的产权特征是什么？它对公共产品的供给有何影响？二、计算题（每小题10分，共20分）1．如下图所示，图中是两条需求曲线，其交点E，根据经济学理论，请你推理论证两条需求曲线上的E点弹性大小。

2．生产函数βα)1()1(21 =xxAy，其βα,>0，求该生产函数下厂商规模生产时扩张线方程。

三、论述题（每小题20分，共40分。

）1．在微观经济学中，通常认为只有竞争才是最有效的市场。

就我国经济改革的现实评析竞争市场的特征和优缺点。

2．外部性问题是如何产生的？根据微观经济学理论，解决污染有那两种基本的手段？其主要差别是什么？3西安交通大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：一、概念解释（每题4分，共20分。

）1．生产可能性曲线2．边际成本3．公共产品4．消费者剩余5．经济租金二、计算题（每题8分，共16分。

）1．某企业的成本函数为1002 =xc，c为总成本，x为产出量，求：①边际成本和平均成本；②产品价格p=40，那么产品产量x为多少？③产品价格为多少时，企业利润为正？2．某人的收入水平为10000元，全部用于购买商品x和商品y（各自的50元和20元）其效用函数为2xyu=。

假设个人收入税率为10，商品x的消费税为20，为实现效用极大化，该人对商品x，y的需求量应分别为多少？三、简答题（每小题8分，共32分。

）1．决定需求价格弹性的主要因素是什么？2．厂商决定最优产出的原则是什么？为什么？3．生产要素需求的特征是什么？4．福利经济学的主要社会目标是什么？四、论述题（每小题16分，共32分。

西安交通大学845经济学历年真题及详解（含2007～2011年真题）2011年西安交通大学845经济学考研真题一、名词解释（每题4分，共计24分）1．科斯定理2．契约曲线3．先行者优势4．链式加权指数5．李嘉图等价6．预防性储蓄二、计算题（每题9分，共计36分）1．市场有两个行业，服装行业和钢铁行业，服装行业的生产函数为，钢铁行业生产函数为，与分别是服装与钢铁行业的劳动人数。

市场总人数为25，而且所有人都会进入某个行业，假设服装行业与钢铁行业都是完全竞争行业，产品价格都是1。

（1）假定劳动市场完全竞争，求和以及均衡工资。

（2）假定钢铁工人组成一个强大的工会，拥有垄断权力向钢铁行业提供劳动，工会的目标是使本行业工人总收入最大化，求和以及钢铁行业和服装行业的工资。

（3）假定两个行业的工人共同组成一个强大的工会，可以垄断的向两个行业提供劳动，工会的目标是使所有工人总收入最大化，求和以及两个行业的工资。

2．假设某完全竞争行业有200个相同的企业，企业的短期成本函数为，市场需求函数为，厂商的长期总成本函数为，求：（1）市场短期均衡价格、产量及厂商利润。

（2）市场长期均衡价格与产量。

（3）说明是否会有厂商退出经营。

3．假定一国经济中货币供给量增长16%，货币流通速度增长2%，国民收入增长11%，名义利率为3%，求实际利率。

4．假设一个国家的生产函数为柯布—道格拉斯生产函数，其中、、是三种投入要素。

（1）证明该国的经济是规模报酬不变的。

（2）求各个要素产出占总产出的份额。

三、简答题（每题10分，共计60分）1．为什么在商品配给制的情况下，消费者往往会受损？2．为什么单个要素的边际报酬递减和规模报酬不变并不矛盾？3．影响垄断势力大小的因素是什么？4．为什么古诺均衡是稳定的？5．在一小国开放经济中，投资需求增加会如何影响贸易余额？6．运用流动性偏好理论说明货币供给减少会如何影响利率。

四、论述题（每题15分，共计30分）1．简述效率工资理论以及政府实施“高薪养廉”的利弊和作用。

西安交通大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题一．名词解释（每小题4分，共24分）1.补偿预算线2.占优均衡3.折断的需求曲线4.阿罗不可能定理5.货币的传导机制6.生命周期假说二．计算题（每小题9分，共36分）1.假定某地区劳动的市场需求函数为：Ld=1500-50W,劳动的供给函数为：Ls=200W,其中，Ld,Ls 分别为劳动市场需求和供给的，W 为劳动的小时工资率。

（1）求该劳动市场的均衡劳动人数和劳动工资率。

（2）如果政府希望将均衡工资提高到7元/小时，具体方法是将钱直接补贴给企业，然后由企业给工人提高工资。

要维持这样的均衡工资，政府给企业的补贴和企业给工人的总补贴分别是什么？新的就业水平是多少？（3）假定政府宣布最低工资每小时为7元，对劳动市场的影响如何？会不会造成失业？2.假定某一粮食市场的需求和供给分别为：Qd=80-P，Qs= -20+4P。

求：（1）该粮食市场的均衡价格、均衡产量、消费者剩余和生产者剩余：（2）如果政府实行最低限价政策，即最低限价P=30，则：A．此时市场的供求状况如何？政府应采取什么政策？B．消费者剩余和生产者剩余如何变化？3假如某人的边际消费倾向恒等于3/4，他的收支平衡点为6000元，若他的收入为8000元，试计算他的消费和储蓄各为多少？4假定一个经济系统中，消费函数为：C=500+0.5Yd,投资函数为：I=100-20r,政府税收为：T=0.2Y，政府支出为G=120，实际货币需求函数为：L/P=0.6Y-10r，名义货币供给为M=180，计算：（1）总需求函数：（3）若总供给函数为Y=400+2P，充分就业水平为1000，要实现充分就业的国民收入，总需求需要增加多少？三．简答题(每小题10分，共60分)1.简述生产三个阶段的划分标准。

2.短期平均成本曲线与长期平均成本曲线呈U形，请解释它们形成U形的原因有何不同？3.在短期，完全竞争行业的供给曲线是由厂商的供给曲线加总而成的。

2008年各高校经济学硕士真题汇总对外经济贸易大学经济学综合考研真题。

名词解释无谓损失节俭驳论外部经济菜单成本计算1.厂商是成本规模不变需求曲线和供给曲线具体数子忘了，LAC最低点价格是10，产量是20，求市场均衡产量和价格，然后一共有多少厂商?2.消费C=200+0.8Yd，投资忘了，政府预算平衡，求IS-LM曲线，均衡收入均衡利率，当充分就业是5000时，政府需要增加多少购买?简答1.作图证明政府对消费者消费汽油征税以后又把全部税额返还，证明消费者的福利水平下降2.中央银行购买财政部发行的债券以后对货币供应的影响论述1.政府一连串的家电下乡补贴公告，用经济学原理解释一下2.最近cpi连续超过4.4%.5，3%，政府紧急发放补贴给居民，解决低收入者生活困难，然后中央银行连续两次下调存款准备金率，问1)通货膨胀对我国济的影响有那些(5分)2)用经济学原理解释一下政府的政策对国民收入，消费，投资等变量的影响(9分)对外经济贸易大学经济学综合考研真题为大家带来过了，不同的学校出题的方向也不一样，因此希望大家能够找到自己报考院校的考试真题。

上海交大经济学考研真题与大家分享。

第一题：两个商品1，2，价格都为1。

效用函数是U=x12+1.5x1x2+30x2(貌似，肯定是这个结构)，要求收入提供曲线和收入对商品1的恩格尔曲线。

第二题：首先是消费者只在第一期有收入，来自工作，工资W，总的可分配时间为1，劳动为L，在第二期没有收入，两期消费分别是C1与C2，消费者可以按利率r借贷。

然后效用函数是U=InC1+0.5InC2+In(1-L)，求当W从10变为12时的斯勒茨基替代效应，普通收入效应，禀赋收入效应。

第三题：两个厂商，竞争市场下静态博弈。

市场需求P=15-Q，厂商1成本C1=F1+c1q,厂商2成本C2=F2+c2q,先求均衡时两个厂商的利润与产量表达式。

第二问，给定AB两个技术，A:边际成本为6，固定成本0;B:边际成本3，固定成本6.求厂商静态博弈的技术选择结果。

北大西方经济学2010（回忆版）微观经济学部分（25）1、公共品问题（请参加刘文析教授的讲课或者是人大版高鸿业书中刘文析教授编写的部分）2、微观厂商的最优生产问题，计算题宏观经济学（25）所有的宏观经济学题目都来自罗默宏观经济学课本！！1、索洛模型达到了均衡点以后的问题，储蓄率的变动引起的一系列变化，需要画图2、拉姆齐模型，推导家庭最优化行为浙江大学2003年春西方经济学1、计算题：宏观两部门2、简答题：－奥肯定理－曲线与基尼系数－成本递减行业的长期供给曲线－3、论述题－通货紧缩论－道德风险与逆向选择南京大学2005年博士研究生入学试题西方经济学研究：分宏观和微观两部分，每部分50分宏观经济学部分：一、已知投资曲线：I=I0--h *i ，货币需求曲线为L=KY-bi 消费曲线为：C=C0+C*Y，运用IS-LM模型通过计算说明：（20分）（1）财政政策和货币政策影响总需求的因素包括那些？（2）上述因素的影响程度如何？二、写出生命周期理论中饱含财富因素的消费函数表达式，并分析（1）当财富、预期收入增加时给消费带来的影响。

（2）年龄结构变化对消费的影响。

（15）三、说明完全预期和非完全预期通货膨胀的成本，并评论“2004年由于通货膨胀使我国居民财富损失7000亿”的观点。

（15分）微观经济学部分：一、评论熊彼特关于完全竞争和完全垄断的理论。

（15分）二、资源配置效率的含义是什么？X非效率的含义是什么？两者有何区别？（15）三、阅读一段英文材料，试从微观的角度分析说明我国参与国际分工实现开放式成长战略的内在机理、问题和产业升级的途径。

（20分）2005年清华大学博士生入学考试《西方经济学》1、什么是消费者偏好的凸性和连续性假设？消费者行为理论为什么需要这些假设？（10分）2、企业使用生产要素的原则是什么？这一原则是如何随着市场结构的变化而变化的？（20分）3、建立博弈模型，讨论如下几种情况下企业如何进行产量决策：（1）两个企业，产品同质、同时进行产量决策；（10分）（2）两个企业，产品同质、先后进行产量决策，后决策者知道前决策者的产量。

2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题一、单项选择题（为每小题选出最合适的一个答案。

每小题2分，共80分）1、经济学研究的基本问题：A. 证明只有市场才能分配资源；B. 选择最公平的收入分配方法；C. 证明只有计划经济才可以配置资源；D. 因为资源的稀缺必须做出选择。

2、“资源是稀缺的”是指：A. 资源是不可再生的；B. 资源必须留给下一代；C. 资源必将被耗费殆尽；D. 相对于需求而言，资源总是不足的。

3、下列哪一项会导致一国生产可能性曲线的外移？A. 股市持续走强；B. 通货膨胀；C. 有用的资源被发掘或技术进步；D. 消费品生产增加，资本品生产下降。

4、若某条无差异曲线是水平直线，这表明该消费者对（）的消费已达饱和。

（设X由横轴度量，Y由纵轴度量）A. 商品Y；B. 商品X；C. 商品X和商品Y；D. 货币。

5、消费者行为的“均衡状态”可表述为：A. 在该状态下，价格既定，消费者为了达到更高的满足水平需要更多的收入；B. 消费者实际上总是处于该状态下；C. 如果消费者有足够的收入，会希望调整到这种状态；D. 在该状态下，消费者不愿意拥有更多的任何商品。

6、消费者剩余的概念反映这样的事实：A. 在某些购买量下，消费者从购买中所获利益超过生产者从销售中所得到的利益；B. 对消费者来讲，许多商品的购买非常便宜，如果必要的话，为得到这些商品，他们愿意支付的价格远远大于它实际支付的价格；C. 当消费者收入增加或者他们必须支付的该商品价格下降时，总效用增加；D. 当需求价格弹性缺乏时，较少的货币支出可使消费者获得更多的商品。

7、无差异曲线上的任意一点的商品X和商品Y的边际替代率等于它们的：A. 价格之比；B. 数量之比；C. 边际效用之比；D. 边际成本之比。

8、伴随消费者预算线的平移，连接消费者诸均衡点的曲线称为：A. 需求曲线；B. 价格——消费曲线；C. 收入——消费曲线；D. 恩格尔曲线。

9、吉芬商品表现为：A. 需求收入弹性和需求价格弹性都是正值；B. 需求收入弹性和需求价格弹性都是负值；C. 需求收入弹性为正，需求价格弹性为负值；D. 需求收入弹性为负，需求价格弹性为正值。

西安交通大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题西安交通大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题一、名词解释（每小题4分，共24分）1、需求变化2、沉淀成本3、逆向选择4、帕累托效率5、工资刚性6、总共给二、计算题（每小题9分，共36分）1、某厂商的生产函数为：Q=KL-0.2L2-0.8K2,Q、K、L分别表示产量、资本和劳动，假定资本投入是固定的，即K=10。

（1）、请写出劳动的平均产量（APＬ）函数和边际产量（ＭＰＬ）函数。

（２）、分别计算当总产量、平均产量达到极大值时厂商雇佣的劳动。

（３）、以本题为例说明当APＬ达到极大时，为什么APＬ＝ＭＰＬ２、假设某垄断厂商生产一种产品的总成本为ＴＣ＝ｑ３／3－40ｑ２＋1800ｑ＋5000，产品在两个市场上能有效地实行差别定价，即三级价格歧视。

两个市场的需求函数分别为P1=800-2.5q1，P2=1200-15 q2，且q= q1+ q2。

试计算：（1）、厂商在两个市场的价格水平和销售量；（2）、厂商获得的总利润。

3、在一个边际消费倾向为0.8的经济中，如果政府减少税收2000亿元，试计算该经济的公共储蓄、私人储蓄、国民储蓄以及投资的变化量。

4、假定在一个经济中，消费函数是C=100+0.8(Y-T)，投资函数是I=100-20r，政府购买为120，政府税收为100，货币需求函数是（M/P）=Y-200r，货币供给量M是2400，物价水平P是4，试写出IS曲线和LM曲线的函数表达式，求出均衡利率r，均衡收入Y以及总需求方程。

三、简答题（每小题10分，共60分）1、请用恰当的经济学原理解释“谷贱伤农”和“薄利多销”这两种现象。

2、为什么某厂商发生亏损后，还会选择继续生产而不是关闭工厂？3、简述替代效应和收入效应的异同。

4、简述厂商要素使用的原则和消费者要素供给的原则。

5、简述凯恩斯的流动偏好理论。

6、简述通货膨胀与事业的关系。

四、论述题（每小题15分，共30分）1、试分析完全竞争市场和不完全竞争市场条件下资源配置的效率及原因，并说明其对政府决策的实践意义。

西安交通大学2000年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题一、名词解释（20分，每题5分。

）1、恩格尔系数2、收入效应3、流动性偏好4、挤出效应二、简答题（20分，媒体10分。

）1、简述帕累托最优状态的三个必要条件。

2、简要说明投资乘数、政府支出乘数和外贸乘数的基本原理。

三、计算题（30分，媒体15分。

）1、某公司A产品的市场需求函数为：QA=500-6PA+20Y+0.4PB，其中PA、Y、PB分别是A产品的价格，消费者收入和B产品的价格。

（1）若PA=70，Y=20，PB=1300，这时A的需求价格弹性系数、收入弹性系数、交叉价格弹性系数分别是多少？（2）A是什么类型的产品？A和B是互补品还是替代品？2、杰克对商品X的需求函数为X(Px，Py，1)=21/5Px。

已知他的收入I=1000元，Py=20元。

当Px从5元降至4元时，杰克对X的需求量有什么变化？（1）在新的价格下，杰克要购买跟以前相同数量的两种商品，他的收入应该是多少？在这一新的收入水平下，他对X的需求时多少？（2）在需求变动中，哪一部分是替代效应？哪一部分是收入效应？四、论述题（30分）试论我国目前扩大内需的宏观经济政策及其效应。

西安交通大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题第一部分 微观经济学一、辨析题（判断下列各题的正误并说出理由，将错误的命题改正过来。

每小题5分，共25分。

）1、需求变化和需求量变化差异的根本区别在于需求曲线变化形态的不同。

（ ）2、引起消费者均衡点的变化的主要原因在于差异曲线的变化。

（ ）3、如果一条总产量曲线通过原定，那么，它的平均产量和边际产量曲线必然也过原点。

（ ）4、既然垄断厂商的产量确定原则也是MR=MC，那么，垄断厂商的供给曲线将会是MC曲线所代表的曲线。

（ ）5、交换的契约曲线是所有可能的交换的契约的轨迹。

（ ）二、计算题（每小题5分，共10分。

）1、设某商品的需求方程为：Q=10-2P，试求价格P1=2和P2=4时的消费者剩余各为多少。

经济学原理I（2008年秋季学期）期中考试1（A卷答案）（2008/10/29）注意：请将所有题目的答案写在答题册上，写在本试题纸上一律无效。

一、判断题（判断并简要说明理由，必要时可以用图形。

每题4分，共24分）1.菲律普斯曲线表示失业率上升导致通货膨胀率下降的因果关系。

错误。

菲利普斯曲线表示失业率与通货膨胀率之间的负相关关系，但不是因果关系（是因为需求变动的被忽略变量引起的）。

2.某一不发达地区第三产业（即服务业）比重大大低于发达地区；显然大力发展第三产业才能使其尽快赶上发达地区。

错误。

不发达地区和发达地区很有可能具有比较发展不同产业的比较优势；而第三产业是发达地区的比较优势。

双方都通过发展自己比较优势产业并进行贸易，可以使得自己更好。

3.Professor Mankiw can both write books and gather the needed data faster than anyone else inhis university. So he need not pay a student to collect data at the library. He can do both by himself.错误。

曼昆教授即使在写书和收集数据上都有绝对优势；但他不大可能在这两个方面都有比较优势。

实际上，给定他的教授职位，他极有可能在写书而不是收集数据上有比较优势。

这样，让他的学生收集数据，然后进行贸易（用写书的收入支付学生的勤工俭学费用）对双方都会更好。

4.In a competitive market, an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity ofnotebooks demanded as well as the quantity supplied.正确。

练习本的需求提高了练习本的均衡价格和均衡数量。

西安交通大学2003年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：微观经济学 科目编号：482考试时光：1月19日下午微观经济学部分（共100分）一、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1．什么是机会成本？为什么西方经济学比较重视对机会成本的研究和运用？2．如何准确的理解投入要素边际收益的递减逻辑，在生产过程中怎样才干消除它的不经济影响？3．生产要素的需求有何特征？厂商对生产要素需求的原则是什么？4．公共产品的产权特征是什么？它对公共产品的供养有何影响？二、计算题（每小题10分，共20分）1．如下图所示，图中是两条需求曲线，其交点E ，按照经济学理论，请你推理论证两条需求曲线上的E 点弹性大小。

2．生产函数βα)1()1(21++=x x A y ，其βα,>0，求该生产函数下厂商规模生产时扩张线方程。

三、论述题（每小题20分，共40分。

）1．在微观经济学中，通常认为惟独竞争才是最有效的市场。

就我国经济改革的现实评析竞争市场的特征和优缺点。

2．外部性问题是如何产生的？按照微观经济学理论，解决污染有那两种基本的手段？其主要差别是什么？宏观经济学部分（共50分）一、计算题（每小题6分，共12分）1．假定某经济满意Y=G+I+G，且消费函数为C=140+0.6Y，投资函数为I=700－40r，货币需求为L=0.5Y－62.5r，实际货币供养为M/P=500。

试求：当政府支出G从800亿元增强到940亿元时，政府支出的增强挤占了多少私人投资？2．假定投资增强60亿元，边际储蓄倾向为0.2，求出乘数、收入的变化及其方向，并求出消费的变化。

二、简答题（每小题7分，共28分）1．简述国民生产总值与国内生产总值这两个概念的区别。

2．简述乘数原理和加速原理的联系和区别。

3．何为内在稳定器？并简述它对缓和经济波动的作用。

4．什么是“流动性陷阱”？三、论述题（10分）论述治理通货膨胀的措施。

答案部分西安交通大学2003年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：微观经济学科目编号：482考试时光：1月19日下午微观经济学部分（共100分）一、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1．什么是机会成本？为什么西方经济学比较重视对机会成本的研究和运用？答：（1）机会成本的含义机会成本指人们利用一定资源获得某种收入时所放弃的在其他可能的用途中所能够获取的最大收入。

2008年西安交通大学845经济学考研真题及详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研资料，经济学参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行解答。

一、名词解释（每小题4分，共24分）1．需求变化答：需求变化即需求的变动，指在某商品价格不变的条件下，由于其他因素变动所引起的该商品的需求数量的变动。

这里的其他因素变动指消费者收入水平变动、相关商品的价格变动、消费者偏好的变化和消费者对商品的价格预期的变动等。

需求变化表现为需求曲线的位置发生移动。

如图2-1所示，在供给不变的情况下，需求增加会使需求曲线向右平移，从而使得均衡价格和均衡数量都增加；需求减少会使需求曲线向左平移，从而使得均衡价格和均衡数量都减少。

图1-1 需求变化与需求曲线的移动2．沉淀成本答：沉淀成本（sunk cost）也称为沉没成本，是指已经发生而无法收回的支出。

沉淀成本通常是可见的，但一旦发生以后，在做出经济决策时经常被人们忽视。

由于它是无法收回的，因而不会影响企业的决策。

例如，一项按企业特定要求而设计的专用设备，假定该项设备仅能用于起初设计的用途，而不能转作它用，这项支出就属于沉淀成本。

因为该设备别无它用，其机会成本为零。

不管购置该设备的决策是否正确，这项支出已付诸东流，不应该影响当期的决策。

3．逆向选择答：逆向选择是指在买卖双方信息非对称的情况下，差的商品总是将好的商品驱逐出市场；或者说拥有信息优势的一方，在交易中总是趋向于做出尽可能地有利于自己而不利于别人的选择。

逆向选择的存在使得市场价格不能真实地反映市场供求关系，导致市场资源配置的低效率。

美国经济学家阿克洛夫在论文《柠檬市场：质量的不确定与市场机制》中提出著名的旧车市场模型，开创了逆向选择理论的研究先河。

共4 页第3 页共 4 页第 4 页西安交通大学考试题答案税收筹划与代理（模拟题）一、名词解释（每题3分，共3×3=9分）1．纳税筹划：纳税行为发生之前，在不违反相关税收法律、法规的前提下，通过对纳税主体的经营活动或投资行为等涉税事项做出事先安排，以达到少缴税和递延缴纳目标的一系列谋划活动。

2．税务代理：税务代理是指注册税务师在国家法律规定的代理范围内，受纳税人扣缴义务人的委托，代为办理税务事宜的各项行为的总称。

3．转让定价：是指公司集团内部机构之间或关联企业之间相互提供产品、劳务或财产而进行的内部交易作价。

二、简述题（每题5分，共3×5=15分）1．简述节税筹划与避税筹划的区别。

答：节税：纳税人在不违背税法的立法精神前提下，充分利用税法中固有的起征点、减免税等一系列优惠政策，通过纳税人对筹资、投资及经营活动的巧妙安排，达到少缴或不缴税的目的。

节税不违背税法的立法精神，是合法。

避税筹划是指纳税人在充分了解现行税法的基础上，通过掌握相关会计知识，在不触犯法律的前提下，通过纳税人对筹资、投资及经营活动的巧妙安排，这种安排一般处于合法与违法之间的灰色地带，最终达到少缴或不缴税的目的。

避税筹划不违法，也依据税法规定展开，但是经常背离了税法的立法精神。

2．简述税收筹划产生的原因。

答（1）国家间税收管辖权的差别；（2）税收执法效果的差别；（3）税制因素；•各国税法要素界定不同–制度、税基、税率、税收优惠不同•我国的税收制度因素–税种的税负弹性–纳税人定义上的可变通性–课税对象金额上的可调整性–税率上的差异性–税收优惠（4）其他因素：通货膨胀，技术进步，等等。

3．简述税务代理的十项业务范围。

1）办理变更、注销税务登记；2）办理除增值税务专用发票的发票领购手续；3）办理纳税申报或扣缴税款报告；4）办理缴纳税款和申请退税；5）制作涉税文书；6）审查纳税情况；7）建账建制，办理账务；8）开展税务咨询，受聘税务顾问；9）税务行政复议；10）国家税务总局规定的其他业务。

英语基础词汇汇编（精华版）Abandon The match was abandoned because of bad weather.cross out wipe out desert/forsake/ leave / depart / discard / relinquish /surrender /withdrawabide We have to abide by the rules of the game. (abide observe discover adapt)Her fame will abide for sure. Last/endure/ continue/persist/remain/stayYou have to keep ______ with the times.Abreast/ fit in withabsorb He was absorbed in a book and didn t hear you call.engage/occupy/bend over/ be busy withabundant/rich The rivers and forests of the New World were abundant in fish and game.access In many schools, students don t have sufficient access to the library.Way/approach/solution/answer/Accessible/available/handy/ready/convenient/obtainable/at handHis words are never in _____ with his deeds. (situation accordance according fit)I m in agreement with Mr. Moore. in agreement with/ be compatible with /comply with /conform to/be in proportion toaccount He asked no one s advice; he did it on his own account independentlyYou have to take everything into account/consideration. Attention/regard/respect/mindGive us an account of what happened. Story/reason/information/description/tale/statementHe has been asked to account for his absence. ( describe tell relate answer for say explain explicate) acquire to acquire a good knowledge of English. Attain/obtain/gain/earn/secureactive He is very active in politics.Energetic/spirited/lively/dynamic/excited/enthusiasticadapt To our delight, she quickly adapted (herself) to the situation.Adjust/accommodate/alter/vary/arrange/modify/make fitaccustom She is ______to living in comfort. (accustomed/used addict be familiar with)admit It will take you half an hour to get to the station, allowing for traffic delays.(allow/admit/accept/permit/receive/confess/ acknowledge/adopt)adequate Their earnings are barely adequate to their needs.enough/sufficient/satisfactory/plenty/ampleadvantage The great advantage we have over them is that they are short of money.Benefit/gain/upper hand interest/profit/harvest/crop/earnings/returnsAim His aim is to win the game.Purpose/intention/goal/end/target/objective/motive/destinationAmass He amassed a great fortune in twenty years.Accumulate/assemble/gather/increase/collect/compile/heap up/store upMass/bulk/quantity/load/amount/volume/accumulation/pile/heap/crowd/multitude/pack/gangFigure/digit/measureambitious These young men were ambitious for success and money.Eager for/longing for/ hopeful for/wish for/crave for/be set on/be bent on/be intent uponamount His debt now amounts to 1,000 pounds.Add up to/approximate/total/sum upThe future of her marriage is supposed to be decided by the amount of money.sum/measure/quantity/price/valueangle Try looking at this affair from a different angle. aspect/view/point ofview/opinion/belief/attitude/impression/notion/idea/thought/conception/judgment/theory/outlookannounce He had to announce the death of Johnson before the board.Proclaim/broadcast/report/state/declare/notify/tell/make knownanticipate A good general can anticipate what the enemy will do.expect/ look forward to/await/foresee/hope foranything but The hotel is anything but satisfactory. Not at allThe apparent things might not tell of the truth.apparent obvious seeming evident clear plainapart Apart from his nose, he is quite good-looking.Apart from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.Except for / other than /but / but for / besides/moreover/also/too/as well/in additionHe was appointed member of the Name/elect/nominate/choose/assign/vote forappeal I appeal to him for help. implore/plead/begapply Please apply to the secretary for further information.The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.approve Many people don t approve of the plan. disapprovelike/prefer/endorse/accept/think well ofarise The company s losses this year arise almost entirely from the new taxes.Rise raise rouse arouse ariseOriginate/ derive/stem/ flow/come/emerge/appear/show up/turn up fromartificial/artistic Her painting is a great artistic creation.ashamed/shameful embarrassed/embarrassing frustrated/frustrating humiliated/humiliatingAshamed of having acted so rashly, David apologized to Amy for having accused him.acquaint I m sure Betsy is the girl whom you will be glad to get acquainted with.associate/link / touch / join / unite / combine / connect /go with / run with/mingle with / relateI assume that success is a sum of mistakes.Assume think suppose presume suspect understand take for grantedassure I can assure you of my support.confirm assure ensure insure convince guarantee pledge promiseYou’ve got to attain the mastery of at least on foreign language.Attain gain accomplish finish fulfill realize completeattribute Jim attributes his success to hard work. owe ascribeavoid You should avoid driving in the center of the town during the rush hour.Avoid shun escape evade keep away fromThe government has banned the used of chemical weapons.Bar prohibit exclude forbid shut out block obstructbargain The dress is quite a bargain. bargain salebasis On the basis of our sales forecasts we may begin to make a profit next year.China has been following the foreign policy to develop relations with other countries on the basis of the five principles of peaceful ground foundationScientists say it may be five or ten years before it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.As soon as before the second the minute the moment You can’t blame all this on me.He is the last one to blame for the accident.Charge/accuse/indict/censure/criticize/condemnboard He paid 40 pounds for board and lodging. food /mealsboard/ committee/ staff/ faculty/ crew/ boast You should not boast of your success. Brag /show offboom Production boomed.Progress/increase/advance/thrive/gain/speed up/grow/swell/flourish/develop/prosperbrief It is a long letter, but in brief, he says "No". shortWe are bound for London. Head makeThe weather is bound to get better tomorrow. Likely going toThere are no bounds to his ambition. Limit confine restrictioncall This situation¬¬¬¬_____________ for prompt action. (calls in calls at calls on calls for)They have called off their engagement.She was calm when I told her of the terrible news.Quiet/still/tranquil/serene/peacefulWe should not doubt his capability.Capability/ability/skill/power/talent/capacity/competency/efficiencyBefore you decide on a vocation, it might be a good idea to consult a few good friends.Career job vocation trade calling work profession occupationThere is no reason why we should not carry on with it.Carry on go on keep on continue work on be under way be in processcase In any case I shall return in a day or two. If even if for fear on conditioncenter She centered her attention on the problem.Focus concentrate fixcharge The charge against him was severe. nSentence/ accusation/ persecution/ guilty/trial/ condemnation/indict /judgmentSince the situation is changing, let’s take some _____ measures to deal with it.flexible changeable changingIf I had the choice, I would retire at thirty.Selection/preference/option/alternativeNo one came to claim for the horse, so the farmer decided to sell it.cling She clung to the hope that he was still alive.Stick adhere hold grasp keepclose The ceremony was brought to a close by the singing of the national anthem（国歌）.Listen and look closely, you’ll find it out.A good employer gives hints to his or her employees without interfering with their creativity.Tip information news wind message clue evidence sign proof keycombine Hydrogen combines with Oxygen to form water.blend mix mingle fuse unite couple joincomment I m afraid I can t comment on your work just yet. Remarkcriticism judgment decision evaluation criterion standard remarkcommit I cannot commit myself to any further expense; my means are stretched to the utmost as it is. Devote dedicateCompare this with that, and you will see which is the better. ContrastPoets have compared sleep to death.She is lovely beyond compare.comparison This one costs more but is really cheaper by comparison.I have done little this year in comparison with what I did last year.Comparable/comparativecompel We cannot compel you to do it, but we think you should.Force oblige urge require drive press work hard on push promptHe has formed a good habit.Form/create/shape/develop/mold/compose/construct/design/devise/frame/arrange/buildAssemble/manufacture/produceNext year, Susan has to take three compulsory courses. Requiredcompose The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.Consist of/ be made up of / contain / include/hold/cover/comprisecomprehensive /ComprehensibleShe has a comprehensive grasp of the subject.conscious She was not conscious of his presence in the room. AwareConsiderate/considerable It was very considerate of you to send me a Christmas card.Difference between them:Considerate/thoughtful/kind/sympatheticConsiderable/much/important/great/significant/powerfulcontend I would contend that unemployment is our most serious social evil.Argue/struggle/fight/quarrelOur journey was slow because the train stopped continually at different villages.continuously vs continuallyconvey Words cannot convey how delighted I am. expresscope Poor Mary！She has so much to cope with.deal with live with be put up with tolerate endure bear stand be fed up withhandle treatcorrespond This word in the English version corresponds to that phrase in the French one.count Her opinion counts because of her experience.Matter be of importance significant have the last wordDon’t count on a salary increase this year.believe depended count confide rely depend bankcritical If you really understood the difficulties facing the government, you wouldn t be so critical of its spending reductions. ExpenditureCrucial urgent pressing decisiveIronic faultfinding picky fastidious sarcasticcure This medicine should cure you of your cold.Remind relieve inform deprive rob breakIt is not my custom to give in. Custom habit use practice manner way pattern tendency fashion routine natureThe damage to the house caused by the storm took several days to repair.destruction damage harm ruin injury bruise impact spoil wrong pain agony distressgrieve /hurt / impair/ abuse /plague/ epidemic/debris/trash/junk/rubbishdecline Steel production has been on the decline in these countries.Diminish decrease fall drop dip sink reducedeep They dived deep into the ocean.She was deeply interested in classical music.degree She has also affected but to a lesser degree. Extentdeem They deemed him innocent but failed to understand why he was lying.think/believe/consider/judge/assume/suppose/regard/ponder/contemplate/study/reflect/think over A good mastery of English demands patience and enthusiasm.Demand/require/call fordeny They denied her the opportunity to see her father.refuse decline rejects turn down say no todie She died of an illness; and he died a beggar.The storms are dying down.The noise of the car died away in the distance.The members of the family had all died off.This species has died out.Can you describe what he looks like?Describe/portray/illustrate/picture/characterize/represent/define/tellThey were determined that he make a big fortune in his forties.Convinced/firm/sure/certain/resolute/seriousShe was in his eyes a devoted mother.Devoted/earnest/hearty/sincere/serious/zealousThe sewers discharge (their contents) into the sea.Discharge/discard / cast way / do away with / dispose of / abandon / forsake / desert / give away/ throw away/cast off/get rid ofdisplay We were amazed by the rich variety of commodities on display.Her writings display natural talents.Exhibit show indicate specify illustrate demonstrate expose presentdistinct Mice are distinct form rats.Different/unlike/varied/opposite/contrary/reverse/dissimilarLong sentences are distinctive of Henry James’s later style.Characteristic explicit definite candid unmistakable expressive directThe light is so dim that I cannot distinguish one object from another.distinguish tell separate divideHe is one of the most distinguished scholars in this field.Distinguished/outstanding/famous/well-known/noted/popular/celebrated/honored/recognized/prominent/important/superiorIn the dark I could only discern the outline of the building.Discern/see/make out/observe/perceive/recognize/know/understand/detect/spot/spy/behold diverse There are people from diverse cultures at the party. different various comprehensive He refused to disclose his name and address.Disclose/uncover/reveal/show/expose/betrayThey drew up the contract and presented it to the management.The train drew in/into the station. pulldraw pull drag push heave lift hauldraw crawl creep linger on drag near be oncoming/ongoingShe drove her car into the forest.Drive/steer/direct/conduct/handle/manage/run/work/operate/rideDon’t discourage her; she is doing her best. Vs encourageDiscourage/prevent/hinder/disapprove/keep from/try to stopThe shoes are expensive but durable.Durable/long-lasting/enduring/permanent/endless/solid/strongIt is your duty to go.Duty/work/job/chore/assignment/charge/function/obligation/responsibility/office/rolebusiness/job/vocation/occupation/task/assignment/position/labor/industry/employment/effortHe is living an easy life now. comfortableIt is an economy to buy good shoes: they cost more, but they last much longerthan cheap ones. economic/economical/economyHe went to a very good elementary school.elementary/fundamental/basic/primary/essential/simple/beginning/introductory/initial/primitiveSince 1975 the forty hour work week has been in effect.The acid has no effect on the metal.The new regulation does not go into effect until the first of March.A sentence of ten years imprisonment on a person of eighty is in effect a life sentence.He is not likely to give effect to his threat.effect force power practiceShe encouraged him to take this examination.Encourage/support/back up/urge/promote/sponsor/cheer/inspireend Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.I must warn you that my patience is almost at an end.I ve warned you no end of times not to touch that machine.I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.He had approached every friend and acquaintance for help in vain, and now he was at his wit s end.黔驴技穷We ended the diner up with fruit and coffee.When the reception came to an end, they were reluctant to leave the hall.The argument between the two men ended in a fight.The government is determined to put an end to terrorism.He s entitled to a pension, but he won t dream of retiring yet.entitle qualify authorize enable sanction empowerThe soldiers were equipped with the latest weapons.equip provideThey have the exclusive right to do the advertisements for this company. inclusiveMy wife has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my job.exert practice exercise impose availHe is one of the greatest contemporary writers.Existing living contemporary lately—later---late---latter current recentHe must face up to the fact that he is no longer young. live face comeDevotion is essential for work.Necessary/vital/fundamental/required/crucial/critical/important/fatal/indispensableCompulsory/obligatory/imperative/urgentNothing is everlasting.Forever/endless/perpetual/eternal/permanent/constant/infinite/continual/for goodThe bird extended its wings in flight.Stretch/lengthen/increase/expand/broaden/spread/enlarge/magnifyHer nose is a very attractive feature.Feature/looks/appearance/characteristic/trait/markAre you in favor of women taking part in politics?In the favorThe international situation is favorable to us. AdvantageousPanic swept through the swimmers as they caught sight of a huge shark approaching menacingly.Tension Excitement Fear Nervousness fuss ado chaos confusion turmoil riotAfter Tom passed his driving test he filled in/out an application for his driving license.The children hid in the house and ate their fill.The price of vegetables fluctuates according to the weather.wavers vibrates swings fluctuates hesitates quakes trembles shuddersThere are fine distinctions between the two.fine/minute/delicate/detailed/small/tiny/slight/insignificantMichael found it difficult to get his British jokes across to American audience.Understand comprehend catch on getHe gave a gift for my birthday.give/present/offer/bestow/donate/grant/contribute/award/provide/supply/deliver/deal out/hand out/turn inHe had a good house, a good wife and a good job.Good/desirable/right/appropriate/suitable/becoming/satisfying/decentThey grouped together in fours.arrange/assemble/organize/classify/sort/collect/grade/rank/value/evaluate/catorgerize/estimateWhen he was young, he always _______ around and did not care about what was happening around him. Hang loaf loiterhit She hit on a good title for her new novel. Come acrossHer new film is quite a hit. successThe rent increase will hit the pockets of the poor. Affecthold She held back, not knowing how to break the terrible news.I think he is holding something back; he knows more that he admits. HideShe always holds to her convictions.The forthcoming talks hold out the hope of real arms reduction.Road works on the highway are holding up traffic.There was something wrong with the traffic signal. Our bus was ______ for nearly half an hour.A. held onB. held backC. held outD. held upidentical This copy is identical with/to the ones you bought last week. thesame asIf only I were rich！Only if I am rich, I can do what I want.Immoral vs amoralHe deserted his family and was called an immoral person by his neighbors.（不道德的）It was he that initiated this project.Initiate/launch/start/begin/pioneer/found/lead/head/break the iceIncentive The fun of playing the game was a greater incentive than the prize.(excitement initiative motive entertainment)We are in for trouble.He know the ins and outs of the problem.Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.A good teacher should be impartial to his students.Impartial/impersonal/unbiased/neutral/disinterested/just/fairdetatched unconcerned indifferentThis car is inferior to the one I bought last year.inferior superior senior junior similar priorThe author of the book has shown his remarkably keen insight into human nature.intellect insight perception understanding comprehension wisdom intuitionNo doubt, a trade mark pertains to a firm’s intangible assets.intangible invisibleinterfere /intervene If you interfere in /with other people s affairs, you will regret it.He testified in court that he had seen the prisoner run out of the bank afterit had been robbed.testified witnessed justified identified notify specifykeep I can t understand you keeping a thing like that to yourself.Please keep to the point --- we are running out of time.I can’t keep up with all the changes in computer science.If you want to fulfill your dream, you have to keep ______it. (to / up on)keep/have/hold/maintain/preserve/conserve/save/tend/protect/guard/sustain/uphold/bear/posessThey did not only lack water, they also lacked in courage.Want/be in need/ fall shortlarge The dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.By and large, the company has been good to me.This is law and you can’t change as you wish.rule/principle/stamdard/formula/act/decree/regulation/legislation/lawmaking/resolution/statuteShe saw a notice “ apartment to let”.Let/rent/lease/charter/contract/agreementShe is the one that laid out the town.He was laid off for his ill performance.liable likely probable liable responsible accountable answerablePeople who walk on the grass are liable to a fine of 5 dollars.She liked the black dress and bought it although it was very expensive.Like/prefer/fancy/take to/enjoy/care for/be fond ofThe football match was televised live from the workers’ stadium.alive live life lively living lovelyI am not sure of the exact location of the café.Location/position/place/area/zone/territory/district/section/neighborhood/spot/site/situationRecent research has shed/cast/thrown new light on the causes of the disease.The mansion was splendid.Splendid/magnificent/grand/majestic/superb/exquisite/marvelous/wonderful/glorious/imposing/impressive/brillian t/phenomenal/exceptional/remarkable/miraculousI can’t make out what she wants.The ship made for the open sea.What are we to make of his behavior?Nothing can make up for the loss of a life.He has made it up with her.A frequently cited example of the endangered species is the panda.Mentioned quoted referred tomood I am not in the ______ for joking. sentiment emotion mood feeling sentimentality sensation sense sensitivitynerve My children are always getting on my nerves.Can you really afford this amount?Amount/sum/quantity/number/portionA (large) number of problems have arisen.The number of books stolen from the library is large.The marks were below average.Average/middle/medium/normal/ordinary/moderate/halfway/regular/usualThe method is ok; the problem is the procedure.method/way/approach/manner/means/fashion/style/procedure/process/course/plan/scheme/design/The mutual benefit. Mutual/reciprocal/common/jointobserve You’ve got to ______ the laws of the land.Abide by/follow/obey/comply withoccur Has it ever occurred to you that those twins are quite different from each other in many ways?We can afford to overlook these minor offenses.Overlook/neglect/forget/miss/ignore/skip/disregard/pass overown Do you mean you have left her to do that on her own?He’d like a car of his own.Nobody owned up to the theft.This is a painstaking effort. CarefulThey walked the path every morning.Path/route/line/road/track/trail/way/journey/excursion/voyage/trippeculiar That way of speaking is peculiar to people in this small part of the country.distinctive / typical/ characteristic/ representative/ special/ particular / unique / notable/ particularThe government gets a(n) ____ from taxes.income revenue fund payment wages finance budget expenditurepersist It should be obvious to you that if you persist in bothering him, hewill get angry with you.I shall be very _____ if you could do me a favor.pleasing pleasant grateful thankful pleased gracious generouspoint She was just on the point of going away when Betty came in.As I was in a hurry I asked him to come to the point at once.There s no point in arguing further.He made an excellent speech, and everything he said was to the point.It is very rude to point at people in the street.If/when it came to the point, would you sacrifice your job for your principles?popular populous populatedA game that is very popular among/with these young swimmers is the underwater tricycle race.The child showed great _______of mind by grabbing the falling baby.courage calmness presence bravery boldness willpreside The chairman presided at/over the meeting last Friday.Virtue will prevail over evil.prevail triumph winIn private/ in secret / in personMatters like this are best discussed in private.They are privileged people in the society.Privilege/ right/ liberty/ freedom/advantage/license/ honorShe gave him a prompt reply.quick rapid fast prompt punctual instant immediate readyThe _______ of finding jobs this year are not so good. (expectation promises future prospects)provided on condition save unless given suppose sayI will agree to go provided/providing that my expenses are paid.put She’s put a tidy sum for her retirement.They decided to put aside their differences.She help her put the toys away.She is putting radical proposals for the economic reform.We had to put off our wedding until September.We can put you up for the night.I don’t know how she can put up with him/his cruelty to her.Racial problems exist in everyday life.Race/breed/people/fold/tribe/nation/culturerange scope extent His speech ranged over a number of topics.Range/limit/distance/length/scope/extent/reach/field/spherereach All these were within the reach of the ordinary men.Put that bottle of weed-killer out of the reach of the children.He reached for his gun.Her requirements are reasonable.Reasonable/sensible/fair/logical/just/sound/rational/practical/realistic/justifiableMy favorite recreation is chess.Recreation/amusement/entertainment/play/pleasure/enjoyment/relaxation/pastime/funThey had to seed refuge from the storm.Refuge/shelter/asylum/protectionI have registered for the English course.Register/record/enroll/list/enter/sign/fill out a formreceive acceptI hear that John has _____ a new position at the travel agency.red black A large number of American radio stations operate in the red.regard Motion means change of position of an object in/with regard to the position of some other object or objects.I have little information as regards his past.She said nothing regarding your request.Please give my sincere regards to all the members of your family.Some people act regardless of what will happen afterwards.They helped solve the problems in high ______ to the living conditions of the people.(attention regard intention stress)relevant His age isn t relevant to whether he is a good teacher.Reluctant Today black children in South Africa are still reluctant to study subjects from which they were effectively barred for so long. Unwillingremedy The doctor soon found a remedy for the boy s illness.Cure/heal/treat/mend/correctrespect With respect to your requests, we regret that we are unable to assist you in this matter.Respect/adore/appreciate/honor/admire/look up to/fall for/be crazy aboutIn this respect the film is a failure.respectful respective respectable respectedTeams of rescue have been sent out to look for the missing members of the crew.His limp is the result of an accident.Result/consequence/end/effect/outcome/fruit/produce/conclusionrisk He saved my life at the risk of losing his own.He was ready to run(take) the risk of being taken prisoner by the enemy.The future of the whole company is at risk.Risk/chance/gamble/endanger/exposeThey rose up against foreign invaders.Rebel revolt riotI’ve been on the run all day, and I am exhausted.I ran across/into my old friend in Paris last week.We are running out of time.He ruled over his kingdom successfully for twenty years.Rule/govern/control/dominate/head/lead/manage/direct/supervise/administer/order/instructGuide/influence/handle/regulatescale Synthetic rubbers are now being produced on a large scale.scratch He threw away everything he had written and started the novel again from scratch.I’ll have to see about getting the roof mended.We all went to the airport to see her off.Her colleagues see her as the future prime minister.Will you see to the arrangements for the next committee meeting?。

2008年西安交通大学《电路》考研真题(总分：30.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、解答题(总题数：15，分数：30.00)1.求如附图10-1所示电路中的u、i（分数：2.00）___________________________________________________________ _______________________________正确答案：(正确答案：根据电阻并联电流分流公式，可得：根据KVL，可得：u=3×3+2×10+1×20=49V)解析：2.应用叠加定理求如附图10一2所示电路中的i（分数：2.00）___________________________________________________________ _______________________________正确答案：(正确答案：电压源单独作用时，电流源相当于开路，等效电路如附图10-3(a)所示，根据节点电压法，可得：又可知，联立上式可得：i’=0．75A 电流源单独作用时，电压源相当于短路，等效电路如附图10-3(b)所示，可知i"=1A，根据叠加定理，可得：i=i"+i"=1．75A)解析：3.如附图10-4所示电路中，已知u i =1V，求u 0。

（分数：2.00）___________________________________________________________ _______________________________正确答案：(正确答案：对于含有理想运算放大器的电路，根据“虚短”，有：u n1=u i① 根据“虚断”，有：② 根据“虚短”、“虚短”，有：③ 联立①、②、③式，解得： u 0 =6V)解析：4.如附图10一5所示电阻均为线性电阻，根据图(a)、(b)中的已知情况，求图(b)中的I。

宏观经济学一、单选（本大题共42小题，每小题1分，共42分）9. （A）将会使长期总供给曲线向右移动A. 生产技术水平的进步B. 生产要素投入数量的增加C. 扩张性的财政政策D. 扩张性的货币政策1.奥肯定律涉及（A。

A.失业率与产出率之间的数量关系B.实际产出增长和名义产出增长的关系C.通货膨胀与失业的关系D.实际工资率与就业量之间的关系，为了在增加收入的同时保持利率不变2.边际消费倾向若为0.8，则边际储蓄倾向为（A）。

A.0.2B.0.8C.1D.1.24. 充分就业是指：（B）A. 不存在失业B. 只存在磨擦性失业和自愿失业C. 不存在严重失业D. 就业水平提高3.乘数的作用必须在以下条件下才可能发挥，（D ）。

A.经济实现了充分就业B.总需求大于总供给C.政府支出等于政府税收D.经济存在闲置资源4.垂直的长期总供给曲线表明，如果价格可以充分调节，那么，（A）。

A.在任何价格下，潜在的和实际的国民收入都是一致的B.产出仅仅取决于总需求水平C.均衡的实际国民收入不能确定D.价格水平仅由总供给确定5.储蓄增加导致（B）。

A.IS曲线向右移动B.IS曲线向左移动C.LM曲线向右移动D.LM曲线向左移动6.导致经济周期性波动的投资主要是（B）。

A.存货投资B.固定资产投资C.意愿投资D.重置投资7.当经济体沿着给定的总需求曲线移动时，下列（B）因素将保持不变。

A.实际收入B.名义货币供给C.物价总体水平D.实际货币余额8.菲利普斯曲线说明（D）A.税率和税收额之间的关系B.产出与利率之间的关系C.经济增长的长期趋势D.失业和通货膨胀的替代关系9.GDP表示在一定时期内的某一国家或地区经济的（D）的市场价值。

A.所有经济交易B.所有市场交换的最终物品和劳务C.所有物品和劳务D.生产的所有最终物品和劳务10.根据菲利普斯曲线，降低通货膨胀率的方法是（C）。

A.减少货币供给量B.降低失业率C.提高失业率D.增加财政赤字11.根据凯恩斯理论，利率水平主要取决于（A）。