高考高三英语外研版一轮教师用书：第2部分 专题2 名词和冠词 Word版含解析

专题二名词和冠词
一、名词
[全国卷考情分析]
(对应学生用书第246页)
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2016·四川高考)Any smell might attract natural enemies(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.
2．(2017·淄博二模)He lost all his keys(key) to the doors，so he had to get them opened by force.
Ⅱ.单句改错
Though we are now out of danger，the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great前加a
[再解读要点]
名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。

普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词有单数和复数之分，不可数名词没有单复数之分。

1．可数名词复数的变化规则
(1)名词复数的规则变化
①单复数同形：deer ，sheep ，Chinese ，means(方式， 方法)，series ，species ②词形变化：man →men ，woman →women ，child →children ，tooth →teeth ，foot →feet ，mouse →mice ，ox →oxen
③合成名词的复数：passer-by →passers-by ，looker ­on →lookers ­on ，grown ­up →grown ­ups ，stand ­by →stand ­bys
④名词前有man 或woman 修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman 和中心词都要变为复数形式。

如：woman doctor →women doctors ，man waiter →men waiters
(3)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks ，congratulations ，
trousers ，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，spirits(情绪)，instructions(操作说明)，directions(用法说明)，papers(试卷， 文件)，times(时代)等。

2．抽象名词具体化 ⎩⎨⎧experience[U]经验an experience[C]一次经历
⎩⎨⎧surprise[U]惊奇a surprise[C]一个/次令人吃惊的人或事
⎩
⎨⎧pleasure[U]愉快a pleasure[C]一件乐事 ⎩
⎨⎧success[U]成功a success[C]一个（件）成功的人或事 ⎩⎨⎧comfort[U]安慰a comfort[C]一个（件）令人安慰的人或事
[先试做题组] Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I have no hesitation(hesitate) in recommending her for the job.
2．(江西高考)Whenever I made mistakes(mistake)，the teacher pointed them out with patience.
Ⅱ.单句改错
Many parents in China always attach too much important to words ，ordering their children to do this or that.important →importance
【导学号：44040116】
[再解读要点]
名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词＋名词＋介词”和“介词＋名词”。

常考的高频短语：
1．介词＋名词 with patience 耐心地 by chance/accident 偶然 at a loss 不知所措 in advance 提前 in favor of 支持， 赞成 on purpose 故意地
beyond recognition 无法辨认 in great demand 需求量很大 2．动词＋名词＋介词 have/gain access to 可以获得 take advantage of 利用， 趁……之机
make use of利用
find fault with挑……的错
keep pace with与……同步
put an end to结束……
take notice of注意到
catch sight of看见
do damage to损害……
attach importance to重视……
take the place of取代，代替
take pride in以……自豪
take possession of占有
make prep arations for为……做准备make contributions to对……做出贡献[技法点拨]
二、冠词[全国卷考情分析]
(对应学生用书第247页)
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·重庆一中月考)“The match between these two teams is great，”said Jim，and I hope to see a second.
2．(2015·四川高考)Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be a
Beethoven. 【导学号：44040117】
Ⅱ.单句改错
(2017·山东临沭一中月考)In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.
在第二个car前加a [再解读要点]
不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。

当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。

1．不定冠词的基本用法
(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。

It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。

(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。

—Excuse me，would you please give the iPad to John?
——打扰一下，请你把这个iPad给约翰好吗？
—Sorry，but I don't think there's a John in our class.——对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。

(3)用在“be＋of＋a/an＋名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于of the same＋名词。

The two plants look different，but they are of a kind (＝of the same kind)．
这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。

2．不定冠词的活用
(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。

(北京高考)First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get a second chance to make a first impression.
最初的印象最持久。

毕竟，你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。

(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，pity，danger，comfort，honour等。

(山东高考)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。

(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of...时，前面需用不定冠词a/an。

have a (good) knowledge of...“精通……”；have a (clear/good) understanding of...“了解……”。

(2017·烟台模拟)If you don't have a good knowledge of English，it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.
如果你不精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！
3．用于固定搭配中
all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact事实上
at a loss不知所措；困惑pay a visit to参观；拜访
be/go on a diet节食give sb.a lift让某人搭便车
make a fool of 愚弄in a hurry匆忙地
make a living谋生 a waste of...浪费
once in a while偶尔keep an eye on 留意；留神
have a gift for在……方面有天赋
have a word with与……谈话
in a way从某种意义上说
as a result/consequence 因此
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句改错
(2017·江西南昌联考)They only eat what they like and never touch food they don't like even if they really need it for their health.food前加the
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·山东寿光现代中学月考)The unsuccessful person，on the other hand，works little and just waits to see them pass by.
2．比较应用①Xiamen is the most beautiful coastal city I have ever seen so that I will come again.
②Qingdao is a most beautiful coastal city and I believe I will come for a second
time.
[再解读要点]
1．定冠词的基本用法
(1)指双方都知道的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。

(2015·重庆高考)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。

(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。

(2016·四川高考)We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。

(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级以及形容词only，very，same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。

(陕西高考)As is known to all，the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。

This book is the better one of the two.
这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。

“按……计算”。

但size，weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。

He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore，that is，by the kilogram.
他惊奇地发现在这家书店书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按公斤来卖的。

(5)用于“动词(hit，strike，pull，take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋表示身体部位的名词”结构中，其中的the不可用物主代词代替。

hit sb.on the head 打某人的头
pull /take sb.by the hand拉/抓住某人的手
strike sb.in the face打某人的脸
2．用于固定搭配中
at the moment 此刻，目前by the way顺便说一下
in the way 阻碍；挡路in the distance在远处
not in the least 一点也不on the contrary与此相反
the other day 几天之前on the other hand另一方面
to the point中肯；切题take the place of 代替
go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧
in the habit of有……的习惯
make the most/best of 充分利用
to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话
for the time being 暂时
[先试做题组]
单句改错
1．(2017·四川成都外国语学校月考)I told him I could not go to the college because I did not want to study anymore.去掉the
2．(2017·福建福州十三中期中)How are you？Today I've got a wonderful news to tell you.去掉a
3．Sam has been appointed the manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.
去掉manager前的the [再解读要点]
1．零冠词的基本用法
(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前。

(2015·福建高考)Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，the only
way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.
人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。

(江西高考)The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.
史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。

(2)名词前已有this，that，my，your，some，each，no，any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。

Each student must hand in his(her) exercise book by the end of this week.
每个学生必须在本周末交作业本。

(3) 表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补语时，其前通常用零冠词。

(四川高考)Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说，“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。

”
(4)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词，及球类、棋类和学科名词前。

Of all the subjects，I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.
在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解许多过去的有益的知识。

2．用于固定搭配中
on/catch fire着火by mistake错误地
by chance/accident碰巧in history在历史上
under repair在维修中hand in hand 手拉手
do harm to对……有害on purpose故意地
in place在正确位置in danger在危险中
in return作为回报at present 目前
ahead of time 提前in advance 提前
lose heart 灰心 out of control 失控
at dawn/dusk/night 在黎明/黄昏/夜晚
make room for 为……让出空间
3．有无冠词意义不同的搭配
⎩
⎨⎧at table 在吃饭at the table 在桌子旁 ⎩⎨⎧at school 在上学at the school 在学校 ⎩
⎨⎧in hospital 住院in the hospital 在医院里 ⎩
⎨⎧in charge of 掌管in the charge of 在……掌管之中 ⎩⎨⎧out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能
[技法点拨]
(对应学生用书第250页)
[核心考点针对练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·安徽六校联考)As a businessman，Mr.Green is a complete failure.Being lazy may well be one of the disadvantages(disadvantage) to his failure.
2．(2017·哈师大附中月考)As far as I am concerned，my suggestion(suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach.
3．(2017·安徽宿州期末)Li Hua has a good knowledge of English and this will be an advantage over others in finding a proper job.
4．(2017·山东寿光现代中学月考)I considered myself very lucky because I was the only one of my friends who had their dads around.
5．(2017·河北邯郸模拟)The experiment took us five months and turned out a great disappointment.
6．(2017·宁波段考)My grandparents like to live in the countryside where they can enjoy a leisurely walk on the country road and feel the warmth of the sun on their faces.
7．What if your first choice is wrong？If so，just give yourself a second chance.
8．You are working too hard.You'd better keep a balance between work and relaxation.
9．Yesterday the firemen(fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire. 【导学号：44040118】
10．For many young people，going to university is one of the most important stages(stage) of their lives.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2016·天津高考)The dictionary is out of the date：many words have been added to the language since it was published.
去掉date前的the 2．(2017·江西省重点中学联考)I don't think the experiment is a failure.At least we have gained an experience for future success.
去掉experience前的an 3．(2017·合肥八中段考)The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take
you right to the Friendship Hotel.
minute→minutes 4．—How can I take the medicine，sir?
—Just follow the direction on the bottle.
direction→directions 5．You should follow the doctor's advices and give up smoking.
advices→advice
[高考题型综合练]
语法填空
(2017·河北省石家庄市质检二)Felicity Miller，a 32­year­old British woman，1 has a Chinese husband，still remembers the 2 (excite) when she first learned to use the “red packet” function on WeChat in 2015.She sent and grabbed some red packets in her Chinese family's group.The rule in her family was that the person who grabbed the 3 (high) amount sent the next.
Attracted by the unique way of communicating，many foreigners 4 (join) in sending and grabbing red packets so ually，the money in each packet is random.Thus the amount of money one can grab 5 (large) depends on his or her luck，from 0.01 yuan to less than 200 yuan.Many foreigners get more familiar 6 Chinese culture through “red packets”．Two years ago，when Felicity Miller was sent 5.20 or 8.88 yuan red packets，she had no clue about the 7 (hide) meanings.Now，she has not only known about them，but also has sent a few.
However，the popularity of virtual red packets doesn't stop people sending paper red packets 8 (contain) real cash during the Spring Festival.It 9 (call) lucky money.In Chinese tradition，people take giving children lucky money as 10 blessing.
【语篇解读】许多外国人通过“微信红包”更加熟悉中国文化。

但是真正的纸质红包并未被替代，在春节时人们给孩子压岁钱以表示对孩子的祝福。

1．who[考查定语从句。

分析本句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为a 32-year-old British woman，故用who引导该定语从
句。

]
2．excitement[考查名词。

根据空前的定冠词the可知，空处用名词形式。

] 3．highest[考查最高级。

根据语境并结合常识可知，抢到红包金额最高的人要发下一个红包，故用最高级。

]
4．have joined[考查动词的时态。

根据该句中的“so far”可知，到目前为止，已经有许多外国人被“微信红包”这一特殊的交流方式吸引，并参与了抢红包和发红包。

据此可知，本句用现在完成时。

]
5．largely[考查副词。

空处修饰动词短语“depends on”，故用副词形式。

] 6．with[考查固定搭配。

许多外国人通过“微信红包”更加熟悉中国文化。

get familiar with为固定搭配，意为“熟悉……”。

]
7．hidden[考查形容词。

Felicity Miller不知道这两个数字后的隐藏意义。

根据空前的冠词the和空后的名词meanings可知，此处应用形容词作定语，故填hidden。

]
8．containing[考查现在分词。

paper red packets和动词contain之间是主谓关系且contain与句子谓语之间无连词，故用现在分词短语作名词paper red packets的后置定语。

]
9．is called[考查动词的时态和语态。

这种纸质的红包被称为“压岁钱”。

根据句意可知，主语“It”和动词call之间为动宾关系，故用被动语态；本句陈述的是一般现象，故用一般现在时。

]
10．a[考查不定冠词。

人们将给孩子压岁钱作为一种祝福。

此处泛指“一种祝福”，故用不定冠词。

]
【导学号：44040119】。