India's Opposition Demands Rollback of Move to Allow Foreign Retailers

高一英语经济学基础单选题30题1. In economics, scarcity refers to the situation where __________.A. resources are unlimitedB. wants are limitedC. resources are limited and wants are unlimitedD. resources and wants are both unlimited答案：C。

选项 A 资源无限是错误的；选项 B 需求有限错误，人的需求往往是无限的；选项C 资源有限而需求无限，符合经济学中稀缺性的定义；选项D 资源和需求都无限错误。

2. The opportunity cost of a decision is __________.A. the cost of the next best alternative forgoneB. the total cost of all alternativesC. the cost of the chosen alternativeD. zero if the decision is a good one答案：A。

选项B 所有选择的总成本错误；选项C 所选择方案的成本不是机会成本的定义；选项D 如果决策好机会成本为零错误。

机会成本是指做出一个决策而放弃的下一个最好的替代方案的成本。

3. Which of the following is an example of a capital good?A. A loaf of breadB. A computer used by a businessC. A pair of shoesD. A bag of apples答案：B。

选项A 一条面包是消费品；选项C 一双鞋是消费品；选项 D 一袋苹果是消费品。

而选项 B 企业使用的电脑是资本品，用于生产其他商品和服务。

大学英语四级改革适用（听力）模拟试卷337(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. What is the news report mainly about?2. What did the United States do to help refugee children?1．A．Education problems of American children.B．Education problems of Syrian children in Turkey.C．A statement published by Human Rights Watch.D．Many children in Turkey don’t receive education.正确答案：B解析：新闻通篇讲的是在土耳其的叙利亚难民儿童的教育问题。

B正确。

新闻后段虽提到美国为土耳其提供了教育援助，但A项“美国儿童的教育问题”张冠李戴。

新闻后段确实提到了人权观察组织的声明(Human Rights Watch says．．．)，但这只是新闻的细节内容，并非主旨，故C“人权观察组织发表了声明”也排除。

新闻最后提到“难民营外的大部分儿童并未接受教育”，而非D“土耳其的大部分儿童不能接受教育”。

知识模块：短篇新闻听力2．A．They built long-lasting schools in Turkey.B．They established a huge school system in Turkey.C．They offered financial support to Turkey.D．They sent refugee children to refugee camps.正确答案：C解析：新闻中提到，美国之前已为土耳其提供了帮助(aid)，之后明确指出美国又在12月提供了一笔2400万美元的援助，由此可知，美国是通过经济援助的方式帮助土耳其的难民儿童，C正确。

高三英语经济趋势单选题30题1.The government has taken measures to boost the economy. The underlined phrase “boost the economy” means _____.A.harm the economyB.help the economy growC.stop the economyD.change the economy答案：B。

“boost the economy”表示“促进经济增长”，A 选项“harm the economy”是“损害经济”；C 选项“stop the economy”是“使经济停止”；D 选项“change the economy”是“改变经济”。

题干中说政府采取措施，通常是为了促进经济增长，所以选B。

2.The company is facing a financial crisis. What does “financial crisis” refer to?A.a time of good economic situationB.a time of stable economic developmentC.a time of serious economic problemsD.a time of rapid economic growth答案：C。

“financial crisis”是“金融危机”，即严重经济问题的时候。

A 选项“a time of good economic situation”是经济形势好的时候；B 选项“a time of stable economic development”是经济稳定发展的时候；D 选项“a time of rapid economic growth”是经济快速增长的时候。

所以选C。

3.The new policy is expected to stimulate economic growth. What’s the meaning of “stimulate economic growth”?A.hinder economic growthB.slow down economic growthC.promote economic growthD.have no effect on economic growth答案：C。

高三英语经济流派单选题40题1. The economic policy of lowering taxes to stimulate economic growth belongs to which school of economic thought?A. Keynesian economicsB. Classical economicsC. Marxian economicsD. Supply-side economics答案：D。

解析：降低税收以刺激经济增长的经济政策属于供给学派经济学。

选项A 凯恩斯经济学强调政府对经济的干预。

选项B 古典经济学主张自由市场和自由放任。

选项C 马克思主义经济学关注劳动价值和资本主义的内在矛盾。

2. Which economic school emphasizes the role of market forces in allocating resources?A. Neoclassical economicsB. Institutional economicsC. Behavioral economicsD. Austrian economics答案：A。

解析：新古典经济学强调市场力量在资源配置中的作用。

选项B 制度经济学关注制度对经济的影响。

选项C 行为经济学研究人的决策行为。

选项D 奥地利经济学注重个体的主观价值和市场过程。

3. The idea that government intervention is necessary to correctmarket failures comes from which economic theory?A. MonetarismB. Development economicsC. Welfare economicsD. Public choice economics答案：C。

解析：认为政府干预对于纠正市场失灵是必要的这一观点来自福利经济学。

印度向国企出售美元遏制卢比贬值India's central bank says it will sell US dollars to three state-run oil fir ms as it looks to stem the decline in the Indian rupee.印度洋行将向三大国有炼油企业出售美元以期阻止卢比的贬值。

It said the sales would help to meet the "entire daily d ollar requirements" of the three firm s. According to some estimates, they import about $300m worth of oil daily.The rupee bounced back from its record low, rising 2.5% against the US dollar. The Indian currency is one of the worst performers in the world this year.It has declined more than 20% against the US dollar since the start of 2013.Global oil cont r acts are mostly settled in US dollars. As a result, Indian oil firms need to sell rupees to buy US dollars to pay for the imports.The central bank's swap window is expected to take the bulk of their dollar demand away from the foreign-exchange market and help to stem the decline in the rupee.However, some analysts said the centra l bank's move was unlikely to result in a sustained recovery in the currency."The measure is unlikel y to arrest the decline in the Indian rupee with the authorities increasingly trying to find new means to stem the rout in the curr ency," s aid Mitul Kotecha, head of global markets research for Asia at Credit Agricole.。

高一英语经济学基础与金融市场单选题40题1.In a market economy, resources are allocated mainly through_____.ernment planningB.market forcesC.charity organizationsD.traditional customs答案：B。

在市场经济中，资源主要是通过市场力量来分配的。

选项 A 政府规划在计划经济中起主要作用；选项 C 慈善组织不是资源分配的主要方式；选项D 传统习俗也不是市场经济中资源分配的主要方式。

2.The law of supply and demand is a fundamental concept in_____.A.economicsB.physicsC.historyD.literature答案：A。

供求法则是经济学中的一个基本概念。

选项B 物理、选项C 历史和选项D 文学中都没有供求法则这个概念。

3.If the price of a good increases, the quantity supplied will generally_____.A.decreaseB.increaseC.remain unchangedD.become zero答案：B。

如果一种商品的价格上涨，供给量通常会增加。

根据供给法则，价格和供给量呈正相关关系。

选项A 减少不符合供给法则；选项C 保持不变也不对；选项D 变为零过于极端。

4.A decrease in consumer income will likely lead to a decrease in the demand for_____.A.luxury goodsB.necessitiesC.inferior goodsD.all goods答案：A。

消费者收入减少可能会导致对奢侈品的需求减少。

奢侈品的需求收入弹性较大，收入减少时对奢侈品的需求会下降。

CNN新闻50篇CNN News Item1政治：美国因安全问题关闭在也门的大使馆The ernment closes its embassy in the Middle Eastern country of Yemen,and that is because of security concerns.One official says that a group called al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula might be planning an attack against the facility.That same group said it was behind an attempted plot to set off an explosive onboard a plane heading to Detroit,Michigan.That took place on Christmas day.The suspect allegedly brought the explosives on the plane in his underwear.The plan failed when the device he tried to use didn’t detonate correctly.Some people have asked how the suspect made it past security.One U.S.official says it’s because of human error.President Obama has promised that everyone involved in the attack will be held accountable for it.But some critics argue that the president’s response to the situation hasn’t been fast enough,hasn’t been aggressive enough.CNN News Item2政治：印度石油工人结束三天的罢工It’s back to work for Indian government oil workers after a three-day strike that crippled Indian commerce.Some45,000oil workers walked off the job after the government refused their demands for higher pay.The labor standoff ended after days of intense government pressure,including threats of job loss and even arrest to strikers.Meantime,talks with a second group of nationwide strikers may soon be underway.The Indo-Asian News-Service says India’s transport minister is ready to discuss demands from truckers.Many across India have parked their rigs,calling for reduction in diesel and tyre prices.CNN News Item3政治：备受争议的安全港法案修正案获得通过Lawmakers in Nebraska have approved a big change to the state’s controversial safe haven law.Under the new measure,children older than30days can not be dropped off at state hospitals.35children,many of them,preteens or even teenagers,have been abandoned in hospitals since the original law took effect in July. State lawmakers say it was intended to prevent newborns from being dumped in trash bins or even worse. The new law is expected to go into effect at midnight.CNN News Item4政治：欧美担心伊朗建国会发生暴乱The nation of Iran marking a milestone later on this week.On Thursday,the country will celebrate the anniversary of when it became an Islamic republic.This goes back to1979,when supporters of the Ayatollah Khomeini,a religious leader,overthrew the country’s government.Khomeini became the supreme leader of Iran,and the nation officially became an Islamic state.The United States and the European Union are worried about potential violence during Thursday’s celebrations.U.S.and European Union are urging the Middle Eastern nation to“end its abuses against its own people.”Iranian leaders have denied any accusations that the government has abused citizens.CNN News Item5政治：伊拉克全国选举投票结束Iraqis put democracy into action today in elections held across the country.The polls have closed and a vote-counting has begun.V oters went to6,000polling stations to pick from among14,000candidates including4,000women.Security is very tight though,voters were searched before they entered the polls.The borders with Iran and Syria were sealed and a curfew has been put into place.Now even the United Nations was involved in monitoring those elections.CNN News Item6政治：伊朗前总统将参加六月份总统竞选Iranian media reports former President Mohammad Khatami has announced he will run in the June presidential elections.Today’s announcement ends weeks of speculation.Khatami is considered a reformist and overwhelmingly won the presidency in1997but he couldn’t bring about religious and democratic freedoms because of strong opposition from the country’s religious establishment.Khatami was succeeded by current President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad four years ago.CNN News Item7政治：奥巴马行程Meanwhile U.S.President Barack Obama is taking crisis talks to an international level.British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is traveling to the United States on Monday to push for global solutions to the economic crisis.He will be the first E.U.leader to meet the new president in Washington and Mr.Obama will meet the remaining E.U.leaders at a special summit in Prague in April.That will be his first trip to Europe since taking office.Also on that trip,the G20summit on the economic crisis and a NATO meeting.CNN News Item8政治：英国航空公司机舱服务员罢工计划Strike is off,the judge says plans for a walkout by a British Airway’s Cabin Crew cannot happen.As we reported yesterday,this strike which would have last through the holidays could have effected a million passengers’holiday travel plans.But the judge has blocked it from happening.Now the airline says it hopes the Cabin Crews Labor Union would take some time to think about its next steps.The union representatives say this dispute is not over and unless the two sides can come to a solution,they could vote to strike again, but after Christmas.CNN News Item9政治：泰国内乱Heading overseas to Thailand where grenade attacks in the capital city of Bangkok have killed at least three people.A Thai official said the grenades came from an area where people who were protesting the government were gathered together.The protesters say they are not responsible.They have been fighting with police for a while here you can see them throwing rocks and other things at police.They support the country’s former prime minister and they want the current leader to leave office.After these recent attacks, Thailand’s prime minister called an emergency meeting to figure out how to deal with the situation.CNN News Item10政治：十字架纪念碑争议获最高法院裁定U.S.Supreme Court says that a memorial out in the Mojave Desert does not violate the U.S. Constitution.The memorial is a large cross.It was put up in1934to honor fallen soldiers.But it’s located in a national park,and some people argue that it’s a religious symbol that goes against the concept of separation of church and state.The cross was boarded up because of the legal battle.Yesterday’s Supreme Court decision was close:5to4.Writing for the majority,Justice Anthony Kennedy said that this cross represents “far more than religion.”But in opposition,Justice John Paul Stevens argued the government can’t lawfully endorse a religious symbol as a way to pay tribute to veterans.CNN News Item11政治：三名美国人质关押五年后获自由Freed at last after five years in captivity,three Americans held hostage by leftist rebels in Colombia are back on U.S.soil and will be reunited with their families.Marc Gonsalves,Thomas Howes and Keith Stansell were among those rescued during an incredible operation yesterday.Columbian secret agents tricked leftist rebels into handing them over without a single shot being fired.The men are now undergoing tests at an army medical center in San Antonio,Texas.CNN News Item12政治：奥巴马总统的医疗改革案阻力重重Health care reform enters a new era in about two hours.President Obama is scheduled to sign that bill into law.Then,he is going to travel around the country to sell the plan to skeptics.But Republicans say that battle is on to get ready for legal challenges,nearly a dozen states plan to argue that it’s not constitutional.As early as tomorrow,the debate moves to the Senate where lawmakers will consider a companion measure,and Republicans plan,parliamentary objections that could change that bill and force it back to the House.Now, even before the first votes were cast in the health care debate,Barack Obama’s overall approval rating dropped to his lowest level ever recorded.CNN News Item13政治：美国参议员和众议员本月会面商讨医改终案Members of the U.S.Senate and House of Representatives will be meeting this month to put together a final health care reform bill.The Senate passed its version on Christmas Eve.The House had already passed its bill.But there are some pretty big differences between the two.One of them:cost.The Senate bill checks in at$871billion.The House version:Over$1trillion.Another issue:the so-called public option,a government-run health insurance program.House bill includes it;Senate bill doesn’t.So,some compromises need to be made to come up with a final bill.And since that then has to be approved by both Houses of Congress,there are some concerns about whether it will pass.CNN News Item14政治：津巴布韦总统遭遇国际压力Another day of international pressure levied against Zimbabwe’s embattled President Robert Mugabe. British officials have announced they are stripping Robert Mugabe’s honorary knighthood title.Nobel Prize winner Desmond Tutu is also speaking out about the election mess there.He’s urging the nations of the world to intervene.The calls come after opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai withdrew from the election, citing violence against his party.The Zimbabwean Electoral Commission ruled today that the presidential election will go on as planned.CNN News Item15政治：茶党出炉支持和反对的候选人名单The Tea Party movement is getting ready for the mid-term elections coming up in November.The group has released a list of heroes and targets.The heroes on the list are candidates that the Tea Party plans to support in the elections.The targets are anyone that the group would like to see voted out of office.Of course lists are not the only way that the Tea Party gets its message out.Rallies are the group’s bread and butter.This one in Washington DC yesterday was a wrapping up of a three-week tour across the U.S.The timing?No coincidence.Yesterday,of course,was tax day.And the group is opposed to what it sees as the government overspending.CNN News Item16政治：奥巴马欲与伊朗冰释前嫌Today marks the30th anniversary of the Iranian hostage crisis.And President Obama said that he wants to move beyond the past and build a relationship with Iran based on mutual interest and mutual respect. U.S.-Iran relations had been hostile since the day that Islamic students stormed the U.S.embassy in Tehran and held52Americans hostage for more than400days.Iran’s government holds rally every year to celebrate that event.Today there’s something different though,anti-government protesters are also on the streets.We are also getting some reports of clashes with those police.No word about any injury yet.CNN News Item17政治：参议员考虑医疗保健立法的部分替代方案Senators are considering alternatives to part of their healthcare legislation,specifically,the so-called public option,government-run health insurance program.Senate republicans and some democrats and independents are against that plan.A group of Democratic Senators was working to come up with some other ideas they could replace the public option.And late last night,they said they had reached an agreement.If the Senate passes its healthcare bill,that does not make it law,would still need to be combined with Health bill and then that final version would need to pass both the House and the Senate.CNN News Item18经济：施瓦辛格呼吁立法者关注加州财政赤字Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger says he refuses to borrow money to keep his state running,he wants legislators to focus on the state's24billion dollar deficit or the state could be forced to cut thousands of jobs, eliminate health care for a million low income children.Meanwhile lawmakers are debating hundreds of other bills including creating a state blueberry commission.Banning toy cigarette lighters and mandating a larger font size for medical worker name tags.CNN News Item19经济：丰田汽车公司感谢美交通部长对召回事件的澄清Ray LaHood,the head of the U.S.Transportation Department,is weighing in on Toyota’s recall of millions of vehicles due to a faulty gas pedal.But what Hood is saying might be causing some confusion.During a hearing on Capitol Hill yesterday,Secretary LaHood said that anyone who owns one of the cars affected by the recall should“stop driving it and take it to a dealer.”That scared and frustrated a lot of owners,and later in the day,LaHood corrected himself.Toyota released a statement thanking Secretary LaHood for clarifying his remarks.They also said,“We want to make sure that our customers understand that this situation is rare and generally does not occur suddenly.If you experience any issues with your accelerator pedal,please contact your dealer without delay.If you are not experiencing any issues with your pedal,we are confident that your vehicle is safe to drive.”CNN News Item20经济：油门事件让丰田汽车公司蒙受损失Toyota says that a glitch in the electronic brakes could cause a delay when you step on the pedal.They say it only affects2010models sold last year.And it’s those very same cars that are being credited with Toyota’s cash cow.New numbers just out say they made$1.7billion last quarter,but it won’t last for long. For the first time,Toyota is admitting it’s going to take a huge beating due to this gas pedal nightmare.$2 billion for repairs and lost sales.CNN News Item21经济：美国国际集团发放高管奖金AIG is trying to prevent a new wave of backlash over paying out bonuses to its top executives.The Washington Post reports the company has asked the Obama Administration to approve millions of dollars in promised bonuses.The payments are scheduled to go out next week.AIG doesn’t actually need approval. Because the payments were linked to contracts from last year before received aid from the federal bailout funds.But the Post reports executives still are reluctant to pay without official approval.An earlier round of 2008AIG employee bonuses drew widespread criticism earlier this year.CNN News Item22经济：医疗保险改革方案之争The raw politics of health is heating up in the Senate.Just before air last night,Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid announced a group of10liberal and conservative Democrats had reached a deal to replace the hotly debated public option with a package of alternatives.Senator Reid offered few details.But today, President Obama praised the emerging compromise.Now,the public plan deal came just hours after the Senate killed a controversial amendment to restrict abortion coverage in its health care bill to ensure that no federal funds go toward covering any kind of abortion in this new reform.Nebraska Senator Ben Nelson had introduced that amendment.He called it a deal-breaker.He’s also one of the10senators to hammer out the deal to drop the public plan.CNN News Item23经济：欧洲一些国家经济前景堪忧Over in Europe,the financial outlook for a few countries isn’t looking too good.The investment ratings for Spain,Portugal and Greece all went down this week.Greece might be the worst situation.Experts are using the word“junk”to describe that nation’s investment rating.Basically,they’re saying that it’s very risky to put your money there.Greece has a massive debt,nearly$400billion.That’s bigger than the country’s economy.Greece is developing ways to cut spending,but Greek workers aren’t too happy about some of those plans,and they’ve been protesting about it.Greece is also asking for financial help from the European Union:a bailout of more than$50billion.CNN News Item24经济：新加坡经济前景黯淡Well moving around to the East of Asia now,Southeast of Asia,a gloomy forecast out of Singapore. The government says its economy will likely shrink by between6and9%this year.The announcement comes as the city-state’s first quarter GDP fell almost12%from the,from a year ago.In seasonally adjusted terms it was even more brutal than that actually.Singapore is reducing its output for the third time this year, as demand for its exports continues to fall amidst a worsening financial crisis.It previously predicted just a 5%contraction for the full year.CNN News Item25经济：九大金融机构将收到政府的资金援助The Treasury says the country’s largest banks will start receiving125-billion dollars this week. Beginning the biggest government bailout in history,the money is being sent to9major financial institutions including Bank of America,Citigroup and JP Morgan chase.The government is also in talks with a group of more than a dozen regional banks about sharing part of an additional125-billion dollars.Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson says250of the700-billion-dollar bailout package will be spent by the end of the year.CNN News Item26经济：奥巴马就小企业贷款问题会见美国银行巨头In the United States,President Obama is scheduled to sit down today with the heads of some of the country’s biggest banks to talk about small businesses,ones that have500or fewer employees.Many of them are having a hard time getting loans from banks.But banks argue that the policies put in place because of this financial crisis have affected how they can offer the loans.CNN News Item27经济：高盛集团新表现Goldman Sachs surprised investors on Monday with an early release of its quarterly profits,which were way better than analysts had expected,twice as good,in terms of earnings per share.Now profits for the first 3months of the year came into a total of$1.81billion.Goldman also announced plans for a$5billion share sale to help back its,help pay back rather,its so called TARP loan from the ernment.$10billion under the troubled assets relief program.CNN News Item28经济：两党会面以解决7000亿美元救助法案的分歧Lawmakers say they’re close to a deal on the700-billion-dollar package to rescue the troubled financial system.A bipartisan group has been meeting today to hash out differences.Democratic Senator Chuck Schumer,chairman of the joint economic committee,says he hopes to reach a deal by this afternoon.Among the details being hammered out,how much the plan will cost?The most common amount being talked about is700-billion dollars;another key point in the negotiations is whether the government will actually become a shareholder in troubled companies.One part of the plan that seems certain to become a law will be a provision to limit executive pay and bonuses at companies that sell assets to the Treasury.CNN News Item29经济：奥巴马就增加就业和拯救经济发表演讲During a speech yesterday,President Obama offered some ideas on how to create new jobs and help out the country’s economy.Offering tax breaks to small businesses,expanding some of the government’s stimulus programs,and spending more money on infrastructure projects things like roads,bridges and water systems.The thing is,all of that costs money and that’s where the TARP comes in.That’s the Troubled Asset Relief Program,the financial industry bailout passed last year.The bailout ended up not costing as much as expected and President Obama thinks the extra could be used to help out in other ways.CNN News Item30经济：欧佩克石油产量再减OPEC is going ahead with another oil production cut.OPEC has agreed to cut production by2.2 million barrels a day.U.S.crude for January delivery dropped to just over42dollars a barrel after the announcement.Crude oil prices have dropped nearly70%since July.OPEC cut production in September and October,but those cuts didn’t have much impact on prices.CNN News Item31经济：美国克莱斯勒公司重组协议Chrysler and Italian automaker Fiat has signed off on a deal brokered by Uncle Sam to become what’s known as Chrysler Group.Fiat will initially take a20percent stake.It can’t take a majority stake until the new Chrysler pays back the15.5billion dollars it took from the Treasury Department.The UAW holds a55 percent stake,leaving an8percent stake for the U.S.,2percent for Canada.The Supreme Court cleared the way for the deal yesterday,after delaying the sale pending review of a case brought by Indiana state pensionfunds.CNN News Item32经济：通用汽车公司面临危机Major concerns now about the U.S.auto industry,these numbers are just out,and Toyota finally overtook GM as the world’s biggest automaker in terms of sales for all of last year.That’s a title GM has held for nearly eight decades.Even worse than that,a GM executive warns the company will run out of cash by March31st if it doesn’t get that second installment of government funds soon.GM is supposed to get the five-billion installment within a matter of days.CNN News Item33经济：对伯纳德·麦道夫的保释听证会今日取消Some new developments in the Wall Street investment fraud case,the bail hearing for Bernard Madoff has been canceled for today,meaning he will remain free for the time being.Meantime,the head of the Securities and Exchange Commission is criticizing his own agency for failing to spot the investment scheme by former NASDAQ Chairman Bernard Madoff.SEC Chairman Christopher Cox says there were many instances over a decade that should have been flagged.CNN News Item34经济：美国三大汽车公司CEO办理贷款事宜CEOs from Ford,Chrysler and General Motors are making their case for a25-billion-dollar emergency loan.They want Congress to tap into the700-billion-dollar Wall Street bailout approved last month.Many Republican critics point to financial mismanagement at the Big Three and argue the companies don’t deserve any help.Most Democrats disagree,saying the auto industry is too important to the overall economy to fail.CNN News Item35经济：中美财长会晤中国北京China is where U.S.Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner was yesterday.During a week-long trip to Asia that he is taking,Secretary Geithner stopped over in Beijing and meet with his Chinese counterpart. One issue they were expected to talk about was the value of the yuan;that’s China’s currency.Some U.S. officials claim that China is undervaluing the yuan;they’re accusing China of saying that the yuan is worth less than what it should be.China denies that.This matters because the yuan and the dollar are connected. And if the value of the yuan is down,it could encourage people to spend more on Chinese products than on American ones.CNN News Item36经济：7870亿美元的经济刺激法案之争将结束The battle over the787-billion-dollar stimulus bill officially ends after President’s Day.President Obama says he will sign the bill into law in Denver On Tuesday.He is calling the measure“a major milestone in the recovery of the U.S.economy.”Administration officials say the President wants to get away from the politics of Washington and sign the bill in an area hit hard by the recession.They say Denver is a place that will see the bill’s benefits in hiring workers.CNN News Item37军事：一名重要的恐怖分子丧命One of the FBI’s most wanted terrorists is dead.Imad Mougniyeh was killed in an explosion in Syria this morning.Mougniyeh was a top Hezbollah commander.He was blamed for several high-profile terrorist acts that left hundreds of Americans and Israelis dead,including the17-day hijacking of a TW A Flight in1985.He was also suspected of masterminding the attacks on the U.S.embassy and Marine barracks in Lebanon that killed more than260Americans in1983.CNN News Item38军事：伊朗进行为期三天的大规模军事演练Moving from Thailand to the Persian Gulf now,where Iran is running a massive military drill expected to last three days.An Iranian official says the goal is to show off the country’s military strength.It might look like a real battle what you are seeing here is just practice.U.S.Navy says Iran has done this sort of thing in the past.This one is getting more attention because Iran talked about it ahead of time.CNN News Item39军事：奥巴马外政顾问出来辟谣No commitment by President-elect Barack Obama on a missile defense program in Eastern Europe. That’s according to a senior Obama advisor.The statement comes after claims on the Polish president’s website—The two had a call on the matter and that Obama said he intended to continue the program. Obama’s senior foreign policy advisor denied that claim.He said Obama talked with the Polish president about continuing military and political cooperation and possibly meeting in person some time soon.CNN News Item40军事：胡德堡枪击受伤士兵获紫心勋章Congress considers a new bill that would make some soldiers eligible for the Purple Heart. Representative John Carter introduced the new legislation yesterday.The Fort Hood army post is located in his home district in Texas.This bill is focused on the victims of the recent shooting there.The Purple Heart first created in1782is given to any U.S.service member who is wounded and killed while serving in action against an enemy or in a terrorist attack.Representative Carter says the Fort Hood victims deserved the Purple Heart because he considers the shooting to be an enemy attack.CNN News Item41军事：美国宣布停止制造新核武器The ernment says it will stop making new,nuclear weapons,and it’s reconsidering what to do with the weapons that already exist.The announcement came yesterday,two days before President Obama is scheduled to sign a treaty with Russia that would reduce how many nuclear weapons both countries have.It also comes one week before he hosts a global meeting on nuclear security.More than40countries are expected to attend that.But back to yesterday’s announcement.This new policy would stop production of nuclear weapons.It would also invest about$5billion in extending the life of weapons that already exist. Seven countries are officially recognized as nuclear powers,meaning they have nuclear weapons.But there are other countries that are suspected of trying to make them.U.S.officials hope this change from America will encourage other countries—all countries—to help control the spread of nuclear weapons.U.S.has promised not to use its own nukes against anyone who does that.But as Defense Secretary Robert Gates pointed out,that doesn’t mean retaliation is out of the question in every situation.CNN News Item42军事：加沙遭遇四十年来最严重的人道主义危机Gaza is facing its worst humanitarian crisis in more than40years.A new report by aid agencies and humanitarian groups says things haven’t been this dismal since Israel’s1967occupation.It says the Israeli blockade has left more than one million Palestinians isolated,dealing with poverty,dealing with unemployment,with little access to education and healthcare services.It found water and sewage systemsare on the verge of collapse.Israel blames the hardships on Hamas militants who keep firing rockets into Israel.CNN News Item43军事：美俄签署核武器削减条约We are getting things started with START.It stands for Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.It’s an agreement between the United States and Russia for both countries to reduce the number of nuclear weapons they have.President Obama also says it’s part of the effort to“reset”the relationship between the two countries.Yesterday,he and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev got together in the Czech Republic to sign off on START.The agreement cuts the number of nuclear weapons that the U.S.and Russia have by about a third.The White House is scheduled to hold a meeting on nuclear security next week.It’s something that President Obama says affects the entire world.CNN News Item44军事：伊朗炫耀其军事防御能力Just how far will Iran push the international community this weekend?Well today,it reportedly tested two types of short-range missiles and a launching system.Iran’s military freely admitted it was showing off its defense capabilities.And it planned to keep up the missile exercises for10or11more days.In other news, the show-off force does come just days after words that Iran is building a second uranium enrichment plant. These satellite images supposedly show the location by the city of Qom.The U.S.and its allies quickly condemned this project.And Tehran says it’s just a civilian energy program,but U.S.official believed it was a cover for developing nuclear weapons.The Iranian say they will allow international inspectors into the plants.CNN News Item45军事：巴以冲突不停There is no letup of Israel’s assault on Gaza and Hamas’s rocket attacks into Israel.The fighting has entered a third week with mounting casualties on both sides.Israel says Hamas commander in charge of launching rockets into Israel from Gaza City was killed by ground fire.Also during a three-hour lull today Israel dropped leaflets warning residence to evacuate their homes.An United Stations spokesman says the pausing fighting was not longer enough to resume aid deliveries into Gaza.The humanitarian situation there is described as desperate and Palestinian medical sources say at least800people have been killed in Gaza since Israeli offensive began.13Israelies including10soldiers have also died.CNN News Item46军事：伊朗下月将进行大规模军事演习A holy day in Iran marked by violence as protesters clashed with police forces about a week ago. Demonstrators have spoken out against the country’s government for months now,but the clashes on the Muslim holy day of Ashura were the worst so far.At least seven people killed in the violence,though protesters and security forces disagree on how those deaths happened.Meantime,Iran’s government says it’s getting ready to hold a“large-scale military exercise”next month.The country says the goal is to prepare its forces to fight against an attack by the nation’s enemies.There’s been a lot of tension based around Iran’s nuclear program.The country says the program is for peaceful purposes.Other countries,including the U.S., believe Iran might be trying to build nuclear weapons.。

印度新政府将推行改革新方案India's new government is lifting some caps on foreign investment, tightening borrowing limits and plans to introduce a goods and services tax as part of what it calls a "budget for growth".印度新政府将对国外投资取消一些限制，收紧借款限额并计划引入商品及服务税，这些举措是该政府称为“发展预算”的一部分。

Finance Minister Arun Jaitley (centre) promised to strive for a "vibrant and strongIndia"Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said India's people were "exasperated" after two years of economic slowdown.India's economy has slowed markedly in recent years, growing by 4.7% in 2013-14. In 2010-11, growth was 8.4%.Mr Modi's government has promised reforms aimed at creating jobs.The budget is also expected to contain measures designed to slow inflation."We shall leave no stone unturned in creating a vibrant and strong India," Mr Jaitley told reporters ahead of presenting the budget.Deficit targetLater, Mr Jaitley told the parliament that Asia's third largest economy would grow at rate of 7-8% within three to four years, and announced that his government would increase caps on foreign investment in defence and insurance sectors to 49% from 26%.He also set a fiscal deficit target of 4.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) for this year with further cuts in ing years - 3.6% in 2015-16 and 3% in 2016-17."We cannot leave behind a legacy of debt for future generations," he said.Mr Jaitley also spoke about plans to introduce a goods and services tax (GST) this year.He also said the government planned to sell an unspecified amount of shares in debt-laden state-owned banks, which are in need of fresh equity.Other highlights of the budget include earmarking $1.13bn to build 100 "smart cities" and plans for more targeted food and petroleum subsidies.Shubhada Rao, chief economist of Yes Bank, told Reuters that the budget was a "good beginning"."Fiscal consolidation（财务整顿） is a strong takeaway. Foreign direct investment in insurance and defence and the plethora（过多） of schemes for improving the ruraleconomy with all round focus on development programmes, are a key thrust," Ms Rao said.。

高三英语经济学基础单选题30题1. What is the main goal of a firm in a market economy?A. To maximize profits.B. To provide social welfare.C. To create jobs.D. To increase market share.答案：A。

在市场经济中，企业的主要目标是追求利润最大化。

选项B，提供社会福利不是企业的主要目标；选项C，创造就业是企业的一个作用但不是主要目标；选项D，增加市场份额可能有助于实现利润最大化，但不是主要目标。

2. Which economic concept refers to the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given period?A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP).B. Consumer Price Index (CPI).C. Unemployment rate.D. Inflation rate.答案：A。

国内生产总值（GDP）是指在一定时期内一个国家生产的所有最终产品和服务的总价值。

选项B，消费者价格指数（CPI）是衡量物价水平的指标；选项C，失业率是衡量就业情况的指标；选项D，通货膨胀率是衡量物价上涨速度的指标。

3. In a supply and demand diagram, an increase in the price of a good will lead to:A. An increase in supply.B. A decrease in supply.C. An increase in demand.D. A decrease in demand.答案：D。

在供求图中，商品价格上升会导致需求减少。

中南财经政法大学——学年第—-学期期末考试试卷国际经济学（闭卷）卷学院专业年级班级课堂号姓名（单选，共20题，每题2分）1, Under Ricardian model, If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage exceeding the relative productivity ratios), then ( )A.it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets profitable.B.it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their respectivewelfares through imports.C.it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade.D.it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade.2, According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which its ( )bor productivity is relatively low.bor productivity is relatively high.bor mobility is relatively low.bor mobility is relatively high.3, If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries, ( )A.Australia would export the land-intensive product.B.Belgium would import the capital-intensive product.C.Both countries would export some of each product.D.Trade would not continue since Belgium is a smaller country.4, Under The Specific Factors model, At the production point the production possibility frontier is tangent to a line whose slope is ( )A.the price of manufactures.B.the relative wage.C.the real wage.D.the relative price of manufactures.5, The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following except:A.which country will export which product. ( )B.which factor of production within each country will gain from trade.C.the volume of trade.D.that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.6, If P C / P F were to increase in the international marketplace, then ( )A.all countries would be better off.B.the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.C.the terms of trade of food exporters improve.D.the terms of trade of all countries improve.7, When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we have ( )A.biased growth.B.unbiased growth.C.immiserizing growth.D.balanced growth.8, If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, this must ( )A.cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.B.harm Slovenia's real income.C.improve Slovenia's real income.D.improve the real income of its trade partners.9, A lower tariff on imported steel would most likely benefit ( )A.foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumers.B.domestic manufacturers of steel.C.domestic consumers of steel.D.workers in the steel industry.10, If the poor AID(aid of international development) recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and every product than does the United States, then such aid will ( )A.worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B.improve the U.S. terms of trade.C.leave the world terms of trade unaffected.D.worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.11, A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experience ( )A.no change in terms of trade.B.deteriorating terms of trade.C.improving terms of trade.D.immiserizing terms of trade.12, The most common form of price discrimination in international trade is ( )A.non-tariff barriers.B.V oluntary Export Restraints.C.dumping.D.preferential trade arrangements.13, An appreciation of a country’s currency ( )A.decreases the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price ofits imports.B.raises the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of itsimports.C.lowers the relative price of its exports and raises the relative price of itsimports.D.raises the relative price of its exports and lowers the relative price of itsimports.14, Under Purchasing Power Parity, ( )A.E$/E = P i US/ P i E.B.E$/E = P i E / P i US.C.E$/E = P US / P E.D.E$/E = P E / P US.15, Under the monetary approach to the exchange rate, ( )A. a reduction in the money supply will cause immediate currencydepreciation.B. a rise in the money supply will have no effect on exchange rate.C. a rise in the money supply will cause immediate currency appreciation.D. a rise in the money supply will cause a proportional long-run currencydepreciation.16, When EP*/P rises, ( )A.IM will rise.B.IM may rise or fall.C.IM will fall.D.IM is not affected.17, In the short run, a temporary increase in fiscal policy causes ( )A. a shift of the DD curve to the left, an increase in output, andcurrency appreciation.B. a shift of the DD curve to the right, an increase in output, andcurrency appreciation.C. a shift of the DD curve to the right, an increase in output, andcurrency depreciation.D. a shift of the DD curve to the left, a decrease in output, andcurrency depreciation.18, How does a rise in real income affect aggregate demand? ( )A.Y ↑→ Yd ↑→Im ↑→CA ↓→AD ↓, but Y ↑→ Yd ↑→ C ↑→ AD ↑ by more.B.Y ↑→ Yd ↑→Im ↓→CA ↓→AD ↓, but Y ↑→ Yd ↑→ C ↑→ AD ↑ by more.C.Y ↑→ Yd ↑→Im ↑→CA ↑→AD ↑, and Y ↑→ Yd ↑→ C ↑→ AD ↑.D.Y ↑→ Yd ↑→Im ↑→CA ↓→AD ↓, but Y ↑→ Yd ↑→ C ↑→ AD ↑ by less. 19, Under fixed rates, which one of the following statements is the most accurate? ( )A.Monetary policy can affect only output.B.Monetary policy can affect only employment.C.Monetary policy can affect only international reserves.D.Monetary policy can not affect international reserves.20, Under fixed exchange rate, which one of the following statements is the most accurate? ( )A.Devaluation causes a rise in output.B.Devaluation causes a decrease in output.C.Devaluation has no effect on output.共5题，每题6分)1,An Economy can produce goods A using labor and capital and goods B using labor and land. Calculate the effects of the fall in the relative price of goods B on the income of the specific factors capital and land.2, suppose that one country subsidizes its exports and the other country imposes a countervailing tariff that offsets its effect, so that in the end relative price in the second country are unchanged. What happens to the terms of trade? What about welfare in the two countries?3, Describe the pattern of trade under H-O model.4, International trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices. Discuss.5,What is the Fisher Effect? Provide an example.6,Suppose E is fixed at E0 and that the asset markets are in equilibrium.Suddenly output rises. What monetary measures keep the current exchange rate constant given unchanged expectations about the future rate?（共1题，10分）A small country imports peanuts at the price of $10 per bag. The demand curve is D=400-10P. The supply curve is S=50+5PDetermine the free trade equilibrium. Then calculate and graph the following effects: A: The increase in the domestic priceB: The quota rentsC: The consumption distortion lossD: The production distortion loss.四．Essay Questions（共2题，每题10分）1,Comparing the interindustry trade and intraindustry trade.2, Construct a table that will summarize the effects of money market and output market changes on the long-run nominal dollar/ euro exchange rate.中南财经政法大学---------学年第----学期期末考试答案和评分标准课程名称：《国际经济学》（）卷课程代号：_02013020_考试形式：闭卷使用对象：1,Because good B uses land, a fall in its relative price will result in a fall in rental rates on land, and an increase in the return to capital.2,The first country is worse off by subsidy and a foreign tariff while the second one is better off by subsidy in the first one and its own tariff.3, Countries tend to export goods whose production is intensive in factors with which they are abundantly endowed.4,This statement is typically "true…but". Under a strict and limited set of assumptions, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin model which excludes country specific technologies; non- homothetic tastes; factor intensity reversals; large country differences in (relative) factor abundances, and more factors than goods, then it may be demonstrated that internal consistency demands that the above stated sentence is "true". However, the minute one relaxes any of the above listed assumptions one may easily identify solutions, which contradict the factor price equalization theorem.5, All else equal, a rise in a country’s expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise in the interest rate that deposits of its currency offer. Similarly, a fall in the expected inflation rate will eventually cause a fall in the interest rate.6, •Since output rises, demand for domestic money ris es; this increase in money demand normally pushes the domestic interest rate upwards. To prevent appreciation of home currency (given E0is expected) the central bank buys foreign assets in foreign exchange market.•This eliminates excess demand for domes tic money because the central bank issues money to pay for the foreign assets it buys.•The bank increases the money supply in this way until asset markets clear with E = E0 and R = R*.三．计算题A: D-S=50,P=20（3分）B: (20-10)*50=500（3分）C: 100*10*0.5=500（2分）D:50*10*0.5=250（2分）四．论述题1, Interindustry trade reflect comparative advantage while intraindustry trade doesnot reflect comparative advantage.（4分）The pattern of intraindustry trade itself is unpredictable while interindustry trade is predictable.（3分）The relative importance of intraindustry and interindustry trade depends on how similar countries are.（3分）。

高考英语考前突破阅读理解能力财经新闻印度央行实行新措施提振卢比素材正式版文档资料可直接使用，可编辑，欢迎下载印度央行实行新措施提振卢比India's central bank has announced new measures to reduce volatility in currency markets and support the weakened rupee.印度央行宣布将采取新措施减少货币市场的波动并提升疲软的卢比。

The Reserve Bank of Ind ia (RBI) said it will aucti on 220bn rupees ($3.6bn) of government cash management bills every Monday. It did not say ho w many weeks the sale would go on.The rupee hit a record low of 61.80 against the US dollar on Tuesday.Other measures have so-far failed to shore up the currency.The rupee has lost more than 12% of its value since the start of the year, because of investor s taking money out of the country, among other r easons.On 15 July the RBI took action, including raising short-term rates to reduce cash in the financial system. It took ad ditional steps on 23 July.However, the rupee has continued to drop in value, raising concerns about India's economy which is growing at 5% - its slowest pace in a decade.Economists said it was a good step but that reforms were needed to boost the economy.The "measures are an effort to s iphon off excess liquidity from the system and will help the rupee," said Shubha da Rao, chief economist with private Yes Bank. "Butliquidity tightening measures are not enough. Growth will have to become a priority," she said.形容词和副词1. --I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a ear cut in and knocked me down.--You can never be ________careful in the street.A. muchB. veryC. soD. too〖答案〗D否定词not／no／never +too／enough结构表示“再怎么……也不过分”或“越……越好”。

印度政府推行快速经济改革India's new government has unveiled a programme for rapid economic reforms aime d at creating jobs and boosti ng foreign investment.印度新政府发布了一项快速经济改革计划，旨在制造就业机遇与增进外国投资。

The announcement by President Pranab Mukherjee included plans designed to simplify taxation and reduce inflation.Industrial reforms included attracting privat e investment to the coal and defence sectors.He also spoke of India's hopes for good relations with neighbours and pledged to tackle violence against women.The President's parliamentary address was made to lawmakers elected in P rime Minister Narendra Modi's landslide victory last month.Mr Mukherjee said that the government would introduce a general sales tax, encourage foreign investment and speed up approvals for major business projects. It would also tackle bo ttlenecks that make India's food inflation the highest among major economies.The anti-inflationary message wi ll be welcomed by central bank governor Raghuram Rajan, who has made lowering India's growth-stifling high interest rates contingent on containing consumer prices. India's economic expansion has slowed markedly, growing by 4.7% in the 2021-14 financial year and marking the second year of sub-5% growth.。

高一英语经济学原理与金融知识单选题40题1. In a market economy, the price of a product is mainly determined by _____.A. the governmentB. producersC. the interaction of supply and demandD. consumers答案：C。

解析：在市场经济中，产品的价格主要由供求关系的相互作用决定。

选项A，在市场经济中政府不是主要决定产品价格的因素；选项B，生产者只能影响供应方面，单独生产者不能决定价格；选项D，消费者只能影响需求方面，单独消费者也不能决定价格。

本题考查“supply and demand（供求关系）”这个基本经济学概念的英语表达以及对市场经济中价格决定因素的理解。

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a monopoly market?A. Many sellersB. Perfect competitionC. Only one sellerD. Easy entry for new firms答案：C。

解析：垄断市场的特征是只有一个卖家。

选项A，许多卖家是竞争市场的特征；选项B，完全竞争是另一种市场类型，和垄断市场特征不同；选项D，新企业容易进入是竞争市场的特点，而垄断市场通常有进入壁垒。

这里考查“monopoly（（垄断）”这个概念对应的英语表达以及其特征的理解。

3. When the supply of a product increases while the demand remains the same, what will happen to the price?A. IncreaseB. Stay the sameC. Fluctuate randomlyD. Decrease答案：D。

印度央行将提升卢比市场流动性India's central bank has said that it will inject 80bn rupees into the country's banking system by buying long-term government bonds.印度央行将向银行系统中注入800亿卢比用于购买长期政府公债。

It comes just days after the central bank tightened the money supply in an attempt to stem the rupee's decline.The move is expected to make more credit available and also bring down borrowing costs for the government.On Tuesday, the bond yield or the cost of borrowing on India's 10-year bonds touched 9.48%, the highest since 2001.The Reserve Bank of India (R BI) said that it was "important to ensure that the liquidity tightening does not harden longer term yields sharply and adversely impact the f low of credit to the productive sectors of the economy".The bank said that it will buy the bonds via open market purchase operations (OMOs) on 23 A ugust.'Unintended consequences'India has been grappling with a declining currency. The Indian rupee has fallen nearly 16% against the US dollar since May and is Asia's worst performing currency so far this year.On Tuesday, it dropped to a n all-time low of 64.13 against the US dollar, before strengthening slightly.The decline has prompted the central bank to take steps to try to prop-up the currency.Recently it increased the interest rate at which it lends money to other banks and also put a cap on their daily borrowings.While the measures had little impact in stemming the rupee's decline, they did trigger concerns that a tightened credit supply may hurt India's growth - which has fallen to its lowest level in a decade - even further.Analysts said that the central bank's move would not only help allay fears over liquidity but will also help the rupee."RBI is trying to ensure that the u nintended consequences of their liquidity tightening steps that led to a spike in long-end bond yields are correct ed," said Ashish Parthasarthy, a treas urer at HDFC Bank."These measures will bring down 10-year bond yield sharply and will also reduce banks' depreciation（折旧，贬值）losses significantly."NS Venkatesh of IDBI Bank added that the steps "will help the rupee positively" as foreign investors are likely to be attracted back to the Indian debt market on the expectation of falling yields.。

Ten 'big facts' about IndiaIndia often attracts generalisations and stereotyping, but more often it defies them. After all, it is an enormous and varied place with the genetic, linguistic, culinary and sartorial diversity which are usually found in a continent. Sam Miller, a former BBC Delhi correspondent who has spent more than half his adult life in India, has chosen 10 'big' facts about India.Boy looks down on his baby sister Experts predict that India's population will peak in the 2060sIndia's population will (probably) overtake China's in 2028. According to UN estimates, India will become the most populous country in the world in just 14 years' time, when it will have about 1.45 billion inhabitants.For many in India, becoming the most populous country will be an achievement, marking the country's progress in its rivalry with China. For others, particularly from the older generations, it represents a failure of the country's decades-old attempts to bring its population under control - which included a controversial and counter-productive mass sterilisation campaign during the 1970s.In fact, birth rates have fallen significantly in almost all parts of India, driven by female education, rising household incomes and greater availability of contraception though this has been partially offset by increased life expectancy.India's population is likely to reach about 1.6 billion in the 2060s, before decreasing to about 1.5 billion by the end of the century.By then, according to the UN study, Nigeria may have overtaken China as the second most populous country.INDIA WAS ONCE AN ISLANDIt had broken off from an ancient supercontinent referred to as Gondwanaland by paleogeographers (named after Gondwana, a forested area of central India), and was moving slowly northwards.About 50 million years ago, dinosaurs by now extinct, the India continental plate collided with Asia, buckling the coastal area of both continents and creating the Himalayas - the world's youngest major mountain range - and, of course, the highest.Evidence of this ancient history is provided by fossilised sea shells that can still be found high in the mountains. The plate on which the subcontinent rests continues to press slowly northwards, and is the reason why the height of Mount Everest increases slightly every year. India has, arguably, greater linguistic diversity than any other large country.The precise number of languages spoken in India is probably over 1,000, but it is often hard to define when one language begins and another ends. The 1961 census of India listed 1,652 languages, though some of these may have effectively been dialects, and a few languages have died out since then.The big six languages - Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil and Urdu - are each spoken by more than 50 million people.A total of 122 languages are each spoken by more than one million people. India doesn't have a national language. Hindi and English are both official languages, though the writers of the constitution envisaged a transitional status for English, but opposition to Hindi hegemony from speakers of other languages, particularly Tamil, mean that English remains an official language.Indian languages belong to four of the world's major language groups: Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman.Until the mid-20th Century, the Bantu language group, which originates in Africa, was also represented by speakers of the Sidi language used by migrants from East Africa living in western India.The language has now died out, though members of the Sidi community still use a few words of Bantu origin.MEGACITIESwoman transporting water bottles on a bicycle, India Finding water in India's city slums is a challengeIndia has three of the world's top ten megacities - one more than China. According to the UN, Delhi is now the second-largest urban agglomeration in the world, with Mumbai ranked seventh and Calcutta tenth.The population of Delhi and its immediate urban hinterland is now over 22.65 million, and is only surpassed by Tokyo.In the 17th century, Delhi was briefly the most populous city in the world, but by 1960, Delhi was not even in the top 30. The growth since then had been more than 4% per annum.That growth rate is beginning to fall, but it is still over 3% annually. That represents a yearly increase in population - through childbirth and migration - of about 700,000 people, putting a severe strain on the resources of India's capital.Water remains a major problem - with almost quarter of the city's household not having a regular water supply.Six other Indian cities - Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune and Surat - feature in the UN's top 100 urban agglomerations.417,037, 606 VOTERSvoter in India Voters' fingers are marked with a special ink to ensure one man one voteIndia prides itself on being the world's largest democracy (Chinese voters do not directly elect their country's rulers), and precisely417,037, 606 people voted at the last parliamentary election in 2009 - a turnout of slightly under 60%.The Election Commission of India advises that that no voter should have to travel more than two kilometres to the nearest polling station, and that, if necessary, a separate polling station can be set up for the inmates of a leprosy sanatorium.All but two of the candidates lost their deposit, and 88 candidates did not get a single vote.IF INDIA WAS A MUSLIM STATEIndia has the second (or third) highest population of Muslims in the world.Even though less than 15% of Indians are Muslim, the country's enormous population means that by this measure it outranks all Muslim-majority countries, except Indonesia and possibly Pakistan. (There are almost exactly the same numbers of Muslims in Pakistan as in India).The first Muslims in India are thought to have been traders who came to Kerala during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. Millions of Muslims migrated at the time of independence to either West or East Pakistan (the latter became Bangladesh in 1971), but huge numbers also remained behind. Today, the only Muslim-majority areas of India are the Kashmir valley, and the tiny Indian Ocean territory of Lakshadweep.DEADLY ROADSResuers manhandle crashed bus on Indian hillside India has one of the worst road casualty rates in the worldThis is a statistic that won't surprise many visitors, for whom the roads of India are often terrifying.Officially about 115,000 people die on Indian roads each year - though a recent British Medical Journal study suggests that the true number of fatalities is closer to 200,000.Among the stark figures to emerge from the BMJ report are that 37% of all road deaths are pedestrians, with a further 28% for cyclists and motorcyclists, and that 55% of all fatalities occur within five minutes of the road incident.The study recommends more speed bumps, greater enforcement of greater use of safety helmets, and more fines and suspensions for drivers who break traffic rules.In fact, although India has by the far the highest number of total road deaths, the per capita figure for several other countries, led by Eritrea and the Cook Islands, are much higher.MOST INDIAN FILMS ARE NOT BOLLYWOODTamil film DVD box Tamil film DVDs for saleIndia has the world's largest film industry.More than 1,100 movies are produced, on average, each year - that's slightly ahead of Nigeria, twice as many as the American film industry and ten times as many as Britain produces.Most of the Indian films are not, as is often supposed, products of Bollywood, the nickname given to Mumbai's Hindi movie industry which is responsible for roughly 200 films a year.Almost as many films are made each year in both Tamil and in Telugu, the two most widely spoken southern Indian language - and Chennai and Hyderabad are major film productions centres.However, India comes only sixth in terms of cinema box office receipts - behind the USA, China, Japan, UK and FranceMANGOES GALOREMango seller on the phone India grows nearly 40% of the world's mango India is the world's biggest producer and consumer of mangoes.For many people, the greatest delight of the hot Indian summer is the profusion of mangoes - officially India's national fruit.There are several hundred varieties of Indian mango, of which more than 30 are commercially available.Everyone seems to have their favourite, and I have witnessed furious argument about which is the best mango.I have also discovered that it is possible to cause great offense in Mumbai, by suggesting that the local mango, the Alfonso, is not the best in the world.More than 40% of the world's annual output of mangoes are grown in India, far ahead of the competition from China, Thailand and Bangladesh. RECORD BREAKERGroup of Indian students dressed as Mahatma Gandhi Indian students dressed as Mahatma Gandhi for a record attemptIndia is more obsessed with breaking records than any other country. Not something that I can prove with official sources, but I am pretty sure it is true.According to the Guinness Book of World Records, India ranks third behind the USA and the UK in the number of records claimed each year. Among the recent additions was the largest gathering of people (891) dressed like Mahatma Gandhi.The records include the longest garland made of cakes of cattle dung (2 km) , for performing yoga on horseback (10 hours) , and for lighting electric bulbs by passing a wire through one's nose and out of one's mouth (30 sixty-watt bulbs) . Sometimes record-seekers go too far - as do their parents.In 2007, a 15-year-old boy, under the watchful eye of his doctor parents, performed a caesarean section in a hospital in Tamil Nadu, in an attempt to be recognised as the world's youngest surgeon. Unsurprisingly, the police and the medical authorities took a dim view of this particular attempt on a world record.。

孙悟空的性格勇敢的体现英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Brave Monkey KingSun Wukong is one of the most famous characters in Chinese literature. He is the main character in the classic novel "Journey to the West." Sun Wukong, also known as the Monkey King, is a brave and powerful monkey who accompanies the monk Xuanzang on a dangerous journey to India to obtain sacred Buddhist scriptures.Sun Wukong's bravery is shown in many ways throughout the story. First of all, he is not afraid to challenge authority and stand up for himself. When the Jade Emperor, the ruler of Heaven, tries to control Sun Wukong, the Monkey King fights back fearlessly. He causes chaos in Heaven and even declares himself the "Great Sage, Equal of Heaven." This shows how brave and confident Sun Wukong is, as he is not intimidated by the most powerful beings in the universe.Another way Sun Wukong's bravery is demonstrated is through his willingness to face dangerous situations andpowerful enemies. During the journey to India, the group encounters many obstacles and fierce monsters. However, Sun Wukong never backs down from a fight. He fearlessly battles demons, monsters, and even gods to protect his companions and complete their mission.One of the most famous examples of Sun Wukong's bravery is when he battles the powerful Demon King Pigsy. Pigsy is a terrifying monster who has been terrorizing the region. Despite Pigsy's immense strength and ferocious appearance, Sun Wukong does not hesitate to engage him in combat. After a long and intense battle, Sun Wukong emerges victorious, showing his incredible bravery and fighting skills.Sun Wukong's bravery is also evident in his willingness to sacrifice himself for the greater good. At one point during the journey, the group encounters a powerful demon who threatens to kill them all. Sun Wukong, without hesitation, offers to surrender himself to the demon in exchange for the safety of his companions. This act of selflessness and bravery is truly inspiring and shows the depths of Sun Wukong's courage and loyalty.In addition to his physical bravery, Sun Wukong also displays a brave and rebellious spirit. He is not afraid to question authority and challenge the status quo. He refuses to conform tothe expectations of others and follows his own path. This independent and defiant attitude is a form of bravery in itself, as it takes courage to stand up for one's beliefs and values in the face of opposition.Throughout the story, Sun Wukong's bravery is tested time and time again. Whether he is facing powerful demons, negotiating with gods, or enduring punishment and imprisonment, the Monkey King never loses his courage or determination. His unwavering bravery is an inspiration to readers and a testament to the strength of the human (or monkey) spirit.In conclusion, Sun Wukong's character in "Journey to the West" is a shining example of bravery. From his fearless defiance of authority to his willingness to face any danger to protect his companions, the Monkey King displays courage and bravery in countless ways. His bravery is not just physical, but also extends to his rebellious spirit and refusal to conform to the expectations of others. Sun Wukong's bravery has made him a beloved and iconic figure in Chinese literature, and his adventures continue to inspire and captivate readers of all ages.篇2The Brave Monkey King Sun WukongSun Wukong is one of the most famous characters from the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. He is a monkey who was born from a magic rock and has incredible powers like cloud-somersaulting, shapeshifting, and can conjure up amazing weapons from his own hairs. But what makes Sun Wukong truly special is his brave and fearless spirit.Sun Wukong's bravery is seen right from the beginning of his story. When he was first born on the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit, he wasn't afraid at all even though he was all alone in a big, unknown world. Most babies would cry for their mommies, but not Sun Wukong! He taught himself all kinds of magic tricks and martial arts skills just by watching the creatures around him. That showed he was brave and independent from the start.After learning the way of the world, Sun Wukong left his home mountain and bravely went out to explore the wider world. He traveled all over the place, having crazy adventures and getting into lots of trouble along the way. Like the time he accidentally offended the Dragon King of the Eastern Sea and got captured! Most people would be super scared to get locked up by a dragon king's army. But Sun Wukong didn't lose his courage. Using his quick wits and amazing powers, he escapedand even demanded to be made a great sage and immortal being!His bravery didn't stop there. When the Jade Emperor in Heaven refused his demands, Sun Wukong fearlessly declared war on all of Heaven! He led an army of magical monkeys and monsters in an epic celestial battle against the armies of gods and warriors. They completely trashed the heavenly palace and gardens. Sun Wukong was so powerful and brave that even the greatest gods couldn't stop him. It took the Buddha himself intervening to finally capture the Monkey King.Even being captured and imprisoned under a huge mountain for 500 years couldn't break Sun Wukong's brave spirit. When the kind monk Xuanzang came along and accidentally freed him, the Monkey King eagerly agreed to protect him on his long pilgrimage to India. Their journey was incredibly dangerous - they had to fight evil monster after evil monster who tried to eat Xuanzang! But Sun Wukong never showed fear, constantly rushing into battle wielding his awesome staff weapon.What made Sun Wukong so brave? I think it was because he was super confident in his amazing abilities. No matter how strong the enemy was, he knew his cloud tricks and shapeshifting powers gave him a chance to win. Sun Wukong'sbravery also came from being willing to do whatever it took to achieve his goals, whether it was becoming an immortal sage or protecting his master Xuanzang. He never let fear stop him.Of course, Sun Wukong wasn't fearless all the time. There were a few moments that shook his brave heart, like when they came across the Buddha's Hand of Protection magic in India. That was one of the few things the Monkey King was truly scared of because he knew not even all his powers could beat it. But most of the time, Sun Wukong laughed in the face of danger and bravely charged ahead.Sun Wukong's story shows that real bravery isn't about never feeling afraid. It's about not letting fear control you or stop you from doing what you know is right. The Monkey King always put his courage to the test by willingly facing terrifying situations, monsters, gods, and dangers that would make anyone else run away screaming. But because of his skills, confidence, and determination, Sun Wukong came through victoriously almost every time.That's why Sun Wukong continues to be such a popular and inspiring hero today, thousands of years after the Journey to the West story was written. His unwavering bravery in the face of any challenge is something we can all aspire to. Whenever we feelscared to try something new or hard, we can think of the brave Monkey King and find our own courage within. Like Sun Wukong, if we believe in ourselves and our abilities, we too can overcome our fears and be brave everyday heroes.篇3The Brave Monkey King Sun WukongSun Wukong is one of the most famous characters from the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. He is a monkey born from a stone who learns powerful magic tricks and martial arts. Sun Wukong shows bravery in many ways throughout his adventures.One way Sun Wukong is brave is by standing up to powerful enemies and deities without any fear. At the beginning of the story, the Jade Emperor rules over heaven and all the gods and immortals. Sun Wukong causes a big ruckus in heaven after he isn't shown proper respect. He isn't scared to fight against the Jade Emperor's armies and celestial warriors. Sun Wukong takes on all challengers fearlessly.Even when the Jade Emperor gets the mighty Erlang Shen to capture Sun Wukong, the Monkey King doesn't back down. Erlang is one of the greatest heavenly generals, with amazingpowers. But Sun Wukong uses his quick wits and magical abilities to escape Erlang's traps over and over again. He isn't afraid to take on such a powerful foe. Sun Wukong battles Erlang bravely until the fight ends in a stalemate.The Monkey King proves his bravery again when he gets trapped under the Five Elements Mountain as punishment from Buddha. Most people would lose hope being crushed under a huge mountain of rock. But Sun Wukong's brave spirit won't let him give up. He spends 500 years biting at the mountain with his mouth, chipping away bit by bit, determined to break free no matter how long it takes.When the Monk Xuanzang comes along on his journey to India, Sun Wukong becomes one of his disciples guarding him along the way. There are many scary demons and monsters that try to attack Xuanzang to eat him. Like when the Demon Princess Immortal tries to devour Xuanzang, or when the Bull Monster King terrorizes them. Each time, brave Sun Wukong rushes into battle using his magic staff to drive off the monsters and protect his master, not afraid of any demon.One adventure that really shows Sun Wukong's courage is when they enter the Woman Kingdom ruled by men-eating women. All the male disciples get captured and imprisoned to beeaten. But feisty Sun Wukong won't let that happen. He bravely rushes into the kingdom and uses his fighting skills to free his friends from the man-eating women's clutches.Another example of Sun Wukong's guts is when he descends into the underworld searching for his friend's mother's soul. The underworld is terrifying, full of ghosts and the souls of the dead. Most living people would be too scared to go there. But brave Sun Wukong has no fear as he explores all the levels of hell. He stands up to the judges of the underworld and even gets into a big fight with the demons guarding it, showing his amazing courage.Perhaps Sun Wukong's biggest display of bravery comes at the end of the journey to India. By this point he has become an enlightened Buddha. But the demon armies attack the group trying to stop them. So Sun Wukong reverts to his old, powerful Monkey King form to take on all the demons at once singlehandedly. He defeats every demon bravely to protect his friends and Xuanzang without any fear, no matter the odds.In the end, Sun Wukong's bravery and courage save the day many times over. If it wasn't for his daring spirit, the journey to India wouldn't have been possible. From picking fights with gods and immortals, to battling monsters and demons, to exploringthe underworld, Sun Wukong shows that he will never back down from any foe, no matter how scary or powerful. His endless bravery is truly inspiring and makes him a legendary hero!篇4The Brave Personality of Sun WukongSun Wukong is one of the most famous characters from the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. He is a monkey born from a stone who learns powerful magic tricks and martial arts. Sun Wukong becomes the main protector for the monk Xuanzang on his journey to India to obtain sacred Buddhist scriptures. Throughout the story, Sun Wukong shows his brave personality over and over again.One way Sun Wukong demonstrates bravery is by never being afraid to fight any enemy, no matter how powerful they seem. For example, early in the story Sun Wukong rebelliously causes a lot of trouble in Heaven. Despite the mighty forces of Heaven's armies and gods, Sun Wukong fearlessly battles them all. He does not hesitate to face the strongest warriors, immortals, and deities. Using his magic staff that can change sizes, his supernatural abilities like cloud-somersaulting, and his clever wits, Sun Wukong fights valiantly against the heavenly beings.He refuses to surrender or run away, no matter how outnumbered or overpowered he appears to be.Sun Wukong's brave personality is also shown by how he willingly puts himself in very dangerous situations to help his master Xuanzang. Whenever monsters, demons, or evil forces try to hurt or kidnap the monk, Sun Wukong courageously jumps in to protect him. He bravely stands up to the most terrifying villains and beasts. For instance, he has to battle Bajie, ahalf-monster half-human creature, as well as the Bull Demon King who is immensely strong. Sun Wukong shows no fear and uses all his abilities, weapons, and clever tricks to defeat these formidable foes that threaten Xuanzang's safety. His bravery allows him to overcome even the most menacing enemies.Another example of Sun Wukong's brave personality is his willingness to journey to the deepest, darkest, and most dangerous realms. He descends into gloomy, hellish underworlds full of vengeful spirits, ghosts, and other demonic presences to accomplish key quests. Regular mortals would be utterly terrified to set foot in such nightmarish places, likely paralyzed by fear and dread. However, Sun Wukong's brave spirit allows him to march into the most ominous, hazardous domains without hesitation. He understands how petrifying these evilrealms are, yet his courage pushes him to press forward and overcome whatever lurks within the darkness.Furthermore, Sun Wukong's personality exudes a brazen, daring confidence that exemplifies his brave spirit. He frequently boasts about his amazing abilities and mocks his adversaries, showing no fear whatsoever. For example, when faced with the powerful samadhi flames that are meant to subdue him, Sun Wukong arrogantly claims he can easily swallow the mystical fire. His boastful, audacious attitude reveals how courageous and fearless he is, ready to take on any challenge no matter how formidable it appears. Sun Wukong loves to stir up trouble and taunt enemies, which demonstrates his unyielding valor and tenacious spirit.Sun Wukong's personality also exhibits bravery through his refusal to ever give up or surrender, no matter how dire the circumstances. Time after time, he ends up in seemingly impossible, catastrophic situations where any regular being would accept defeat. However, Sun Wukong's brave personality means he will never throw in the towel. He always finds a clever way to escape or overcome the predicament through his skills, resilience, and efforts. For instance, when trapped under a heavy mountain by the Buddha, Sun Wukong spends decades gnawingand clawing at the mountain rocks, determined to eventually break free rather than resigning himself to that fate. His stubborn perseverance and persistence reflect the boldness of his brave heart.In summary, Sun Wukong from Journey to the West exhibits a personality filled with bravery in many ways throughout the story. He fearlessly battles the greatest forces without hesitation, selflessly protects Xuanzang from deadly perils, journeys into terrifying realms, boasts dauntlessly against daunting challenges, and absolutely refuses to ever surrender. His mischievous yet valiant spirit makes him an iconic character representing courage and fortitude. From overcoming heavenly armies to demonic beasts, Sun Wukong's brave personality allows him to overcome any obstacle in his path.篇5The Brave Personality of Sun WukongSun Wukong is one of the most famous characters in Chinese literature. He is the main character in the classic novel "Journey to the West" written by Wu Cheng'en during the Ming Dynasty. Sun Wukong, also known as the Monkey King, is a brave and powerful monkey born from a stone who acquiressupernatural powers through Taoist practices. Throughout the novel, Sun Wukong's courageous personality is shown in many ways.First of all, Sun Wukong is incredibly brave when it comes to fighting. He is not afraid of anyone or anything, no matter how strong or powerful they seem. For example, when the Jade Emperor's armies try to capture Sun Wukong after he causes chaos in Heaven, he easily defeats them all with his amazing fighting skills and magical abilities. He even battles against Lord Erlang in Heaven and gives him a really hard time. Sun Wukong is an expert in using his powerful staff and his somersault cloud to fight enemies. He never backs down from a challenge.Another way Sun Wukong shows his bravery is by disobeying rules and authorities if he feels they are wrong or unfair. He has a rebellious spirit and doesn't just follow orders blindly. When the Jade Emperor tries to give him an unimportant low-level job in Heaven after he creates trouble there, Sun Wukong gets very angry. He demands a higher position that he feels he deserves because of his incredible powers. When the Jade Emperor refuses, Sun Wukong causes even more chaos and mayhem in the heavenly realms. He is not afraid to stand up for himself, even against the most powerful deities.Sun Wukong's daring personality really shines when he accompanies the monk Xuanzang on an extremely dangerous journey to India to obtain sacred Buddhist scriptures. They encounter all sorts of terrifying monsters, evil spirits, and other life-threatening situations along the way. However, Sun Wukong remains brave and courageous throughout. He uses his wits, powers, and fighting abilities to get them through every obstacle and peril. Whether it's slaying a man-eating monster, escaping the clutches of a demon, or battling the mighty Princess Iron Fan, Sun Wukong never shows fear. His bravery allows them to eventually reach their destination safely.Additionally, Sun Wukong does many extraordinarily brave deeds on the journey that put his own life at great risk. For instance, he descends into the underworld realms at one point to request help from the kings of hell. This is an incredibly dangerous task in the face of horrifying surroundings and torturous punishments. In another brave act, he single-handedly takes on all 3,600 monsters who live on Supernatural Beings Mountain to allow his companions to pass through safely. Sun Wukong's courage seems to have no limits.What makes Sun Wukong's bravery so incredible is that he is willing to face any danger or threat, no matter how powerful orterrifying, in order to protect his master Xuanzang and ensure the sacred scriptures make it to India safely. His bravery and loyalty never waver, even when faced with the most formidable foes and deadly perils. Sun Wukong's bold and courageous personality allows the Buddhist journey to ultimately succeed.In conclusion, the story of Sun Wukong's adventures on the Journey to the West is a tale that highlights his extremely brave personality in many ways. Whether it's fearlessly battling the greatest gods and monsters, rebelliously standing up to unjust authorities, or selflessly risking his life over and over to protect his companions, Sun Wukong's remarkable courage is on full display throughout the entire epic journey. He is a symbol of bravery that defies all odds and overcomes every obstacle through sheer determination and bold action. Sun Wukong's courageous personality is truly inspiring.篇6The Brave Monkey King: How Sun Wukong Shows CourageSun Wukong is one of my favorite characters from the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West. He's the brave and powerful Monkey King who goes on an amazing adventure with his friends to get sacred Buddhist scriptures from India. SunWukong has to face many dangers and enemies along the way, but he never gives up because he is so courageous!One of the first times we see Sun Wukong's bravery is when he first gets his special powers. After spending years studying supernatural abilities, he decides to find out where he ranks among the other powerful beings. So he travels all the way to the Dragon King's underwater palace and demands to be added to the list of creatures. When the Dragon King refuses, the brave Monkey King runs amok, causing all kinds of chaos! He isn't afraid to stand up for himself and fight for what he believes he deserves.Sun Wukong's most famous act of courage is when he rebels against Heaven itself. After angering the Jade Emperor, the greatest god in Chinese mythology, the Monkey King leads an uprising of monkey troops against the celestial armies. Even though the forces of Heaven are much stronger, Sun Wukong is not scared in the slightest. He puts up an incredible fight against the armies of gods and monsters sent to defeat him. Only when the Buddha himself gets involved is the brave rebel monkey finally trapped. But his courage during that rebellion was truly amazing!Later in the story, when Sun Wukong joins the journey to India, he shows his bravery over and over by protecting his fellow travelers from all the dangerous monsters and evil spirits they encounter along the road. No matter how ferocious or powerful the beast, the Monkey King charges in fearlessly to beat it with his magic staff. When his friends get captured, he does whatever it takes to rescue them, even charging into the lair of anall-powerful demon king if needed. His courage keeps his companions alive.But my favorite example of Sun Wukong's courage is how he stands up to the Buddha. At one point, the Buddha tries to trap the Monkey King under a mountain to teach him a lesson about being arrogant and rebellious. Most people would be terrified to disobey someone as powerful as the Buddha. Not Sun Wukong though! He stubbornly refuses to Submit, using his incredible strength to hold up the entire mountain for centuries. For five hundred years he stays bravely defiant, until he finally agrees to go on the journey to India. That level of courage and persistence is just amazing to me.Overall, I think Sun Wukong shows true courage in so many ways throughout his adventures. He's brave enough to rebel against the greatest forces in the universe, to charge fearlesslyinto battle against the scariest monsters, and to stubbornly defy even the Buddha himself. His bravery gets him and his friends through so many dangers on their journey. That's why the Monkey King is not just incredibly powerful, but also an inspirational example of true courage. I aspire to have even half of Sun Wukong's bravery in my own life!。