Amplified Biosensing Using the Horseradish Peroxidase-Mimicking DNAzyme as an Electrocatalyst

03.气候变化养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

一、阅读理解1Rough temperature records from December have yet to be finalized, climate scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have found there’s a more than 99%chance that 2023 will have the hottest recorded global average temperature, beating out 2016, the previous leader. The year will be the hottest in 174 years of second-keeping where humans have directly measured the temperature of the planet. It’s also likely to be the hottest in the last 125,000 years, which scientists measure by rebuilding temperature records from physical evidence like tree rings and layers of polar ice that have grown over time.The record-breaking year caused fuel climate-driven disasters around the globe from extreme heat that hit Arizona for weeks to floods in Libya and record-hot oceans that caused coral to bleach (变白) off Florida.Scientists say the extreme temperatures are in line with forecasts (预测) for how the planet will continue to warm. The biggest driver of the heat is the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (大气层) from burning fossil fuels (化石燃料). “We know why this is happening,” says Zeke Hausfather, climate scientist at Berkeley Earth, a non-profit organization that studies climate trends. “A year like this would not have occurred without the trillion tons of carbon we’ve put into the atmosphere over the last century.”Even with the chart-topping heat this year, next year could be equally as hot. A strong El Nino has already begun, where ocean temperatures warm up in the eastern Pacific. El Nino years are typically hotter, because a large amount of heat that’s stored in the ocean is sent tothe atmosphere. “There’s absolutely still time to act,” an expert says. “Everything we do to change course today will make things better in the future.”1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1?A. 2016 is likely to have the hottest global temperature.B. The temperature records of 2023 have been finished.C. Humans began to directly measure global temperature 174 years ago.D. Tree rings are bad for recording temperature.2. What is the main reason for the record-breaking heat?A. The lack of fossil fuels.B. The increase of greenhouse gases.C. Corals bleached in the ocean.D. Drivers putting much waste into the air.3. Why could the next year be equally hot according to the text?A. El Niño tends to cool down the atmosphere.B. Ocean pollution leads to a warming Pacific.C. A strong El Niño has begun in the western Pacific.D. A lot of heat stored in the ocean goes into the atmosphere.4. What is the best title for the text?A. 2023 Has Suffered from a Strong El NinoB. 2023 May Be the Hottest Year on RecordC. Climate driven Disasters Influence Daily LifeD. The Ocean Plays a Key Role in Cooling Earth【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。

Old English LiteratureReview Questions1. Give an account of the history of England from the Celtic settlement to the Norman Conquest.2. How did Christianity came to England? Name the most important monasteries of this period.3. Name some representative pieces of the Old English poetry.4. Name the two most important Christian poets of this period.5. Analyse the artistic features of Beowulf, using the quoted passage to illustrate your points.Middle English LiteratureI. Fill in the blanks: (30%)1. The first settlers of the British Isles were ________, and Britain got its name from a branch of this people called ________. But later they were driven to live in ________, ________ and ________.2. The ________, ________ and ________ were ________ tribes originally living on the Continent. They moved to the British Isles and became the ancestors of the ________ people.3. The most important event of the Old English Period was ________, which took place in the year ________.4. The Roman Catholic Church sent ________ to England in 597 ________ the English people to Catholicism.5. Name two poems of this period apart from Beowulf: ________, and ________.6. Beowulf is an epic of ________ lines, and it tells the events that took place on ________ before they moved to the British Isles.7. After the Anglo-Saxon English took in loan words from ________ and ________ and lost most of its ________ and many of its grammar rules, it was called ________.8. Romance can be divided into three kinds according to subject matter. They are ________, ________ and ________.9. Romances of the English subject are tales about ________ and his ________.10. John Wyclif was a translator of ________, William Langland wrote ________ and the most famous English ballads are those about ________.II. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F): (10%)The two centers of Christian culture in the Old English Period was in Canterbury and Northumbria.Caedmon belonged to Northumbrian School, whereas the Venerable Bede was a member of the Canterbury Abbey in south England.The first English national epic poem is Widsith.Old English poetry is distinguished by its use of alliteration and kennings.Chaucer is the greatest lyrical poet of the Middle English PeriodThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's masterpiece, but it is unfinished with only 24 tales written. Modern English is developed from the London dialect of the Middle English Period, which isa great contribution made by Chaucer to the English language.Most of the English popular ballads have their origin in the French folklore.The Normans were interested in the Cycle of King Arthur because they wanted to prove they were lawful heirs to the Celtic ancestors of Britain.Chaucer's humanistic ideas anticipate the English Renaissance.IV. Explain the following literary terms: (15%)1. epic2. alliteration3. iambic pentameter4. romance5. balladIV. Choose one from each of the following two groups of questions and write a short essay of about 300 words to the first and about 500 words to the second: (45%)Group One: (20%)1. Give a historical review of the Old English Period.2. Say something about the transition from Old English to Middle English and the historical elements that had brought about this transition.Group Two: (25%)1. Analyze the theme(s) and artistic features of Beowulf.2. Comment on Chaucer's achievements and contributions with examples from his works.English Renaissance PeriodReview Questions1. How did England become the most powerful country during the Tudor reign?2. What does the word "Renaissance" mean and why do we call this historical period the English Renaissance Period?3. Give a brief account of Thomas More's life and his major work Utopia.4. Name Spenser's major literary work and tell what it is about.5. Name more writers (poets and playwrights) of this period and tell what you know about them.6. What are Bacon's chief contributions?7. Who was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare? Discuss one of his plays.8. What kind of comedy is Ben Jonson's special contribution? And as a playwright how different is Ben Jonson from Shakespeare?QuizFill in the blanks: (50%)1. ________ broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established ________.2. It was ________ and ________ who introduced Italian sonnets into England.3. Thomas More's famous line in Utopia that exposes the calamities of the Enclosure Movement is ________.4. Faerie Queene was planned for 12 books, each standing for one moral principle, but only ________ books were finished centering on the following six virtues: ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________and ________.5. Philip Sidney's essay on poetry is called ________; John Lyly's prose romance has a main character ________, whose name is afterward responsible for an expression in the dictionary to represent a style of speech; Thomas Lodge is mainly remembered today for his prose romance ________, Thomas Nasbe is believed to have joined Marlowe in writing ________; and Robert Greene is connected with Shakespeare for attacking the latter in one of his pamphlets as a(n) ________.6. Christopher Marlowe used ________ to write his plays and two of his important plays are________, and ________.7. Francis Bacon's works are expressions of his thought on ________, and his prose style is best represented in an essay called ________.8. Ben Jonson's masterpiece is a comedy of humours called ________, and he was made ________ in 1616.9. List any three of Shakespeare's comedies: ________, ________, and ________.10. The four great tragedies by Shakespeare are ________, ________, ________, and ________.11. Shakespeare has produced two tetralogies of English history plays, and the most discussed two are ________, and ________.12. Falstaff was no good companion for ________, who later became ________, a powerful king of England.13. ________ was a Jew and a usurer in ________, and he tried to take revenge on the Christians who despised and ill-treated him.14. lago is the villain in ________, who set a trap to lead ________ to believe that his wife ________ was unfaithful to him.15. ________ is a spirit in the dramatic romance ________, in which he helped ________, the former duke of ________ to get back the lost power.16. Shakespeare wrote ________ sonnets, which can be divided into groups with ________ and ________ sonnets in each group.17. The Shakespearean sonnet rhymes ________, and the last ________ lines are used as a conclusion to sum up the message of the poem.II. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F): (10%)The English Enclosure Movement was a drive to fence up large pieces of land to raise sheep. The Tudor reign reached its most glorious time under King Henry VIII.In 1688 the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada on the high seas.Humanism opposed the Roman Catholic Church and the medieval bondage on people's minds.Miracle plays are simple and mostly tell the stories of the Bible.The university wits were all university graduates and they lived on university campuses.in Shakespeare's days all the female roles were performed by boys.Romeo and Juliet was written in the third period of Shakespeare's creative career.The Spenserian stanza contains 8 iambic lines of 5 feet each and one last line of 6 feet.The Arcadia is a romance in verse by Philip Sidney, which consists of 5 books.III. Explain the following literary terms: (15%)1. the Shakespearean sonnet2. blank verse3. pastoral poem4. three unities5. allegoryIV. Essay question: (25%)Choose one essay question from the given two and write an essay of at least 500 words.1. Give a general account of the first flowering of Literature in the English Renaissance Period.2. Write an introduction of Shakespeare, his life and his literary achievements.The 17th Century LiteratureReview Questions1. What historical elements caused the English Bourgeois Revolution and why is it so called the Puritan Revolution?2. Tell what you know about Milton's life.3. Make some comments on the epic poem Paradise Lost.4. In what way does Samson's last heroic deed remind us of Milton's last phase of life?Review Questions1. Tell the unique features of the "Metaphysical Poetry".2. Choose one poem by metaphysical poets and discuss it as well as you can.3. Introduce the historical background for the emergence of the Restoration drama.4. Choose to comment on one Restoration comedy writer and his play(s).Review Questions1. Choose either Absalom and Achitophel or Mac Flecknoe and analyse it to show Dryden's satirical power.2. Why is Dryden called "Father of English Literary Criticism"? What are his literary views presented in Of Dramatick Poesie?3. What kind of a writer is John Bunyan?4. Discuss as well as you can The Pilgrim's Progress.QuizI. Choose one correct answer from the four offers given after each of the following sentences or questions: (15%)1. Who was the leader of the Puritan Revolution of England?A. John LilburneB. Oliver CromwellC. MiltonD. Charles II2. Who was executed as the enemy of the English people after the victory of the Bourgeois Revolution?A. James IIB. Queen ElizabethC. Charles IID. Charles 13. The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of ________.A. 1660B. 1688C. 1642 D 16494. The Bible was translated under the reign of ________ and published in ________.A. King James I, 1611B. King Charles I, 1625C. King James II, 1688D. King Charles I1, 16605. In the early 17th century there was a group of court poets represented by John Suckling, Robert Herrick, etc. who were called ________.A. metaphysical poetsB. cavalier poetsC. satirical poetsD. lyrical poets6. Milton's poem Lycidas is a(n) ________ and his Paradise Lost is written in ________.A. epic, heroic coupletB. pastoral poem, sonnetC. lyrical poem, rhymed verseD. elegy, blank verse7. Metaphysical poets are noted for their use of ________.A. blank verseB. conceitsC. alliterationD. typography8. In the Restoration Period, drama revived mainly because ________.A. Charles I1 and his court brought back with them a taste for dramaB. there appeared many good playwrightsC. the new bourgeois class liked dramaD. it was a reaction against the suppression of drama performance by the Puritan government9. Restoration plays have a significance in the history of English literature because ________.A. they are very entertaining with witty dialoguesB. they have themes about love and marriage of the city peopleC. they anticipate the plays of social manners by later dramatists like Sheridan and GoldsmithD. they have preserved comedies as a dramatic genre from distinctionI0. William Congreve chose to write his comedies on subjects of ________.A. family and social pressures on young people's free choice in love and marriageB. intrigues and deceptions in the games of love and marriageC. indecent sexual liaisons and the libertine life styleD. the fight over inheritance and marriage for money and rank11. Of the four speakers in his Of Dramatick Poesie John Dryden speaks through the character called ________.A. EugeniusB. CritesC. LisideiusD. Neander12. Besides heroic plays, Dryden also produced ________ such as Secret Love and Marriage a-la-Mode.A. tragi-comediesB. history playsC. dramatic romancesD. problem plays13. In religion John Bunyan was a ________.A. ProtestantB. Puritan dissenterC. CatholicD. Church of England man14. The Pilgrim's Progress is a(n) ________.A. fairy taleB. religious documentC. realistic novelD. allegory15. Before Dryden and Bunyan, the English prose mainly followed the ________ styles.A. Italian and FrenchB. French and SpanishC. French and LatinD. Spanish and LatinII. Give the full name of the authors of the following works: (10%)1. Grace Abounding to the Chief o/Sinners2. The Way of the World3. Absalom and Achitophel4. The Flea5. Areopagutuca; or Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing6. The Man of Mode7. The Work of the Beast8. The Altar9. The True Levellers' Standard Advanced10. The Plain-DealerIII. Identification exercises: You are given three passages below from the works we have introduced in this part. Please read each carefully and then answer the questions attached to each passage (30%)1. [...] at this fair are all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honours,prefermentst, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures, and delights of all sorts, as whores, bawds, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones, and what not.Questions:1) From which work is this passage taken and who is its author? (2 points)2) What is this passage about? (3 points)3) Translate the passage into Chinese. (5 points)2. Like mine, thy gentle numbers feebly creep;Thy tragic Muse gives smiles, thy comic sleep.With whate'er gall thou sett'st thyself to write,Thy inoffensive satires never bite.Questions:1) Name the work from which this poetic stanza is taken. (1 point)2) Who is the author of the poem and what kind of poetry is this? (2 points)3) Who is the poetic persona that speaks these lines and who is the addressee? (2 points)4) Paraphrase the first two lines. (5 points)3. Had we but world enough and time,This coyness, lady, were no crime.We would sit down, and think which wayTo walk, and pass out long love's day.Thou by the Indian Ganges' sideShouldst rubies find, [ by the tideOf Humber would complain. I wouldLove you ten years before the Flood.And you should, if you please, refuseTill the conversion of the Jews.Questions:1) Who is the poet of this selection and what is the name of the poem from which it is taken? (2 points)2) What kind of poetry is this called? (1 point)3) Translate the underlined verse lines. (5 points)4) What does the young man want to tell his mistress in this selected section? (2 points)IV. Essay questions: (45%)I. Choose one from the given two topics and write an essay of at least 300 words: (20%)1) Give a brief account of John Dryden's literary contributions.2) Discuss John Bunyan and his masterpiece The Pilgrim's Progress.2. Write an essay on the following topic in about 500 words: (25%)Analyse as well as you can John Milton's Paradise Lost.18th Century LiteratureReview Questions1. What are the essential features of Neoclassicism in the 18th-century England?2. Name the major Neoclassic representative writers of this period and introduce their major achievements.3. Comment on Pope's literary contributions.4. Analyse Swift's Gulliver's Travels.5. Name two important newspapers of the period and tell what you know about them.6. Why do we say Johnson was the literary lion of this period? Choose to discuss one of his works. Review Questions1. Discuss the social and historical elements that promoted the birth of the modern novel inEngland.2. Discuss Defoe's Robinson Crusoe as a typical middle-class novel.3. What kind of novel did Richardson write? And discuss his two major novels to show your points.4. How did Fielding name his panoramic novels? What are the main features of his novels?5. Why do we say that Tristram Shandy is a strange and difficult novel? In what way does this novel anticipate the postmodern novel tendencies?Romanticism LiteratureReview Questions1. What is Topographical Poetry? Give some examples of poems belong to this category.2. Why is Thomas Gray called a Graveyard poet? Discuss his Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard.3. Choose to discuss two of Robert Burns' poems.4. Tell what you know about William Blake and his literary achievements.5. What was the intellectual background that brought about the Gothic Novel?6. Choose one from the three Gothic novelists introduced in this chapter and discuss his or her major novel as well as you can. ~'QuizI. Identify the following works with their writers: (10%)The Rape of the Lock Laurence SterneGulliver's Travels Henry FieldingLives of the English Poets Alexander PopeCato Jonathan SwiftThe Seasons Matthew Gregory I~Robinson Crusoe Samuel RichardsonA Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy Joseph AddisonClarissa Samuel JohnsonTom Jones Daniel DefoeThe Monk James ThomsonII. Fill in the blanks: (20%)1. The two well-known newspapers run by Steele and Addison are ________ and ________.2. Pope wrote a poem about literary principles in the form of ________, which is entitled ________.3. ________ was prejudiced against ________, whereas ________ wrote 18 critical essays to praise this great English poet.4. Gulliver's Travels consists of ________ books to tell separately Gulliver's adventures in ________, ________, ________ and ________.5. Johnson took 7 years to compile ________, and he ran a journal called ________.6. Pope solved his financial problem with the money he got from translating ________, and Richardson became the first English writer who did not depend on writing for ________.7. Name two English female novelists during the first flowering of the novel in England: ________ and ________.8. Robert Burns is most well-known for his poems written in ________ and William Blake took________ as his occupation.III. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F): (10%)The rise of the modern novel is closely related to the rise of the middle class and an urban life.Tom Jones is the first English tragic novel, whereas Clarissa is a comic novel of a panoramic social scope.Besides Robinson Crusoe, Defoe wrote two novels about the life of lowly women and they are Pamela and Moll Flanders.Richardson is regarded as the greatest letter novel writer of 18th-century Europe.Tristram Shandy is a unique novel in the world's literary history, which is ahead of its time in the experimentation of narrative skills.Gray is the most important representative of the Topographical Poets.Swift's satirical essay The Modest Proposal enraged the English king and a price of 300 pounds was set for the person who would betray him.Joseph Addison is also known as a good literary critic for his essays on Milton and on pleasures of imagination.Samuel Johnson was all his life an arm-chair traveler without an opportunity to travel beyond England.Radcliffe is different from the other Gothic novelists because she always gives a rational explanation to the seemingly terrible things in her novel.IV. Explain the following literary terms: (15%)1. picaresque novel2. Augustan Age3. heroic couplet4. mock epic5. quatrainV. Essay questions: (45%)Group I: Choose one question from the given three and write an essay to it in about 300 words: (20%)1) Choose to discuss one writer or work in this part you are more familiar with.2) Say something about Neoclassicism and its representation in English literature.3) Write to tell in what sense the modern novel is different from the picaresque novel, allegories and romances that went before it.Group 2: Choose one question from the three given below and write an essay to it in about 500 words: (25%)1) Compare Richardson and Fielding to show their differences in theme and in technique.2) Say something about Defoe as a typical middle-class writer and comment on his character Robinson Crusoe as well.3) Comment on Alexander Pope and his contributions to English poetry.Review Questions1. What was the historical situation that nurtured the English Romanticism?2. Who are the representatives of English Romantic Poetry.'? And how are they generally grouped?3. Say what you know about Wordsworth's life and his ideas about poetry.4. Choose two of Wordsworth's poems and analyse them with your own perceptions.5. Give an account of Coleridge's life and his literary achievements.6. Tell the story of "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and try to analyse its romantic features. Review Questions1. What are the differences between the Lake Poets and the younger generation of English Romanticists?2. Describe the Byronic hero and the main thematic and artistic features of Byron's poetry.3. What are Shelley's social ideals seen in his poetry? And illustrate your points with his poems we introduce in this chapter.4. What is John Keats" ideas about beauty, immortality and love? Analyse one poem by him to show your point.。

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

收稿日期：2023-11-22基金项目：广东省自然科学基金（2021A1515010498）；广东省农业科学院协同创新中心项目（XT202305）；广东省畜禽疫病防治研究重点实验室项目（2023B1212060040）作者简介：马艳平（1984-），女，博士，副研究员，研究方向为水产病害防控，E-mail:*********************通信作者：刘振兴（1981-），男，博士，研究员，研究方向为水产病害防控，E-mail:********************广东农业科学Guangdong Agricultural Sciences 2024，51（3）：148-156 DOI:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2024.03.014马艳平，覃宝田，梁曦，王刚，郝乐，周东来，刘振兴. 花鲈虹彩病毒交叉引物恒温扩增检测方法的建立［J］. 广东农业科学，2024，51（3）：148-156.MA Yanping, QIN Baotian, LIANG Xi, WANG GANG, HAO Le, ZHOU Donglai, LIU Zhenxing. Establishment of a cross priming amplification detection method of Lateolabrax maculatus iridovirus［J］. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2024，51（3）：148-156.花鲈虹彩病毒交叉引物恒温扩增检测方法的建立马艳平1，覃宝田1，梁 曦2，王 刚1，郝 乐1，周东来3，刘振兴1（1. 广东省农业科学院动物卫生研究所/广东省畜禽疫病防治研究重点实验室，广东 广州 510640；2. 汕尾市农业科学院，广东 汕尾 516600；3. 广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所，广东 广州 510640）摘 要：【目的】花鲈虹彩病毒（Lateolabrax maculatus iridovirus，LMIV）严重威胁花鲈养殖业安全，无特效防控药物，早期诊断在LMIV 防控中发挥极其重要的作用。

361 Chapter 14Techniques for dye injection and cell labelling PETER MOBBS, DA VID BECKER, RODDY WILLIAMSON, MICHAEL BATE and ANNE WARNER1. IntroductionThe introduction of compounds into cells via iontophoresis or pressure injection from micropipettes is a powerful technique of wide application in modern biology. The many uses to which this technique can be put include:(i) Cell identification following electrophysiological recording.(ii) Delineation of cellular architecture in anatomical studies.(iii) Tracing neuronal pathways.(iv) Identification of cell progeny in lineage studies.(v) Investigations of the transfer of molecules from one cell to another via gap junctions or other routes.(vi) The introduction of genetic material that affect protein synthesis or gene expression.(vii) The measurement of intracellular ion concentrations, for example pH or calcium ion.This chapter describes the techniques used to inject cells and focuses upon the design of experiments for some common applications of these methods. In the final sections, we offer sample protocols and advice on the necessary equipment.The basic methods for cell injection are similar whatever the compound to be used. This chapter concentrates on techniques that involve iontophoresis or pressure injection using intracellular micropipettes while section 9 describes some other routes by which compounds can introduced into cells. For each application described below, we concentrate upon the factors that influence thePETER MOBBS, Department of Physiology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UKDAVID BECKER AND ANNE WARNER, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UKRODDY WILLIAMSON, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK MICHAEL BATE, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK362P. MOBBS AND OTHERSchoice of the compound to inject, since this is usually the factor most crucial to success.2. Microinjection methodsManufacturing micropipettesPipettes for intracellular microinjection can be produced on any standard microelectrode puller. The best pipettes generally have the following characteristics: (a) a relatively short shank (b) a relatively large tip diameter. The latter is frequently a limitation because, for successful penetration of small cells without damage, the tip diameter also must be small. When the diameter of the tip is small then both the iontophoresis and pressure injection of compounds is impeded, the former by the charge on the glass and the electrical resistance of the tip and the latter by the tip’s resistance to bulk flow of solution. Several different types of glass are available for the production of micropipettes. A number of manufacturers (see appendix B) provide suitable capillaries with a variety of outside diameters, with thick or thin walls, with and without internal filaments, made from soda or borosilicate glass. Pipettes made from thick-wall borosilicate glass are usually the most robust and useful for penetrating tough tissue. However, thin-wall glass has the advantage that the channel through the tip is usually larger, and thus the resistance is lower, for any given tip size. The characteristics of micropipettes for use in microinjection experiments can sometimes be improved by bevelling (see Chapter 11). Soda-glass is somewhat less fragile than borosilicate glass but is difficult to pull to fine tips, it has been dropped from some supplier’s lists. No matter what the theoretical expectations, the best electrodes to use are those that work!Pipette fillingModern micropipette glass incorporates an internal ‘filament’ (actually a second narrow capillary). The filament increases the capillarity of pipettes so that fluid is drawn into the tip. This characteristic can be exploited to enable very small volumes of fluid to be loaded into the pipette tip, which is useful where the compound to be injected is expensive. Solutions can be introduced into the back of the pipette either by immersion or by bringing into contact with a drop of fluid. The volume drawn into the tip depends upon its diameter. Pipettes with tips of 1 µm will draw up about 100 nl and those of 5 µm will fill with about 1 µl of fluid. Coarse pipettes can be filled by sucking fluid directly through the tip. Electrical connections to pipettes in which only the tip is filled can usually be effected simply by sticking a wire into the pipette lumen. The presence of a thin trail of electrolyte along the outside of the internal filament provides the necessary path for current flow. It is advisable to centrifuge all solutions before use to remove material that may block the tip.IontophoresisIontophoresis involves the ejection of a substance from a pipette by the application ofcurrent. The polarity of the ejection current employed depends on the net charge on the substance to be injected (negative pulses are used to eject negatively charged molecules). Most modern microelectrode amplifiers are equipped with a current pump that can be used to provide an iontophoretic current that is, within limits,independent of the electrode resistance (see Chapters 1 and 16). If only a simple amplifier is available, or the current pump is unable to provide sufficient voltage to drive the required current through the electrode tip, then it is possible to use a battery and a current limiting resistor as a current source. If a battery is employed then the headstage of the amplifier should be switched out of the circuit when the battery is connected. Obviously the current provided by this crude arrangement will be governed by Ohm’s Law. The current applied to a cell should be as small as is consistent with the introduction of sufficient of the compound into the cell. In all events the voltage produced by the passage of the iontophoretic current must be limited (to say +100 to −100 mV) to avoid damage to the cell membrane.Continuous application of current should be avoided since it often causes the electrode tip to block. This block can sometimes be relieved by reversing the polarity of the current for a short time. However, once an electrode shows signs of block the trend is usually irreversible and the pipette should be discarded. Often the best strategy is to employ short duration current pulses of alternating polarity. Whatever the form of the pulse, small currents for long periods are usually more successful than high currents for shorter times. To recognise electrode block and standardise procedures, it is essential to monitor the current flow through the electrode. It is not sufficient simply to monitor the voltage applied to the electrode! If the amplifier employed does not have a current monitor then a simple one can be improvised by measuring the voltage drop across a resistor in the earth return circuit. The membrane potential of the cell should be measured during electrode insertion, before switching to current injection. It is sensible to check the condition of the cell by measuring its resting potential at intervals during iontophoresis. Such measurements are simplified by using a bridge amplifier (see Chapters 1 and 16) that enables the membrane voltage to be monitored continuously during current passing experiments. For a detailed discussion of the circuits for current injection and current monitoring see Purves (1981).A useful technique for achieving bulk flow from the electrode tip is to cause high frequency oscillations of the voltage across the electrode resistance. This is achieved by pressing the ‘buzz’ or ‘zap’ buttons present on some amplifiers. The effect of these can be imitated by turning up the capacity compensation control, found on nearly all microelectrode amplifiers, to the point at which the electrode voltage oscillates (termed ‘ringing’).In theory the amount of a substance ejected from the pipette during an iontophoretic pulse can be estimated from a consideration of its transport number (Purves, 1981). In practice, these estimates are highly unreliable and the transport number is often unknown for the compound employed.Pressure injectionPressure ejection is the method of choice for the injection of neutral molecules and 363Techniques for dye injection and cell labelling364P. MOBBS AND OTHERSthose of low iontophoretic mobility. Commercial pressure injection devices are available (see list of suppliers) that enable the application of calibrated pressure pulses to the back end of the injection pipette. Essentially a pressure injection system consists of a gas cylinder connected, via a timing circuit, a solenoid-operated valve and a pressure regulator, to a side-arm pipette holder. Commercial equipment is expensive, but a home-made rig can be simply made from the components listed above. The timing circuit can be replaced by a manually operated switch. Take care to ensure that the connections and tubing are safe at the pressures employed and that the pipette is firmly held within the holder. The pressure and timing of the pulse can be roughly established by measuring the diameter of a drop expelled from the pipette tip into a bath of liquid paraffin. However, this method frequently over-estimates the back-pressure from the cytoplasm and quantification of pressure injection is often as uncertain as in iontophoresis.Patch-pipettesMany substances can be introduced into cells from patch-pipettes while recording in the whole-cell mode. The concentration that a compound reaches within the cell during whole-cell recording is equal to that within the patch-pipette solution. Thus for most dyes and labels the concentrations to employ are a fraction of those used in iontophoresis or pressure injection experiments. For example, Lucifer Yellow CH incorporated into the patch-pipette solution at 1 mg ml−1will produce intense fluorescence of the cell (40 mg ml−1is used in sharp electrodes for iontophoresis; Fig. 1B).3. Techniques for visualizing cellsVisualizing cells prior to injectionIn order to inject a cell you must be able to guide your micropipette toward it. There are three techniques available to aid in the steering of electrodes:(a) Stereotaxic movements combined with continuous electrical recording (mainly used for penetration of cells in brain nuclei).(b) Visual guidance using white light and interference contrast optics to visualize the cell and identify targets.(c) Visual guidance using cells prelabelled with fluorescent dyes as the target.In solid tissue, whatever technique is chosen to guide the electrode, the target must lie along initial trajectory of the electrode. Manipulation out of this axis will break the electrode.1. Stereotaxis. This method requires that you know precisely where your target cells lie even though you can not see them. Such information is sometimes available from stereotactic atlases. Micromanipulators can be roughly calibrated to give depth measurements but errors always arise as a result of tissue distortion during electrode penetration. The identification of the target cells can sometimes be achieved through knowledge of their electrical properties or synaptic connections,for example by the response to current injection or stimulation of a peripheral nerve.2. Interference contrast optics.Phase contrast and differential interference contrast techniques (Nomarski) are good for visualising living cells. Phase contrast is useful for cells in tissue culture but does not work well for tissue slices. Nomarski optics provide high resolution and can be used to provide effective optical sections of transparent tissue. The more recently introduced Hoffman optics are cheaper than Nomarski optics and are useful for viewing tissue slices because they provide a greater depth of field.3. Prelabelling with a fluorophore.There are two approaches to the prelabelling of cells to identify them as targets for subsequent microinjection experiments. Cells can either be bathed in a dye that becomes internalized (Fig. 1E), or labelled by retrograde transport of a marker from their axons (Fig. 1A). Whilst some dyes are either actively taken into cells or simply diffuse across the membrane others only enter if the membrane is disrupted by osmotic shock or through exposure to dimethyl sulphoxide. Whatever the method of prelabelling, the choice of the label is crucial to success. Ideally the label should be visible under the same filter set as the dye used in subsequent injection experiments and the intensity of the prelabel’s fluorescence should not mask that of the injected fluorophore. Since the prelabel may remain inside the cell for an extended period, it is important that it is non-toxic.Retrograde labelling of neurons via their axonal projections is an extremely useful means of identifying populations of cells that project to particular targets. Fast blue and diamidino yellow are amongst the most popular of the labels available for this purpose. Fast blue labels the cell cytoplasm and diamidino yellow stains the nucleus (Fig. 1E). Both pass rapidly across the cell membrane and can be used to label cells from their axon terminals or from cut axons. General labelling of all the cells in a tissue can be achieved by bathing in a dilute solution of the dyes. Both of these dyes work well on formaldehyde-fixed tissue. Target cells identified with these prelabel dyes can subsequently be injected with Lucifer Yellow, carboxyfluorescein or Cascade Blue which are visible with the same filter set (Fig. 1E).Some fluorophores with useful properties are neither taken up nor transported by cells. However, they can be made into useful labels through conjugation to lectins,dextrans or plastic microspheres. Lectins bind to sugar moieties on the cell membrane, are brought into the cell through endocytosis and transported. Dextrans can also be conjugated to most fluorophores. Plastic microspheres can be coupled to fluorescent molecules. They are available in a variety of materials and sizes. Applied to damaged axons they are taken up by and retrogradely transported. Microspheres are visible in the electron microscope.Visualizing labelled cellsThe object of many microinjection experiments is to render the cell under study visible by introduction of a label. The majority of such labels are either fluorescent or can be processed to produce a coloured reaction product. Below we describe the techniques for visualizing and recording the results of cell labelling experiments.365Techniques for dye injection and cell labelling366P. MOBBS AND OTHERSOften labelled cells can be visualised without any histological processing and some labels can be used to follow changes in cell morphology that occur over extended periods of time (Purves et al.1986). Methods for the fixation of tissue and the histological processing of tissue containing labels are given later.Fluorescent labels are excited by light at one wavelength and emit light at another longer wavelength. The user must choose the excitation and emission filters most suitable to their application (see appendix A). It is convenient to have the microscope used for positioning the electrode equipped with a light source and filters capable of exciting the label. This allows the user to determine the endpoint of the injection experiment by observation. Many of the labels in common use are excited by far blue or UV light. The tungsten or quartz halogen bulbs found in most microscope illuminators do not provide much light at these wavelengths and an additional mercury or xenon light source is required. Most manufacturers provide some convenient means for switching between the white and UV light sources. If this switching mechanism is to be used during the course of a labelling experiment, it is imperative that it operates without vibration if the microelectrode is to remain in the cell under study.The factors involved in the choice of the optics and light sources for fluorescence microscopy are complex. The short discussion below is offered as an introduction that may be supplemented by consulting some of excellent free literature provided by major manufacturers (see for example the booklets offered by Zeiss, Lieca and Nikon). Mercury lamps are cheaper than xenon lamps. However, the emission spectrum of a xenon lamp is relatively continuous throughout the UV and visible spectrum while that of mercury lamps consists of a series of sharp peaks (emission lines). With mercury lamps, it is important to ensure that a line exists at a wavelength appropriate to the dye in use. Most modern fluorescence microscopes employ epi-illumination, a system in which the light used to excite the dye is focused on the specimen through the same objective used to view the light emitted by the dye.The choice of objective is critical in fluorescence microscopy. Quartz objectives pass much more short wavelength light than those made from glass. However, quartz objectives are expensive and unnecessary for use with dyes excited by light in the visible and near UV regions of the spectrum. It is crucial that the objective has a high numerical aperture (NA) since both the intensity of the light focused on the specimen and the light gathering power of the lens increase with the square of the aperture. An objective with an NA of 1.0 will yield 16 times as much light as a 0.5 NA lens. High NA objectives have shorter working distance and need an immersion medium - water, oil or glycerol (for UV). For injection of cells in thick preparations on an upright microscope water immersion lenses are preferable to those that work in air because they have a greater NA and there is no optical distortion due to meniscus effects of the micropipette on the bath surface. On the other hand, very long working distance air electrodes can be covenient, if optically inferior. Two particularly useful lenses are Zeiss ×40 0.75 NA W water immersion and the Nikon ×40 ELWD air (NA 0.5) with correction collar. Intensity of fluorescent light also depends upon the magnification. Itdecreases as the square of the magnification: a ×10 eyepiece produce an image of 25% the intensity of an image formed by a ×5 eyepiece. Low magnification eyepieces are therefore preferable for visual observation.Fluorescent images can be recorded on film or by analog or digital video techniques. There are many black and white, colour print and transparency films suitable for recording fluorescence images. Generally a film of high speed and acceptable grain should be chosen. Colour films of speed greater than 400 ASA tend to be too grainy, however, black and white films such as Kodak’s TMAX give excellent results even at 2400 ASA (must be developed in TMAX developer). In normal photography, the reciprocity law applies and the total amount of exposure is given by the product of the luminance and the exposure time. Thus an exposure of 1/60th of a second at f8 is the same as for 1/30th at f11. With dim objects the reciprocity law fails to predict the exposure and the exposure time has to be increased.Most film manufacturers provide a guide to the performance of their films at low light intensities. In practice it is often better simply to take several exposures of increasing duration starting with the exposure time indicated by the meter on the camera.The advent of cheaper video cameras that operate at low light intensities has opened up the possibility of recording fluorescent images either on video-tape or in digital form on a computer. Digital image recording has the advantage of allowing complex analysis of an image.Labels that result in a coloured or opaque reaction product are much simpler to photograph than those labelled with fluorescent compounds. No special equipment is required.4. Labelling cells for subsequent identification and fordetermination of overall cell architectureDyes injected for these purposes should have the following properties: (a) they should be visible, either immediately or after chemical reaction; (b) they should remain in the injected cell, either because they are too large to move across the cell membrane and through gap junctions or because they are strongly bound by the cytoplasm; (c) they should not be toxic, although this requirement can be relaxed if the tissue is to be processed immediately after the cell has been injected; (d) they should be stable and not break down to give products with different properties; (e)they should withstand histological processing. In practice, property (e) is the most difficult to achieve.Six classes of compound are used for this purpose:1. Inherently fluorescent molecules and those tagged with a fluorescent probe.Lucifer Yellow (MW 457) and carboxyfluorescein (MW 376) are the most popular fluorescent compounds for determining overall cellular architecture. However, they are far from ideal for this purpose. Both pass through gap junctions (see below) and carboxyfluorescein cannot be fixed. Lucifer Yellow withstands fixation well but as 367Techniques for dye injection and cell labelling368P. MOBBS AND OTHERSwith all other dyes some fluorescence intensity is lost. Passage through gap junctions can be prevented by conjugation of the fluorophore to dextrans. Dextrans (MWs 3000-70000) can be coupled to fluorescein, rhodamine isothiocyanate or Texas Red. They can be prepared in the laboratory (see Gimlich & Braun, 1985) or purchased commercially (Molecular Probes, 48-49 Pitchford Avenue, Eugene, Oregon, OR97402-9144 USA). Cascade Blue and sulphrhodamine 101 are also useful for determining cellular architecture and extend the range of colours available for double marking experiments. For examples of multiple labelling see Fig. 1D,F. Advantages:Can be pressure injected or iontophoresed.Can be seen in living cells with appropriate fluorescent illumination.Are not toxic provided the amount injected is kept fairly low.Do not break down.Will withstand routine fixation and embedding techniques, provided the fixative or mountant does not generate auto-fluorescence. Glutaraldehyde fixation, for example, must be avoided. Many commercial mountants, such as DPX, are unsuitable for this reason. Mountants that are designed to reduce fading can now be obtained (e.g. Citifluor, City University, London). Disadvantages:Limit of detection determined by threshold of fluorescence. Detection levels can be improved by electronic image intensification.Fluorescence fades under continuous illumination. This can be reduced by using anti-fade mountants.Fluorescein fades particularly fast, but is more fluorescent than rhodamine or Texas Red.Sometimes become incorporated into cellular organelles with time, making fluorescence particulate.Margin between visible not toxic, and visible but toxic is narrow.2. The carbocyanine dyes.Octadecyl(C18)-indocarbocyanine (DiI) and oxycarbocyanine (DiO) (MWs 934 and 882) are highly fluorescent lipophilic compounds. They dissolve in, and diffuse throughout, the lipids of the plasma membrane. They are not toxic and they have been reported to remain in the cell membrane for up to one year (Kuffler, 1990). They will also diffuse along membranes in lightly fixed tissue. In the absence of any sites of membrane fusion the carbocyanines label single cells. The diffusion rate for these compounds is slow (about 6 mm/day, slower in fixed tissue), however, carbocyanines with unsaturated alkyl chain segments (FAST-DiI and FAST-DiO) exhibit accelerated diffusion rates. The polyunsaturated “DiASP” compounds (N-4(4-dilinoleylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide and related molecules) (MW~800) are also reported to diffuse more rapidly. Because the carbocyanines are insoluble in water they must either be pressure injected into cells in solution inDMSO or alcohol or applied to the cell membrane in which they rapidly dissolve.DiI and DiO can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. DiI has similar excitation properties to rhodamine, excited by green it fluoresces red. DiO is similar to fluorescein in that it is excited by blue light and produces green fluorescence. DiAsp has a broad excitation spectrum and fluoresces orange. These dyes can be converted into a permanent reaction product via the Maranto reaction (Maranto, 1982) in which the singlet oxygen released by illumination is used to oxidise diamino-benzidine (DAB).Advantages:They are not toxic and can remain in the cell membrane without harm over several years.Disadvantages:Not water soluble.They tend to fade quickly particularly in laser scanning confocal microscopy.Long diffusion times.Can only be pressure injected.3. Enzymes such as horse radish peroxidase. Horse radish peroxidase (HRP) is reacted with diamino-benzidine or other chromogens to generate a product visible in the light or electron microscope. There are many protocols for developing HRP (see Mesulam, 1982 and Heimer & Robards, 1981 for a selection). Widely used in studies in the central nervous system. The injection of enzymes can also be used to kill individual cells (e.g. pronase). This is potentially useful in lineage and regeneration studies.Advantages:Can be pressure injected or iontophoresed.Not toxic.Remains within the injected cell, provided the preparation is free from micro-peroxidases. Will cross synapses, which can be useful when tracing pathways.Does not break down.Good visibility.Reaction product visible in the electron microscope.Disadvantages:Can only be seen after reaction product produced. However, by using a fluorescent peroxidase conjugate, such as RITC-peroxidase (Sigma P5031),an indication of the staining can be obtained during the fill period (see Fig.1A-C).Can get reaction product from endogenous peroxidases, so method has to be modified if this is likely to be a problem.The penetration of chromogen into tissue is rather poor (about 100 µm), so that whole mounts or slices have to be below this thickness.369Techniques for dye injection and cell labelling370P. MOBBS AND OTHERSMuch of the enzyme activity is lost on fixation. If possible the material is best fixed after reaction.4.Biocytin. A recently introduced intracellular marker (Horikawa & Armstrong, 1988) comprising a highly soluble conjugate of biotin and lysine (MW 372.48) that has a high binding affinity for avidin. The injected biocytin is visualised by attaching a label to avidin, e.g. a fluorescent label such as FITC or rhodamine, or a chromogenic enzyme such as HRP. Suitable avidin conjugates are widely available (e.g. Sigma, Vector Labs.). A small molecular weight biotin compound, biotinamide (MW 286), is also available (Neurobiotin, Vector Labs, 16 Wulfric Square, Bretton, Peterborough PE3 8RF, UK) and may be easier to inject (Kita & Armstrong, 1991). Advantages:Highly soluble in aqueous solutions.Can be pressure injected or iontophoresed.Low toxicity.Does not break down.Good fluorescent, visible light, or electron microscopic visibility after avidin reaction.Disadvantages:Can only be seen after avidin reaction.Reaction penetration limited to about 100 µm even with detergents or surfactants so tissue may have to be sectioned.Some ultrastructural degradation from penetration agents.Can pass between coupled cells.Occurs naturally in trace amounts.5. Heavy metals such as cobalt and nickel.The metal is precipitated with ammonium sulphide or hydrogen sulphide. The sensitivity can be improved by intensification with silver (Pearse, 1968; Bacon & Altman, 1977). Double labelling can be achieved by using different metals in the same preparation followed by precipitation with rubeanic acid (Quicke & Brace, 1979); this results in precipitates of different colours depending on the metal, e.g. cobalt = yellow, nickel = blue, copper = olive.Heavy metal complexes, such as lead EDTA (Turin, 1977) can be suitable in cells that are not linked to their neighbours by gap junctions (see later section). In principle, it is possible to prepare a range of heavy metal complexes of different sizes so long as the complex is firmly held, so that there is no free metal or anion which might be toxic, and the metal has a much higher affinity for sulphide than for the anion used to make the complex. This is essential to ensure precipitation of the metal out of the complex. The advantage of a heavy metal complex is that the complex can be much less toxic than the heavy metal itself and may be much easier to eject from the pipette. However, some metal sulphides will re-dissolve if the precipitant (usually ammonium sulphide) contains polysulphides. Freshly prepared solutions saturated with H2S do not suffer from polysulphide formation.。

济南2024年03版小学6年级下册英语第6单元测验卷[有答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）A卷一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：The ______ (物种) diversity is crucial for a healthy ecosystem.2、填空题：The _____ (火烈鸟) is pink and stands on one leg.3、How many hours are there in a day?A. 12B. 24C. 36D. 48答案：B4、填空题：The ______ (阳光照射) plays a role in photosynthesis.5、填空题：I want to _______ (学会) playing the piano.6、What is 20 + 30?a. 40b. 50c. 60d. 70答案:b7、听力题：The Earth’s ______ is responsible for its magnetic f ield.8、What do you call a person who repairs computers?A. TechnicianB. EngineerC. BuilderD. Designer答案:A9、What is the capital of Russia?A. St. PetersburgB. MoscowC. KievD. Minsk答案: B10、听力题：We have a _____ (活动) for Earth Day.11、What is the name of the famous rock band known for hits like "Hey Jude"?A. The Rolling StonesB. The BeatlesC. QueenD. Pink Floyd答案：B12、填空题：I have a toy _____ that can dance.13、听力题：The capital of Senegal is __________.14、听力题：Saltwater is an example of a ______.15、填空题：We have a ______ (愉快的) celebration for achievements.16、填空题：The ancient Egyptians created beautiful _____ for their gods.17、What do we call the melting of snow and ice?A. PrecipitationB. EvaporationC. RunoffD. Thawing答案:D18、填空题：A __________ day is perfect for going to the zoo. (温暖的)19、听力题：A reaction that produces a gas and a solid is called a ______ reaction.20、填空题：The _______ (Peasants’ Revolt) occurred in England in 1381.21、填空题：The ______ (鲸鱼) is known for its size and beauty.22、听力题：The chemical symbol for technetium is ______.23、填空题：Birds can ______ (飞) in the sky.24、听力题：Space exploration began in the ______ century.25、填空题：My uncle is a __________ (音乐家).26、听力题：My dad likes to go on ____ (hiking) trips.27、填空题：________ (果醋) is made from fruit.28、填空题：I enjoy playing ________ (棋类) with my friends.29、听力题：A solution is a mixture where one substance ______ in another.30、What do we call the act of trying out new things?A. ExperimentingB. TestingC. SamplingD. All of the Above答案：D31、What is the term for a person who studies the oceans?A. OceanographerB. Marine BiologistC. GeologistD. Environmentalist答案:A32、What do you call a person who works with wood?A. CarpenterB. ElectricianC. PlumberD. Mason答案: A33、What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. VeniceC. FlorenceD. Milan答案: A. Rome34、What do we call the effect of the Earth's rotation on weather patterns?A. Coriolis EffectB. Trade WindsC. Jet StreamD. Ocean Currents35、听力题：The ________ (strategy) guides our actions.36、What is the main ingredient in salad?A. MeatB. VegetablesC. FruitsD. Grains答案：B37、What do we call a group of dolphins?A. SchoolB. PodC. FlockD. Colony答案:B. Pod38、听力题：A _______ is a large area of land that is covered with trees.39、听力题：In chemistry, we use ______ to represent elements.40、What is the color of milk?A. WhiteB. YellowC. BlueD. Green41、What is the main ingredient in a Caesar salad?A. LettuceB. SpinachC. KaleD. Arugula答案:A. Lettuce42、Which of these is a primary color?A. PurpleB. GreenC. BlueD. Orange答案:C43、What color is a ripe strawberry?A. BlueB. YellowC. RedD. Green答案:C44、What is the opposite of ‘easy’?A. SimpleB. DifficultC. HardD. Challenging45、听力题：The ______ helps us learn about social studies.46、选择题：What is 8 + 2?A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 1347、填空题：I enjoy making ______ (贺卡) for my friends on their birthdays. It’s a personal touch they appreciate.What do we call the time of year when it’s very cold?A. SpringB. SummerC. WinterD. Autumn49、听力题：The __________ is essential for protecting water sources.50、听力题：My ______ is an expert in technology.51、What is the name of the fairy tale character who had a magic mirror?A. CinderellaB. Snow WhiteC. RapunzelD. Belle52、听力题：The snowman has a ______ (carrot) nose.53、填空题：I love to have tea parties with my ________ (玩具名) and pretend we are all friends.54、填空题：The _____ (水果收成) happens in late summer.55、听力题：My brother likes to play _____ (basketball/football).56、听力题：She is good at ______. (dancing)57、填空题：A _____ (小马) can be very gentle around children.58、What is the capital city of El Salvador?A. San SalvadorB. Santa AnaC. San MiguelD. Sonsonate59、听力题：A __________ is a small furry animal that often lives in burrows.The Age of Exploration began in the _______ century.61、填空题：I want to help protect the _______ (环境). It’s important for future _______ (世代).62、听力题：A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of ______.63、听力题：The chemical formula for magnesium sulfate is ______.64、What do we call a young deer?A. FawnB. CalfC. KidD. Pony65、What is the main gas in the atmosphere?A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. Carbon DioxideD. Hydrogen答案：B66、填空题：The discovery of ________ led to significant advances in medicine.67、填空题：I enjoy doing puzzles and brain teasers to challenge my ________ (思维).68、填空题：The ______ (金鱼) swims in circles, looking for food.69、听力题：He plays _____ (football/basketball) on the team.70、填空题：A _____ (植物园) showcases different species.71、听力题：My uncle is very ________.72、填空题：I enjoy visiting the __________ with my family. (博物馆)My friend has a ___ (小宠物), which is a cute rabbit.74、What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on gravity?A. Isaac NewtonB. Albert EinsteinC. Galileo GalileiD. Johannes Kepler答案: A75、填空题：A _____ is a piece of land that juts out into the sea.76、ts are ________ (药用) and help heal. 填空题：Some pla77、Which animal is known for its ability to change color?A. ChameleonB. ElephantC. GiraffeD. Zebra78、填空题：Understanding the role of plants in our environment is crucial for ______. (了解植物在环境中的作用对保护至关重要。

Very fine powder with a pleasant odor 超细粉末，气味怡人Ingredients:成分basic is a high quality composition of different natural minerals and clay like zeolite,silicium dioxide (natural minerals and clay have forage/feed quality）由不同天然矿物和粘土如沸石、二氧化硅和碳酸钙组成的高质量产品（天然矿物和粘土为饲料级）A B DesinfloorAI g/kg 5,58 5,33 20Ca g/kg 265 204 54,5Cd mg/kg 0,14 3,99 < 0,5Cu mg/kg 124 4665 25Mg g/kg 35 3 61,2Mn mg/kg 177 40 333Data: Agravis Raiffeisen AG, Germany, March 2017 Ni mg/kg 8,4 22,5 3,5P mg/kg 0,1 64,7 n.n.Ingredients: 成分aroma of essential oils 植物精油General benefits of essential oils植物精油的综合效益✓active air improvement 改善空气✓Mucolytic effects 祛痰✓Cough reducing properties 减少咳嗽✓Digestive effects 助消化✓acts as a growth inhibitor in bacteria and fungi 细菌和真菌的生长抑制剂Made in Germany - product has experience over 15 years in professional farms 德国制造, 产品拥有超过15年的专业农场使用经验Packaging: 20 kg bags (full pallet: 50 x 20 kg bags)包装: 20 公斤/包（一托盘：50包 x 20 公斤）DESINFLOOR® - Hygiene Powder for Occupied Stables 用于畜禽舍General way of application: 综合应用•spread on the litter by hand or mechanically in dairy, pig andpoultry housings , even in occupied stables用手或设备喷洒畜舍用设备喷在猪禽舍内，或带猪或鸡喷洒•dry bath for piglets and hoofs of cows仔猪接生和预防蹄病General recommended application: 用法•advice of 50 grams per m²建议50克每平米•repeat the use if necessary, also on residual bedding (hay, sawdust, peat) 可重复使用（垫料，锯屑，泥炭）Extremely good scattering power (no lumps ) 极好的分散性（没有结块）Outstanding hygienisation and drying of surfaces 显著的卫生化及表面干燥性能1) 5,5 g Desinfloor, dry powder5.5g Desinfloor，干粉2) 5,5 g Competitor product, dry powder 5.5g 竞争对手的产品，干粉1) Water binding +129,8% (5,5 g Desinfloor takes up 7,14 ml of water)结合水的能力为 +129.8% （5.5g Desinfloor结合了7.14ml的水）2) water binding + 75,1 % (5,5 g competitor product takes up 4,13 ml of water)结合水的能力为 +75.1%（5.5g的竞争对手的产品，结合了4.13ml的水）Outstanding hygienisation and drying of surfaces 显著的卫生化及表面干燥性能Desinfloor:Water binding +129,8% 结合水的能力为 +129.8% (5,5 g Desinfloor takes up 7,14 ml of water5.5g Desinfloor结合7.14ml水) Competitor product: 竞争对手产品Wasseraufnahme von 75,1 % 结合水的能力为 +75.1% (5,5 g competitor product takes up 4,13 ml of water5.5g竞争对手的产品结合4.13ml水)composition of nature minerals and essential oils binds harmful gases like ammonia and improves active the air quality产品中天然矿物和植物精油的成分与氨等有害气体结合，改善空气质量Ammonia Effects on Swine Farms 氨气对猪场的影响Ammonia ppm 氨气浓度Effects on Swine 对猪只影响under 20 ppm from 40 ppm from 60 ppm from 100 ppm from 150 ppm above 200 ppm Optimal 最佳First negative health and performance effects首先对健康和性能产生负面影响Reduction of motor activity运动力降低Reduction of daily increases, favoring infections, shifts in the white differential blood image日增重减少，易感染，血相变化大Tear, nasal, salivary, conjunctivitis, Cough, sneezing流泪、流鼻涕、唾液、结合膜炎、咳嗽、打喷嚏Irregular shortness of breath, convulsions呼吸短促、抽搐Mehlhorn, Hartung (1990)drying effect reduces fly problems 减少蚊蝇问题No crusting of wounds after castration by piglets 用于仔猪去势后没有结痂的伤口skin friendly for farm animals 对动物皮肤无伤害DESINFLOOR® - Hygiene Powder Used in Swine Farm 卫生粉用于猪场DESINFLOOR® - Hygiene Powder Used in Swine Farm 卫生粉用于猪场Hygienisation of the surface including piglet nests, weaning & fattening stables and breeding stalls 包括小猪舍、保育舍、育肥舍和配种舍的表面卫生化DESINFLOOR ® - Dry bath for a quick drying of newborn piglets to快速干燥新生仔猪▪Dry fast skin of piglet 迅速干燥仔猪皮肤 ▪Prevent loss of body heat and a quick loss of energy (hypo-glycaemia) 防止新生仔猪体温和能量的快速流失（低血糖）▪improve piglet survival rate 提高仔猪的成活率Data: Heinfelder pig farm Germany, March 2017 Av. body temp.平均体温Difference in Celsius 温度差异2 litter, no Desinfloor2窝，不用Desinfloor31.82 litter, with Desinfloor 2窝，用Desinfloor 33.7 1.9快速干燥新生仔猪More fast to make piglet independent stand and to get first milk early.可以使仔猪在极短的时间内独立行走，尽早地获得初乳Protect the umbilicus (navel) from infection caused by the environment and pathogenic germs like streptococci 保护脐部免受环境和诸如链球菌的病原菌感染Without Desinfloor is the risk higher to get infections caused by streptococci 不用Desinfloor 增加了感染链球菌的风险The use of Desinfloor can protect the navelagainst infections caused by streptococci 使用Desinfloor 可保护脐部免受链球菌感染reduce bacteria (E. Coli) and virus (PEDV) and reduce diarrhea and disease risk 减少细菌（大肠杆菌）和病毒（猪流行性腹泻病毒），降低腹泻和疾病风险Desinfloor can reduce the risk of diarrhea Desinfloor能降低腹泻的风险without Desinfloor is the risk higher to get diarrhea infections 不使用Desinfloor，有增加腹泻传染的风险DESINFLOOR® - Bedding surfaces in the breeding / gestation stalls 配种房及妊娠舍地面▪Prevent urinary tract and womb infections from spreading among the sows 防止蔓延于母猪的泌尿系统及子宫炎症▪Active Air Improvement by essential Oils and binding Gases like Ammonia 通过植物精油及粘合类似氨气的有害气体，积极改善空气质量Steps Activity 行动 Product solution 产品方案 1Soak stable 浸湿畜舍 - 2Clean waterpipe (if necessary) 清洁水管 DESINTEC® AH-tec, WH-R-aktiv plus 3Roughly clean stable with high pressure hose 用高压软管粗略地清洗畜舍 - 4Proceed with chemical cleaning agent 用化学清洗剂 DESINTEC® StallClean 5Rinse stable 冲洗畜舍 - 6 Disinfection against bacteria, fungi, virus, worm eggs, coccidia and cryptosporidia or 以对抗细菌、真菌、病毒、虫卵、双孢子球虫和隐孢子虫，或者 Disinfection only against bacteria, fungi, virus 只抵抗细菌、真菌、病毒 DESINTEC® FL-des AllroundDESINTEC® Peroxx Liquid7 Leave stable to dry 让畜舍自然干燥 -8 Washing sows before entering sty 母猪进入圈舍前清洁 DESINTEC® Animal Wash9 Hygienization in occupied stalls 畜舍卫生 DESINTEC® Desinfloor®9 Steps – Hygiene and Disinfection Concept 9 步——卫生和消毒的概念DESINFLOOR® - build a bedding for cows 为奶牛建一个床Area of application for bovine farms:在牛场的应用：•the cows bedding surfaces: hygienisation of the uddersenvironment:母牛卧床表面：乳房环境卫生化•to reduce cell numbers 减少细菌数量•to prevent mastitis 预防乳腺炎Area of application for bovine farms: 在牛场的应用•treat surfaces in cow and bull sheds:母牛和公牛棚舍的表面处理：•to prevent hoof disease like mortellaro (Dermatitis Digitalis)预防蹄部疾病，比如mortellaro蹄病（洋地黄类药物性皮炎）•Dry hoof bath in a walk-through bath installation 在走道设置干蹄浴池calf boxes and calf stalls: 公牛厩hygienisation of the newborn calves environment 新生犊牛的环境卫生化•to prevent bacterialproliferation/infection防止细菌增殖/感染•to improve the air quality提高空气质量Area of application for poultry farms: 家禽场的应用Optimised drying in poultry breeding facilities: 家禽养殖设备的优化干燥•to keep environment dry and improve the air quality 保持环境干燥，提高空气质量• a dry environment improves the growth and the health of foot pad dermatitis 干燥的环境促进生长，提升脚部健康，减少脚掌皮炎的发生•reducing of straw or sawdust bedding cost 降低秸秆或锯末垫层成本•improved in-house climate and reduced air ammonia level 改善舍内气候，降低空气氨含量•birds‘ sensitive footpads stay unharmed 帮助禽类敏感的脚垫保持健康•birds are mobile and vital – less arthritis禽类行动自如的关键——减少关节炎•healthy feet – less animal losses 健康的脚——减少损失Recommended application for broiler farms: 肉鸡场的推荐应用50 grams per m2 in the service period: 饲养期间每平方米50克•1-2 days before arrival of new animals, before equipment is installed and when the litter is renewed用于新进群的到达前1-2天、设备安装和畜舍更新时•repeat the use if necessary, specially wet bedding (hay, sawdust, peat) under water pipes etc.必要时重复使用，特别是位于水管等设备下的，潮湿的床（干草，木屑，泥炭）Area of application for other housings:其他圈舍的应用•Sprinkling in horse boxes: to keep them dry and improve the air马棚洒水：保持马匹的干燥，提高空气质量•Rabbit hutches: to keep them dry and improve the air 兔圈内：保持兔子干燥，提高空气质量Thank you for your attention!A trademark of the Feddersen Group。

Horses are one of the most majestic creatures on Earth,often associated with strength,grace,and a certain wild spirit.They have been an integral part of human history,serving various roles from transportation to companionship.Heres an essay that delves into the world of horses,their significance in different cultures,and the bond they share with humans.The Majestic Horse:A Symbol of Strength and BeautyHorses have captivated human imagination for centuries,embodying a blend of power and elegance that is hard to find in other animals.From the ancient chariots of Rome to the modern equestrian sports,these creatures have played a pivotal role in shaping human societies.Historical SignificanceThe relationship between humans and horses dates back to prehistoric times.Early humans domesticated horses for hunting and transportation,which significantly improved their mobility and hunting efficiency.In ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Romans,horses were used in warfare,pulling chariots and carrying soldiers into battle. The Mongols,known for their horseriding prowess,used horses as their primary mode of transportation,which allowed them to conquer vast territories with remarkable speed. Cultural ImpactIn many cultures,horses are revered for their beauty and strength.In Chinese culture,the horse is one of the twelve zodiac animals and is associated with success and good fortune. In Native American traditions,horses are considered sacred and are often depicted in their art and rituals.The horse has also been a popular subject in Western art,with famous paintings such as The Horse Fair by Rosa Bonheur and Guernica by Pablo Picasso featuring these animals.Equestrian SportsToday,horses are an integral part of various equestrian sports.Show jumping,dressage, and eventing are disciplines that showcase the horses agility,obedience,and partnership with its rider.Polo,a game that originated in Persia,is another sport where horses are central to the games strategy and excitement.Horse Care and WelfareThe welfare of horses is a significant concern for many horse enthusiasts and professionals.Proper care includes providing a balanced diet,regular exercise,and a clean and safe environment.Many organizations are dedicated to ensuring the wellbeing of horses,advocating for better breeding practices and against the exploitation of these animals.The HumanHorse BondThe bond between humans and horses is unique and profound.Horses are sensitive animals that can form strong emotional connections with their human caretakers.This bond is evident in the trust and communication required for successful riding and training. Many people find solace and companionship in their horses,which can be therapeutic and provide a sense of freedom.ConclusionThe horse is more than just an animal it is a symbol of freedom,strength,and beauty. Their historical significance,cultural impact,and role in modern sports are testaments to their enduring appeal.As we continue to share our world with these magnificent creatures, it is essential to respect and care for them,ensuring their legacy continues for future generations to admire and cherish.。

英语关于保护鲎作文的题目Title: Guardians of the Ancient Marvels: The Campaign to Preserve the Horseshoe Crab.In the depths of the ocean, among the coral reefs and hidden coves, lives a creature so ancient and unique thatit has survived the test of time. The horseshoe crab, with its distinctive, armor-like shell and primitive appearance, is a remnant of a bygone era, a link to the ancient past. However, this remarkable creature is now facing an existential threat, and it is up to us to rise to the challenge and ensure its survival.The horseshoe crab, scientifically known as Limulus polyphemus, is a species that has existed for over 450 million years. Their ancient lineage places them alongside dinosaurs and prehistoric marine life, making them a testament to the resilience and adaptability of nature. These creatures play a crucial role in the ecological balance of the oceans, serving as a natural predator andscavenger, as well as a vital part of the marine food chain.Unfortunately, the horseshoe crab's existence is being threatened by a number of factors. One of the main culprits is the commercial fishing industry, which often catches these crabs as bycatch, leading to their deaths or injuries. Additionally, the increasing demand for their blood in the medical industry, used in the production of a vital testing reagent, has put further pressure on their dwindling population.To combat these threats, conservation efforts are urgently needed. One initiative that has shown promise isthe establishment of protected areas, where fishingactivities are restricted, allowing the horseshoe crab population to recover. These protected areas not only provide a safe haven for the crabs but also serve as vital breeding grounds, ensuring the continuation of their species.Moreover, educational programs and awareness campaigns are crucial in instilling a sense of responsibility amongthe public. By informing people about the importance of these creatures and the threats they face, we can encourage more individuals to get involved in conservation efforts. This could range from participating in beach clean-ups to supporting policies that protect the habitats of the horseshoe crab.Additionally, innovative solutions such as bycatch reduction devices and sustainable fishing practices can help minimize the impact of commercial fishing on the horseshoe crab population. By modifying fishing gear and techniques, fishermen can reduce the number of crabs caught incidentally, allowing them to continue their vital role in the marine ecosystem.Furthermore, the medical industry must also play a role in ensuring the sustainable use of the horseshoe crab's blood. Developing alternative testing reagents or finding ways to reduce the amount of blood needed for medical testing can help减轻对该物种的压力。

小学上册英语第三单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The process of separating mixtures using boiling points is called _____.2.The __________ is a region with many rivers.3.What do you call a baby bear?A. CubB. CalfC. KitD. Pup4.My ______ loves to share her knowledge with others.5.The __________ is a significant feature of coastal regions.6.The musician plays the _____ (小提琴) in the orchestra.7.An alkali metal is very ______ reactive.8._____ (农业技术) advances support better crop growth.9.What is the main source of light during the day?A. MoonB. StarsC. SunD. Lamp10.The bee collects nectar from _________. (花)11.We should _______ (help/ignore) each other.12.What do we call the place where we keep animals?A. FarmB. ZooC. ParkD. GardenB13.The main component of the ozone layer is ______.14. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat is called an ______ reaction.15.What is the first letter of the alphabet?A. AB. BC. CD. D16.The __________ was a period marked by artistic flourishing in Europe. (文艺复兴)17.Radiation from the sun can affect communication on ______.18.I enjoy playing ________ (运动) with my teammates.19.What do we call a person who cooks professionally?A. BakerB. ChefC. WaiterD. Bartender答案:B20.She is _______ (waiting) for the bus.21.The chemical symbol for tellurium is _______.22.The __________ (历史的传承者) carry forward the lessons learned.23.My ________ (姑姑) always brings gifts when she visits.24.What is the capital of Serbia?A. BelgradeB. Novi SadC. NisD. KragujevacA25.I can ______ (帮助) my peers succeed.26.What do you call a person who writes stories?A. AuthorB. EditorC. PublisherD. Illustrator27.The _______ (小蝙蝠) sleeps in caves during the day.28. A bison can run surprisingly ______ (快).29.What do you call the sound a dog makes?A. MeowB. RoarC. BarkD. Tweet30.She is _______ (writing) a letter to her friend.31.What do we call the tool used to measure distance?A. RulerB. ScaleC. ThermometerD. Stopwatch32.My _____ (乐高玩具) is colorful.33.Chlorine is used to ______ water.34.The _____ (fire) is warm.35.My sister is a great __________ (团队合作者).36.What is 7 x 3?A. 21B. 20C. 19D. 18A37.My friend is a __________ (热心的) helper in class.38.The atmosphere of Mars is very thin and mostly _______.39.The ____ has a fluffy tail and loves to dig.40. A ________ (刺客) can blend into its surroundings for protection.41.The _____ (兔子) is known for its long ears.42.What do we call the time when the sun rises?A. MorningB. NoonC. EveningD. Night43.The rabbit is ______ in the grass. (hiding)44.My aunt is very _______ (形容词). 她总是 _______ (动词).45.My dog loves to play with kids in the _______ (公园).46.The density of a substance is calculated by dividing its mass by its _______.47.Which animal is known for its ability to swim fast?A. DogB. DolphinC. CatD. ElephantB48.My favorite color is _______ (blue/red).49.The _____ (蜗牛) leaves a path of slime as it moves.50.In my free time, I love to __________ with my family.51.My mom loves __________ (知识分享).52.What do we call a piece of furniture you use to write on?A. TableB. DeskC. ChairD. Bed53.What do we call the process of plants making food?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. DigestionD. EvaporationA54.The pigeon coos softly in the ______ (树).55.What do you call a group of stars?A. GalaxyB. UniverseC. ConstellationD. NebulaC56.My _____ (玩具熊) is very cuddly.57.I plan to write a story about my ________ (假期) adventures and share it with my class.58.The __________ is a region of the Earth characterized by its unique climate.59.My hamster runs on a ________.60.I want to _____ (play/read) a game.61.I enjoy collecting __________ because each item tells a story.62.I _____ (love/hate) to swim in the pool.63.The country of Greece is famous for its ancient ________ (希腊以其古老的________而闻名).64.The cake is ________ and delicious.65.What do you call a person who collects stamps?A. PhilatelistB. NumismatistC. CollectorD. HobbyistA66.The flowers are ___ (in bloom).67.What do you call a young dog?A. CatB. PuppyC. KittenD. CubB68.I call my pet rabbit “.”69.What is the opposite of "light"?A. BrightB. HeavyC. DarkD. Clear70.I can create a _________ (玩具公园) for my toy animals.71.The ______ (鱼儿) swim gracefully in the water.72. (81) is a famous city in Italy. The ____73. A stable atom has an equal number of protons and ______.74.What is 12 divided by 4?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4C75.What do we call the art of creating visual works?A. PaintingB. SculptureC. DrawingD. All of the AboveD76.The _______ of a material is its resistance to flow.77.My sister loves __________ (社会科学).78.What is the name of the famous mountain in Nepal?A. K2B. KilimanjaroC. Mount EverestD. DenaliC79.The chemical formula for sodium thiocyanate is _____.80.Which creature has eight legs?A. AntB. SpiderC. InsectD. CrabB81.Fish live in _______ (海洋).82._____ (草原) are home to many wildflowers.83.What is the process of water turning into vapor?A. PrecipitationB. EvaporationC. CondensationD. Sublimation84.The __________ is a famous area known for its ancient structures.85.The turtle is very ______.86.What is the name of the sweet treat made from cocoa?A. CandyB. Ice CreamC. ChocolateD. CakeC87.The field is full of ______.88.The Eiffel Tower is in _______.89.What is the capital of Estonia?A. TallinnB. RigaC. VilniusD. Helsinki90.The chemical formula for nitric acid is __________.91.What do we wear on our feet?A. HatB. GlovesC. ShoesD. ScarfC Shoes92.I have a pet ______ (fish).93.I enjoy reading ______ at the library.94.Which food comes from cows?A. EggsB. MilkC. HoneyD. CheeseB95.The chemical symbol for terbium is _____.96.My cousin is a ______. She enjoys participating in debates.97.What is the term for the scientific study of plants?A. ZoologyB. BotanyC. EcologyD. GeologyB98. A non-metal typically gains ______ in reactions.99. A chemical bond is the attractive force between atoms that allows them to ______. 100.The chemical symbol for nickel is _____.。

Invertebrate Nymphal Stage The invertebrate nymphal stage is a crucial period in the life cycle of many insects and other invertebrates. During this stage, the insect undergoes a series of moults, shedding its exoskeleton as it grows and develops into its adult form. This stage is often characterized by dramatic physical changes and behavioral adaptations as the insect prepares for its adult life. In this response, we will explore the significance of the nymphal stage, the challenges and opportunities it presents, and the ways in which it contributes to the overall success of invertebrate species. One of the primary purposes of the nymphal stage is growth and development. Insects and other invertebrates undergo a series of moults during this stage, shedding their exoskeleton to accommodate their increasing size. This process, known as ecdysis, allows the insect to grow and develop into its adult form. Each moult represents a significant milestone in the insect's life, marking its progression towards sexual maturity and reproductive potential. The physical changes that occur during the nymphal stage are often dramatic, as the insect's body undergoes restructuring and reorganization to prepare for its adult life. In addition to physical changes, the nymphal stage also represents a period of behavioral adaptation and learning for many invertebrates. During this stage, insects may develop new feeding habits, mating behaviors, or defensive strategies that will serve them in their adult lives. For example, some insects may develop specialized feeding structures or behaviors that allow them to exploit specific food sources, while others may develop elaborate courtship rituals to attract mates. These behavioral adaptations are crucial for the insect's survival and reproductive success, and they often play a significant role in shaping theinsect's ecological niche and interactions with other species. The nymphal stage also presents unique challenges and opportunities for invertebrates. For many species, this stage is a period of vulnerability, as the insect's soft exoskeleton makes it more susceptible to predation and environmental stress. At the same time, the nymphal stage also provides opportunities for rapid growth and adaptation, as the insect's body is highly plastic and capable of responding to environmental cues and pressures. In some cases, the nymphal stage may also serve as a period of dormancy or diapause, allowing the insect to survive adverse conditions orseasonal changes before resuming its development. From an ecological perspective, the nymphal stage plays a crucial role in the life cycle of invertebrates andtheir interactions with other species. Many invertebrates serve as important prey for a wide range of predators, and the nymphal stage represents a key period of vulnerability for these species. At the same time, the behaviors and adaptations that insects develop during this stage can have far-reaching effects on their ecosystems, influencing the dynamics of food webs, pollination patterns, and nutrient cycling. Understanding the complexities of the nymphal stage is therefore essential for comprehending the broader ecological roles of invertebrates andtheir contributions to ecosystem function. In conclusion, the nymphal stage is a critical period in the life cycle of many invertebrates, characterized by significant physical changes, behavioral adaptations, and ecological implications. This stage represents a time of growth, development, and learning for insects, as they prepare for their adult lives and the challenges and opportunities that await them. By studying the complexities of the nymphal stage, we can gain valuable insights into the biology and ecology of invertebrates, as well as the broader dynamics of natural systems.。

湖南工商大学学士学位英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hunan University of Commerce Bachelor's Degree English ExamPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A: Fill in the blanksDirections: In this section, there are ten sentences with blanks, and you are required to fill in the blanks with the words given below. Each word can only be used once.1. The company is known for its successful ______________ in the technology sector.2. The new law will have a significant impact on the______________ of businesses in the country.3. The students were asked to ______________ their ideas on how to improve the school's facilities.4. The government's decision to lower taxes has been met with ______________ from the public.5. The company's latest product has received ______________ reviews from critics.6. The conference will focus on the ______________ of climate change on the economy.7. The professor's ______________ on the subject are highly respected in the academic community.8. The new policy will encourage ______________ between different departments within the company.9. The company has a strong ______________ to social responsibility and sustainability.10. The student's presentation was ______________ by the panel of judges.Section B: Multiple-choice questionsDirections: For each question, you are required to choose the best answer from the four options given.11. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The benefits of exercising regularly.B. The importance of maintaining a healthy diet.C. The relationship between diet and exercise.D. The impact of diet and exercise on physical health.12. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a symptom of the flu?A. Fever.B. Headache.C. Sore throat.D. Stomachache.13. According to the passage, what is the best way to prevent the flu?A. Getting vaccinated.B. Eating a healthy diet.C. Exercising regularly.D. Getting plenty of rest.14. What does the author recommend for those who have the flu?A. Taking antibiotics.B. Going to work.C. Getting plenty of rest.D. Exercising vigorously.15. What can be inferred about the flu from the passage?A. It is caused by a bacterial infection.B. It can be cured with over-the-counter medication.C. It can be prevented by taking vitamin supplements.D. It is highly contagious and can spread easily.Part II: Writing (60 points)Topic: Choose one of the following topics to write an essay of at least 300 words.1. The impact of social media on society.2. The importance of education in today's world.3. The role of technology in shaping the future.4. The benefits of studying abroad.Part III: Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section A: Short conversationsDirections: In this section, you will hear several short conversations. After each conversation, you will be asked aquestion about what was said. Choose the best answer from the options given.16. What does the man want to do this weekend?A. Go hiking.B. Watch a movie.C. Visit a museum.D. Have dinner with friends.17. Where does the woman suggest meeting?A. At the library.B. At a cafe.C. At the gym.D. At the park.Section B: Long conversationDirections: In this section, you will hear a longer conversation between two people. After the conversation, you will be asked several questions about what was said. Choose the best answer from the options given.18. What is the man's main concern about the new project?A. The budget.B. The timeline.C. The team members.D. The scope of work.19. What does the woman suggest they do to address the man's concern?A. Hire more staff.B. Reduce the budget.C. Extend the deadline.D. Meet with the client.Part IV: Speaking (40 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to speak about a given topic for two minutes. You will be judged on your fluency, coherence, vocabulary, and pronunciation.Topic: Describe a memorable experience you had while traveling.Overall, the Bachelor's Degree English Exam at Hunan University of Commerce is designed to test students' proficiency in English language skills, including reading, writing, listening,and speaking. It covers a wide range of topics, from current events to everyday conversations, and aims to assess students' ability to communicate effectively in English. Prepare well, and good luck on the exam!篇2Hunan University of Commerce Bachelor's Degree English Examination PaperPart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A: Directions: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which one is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A) At a gas station. B) At a flower shop.C) At a department store. D) At a bakery.2. A) Pilot and passenger. B) Traffic police and driver.C) Bus driver and passenger. D) Tour guide and tourist.3. A) A film. B) A concert.C) A play. D) A sports match.4. A) Friday. B) Saturday.C) Sunday. D) Monday.5. A) 3:00. B) 3:15.C) 3:30. D) 3:45.Section B: Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.6. A) Professional technicians. B) Classroom teachers.C) Military officers. D) Police officers.7. A) The man needs to rest at home. B) The man should take medicine.C) The man should see a doctor. D) The man will get worse.8. A) His wife was always tired. B) His wife often complained.C) His wife looked very pale. D) His wife had a heart attack.Section C: Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage is read for you only once. During the passage, you may look at the questions. In this passage, some sentences are given and you are required to complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard.9. This is an announcement for the students. The examination for “English 101 Course” will be held this Saturday morning instead of Sunday according to the original schedule. So, please mark this change on your calendars and remember to come (9) ________ time. The examination (10) ________ start at 9:00 a.m. sharp, so be sure to arrive at least half an hour earlier so that you (11) ________ catch any traffic jam that might occur.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Section A: Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A),B), C) and D). Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.16. The boy said to the teacher, "Would you please tell me how to ( ) the word?"A) correctB) pronounceC) readD) speak17. Mary ( ) so fast that nobody could keep up with her.A) gives upB) movesC) runsD) sets off18. I believe you can achieve your dream if you( ) your every effort.A) put inB) put upC) put offD) put down19. The computer is ( ) very fast that thousands of calculations can be made in one second.A) soB) quiteC) ratherD) such20. Tom asked if you could help him ( ) some change, but I didn't have any either.A) forB) withC) byD) outSection B: Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Each sentence has four underlined parts, marked A), B), C) and D). Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.21. Kate claimed ( A ) that ( B ) she ( C ) would prefer stay ( D ) at home.A B CD22. I told him ( A ) which ( B ) I would attend ( C ) the meeting but he ( D ) didn't like.A BC D23. Many people think that ( A ) John is the ( B ) best spoking ( C ) in our class, but ( D ) I disagree.A B CDSection C: Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Each sentence has an underlined word or phrase followed by four choices. Choose the one that best substitutes for the underlined part and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.26. The bird sings ( A ) very sweetly, attracting her attention immediately.A B CDPart III Reading Comprehension (40%)Section A: Directions: There are 6 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by several questions. For each question there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one that best answers the questions and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 127. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The importance of music.B) The history of the orchestra.C) The benefits of playing a musical instrument.D) The differences between musicians and non-musicians.28. What does the author believe about people's responses to music?A) They reflect the individual's preferences.B) They indicate the individual's intelligence level.C) They are the same for everyone.D) They reveal the individual's innermost feelings.29. Which of the following statements best summarizes the passage?A) The benefits of music have not been fully appreciated.B) Music can serve as a powerful means of communication.C) People should learn to appreciate different forms of music.D) Musicians have a unique understanding of the world around them.Passage 230. What does the passage mainly suggest about humor in advertisements?A) It is only important in television advertisements.B) It is more successful in getting people to pay attention.C) It appeals to a more specific target audience.D) It is rarely used by advertisers now.31. According to the passage, what is the most effective way to introduce humor into an advertisement?A) By using sound effects.B) By repeating a funny slogan.C) By changing the setting.D) By using an unusual actor.32. What is the main purpose of the passage?A) To explain how humor can be used in advertisements.B) To argue against the use of humor in advertising.C) To show the importance of humor in everyday life.D) To analyze the effectiveness of different types of humor in commercials.Passage 333. According to the passage, what is unique about the Thoroughbred horse?A) It originated from Australia.B) It is used in horse racing.C) It is the fastest breed of horse in the United States.D) It is only found in Europe.34. Which of the following is true about the appearance of the Thoroughbred horse?A) It has a small head and large eyes.B) It is known for its distinct markings.C) It is easily identified by its long tail.D) It has a solid color coat.35. What is the main point of the passage?A) To provide a brief history of the Thoroughbred horse.B) To describe the physical characteristics of the Thoroughbred horse.C) To explain why the Thoroughbred horse is used in horse racing.D) To explore the origins of the Thoroughbred horse breed.Section B: Directions: There are 10 questions in this section based on four reading passages. Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.36. What is the main topic of Passage One?A) The benefits of meditation.B) The history of yoga.C) The importance of relaxation techniques.D) The differences between meditation and yoga.37. According to the author, what can be considered a form of meditation?A) Spending time in nature.B) Listening to music.C) Watching television.D) Reading a book.38. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of meditation in the passage?A) Improved concentration.B) Reduced stress.C) Better sleep.D) Weight loss.39. What is the main purpose of Passage Two?A) To explain the benefits of aerobic exercise.B) To describe the characteristics of Swedish massage.C) To compare and contrast different forms of physical therapy.D) To discuss the benefits of daily exercise routines.40. According to the author, what is the difference between Pilates and yoga?A) Pilates is more effective for weight loss.B) Pilates focuses on mental well-being.C) Yoga emphasizes physical strength.D) Yoga uses more equipment than Pilates.Part IV Writing (20%)Section A: Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. Your essay should have a clear organization and the proper use of grammar and vocabulary.The picture shows a group of people cleaning up a beach littered with plastic bottles, cans, and other trash. Write an essay describing the importance of environmental conservation and how individuals can contribute to protecting the environment. Use specific examples and reasons to support your opinion.Section B: Directions: Write an argumentative essay of200-250 words based on the following topic. Your essay should include a clear thesis statement, support it with relevant examples, and address opposing views.Topic: Should universities offer more online courses? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online learning, and provide your opinion on whether universities should increase the number of online courses available to students.End of Examination Paper注意：以上内容仅为本文档展示一部分，完整版文档请以您所在机构规定的方式进行获取。

小学上册英语第4单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The vulture eats _______ (腐肉).2.What is the name of the famous wizarding school in Harry Potter?A. HogwartsB. NarniaC. Middle-earthD. WonderlandA Hogwarts3.The ancient Greeks held festivals in honor of _____.4.In a neutralization reaction, an acid and a base react to form _____ and water.5. A ______ is a large landmass that rises prominently.6.The study of Earth's geological history is important for understanding ______.7. A ____ digs tunnels underground and is often seen in fields.8.What is the term for a person who travels to space?A. AstronautB. CosmonautC. PilotD. ScientistA9.The ________ (生态影响因素) shape ecosystems.10.My mom encourages me to ____.11.I have a close _____ (同学).12. A magnet attracts objects made of ______.13.We visited the ___ (aquarium).14.I want to learn how to ________ (滑雪).15. A solid has a definite shape and _____.16.I love to go ______ (远足) in the mountains during the fall to see the colorful leaves.17.My brother is my silly _______ who keeps me laughing.18.What is the name of the famous American author known for "Moby Dick"?A. Herman MelvilleB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Mark TwainD. Edgar Allan PoeA19. A __________ (溶胶) is a colloidal mixture with solid particles dispersed in a liquid.20.The kids are ___ outside. (playing)21.The _____ (海鸥) searches for food along the shore.22. A __________ is a famous site for hiking adventures.23.What do we call a baby pig?A. CalfB. KidC. PigletD. Foal24.What do we call the science of the study of life?A. ChemistryB. PhysicsC. BiologyD. Geology25.We are going to a ______ (concert) next weekend.26.It is _____ (下雨) today.27. A firefly lights up at ________________ (夜晚).28.The _______ of a wave can be visualized using a wave simulator.29.What is the capital of Cuba?A. HavanaB. SantiagoC. CamagüeyD. Holguín30.What do you need to build a snowman?A. SandB. SnowC. LeavesD. Water31.What do we call the act of transforming raw materials into finished goods?A. ManufacturingB. ProductionC. AssemblyD. ConstructionA32.I usually refer to my classmates as __. (我通常称呼我的同班同学为。

英语关于保护鲎作文的题目英文回答：Protecting Horseshoe Crabs: A Vital Endeavor for Marine Ecosystems.Horseshoe crabs, ancient arthropods that have roamed our oceans for over 450 million years, play a crucial role in maintaining the health and balance of marine ecosystems. However, these enigmatic creatures are facing significant threats due to habitat loss, overfishing, and environmental degradation. Safeguarding their existence is essential for the preservation of our ocean's biodiversity.Horseshoe crabs are ecological engineers, shaping their environment with their unique behaviors and physiology. They serve as a vital food source for various marine species, including migratory birds, sea turtles, and numerous fish species. Their blue blood contains a unique clotting agent, Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL), which isused extensively in the biomedical industry to test for bacterial endotoxins. This discovery has made horseshoe crabs a valuable resource, but it has also led to their overharvesting, threatening their populations.Furthermore, habitat degradation and loss pose significant challenges to horseshoe crabs. Coastal development, dredging, and pollution disrupt their breeding and feeding grounds, diminishing their populations and limiting their ability to recover. Climate change also exacerbates the situation by altering coastal ecosystems and affecting the spawning success of horseshoe crabs.To ensure the survival and recovery of horseshoe crabs, comprehensive conservation measures must be implemented. These include:Establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) to safeguard their breeding and feeding habitats.Regulating and monitoring fishing activities to prevent overharvesting.Reducing coastal development and pollution to protect their breeding grounds.Conducting research and monitoring programs to assess population trends and identify conservation needs.By implementing these measures, we can help protect horseshoe crabs and ensure their continued existence in our oceans. Their presence is not only essential for marine biodiversity but also holds cultural and historical significance. Collaborating with local communities, scientists, and policymakers is crucial to find sustainable solutions that balance human activities with the preservation of this extraordinary species.中文回答：保护鲎，保护海洋生态系统的重要工作。

小学上册英语第二单元测验试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Energy can be transformed into different forms, like _______ and chemical energy.2.The __________ is the central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.3.My brother is a ______. He enjoys doing magic tricks.4._____ (wildlife) thrives in healthy ecosystems.5. A __________ is a natural feature that can be seen from afar.6.The ________ has long arms and loves bananas.7.Certain plants bloom at ______ (夜晚).8.The Earth's atmosphere is made up of different ______ (gases).9.What is 9 3?A. 6B. 5C. 4D. 3答案:a10. A cactus can survive in _____ (干燥) environments.11.What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. PortoC. FaroD. Braga答案: A12.The ________ was a pivotal moment in the narrative of national identity.13.The dog loves to _____ in the water. (swim)14.What is the largest land animal?A. ElephantB. LionC. GiraffeD. Rhino答案:A15.The Earth's climate is affected by its ______ and position in space.16.The _____ (小丑) makes us laugh.17.What is the capital of Chile?A. LimaB. Buenos AiresC. SantiagoD. Brasília答案:C.Santiago18.The Cold War was a period of tension between _______ and the West.19.Certain plants are ______ (季节性) and bloom at specific times.20.ts have evolved to resist ______ and survive in challenging conditions. (某些植物已进化以抵抗病虫害，在艰难的条件下生存。

小学上册英语第1单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Which of these is a fruit?A. CarrotB. PotatoC. TomatoD. LettuceC2.I enjoy writing poetry and expressing my ________ (情感) through words.3.The ______ (小鸟) chirps in the morning.4.The ______ (小鸟) sings sweet melodies in the morning.5. A solubility curve shows how solubility changes with ______.6.The ______ is known for her innovative ideas.7.The __________ (荒野) is a beautiful place to explore.8.What is the primary function of leaves on a plant?A. PhotosynthesisB. GrowthC. ReproductionD. Defense9.My ________ (玩具) encourages curiosity.10.The teacher is _____ (kind/mean).11.The Earth's crust is made up of tectonic ______.12.The process of changing from a liquid to a gas is called ________.13.His favorite movie is a ________.14.My dad drives a ______. (truck)15.The __________ is a natural boundary between two countries. (山脉)16.Oxygen is necessary for the process of ______.17.What do you call the study of the universe?A. AstronomyB. CosmologyC. AstrophysicsD. Astrology18. A compound that can donate hydroxide ions is called a ______.19.The _______ (Sumerian) civilization was among the first to develop cities.20.My sister loves to create ____ (art projects).21.The ______ helps protect the environment.22.My _______ (兔子) is very playful.23. A ____(pollutant) harms the environment.24.The country known for its rice is ________ (日本).25.What is the smallest continent?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. AustraliaD. EuropeC Australia26.What is the main color of the grass?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. Red27.I like to _____ (draw/color).28.The flowers bloom in ________ (春季).29. A frog lives both in ______ (水) and on land.30.Which planet is known for its blue color due to methane in its atmosphere?A. NeptuneB. UranusC. EarthD. Saturn31.The _____ (环境) can influence how plants grow.32.What is the name of the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci?A. The Starry NightB. Mona LisaC. The Last SupperD. Girl with a Pearl EarringB33.I enjoy ______ (参加) school clubs.34. e of Hastings took place in ________ (1066). The Batt35.What do you call a group of stars?A. PlanetB. GalaxyC. UniverseD. ClusterB36.What do you call a group of wolves?A. PackB. HerdC. FlockD. PrideA37.What do you call a group of camels?A. CaravanB. HerdC. PackD. Flock38.The chairs are ___ (comfortable).39.Which fruit is known for having seeds on the outside?A. StrawberryB. RaspberryC. BlackberryD. BlueberryA40.The __________ (历史研究) involves analyzing primary sources.41.The invention of the computer has changed the world of ________ (科技).42.My brother is interested in _______ (名词). 他想要 _______ (动词).43.What is the capital of Japan?A. BeijingB. SeoulC. TokyoD. Bangkok44.What is the largest mammal in the ocean?A. SharkB. WhaleC. DolphinD. OctopusB45.The ______ helps maintain biodiversity.46.What do you call a person who travels to space?A. AstronautB. PilotC. CosmonautD. EngineerA47.All cells in living organisms require _____.48.The toaster is ___ (heating) the bread.49. A sheep says _______.50.I see a _____ (小羊) in the pasture.51.The stars are ___ (shining) brightly.52.What do you call a young pelican?A. ChickB. KitC. PupD. Calf53.Which instrument is known for playing high-pitched notes?A. TromboneB. FluteC. TubaD. Bassoon54.The process by which an acid neutralizes a base forms _______ and salt.55.What do you call the process of changing from a liquid to a gas?A. EvaporationB. FreezingC. MeltingD. Condensation56.The capital city of Zambia is __________.57.What do we call the process of cooking food using steam?A. BoilingB. SteamingC. FryingD. BakingB58.The frog uses its long tongue to catch ______ (昆虫).59.My cousin has a __________狗. (可爱的)60.What is the smallest continent?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. AntarcticaD. AustraliaD61.My mother is a _____ (护士) who cares for patients.62.The __________ (历史的体验) connects us all.63. A _______ is a deep valley with steep sides.64.His favorite food is ________.65.Some _______ can live for hundreds of years.66.The capital of Mexico is __________.67.What is the capital city of Japan?A. SeoulB. BeijingC. TokyoD. Bangkok68.My aunt loves to __________ (旅行) around the world.69. A ___ (小蝴蝶) landed on the flower.70.What do we call the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?A. AtmosphereB. HydrosphereC. LithosphereD. BiosphereA71.Which of these is a popular video game?A. MonopolyB. MinecraftC. ChessD. ScrabbleB72.What do you call the time when people celebrate a new year?A. GraduationB. CelebrationC. New Year’s EveD. PartyC73.The chemical bond formed by sharing electrons is called a __________ bond.74.What do you call a young male sheep?A. LambB. KidC. RamD. Ewe75.The cake is ___ on the table. (delicious)76. A chemical change can be identified by changes in color, temperature, or the formation of _____.77.I love to _____ (visit) botanical gardens.78. A ______ (花坛) adds beauty to a yard.79.What is the value of 6 ÷ 2 + 3?A. 5B. 6C. 8D. 9A80.What do you call a baby bear?A. CubB. PupC. KitD. FawnA81. A cow's role on the farm is primarily for ________________ (生产牛奶).82.What do you call a young male sheep?A. LambB. KidC. RamD. Ewe83.We have ______ (家人) gatherings on holidays.84.What is the capital city of England?A. ParisB. LondonC. MadridD. BerlinB85.The chemical symbol for potassium is _____ (K).86.The capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is ________ (金斯敦).87.My favorite _____ is a bouncing ball.88.Which shape has four equal sides?A. RectangleB. TriangleC. SquareD. CircleC89.In the winter, I like to __________. The snow makes everything look __________.I love to build __________ and go __________ with my friends. It’s so much fun to__________ in the snow!90.My sister loves to _______ (动词) in her free time. 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词).91.The puppy is very ______.92.What is 3 + 4?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9B93.Which season comes after summer?A. WinterB. FallC. SpringD. Rainy94.In which month is Christmas celebrated?圣诞节是在几月份庆祝的？A. OctoberB. NovemberC. DecemberD. JanuaryC95.My aunt loves to do ____ (photography).96.What is the process of plants making food called?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. GerminationD. DigestionB97.My pet likes to play with my _________ (绒毛玩具).98. A __________ is a unit of measurement for chemical compounds.99.What do we call a person who studies the history of revolutions?A. Revolutionary HistorianB. SociologistC. AnthropologistD. Political ScientistA100.The fruits are fresh and ___. (juicy)。

第12期（总第517期）2020年12月农产品加工Farm Products ProcessingNo.12Dec.文章编号：1671-9646(2020)12a-0057-04淮山泡菜发酵过程中的主要品质指标变化邓文艺林辉**王锋1收稿日期：2020-06-02基金项目：湖南省科技计划项目（2016NK2113）。

作者简介：邓文艺（1985—），男，硕士，研究方向为食品工程。

*通讯作者：王 锋（1978—），男，博士，副教授，研究方向为果蔬保鲜与深加工。

(1.湖南农业大学食品科学技术学院，湖南长沙410128; 2.湖南一品东方生物科技有限公司，湖南靖州418400)摘要：以铁棍淮山为原料，采用自然发酵方式制作淮山泡菜。

研究了淮山在发酵过程中亚硝酸盐、维C 、总酸、pH值、脆度及色差6个理化指标的动态变化。

结果表明，经自然发酵的淮山泡菜的发酵周期为7 d ，在发酵过程中亚硝 酸盐含量呈先上升再下降至稳定的趋势，在第4天出现峰值；维C 含量缓慢下降；总酸含量逐渐上升至稳定；pH 值 和脆度则呈逐渐下降的趋势；色差有一定程度的变化。

其发酵时间为9 d 时，亚硝酸盐含量1.13 mg/kg ，维C 含量0.84 mg/100 g ,总酸含量5.01 g/kg ，pH 值3.32,产品安全性高。

关键词：淮山泡菜；发酵；品质指标中图分类号：TS255.54 文献标志码：A doi ： 10.16693/ki.1671-9646(X ).2020.12.017Main Quality Changes of Pickled Chinese Yam During FermentationDENGWenyi 气 LIN Hui 1, WANG Feng 1(1. College of Food Science and Technology ， Hu'nan Agricultural University ， Changsha ， Hu'nan 410128， China ；2. Hu'nan Yipin Oriental Biotechnology Co.， Ltd.， Jinzhou ， Hu'nan 418400， China)Abstract ： In this study ， yam was used as raw material to make yam pickles. The dynamic changes of nitrite ， vitamin C ， totalacid ， pH ， brittleness and chromatic aberration in the fermentation process of yam were studied. The results showed that the fermentation period of natural fermentation of yam pickles was 7 d. During the fermentation process ， the nitrite content in ­creased first and then decreased to a stable trend ， and peaked on the 4th day ； the vitamin C content decreased slowly ； thetotal acid content gradually rising to stability ； pH and brittleness showed a gradual decline ； there was a certain degree of change in chromatic aberration. After fermenting for 9 d ， the pickled yam has a high level of edible safety with the nitrite con-tent ， vitamin C content ， total acid content and pH value were 1.13 mg/kg ， 0.84 mg/100 g ， 5.01 g/kg ， and 3.32， respec ­tively.Key words ： yam pickles ； fermentation ； physicochemical characteristics0引言淮山，又名山药、怀山药等［1-2］，是薯蓣科薯蓣 属植物的块根讥 淮山是我国重要的经济作物［4］,也 是一种传统的中药材冋，属于既是食品又是药品的作 物［6-7］，具有抗氧化、免疫调节、降血糖、降血脂、 延缓衰老、健脾益胃、益肺止咳等作用［8-9］。