最新鲁科版小学英语五年级上册期末测试卷

五年级英语上（鲁科版）期末检测试题（时间：40分钟试题97分+卷面3分=100分）听力部分（40分）一、听录音，选择所听到的单词。

每个小题听两遍。

（每题1分，共10分）( )1. A. young B. active( )2. A. angry B. worry( )3. A. was B. were( )4. A. March B. April( )5. A. tell B. send( )6. A. high B.easy( )7. A. animal B. evening( )8. A. January B. February( )9.A. ask B. bring( )10. A. went B. said二、听录音,圈出正确的图片。

每个小题听两遍。

（每题1分，共4分）1. 2.A B A B3. 4.A B A B三、听录音,判断对(√)、错(×)。

每个小题听两遍。

（每题1分，共5分）1. 2. 3.（）（）（）4. 5.（）（）四、听录音,选出你所听到的句子。

每个小题听两遍。

（每题1分，共6分）（）1. A. Li Lei's favourite teacher is Mr Ma.B. Li Lei's favourite subject is English.( ) 2. A. They will clean their home.B.They will decorate the Christmas tree.( ) 3. A. Jenny watched TV last Spring Festival.B. Jenny went to the country last Spring Festival.( ) 4. A. Teachers' Day is in September.B. Teachers' Day is in October.( ) 5. A. Lucy watches films after school.B. Lucy often draws pictures after school.( ) 6. A.Peter is sad.B.Peter is excited.五、听录音,给下列句子排列顺序。

2024年鲁科版英语五年级上册期末质量检测题班级：姓名：得分：听力部分一、听录音，给下列图片排序。

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 二、听录音，选出你所听到的句子。

( ) 1. A. You looked worried.B. You looked happy.( ) 2. A. I can’t find my English book.B. I lost my cap.( ) 3. A. It was on your desk.B. It’s not here now.( ) 4. A. He’s worried.B. He’s excited.( ) 5. A. He played games with his friends.B. He watched TV with his parents.三、听录音，根据所听内容给下列句子排序。

( ) Can I open it now?( ) Sure.( ) Happy birthday, Linda.( ) Thank you, Sam. I’m so excited.( ) Here’s a present for you.四、听录音，填写单词补全短文。

Today is my birthday. I 1. _______ a birthday party at home. Mum made a big cake for me. Dad made a beautiful card. My sister Jenny 2. _______ me a kite. We played 3. _______. I was very happy. I 4. _______ them. After the party, I did some 5. _______.笔试部分五、英汉词组互译。

1. the Spring Festival _______2. 在二月_______3. clean the room _______4. 聚会_______5. the first day _______6. 拜访亲人_______7. play games __________ 8. 讨论__________9. do homework __________ 10. 在家__________六、读句子，圈出符合句意的词。

2022-2023学年第一学期期末质量调研五年级英语试卷等级书写等级听力部分一、听录音，选出与所听内容相符的图片。

( ) 1. A. B. ( ) 2. A. B.( ) 3. A. B. ( ) 4. A. B.( ) 5. A. B.二、根据所听到的内容给下列图片排序，每个句子读两遍。

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )三、听录音，选出与你所听内容相符的句子，将其序号填入题前括号里。

（）1. A. There is an old building in my school.B. There are twenty pupils in my class.（）2. A. We visit our relatives and friends.B. We visit our teachers and friends（）3. A. Jenny has science and maths on Friday afternoon.B. Jenny has science and English on Wednesday morning. （）4. A. Wang Hong is worried. She can’t find her English book.B. Wang Hong is excited. She can read her English book.（）5. A. What do you usually do at the Spring Festival?B. What will you do at the Spring Festival?四、听录音，根据所听问句选择正确的答语。

( ) 1. A. It’s December 25. B. It’s usually in February. Sometimes it’s in January. ( ) 2. A. I went to Beijing. B. I will go to Beijing.( ) 3. A. He often plays football. B. He has maths and Chinese.( ) 4. A. Merry Christmas! B. Happy Spring Festival!( ) 5. A. I like swimming. B. I’d like to join the Swimming Club.笔试部分五、选出每组单词中不同类的一项。

鲁教版五上期末试卷一、看拼音写词语。

qīn wěn dǎn qiègùyōng suǒliàn dǎo luàn zuìdǎo bào yuàn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 二、给加点字注音。

规矩．（）气氛．（）侮．辱（）藐．视（）奔丧．（）收敛．（）三、选择正确的读音。

柑橘（gān gǎn ）敝国（bìpì）晕船（yūn yùn）刚劲（jìn jìng ）召集（zhāozhào）洞穴（xuéxuè）四、抄写下列句子，看谁写得漂亮。

故人云：字如其人。

我要努力把字练好。

五、选择正确的解释。

1、新鲜（A 新近B刚才C没用过 D 刚有的）2、空隙（A 腾出来B没有被占用C闲着 D 亏空）3、嫩红（A 浅、淡 B 初生 C 柔弱 D 烧制的时间短）4、珍贵（A价钱大 B 重视 C 特别好，价值高 D 地位高）六、按要求写诗句。

1、杜甫写家书珍贵的诗句。

，。

2、提醒人们爱惜粮食的诗句。

，。

3、警示少年努力学习的诗句。

，。

4、于谦借石灰言志的诗句。

，。

5、陆游去世前要求儿子的诗句。

，。

6、《游子吟》中的名句。

，。

七、请按要求填空。

人类生活所需要的水资源、森林资源、生物资源、大气资源，本来是可以不断再生，长期给人类做贡献的。

但是因为人类随意毁坏自然资源，不顾后果地滥用化学品，不但使它们不能再生，还造成了一系列生态灾难，给人类生存带来了严重的威胁。

1、给加点字标声调。

灾难（nan ）因为（wei ）生存（cun ）2、这段话提出的可再生资源有3、这段话我体会到八、人的心理活动非常复杂，描写人心理活动的词语也很丰富。

按要求写词语。

1、写4个表示喜悦的：2、写2个表示忧愁的：3、写2个表示担心害怕的：4、写2个表示思念的：九、按要求写句子。

五年级英语上册期末试题与当今“教师”一称最接近的“老师”概念，最早也要追溯至宋元时期。

金代元好问《示侄孙伯安》诗云：“伯安入小学，颖悟非凡貌，属句有夙性，说字惊老师。

”于是看，宋元时期小学教师被称为“老师”有案可稽。

清代称主考官也为“老师”，而一般学堂里的先生则称为“教师”或“教习”。

可见，“教师”一说是比较晚的事了。

如今体会，“教师”的含义比之“老师”一说，具有资历和学识程度上较低一些的差别。

辛亥革命后，教师与其他官员一样依法令任命，故又称“教师”为“教员”。

一、听音选词。

这个工作可让学生分组负责收集整理,登在小黑板上,每周一换。

要求学生抽空抄录并且阅读成诵。

其目的在于扩大学生的知识面,引导学生关注社会,热爱生活,所以内容要尽量广泛一些,可以分为人生、价值、理想、学习、成长、责任、友谊、爱心、探索、环保等多方面。

如此下去,除假期外,一年便可以积累40多则材料。

如果学生的脑海里有了众多的鲜活生动的材料,写起文章来还用乱翻参考书吗? ( )1.A.youngB.kindC.card唐宋或更早之前，针对“经学”“律学”“算学”和“书学”各科目，其相应传授者称为“博士”，这与当今“博士”含义已经相去甚远。

而对那些特别讲授“武事”或讲解“经籍”者，又称“讲师”。

“教授”和“助教”均原为学官称谓。

前者始于宋，乃“宗学”“律学”“医学”“武学”等科目的讲授者；而后者则于西晋武帝时代即已设立了，主要协助国子、博士培养生徒。

“助教”在古代不仅要作入流的学问，其教书育人的职责也十分明晰。

唐代国子学、太学等所设之“助教”一席，也是当朝打眼的学官。

至明清两代，只设国子监（国子学）一科的“助教”，其身价不谓显赫，也称得上朝廷要员。

至此，无论是“博士”“讲师”，还是“教授”“助教”，其今日教师应具有的基本概念都具有了。

( ) 2.A.angry B. Worry C.sad( )3.A.party B.song C.open( )4.A.after B.busy C.photo( )5.A. Story B.tell C.film( )6.A.again B.easy C.high( )7.A.bring B.light C.dress( )8.A.animal B.before C.house( )9.A.pupil B.open C.active( )10.A.March B.May C.October二、听音选出你听到的句子。

2024-2025学年山东省东营市小学五年级英语上册期末素质模拟试题班级：________________ 学号：________________ 姓名：______________一、听力题（每题3分）Question 1:Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.Dialogue:Teacher: What’s your favorite season, Lily?Lily: My favorite season is spring. It’s warm and flowers bloom everywhere.Answer: A) SpringQuestion 2:Listen to the short passage and tell which subject the speaker likes best.Passage:I like many subjects at school, but my favorite one is Science. It’s interesting and helpsme understand the world better.Answer: B) ScienceQuestion 3:Listen to the numbers and repeat them in the correct order.Numbers: 8, 3, 5, 1, 6Answer: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8Listen to the sentence and tick (✓) the correct picture.Sentence: I often go swimming on Sundays.(Here, you would have two pictures: one showing a boy reading a book, and the other showing a boy swimming. The correct answer would be the picture of the boyswimming.)Answer: (Picture of the boy swimming)Question 5:Listen to the question and choose the best response.Question: What would you like to be when you grow up?Options:A) I like to play football.B) I want to be a teacher.C) I’m good at singing.Answer: B) I want to be a teacher.二、单选题（每题3分）1.Question 1: What’s your favorite subject?A. It’s a book.B. I like math best.C. I’m fine.Answer: B2.Question 2: How many days are there in a week?B. Four days.C. Three days.Answer: A3.Question 3: Is she a student?A. Yes, he is.B. No, she isn’t.C. She’s a teacher.Answer: B4.Question 4: What’s this in English?A. It’s a pen.B. I’m a boy.C. This is a book.Answer: A5.Question 5: What color is the sky?A. It’s blue.B. It’s yellow.C. It’s red.Answer: A三、多选题（每题4分）Question 1:Which of the following are correct ways to greet someone in English? (Select all that apply)A) Hello, how are you?B) Hi, what’s your name?C) Good morning!D) Where are you from?Answer: A, CQuestion 2:Which words belong to the category of fruits? (Choose all that are fruits)A) AppleB) CarrotC) BananaD) TomatoE) PearAnswer: A, C, EQuestion 3:Which sentences are present tense? (Mark all sentences that are in the present tense)A) I am studying English.B) She went to the park yesterday.C) They often play football on weekends.D) He will finish his homework soon.Answer: A, CQuestion 4:Identify the parts of speech for the underlined words in the sentence: “The quickbrown fox jumps over the lazy dog.”A) Adjective, Noun, Verb, Preposition, Adjective, NounB) Adjective, Adjective, Noun, Verb, Preposition, Adjective, NounC) Adverb, Adjective, Noun, Verb, Preposition, Adjective, NounD) Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adjective, Preposition, NounAnswer: BQuestion 5:Which of these are the days of the week in English? (Select all valid answers)A) SundayB) MondayC) MonthD) SaturdayE) HourAnswer: A, B, D四、阅读理解（每题4分）Title: The Adventures of Little Tom in the LibraryLittle Tom loved reading books more than anything else. One sunny afternoon, hedecided to visit the local library to find new treasures. As soon as he entered the library, he was overwhelmed by the vast sea of books. The smell of old pages and ink filled the air, making him feel at home instantly.Tom made his way to the children’s section, where he spotted a book with a colorful cover that caught his eye. It was a book about a magical journey through time andspace. Excitedly, he sat down on a cozy chair and began to read.Hours flew by, and Tom was completely engrossed in the story. He laughed out loud at the silly antics of the characters and gasped in amazement at the breathtaking landscapes described. Suddenly, he realized it was getting dark outside and the library was about to close. Reluctantly, he closed the book, marked his place with a bookmark, and returned it to its shelf.On his way out, Tom promised himself to come back the next day and continue his adventure. He knew that the library held many more wonders waiting to be discovered. Questions:1.What did Little Tom enjoy doing the most? (4 points)•Answer: Reading books.2.How did Little Tom feel when he first entered the library? (4 points)•Answer: He felt overwhelmed by the vast number of books and at home due to the smell of old pages and ink.3.What book caught Little Tom’s attention in the children’s section? (4 points)•Answer: A book with a colorful cover about a magical journey through time and space.4.What emotions did Little Tom experience while reading the book? (4 points)•Answer: He laughed out loud at the silly antics of the characters and gasped in amazement at the breathtaking landscapes described.5.What did Little Tom promise himself to do before leaving the library? (4 points)•Answer: He promised himself to come back the next day and continue his adventure in the book.五、作文（30分）Title: My Dream High School LifeInstructions: Write a composition of about 100-120 words on the topic “My Dream High School Life.” Describe your vision of an ideal high school experience, including academic pursuits, extracurricular activities, friendships, and personal growth. Use yourimagination and creativity to paint a vivid picture of your dream high school life.Sample Composition:My Dream High School LifeAs I stand on the threshold of my high school journey, my heart brims with excitement and anticipation for the adventures that lie ahead. My dream high school life is a harmonious blend of rigorous academics, enrichingextracurriculars, cherished friendships, and profound personal growth.Academically, I envision myself immersed in a vibrant learning environment where knowledge is not merely imparted but explored and questioned. I aspire to delve deeply into subjects that ignite my curiosity, from thecomplexities of calculus to the nuances of Shakespearean literature.Interactive classrooms, filled with passionate teachers and engagedstudents, would foster a culture of critical thinking and creativity.Beyond academics, I dream of participating in a myriad of extracurricular activities that allow me to discover and nurture my hidden talents. Whether it’s capturing life’s fleeting moments through the lens of a camera in the photography club, or debating the pressing issues of our time in thespeech and debate society, I yearn for opportunities that broaden my horizons and challenge me to be the best version of myself. Friendships, too, play a pivotal role in my dream high school life. I envision forming bonds with individuals from diverse backgrounds, united by a shared passion for learning and growth. These friendships would serve as a source of support, inspiration, and laughter during both triumphs and setbacks. Together, we would navigate the ups and downs of adolescence, fostering a sense of belonging and camaraderie that lasts a lifetime. Finally, my dream high school life is one marked by personal growth. I aspire to emerge from these four years as a more confident, resilient, and empathetic individual. Through challenges and triumphs, I hope to gain a deeper understanding of myself and the world around me. With each passing day, I strive to become the person I aspire to be – one who contributes positively to society and leaves a lasting impact on those around me.In conclusion, my dream high school life is a tapestry woven from the threads of academic excellence, extracurricular pursuits, cherished friendships, and relentless personal growth. It is a journey of self-discovery and self-actualization, where I will lay the foundation for a fulfilling and impactful life ahead.。

【山东科技版】五年级英语上册期末复习测试题第一篇：【山东科技版】五年级英语上册期末复习测试题五年级上册英语试题（时间60分钟）I.Look and number.看图画,给下面的图片标上序号.（）（）（）（）（）A.tree B.March C.party D.naughty E.sad II.Look and choose.看一看,选择正确的选项.()1.A.Here’s a card for you.B.I’m making a card.()2.A.He’s sad.B.He’s excited.()3.A.We sing the birthday song.B.We have some cake.()4.A.Sometimes she plays the erhu.B.Sometimes she plays the piano.()5 A.She has Chinese.B.She has French.III.Read and choose.读一读，选择正确的选项。

1._____ is your favourite teacher? A.What B.Who2.He _____ young then.A.was B.were3.It’s time _____ school.A.to B.for4.____ is your birthday?A.WhenB.Where.5.Here’s a present ___ you.A.to B.for6.Wanghong _____ a wish yesterday.A.make B.Made7.She _____ French and art.A.have B.Has8.What ____ he do afer school? A.do B.does9.She ofen _____ films.A.watches B.watches 10.My birthday is ____ May.A.on B.inIV.Read and number.读句子，给下面的图片标号。

2018---2019五年级上册英语期末测试题一、读一读，选择正确的选项。

（）1. _____ is your favourite teacher?A. WhatB. Who（）2. He _____ young then. A. was B. were（）3. It’s time _____ school.A. toB. for（）4. ____ is your birthday?A. WhenB.Where.（） 5. Here’s a present ___ you.A. toB.for（）6. Wang Hong _____ a wish yesterday.A. makeB. Made（）7. She _____ French and art.A. haveB. Has（）8. What ____ he do afer school?A. doB. does（）9. She ofen _____ films.A. watchesB.watches（）10. My birthday is ____ May.A. onB. in二、读句子，给下面的图片标号。

1. There is an old building.2. We sang,danced and played games..3. She often draws pictures.4.Let’s take a picture..5. My birthday is in October（）（）（）（）（）三．读一读，选择正确的答语。

( ) 1. Were you happy? A. It’s in May.( ) 2. When is your birthday? B. No, he wasn’t..( ) 3. Does he like his new school?C. He’s dancing in the rain.( ) 4. What’s Danny doing? D. Yes,I was.四．记忆过去式原形------过去式lose—lost is,am—was are—were see—saw has,have—had do,does—did sing-sang make—made eat—ate say—said get—got shoot—shot win—won go—went come—came visit—visited like—liked love—loved dance—danced watch—watched take—took thank—thanked play—played draw—drawed jump—jumped pass—passed will—would travel—travelled ask—asked。

五年级上册英语试卷年末试卷｜河北保定鲁科版（不含听力材料、含解析）【一】听音选词。

( )1. A.young B.kind C.card( ) 2.A.angry B. Worry C.sad( )3.A.party B.song C.open( )4.A.after B.busy C.photo( )5.A. Story B.tell C.film( )6.A.again B.easy C.high( )7.A.bring B.light C.dress( )8.A.animal B.before C.house( )9.A.pupil B.open C.active( )10.A.March B.May C.October【二】听音选出你听到的句子。

( ) 1. A . Sometimes they were lovely.B.Sometimes they were naughty.( ) 2. A. We came back last Sunday.B. We came back last Saturday .( ) 3. A.There are many trees in our school.B. There is an old building in my school.( ) 4. A. Where do you go at the weekend ?B. What do you do at Christmas?( ) 5. A. I will put the lights on the tree.B. I will put the balls on the tree.【三】听音，排序。

〔〕Yes. What are you going to do for Chinese New Year?〔〕That's good ！〔〕I'm going to do housework with my parents.〔〕I'm going to buy some flowers. How about you?〔 〕Chinese New Year is coming.【四】听短文，把正确选项的字母写在横线上。

一．Listen and choose(听录音选择听到的单词，将其序号填入括号内）（10分）1. A. Christmas B.Spring Festival C.Teacher’s Day2. A. bag B. bring C.dress3. A. sang B .songs C.ate4. A. angry B. excited C.happy5.. A. young B. active C. smart二Listen and choose（听音选择正确的图片）(10分）1.( ) A. B.2.( )A. B.3.( )A. B.4.( )A. B.5.( ) A. B.三Listen and choose.(听音选择正确的句子。

）(10分）( ) 1. A. What do you usually do at Spring Festival? B. What will you do at Spring Festival? ( )2. A. I will put the star on the tree. B. I will put the lights on the tree.( )3. A. What sport did LiMing play yesterday? B. What sport did you play yesterday?( ) 4. A. There is an old building in my school. B. There are many trees in my school.( ) 5. A. You look worried.I can’t find my English book. B. You look worried I can’t find my football. 四．Listen and choose.(听问句选答句。

）（10分）（）1. A. Merry Christmas! B. Happy Spring Festival!( ) 2 A. I will put the star on the tree. B. Let me help you.( ) 3. A. I will have a big dinner. B. We have a big dinner.( ) 4. A. I’d like to jion the Swimming Club. B. I like swimming.( ) 5. A There are twenty-five . B. Some are making thing.一．Read and write(按要求写出下列动词的ing, ed 形式）（10分）1. 写出下列动词的过去式。

五年级上册英语试题-期末模拟（鲁科版（五四学制）,无答案）五年级上册英语期末模拟试题（时间：40分钟）听力部分一、听句子，选出所听到的单词。

( ) 1. A. kind B. sky ( ) 2. A. angry B. worried ( ) 3. A. sad B. story ( ) 4. A. easy B. busy ( ) 5. A. different B. naughty ( ) 6. A. smart B. strict ( ) 7. A. yesterday B. interesting ( ) 8. A. photo B. present ( ) 5. A. film B. find ( ) 10. A. October B. December二、听句子，按照听到的顺序给图片标序号。

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 三．听音判断正误，内容与图片相符的打“√”，不符的打“×”。

1. 2. 3. 4.（） ( ) ( ) ( )February5. 6. 7. 8.（） ( ) ( ) ( )四、听一听，选答语。

( ) 1. A. Yes, they do. B. No, we didn’t.( ) 2. A. I will put the lights on the Christmas tree.B. I went to the park.( ) 3. A. I like swimming. B. I’d like to join the swimming club. ( ) 4. A. He’s playing basketball. B. They had a football match.( ) 5. A. It’s big. It’s beautiful. B. I like my school.( ) 6. A. She has reading and science. B. She watches films.( ) 7. A. It’s in March. B. I ate a birthday cake.( ) 8. A. Yes, I can. B. Yes, I was.笔试部分一.看图，选出正确的句子，规范抄写在四线格上。

2022鲁科版五年级英语上册期末笔试（附答题卡）一、Look and choose. （每题1分，共10分）找出不同类的单词（）1．A．busy B．worried C．tell （）2．A．May B．December C．party （）3．A．shot B．saw C．sad （）4．A．wish B．wonderful C．relative （）5．A．visit B．firework C．money 找出划线部分发音不同的单词（）6．A．my B．fly C．young （）7．A．tree B．travel C．try（）8．A．book B．foot C．food （）9．A．story B．skip C．stop （）10．A．China B．school C．much 二、Read and choose. （每题1分，共10分）单项选择（）11．Tony is good_____swimming..A．in B．at C．On （）12．He to join the Swimming Club.A．to want B．want C．wants （）13．Lily will_____to the village with me together next year.A．coming B．came C．come （）14．Look! They are _________ a basketball match.A．having B．have C．had （）15．He_____very thin nine years ago.A．was B．were C．is（）16．He often plays _____table tennis. Sometimes he plays piano.A./; the B．the; / C．the; the（）17．There ________ a big gym and a playground in my school.A．am B．is C．are（）18．Li Ping’s birthday is in __________. It’s in summer.A.March B．June C．January（）19．Children ______ and danced at the party.A.song B．sang C．sing（）20．--Were you happy yesterday?--A.Yes, I was. B．Yes, I were. C．Yes, I am.三、Read the sentences and match. （每题2分，20分）21．读一读，给图片匹配句子，将正确选项写在括号里。

2022—2023学年度第一学期期末学情检测五年级英语试题（时间：50分钟总分：试题97分+卷面3分）姓名：学校名称：准考证号：注意事项1.答题前，考生务必将姓名、学校名称、准考证号填写清楚。

将条形码贴在右侧矩形区域内。

2.务必使用0.5毫米黑色签字笔书写，要求字体工整，笔迹清晰，务必在指定区域内作答。

3.保持卷面清洁、完整，严禁折叠，严禁在试卷上做任何标记，严禁用涂改液、修正带、胶带纸。

4.若未按上述答题，影响评卷质量，后果自负。

听力部分（共40分）一、听录音，选出你所听到的单词。

每个小题听两遍。

（每个小题1分，共5分）( ) 1. A. sweater B. bread C. breakfast( ) 2. A. rabbits B. jackets C. parents( ) 3. A. sky B. skate C. skirt( ) 4. A. school B. cool C. afternoon( ) 5. A. three B. thank C. both二、听录音，用阿拉伯数字给下列图片排序。

每个小题听两遍。

（每个小题1分，共5分）( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )三、听录音，判断所听内容与图片是否相符，相符的打“√”，不相符的打“×”。

每个小题听两遍。

（每个小题1分，共5分）1. 2. 3. 4. 5.( )( )( ) ( )( )四、听录音，选择正确的图片。

每个小题听两遍。

（每个小题2分，共10分）( ) 1. A. B. ( ) 2. A. B.条形码粘贴处( ) 3. A. B. ( ) 4. A. B.( ) 5. A. B.五、听录音，判断句子与所听内容是否相符，相符的打“√”，不相符的打“×”，每个小题听两遍。

（每个小题2分，共10分）( ) 1. I’m making a card for my teacher.( ) 2. Were you happy？( ) 3. Your class is different!( ) 4. We have sports clubs in our school.( ) 5. I had a good time last Spring Festival.六、听录音，选答语，把相对应的序号填到题前的括号里。