Digital Image Processing Examination1. Fourier Transform problem.1） F or an image given by the function f(x,y)=(x+y)3 where x,y are continuous varibales; evaluatef(x,y)δ(x-1,y-2) and f(x,y)* δ(x-1,y-2),where δ is the Dorac Delta function.2） F or the optical imaging system shoen below,consisting of an image scaling and two forwardFourier transforms show that the output image is a scale and inverted replica of the original3) three binary images (with value 1 on black areas and value 0 elsewhere) are shown below. Sketch the continuous 2D FT of these images(don’t do this mathematically, try to use instead the convolution theorem and knowledge of FTs of common functions)2. The rate distortion function of a zero memory Gaussian source of arbitary mean and variance σ2 with respect to the mean-square error criterion is⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥≤≤=2220log 21)(σσσD D for D D Ra) Plot this functionb) What is D max c) If a distortion of no mor than 75% of the source’s variance is allowed, what is the maximumcompression that can be achieved?3. The PDF of an image is given by Pr(r) as shown below. Find the transform toconvert the image's PDF to Pr(z). Assume continuity, and find the transform in terms of r and z. Explain the transformation.4. A certain inspection application gathers black & white images of parts as they travel along a con-veyor belt. It is necessary to sort the parts into two categories: parts with holes and parts with-out holes. An example of an image that might be taken by the inspection camera is shown at the right. Propose a method to identify and locate the objects of each category in the image so that they can be picked up by a robotic system and placed in different bins. Assume that the imaging system knows where each image pixel is located on the conveyor belt at every point in time.Provide an annotated flow chart of the algorithm you propose.5.In a given application, an averaging mask is applied to input images to reduce noise and then aLaplacian mask is applied to enhance small details. Would mathematics predict that the result should be the same if the order of the operations were reversed? What practical issues would be encountered in computer implementation?Digital Image Processing Examination1. A preprocessing step in an application of microscopy is concerned with the issue ofisolating individual round particles from similar particles that overlap in groups of two or more.Assuming that all particles are of the same size, propose a morphological algorithm that will produce an image that contains only the isolated (non-overlapping) particles that are not in contact with the boundary of the image.2. An image represented by a continuous function f(x, y) is w = 2 cm wide and h = 3 cm high. The imageis to be converted to an array of pixels by a scanner whose response is zero above 80 lines/centimeter in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The discrete image is represented by an array ˆf(n, m) where n and m take on integer values, 0 ~ n ~ N - 1, 0~ m ~ M-1.(a)Determine suitable values for N and M.(b)Assume that ˆf(n, m) = f(na, mb). Determine the values of a and b.(c)Determine constants A, B, C, D, E such that the DFT of fˆ can be expressed as)(00) ,() , (EvmDuniBnCmemnfAvu F+-==∑∑=(d)Find numbers (P1, P2) such that F(u + jP1, v + kP2) = F(u, v) for any integers j, k, u, v.3. The arithmetic decoding process is the reverse of the encoding procedure. Decode the message 0.23355 given the coding model.4. The gradient of a function f (x) is defined as⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡∂∂∂∂=⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=∇y f x f G G f y xComputationally, the first derivative is implemented by calculating the difference between adjacent pixels.(a) Is the following a linear operator?2122⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂=∇y f x f f (b) State how would you implement the above operator using differences between pixels.(c) A Sobel operator uses two masks, Hx and Hy to process an image. Explain why are two masksneeded and what do they measure?(d)Write down the masks Hx and Hy, and identify them in the followingfigures:5. The three images shown were blurred using square averaging masks of sizes n=23, 25 , and 45, respectively. The vertical bars on the left lower part of (a) and (c) are blurred, but a clear separation exists between them. However, the bars have merged in image (b), in spite of the fact that the mask that produced this image is significantly smaller than the mask that produced image (c). explain this.Digital Image Processing Examination1. An image array f(m, n) of size M1 × N1 is to be convolved with a filter array h(m, n) of size M2 × N2 to produce a new image array g(m, n).1)Write a pseudo code program that describes a method to compute g(m, n) throughthe use of Fourier transforms. The result should be the same size as would beachieved with direct convolution.2)Modify the algorithm so that it does the correlation f ~ h rather than theconvolution.2. You have the job of designing an algorithm that will count the number of objects with holes and the number of objects without holes in images of the kind shown here. Assume that the images are binary with 0 corresponding to black and 1 correspondingto white. The imaging system is of low quality and produces images that are corrupted with salt and pepper noise.The objects do not overlap or touch, but may be close to each other in any direction.They may be of any shape or size. The algorithm should not be confused by the salt and pepper noise, and should not count noise pixels as objects.Write a pseudo-code description of your algorithm. You may also include a block diagram and other information to make it understandable to a programmer. State any assumptions you make, such as: “Objects must contain at least 50 pixels.”least 50 pixels.”3. Suppose that an image has the gray-level probability density functions shown. Here, p 1(z) corresponds to objects and p 2(z) corresponds to the background. Assume that p 1=p 2 and find the optimal threshold between object and back ground pixels.4. The Sobel operator computes the following quantity at each location (x, y) in an image array, A:Gx[j,k]=(A[j+1,k+1]+2A[j+1,k]+A[j+1,k-1])-(A[j-1,k+1]+2A[j-1,k]+A[j-1,k-1]) Gy[j,k]=(A[j-1,k-1]+2A[j,k-1]+A[j+1,k-1])-(A[j-1,k+1]+2A[j,k+1]+A[j+1,k+1]) G[j,k] = |Gx[j,k]| + |Gy[j,k]|The position of A[j, k] is column j and row k of the array.The operation is implemented as the convolution of the image array A with two masks, Mx and My followed by the magnitude operation.1) Write a 3 × 3 array for each mask, Mx and My.2) What mathematical operation on an image array is approximated by the Sobeloperator? Show how the Sobel operator is related to the mathematical operation.5. Answer the following questions about morphological image processing.(a) Shown below are two tables with expressions that relate to binary morphological image processing. Associate each expression in the left table with one from the right table.(b) A well-known morphological algorithm uses the following iteration with a structuring element B.(1) Initialize X[p] = 1 for some pixel A p ∈(2) A B X Y )(⊕=(3) If X Y ≠ then set X = Y and repeat (2)An original set A is shown in (A) and an initial pixel p 2 A is shown in (B). The result after one iteration of the algorithm with structuring element⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=010111010Bis shown in (C). Fill in the result of the next two iterations by marking theappropriate pixels for the set Y in (D) and (E). In frame (F) show the result for Y that would be reached after a large number of iterations.Digital Image Processing Examination1. Consider the edge model depicted below. Sketch the gradient and Laplacian of the signal. It is not needed to compute exact numerical values in your answer. Plot of approximate shapes of the responses will be sufficient.2. The white bars in the test pattern shown are 7pixels wide and 210 pixels high. The separation between bars is 17 pixels. What would this image look like after application of .1) A 3*3 arithmetic mean filter?2) A 7*7 median filter.3) A 9*9 contraharmonic mean filter with Q=13. The video coding system introduced in the class utilizes several major components –inter-frame motion estimation, motion compensated prediction, DCT, Huffman coding,and quantization.(a)When an encoded signal can be used to reconstruct the exact value of theoriginal signal, we say the encoding method is lossless; otherwise, it’s calledlossy. A lossy coding technique introduces distortion to the signal.Which component in the above video coding system is lossy?(b)The motion compensation process in the encoder generates a motion vectorand prediction errors for each image block in the video signal. Suppose duringthe transmission of the encoded video stream, one motion vector is lost (e.g.,due to the network erasure error). What will be the visual effects of suchtransmission errors on the decoded image sequence?4.Consider a black-and-white image consisting of round and rectangular objects, as shown in the image below. Assume the sizes of the objects are fixed and known. We also know that the width and length of the rectangles are larger than the diameter of the circles. None of the rectangles are tilted. In general, the objects may overlap with each other.Design a morphological operation based system to automatically detect all the instances of the rounds objects that overlap with rectangular objects.5. An image A, represented by an N × M array of bytes, has a uniform brightnesshistogram. It is desired transform A into an image B in a way that produces a triangular brightness histogram2550,36240][≤≤=k k MNk h bDescribe a process that will accomplish the transformation. If possible, derive an equation for the transformation function. At a minimum, sketch the transformation function and indicate how you would use it in a program to compute the array B.模拟试卷一1.对将一个像素宽度的8通路转换到4通路提出一种算法。
