研究生学术英语翻译4教学教材

Unit 4 International RelationsText APre-reading questions1)What’s your own comprehension of Chin ese Dream? Make a rough comparison andcontrast between American Dream and Chinese Dream.Chinese Dream is a phrase appearing during and after establishment of the new Chinese leadership in 2012-2013 used by the government and journalists in the People…s Republic of China to describe the aspiration of self-improvement in Chinese society.The concept of Chinese Dream is very similar to the idea of “American Dream”. It stresses the importance of entrepreneurial spirit. It also glorifies a generation of self-made men and women in post-reform China，such as those rural immigrates who moved to the urban centers and achieve magnificent improvement for improving their living standards.Chinese Dream can be interpreted as the collective consciousness of Chinese people during the era of social transformation and economic progress.2)If someone who is completely ignorant of China asked you to introduce China, whichaspects would you choose?Aspects for reference:location, history, traditions, economic development, current events, folk life, etc.3)How would you comment on the current Sino-American relations?a. cooperative and beneficialb. stressful and conflictingc. complicated and tangled课文翻译走进未知国度数年前，我读了一本关于当今时代的现代科学伟大方程的精彩文集，书名叫《天地有大美》。

Deciding on a topic决定一个主题As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic.作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。

不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。

因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。

A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles:主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。

Unit 4 Love and RomanceText A We Lave Who We Lave( I )Dr. Joyce Brothers1 I know of one couple; He is burly ex-athlete who, in addition to being a successful salesman, coached a children ’ s softball team, was active in his; Rotary Club and played golf every Saturday with friends. Meanwhile, his wife is petite, quiet and a complete homebody. She doesn’t even like to go out If dinner.我认识一对夫妇,他魁梧的前退役运动员,除了作为一个成功的推销员,一个孩子的垒球教练团队,积极活跃在;扶轮社,每个星期六和朋友打高尔夫球。

与此同时,他的妻子是娇小的,安静,是一个不折不扣的家庭主妇。

她甚至不喜欢外出如果晚餐。

2 What mysterious force drives us into the arms of one person, while pushing us away from another who might appear equally desirable to any unbiased observer?是什么神秘力量使我们投入到某个人的怀抱,而推动我们远离那些可能出现另一个旁观者眼里同样可取的?3 Of the many factors influencing our idea of the perfect mate, one of the most telling, according to John Money, a Professor Emeritus of Medical Psychology and Pediatrics in the United States, is what he calls our “love map”— a group of messages encoded in our brains that describes our likes and dislikes. It shows our preferences in hair and eye color, in voice, smell, and body build. It also records the kind of personality that appeals to us, whether i t’s the warm and friendly type or the strong, silent type.许多因素影响我们心目中的完美伴侣,其中最有力的,根据约翰金钱名誉教授,儿科医学心理学在美国,是他所谓的“爱情地图”——一群消息编码在我们的大脑,它描述了我们的好恶。

Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。

我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。

事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。

[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。

——语序的调整。

Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。

【学术英语】（4）【College English】(Band 4)一、基本信息课程代码：【2020009】课程学分：【4】面向专业：【信息技术学院14级部分专业学生】课程性质：【学术英语必修课】课程类型：【理论教学课】开课院系：【外国语学院】使用教材：主教材：【新核心《综合学术英语教程(4)》，蔡基刚总主编，上海交通大学出版社，2014《全新版大学英语（第二版）听说教程(4)》，虞苏美主编，上海外语教育出版社，2014参考教材：【《大学英语语法手册》，张成袆主编，上海外语教育出版社，2004】【《12句作文法与3步翻译法》，王长喜主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2013】先修课程：【大学英语2】后续课程：【学术英语4】二、课程简介大学英语教学是高等教育的一个有机组成部分，大学英语课程是大学生一门必修的基础课程。

大学英语教学是以英语语言知识与应用技能、学习策略和跨文化交际为主要内容，以外语教学理论为指导，并集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系。

本课程目的是：培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和实用有效的听、说、写、译能力，帮助学生从通用英语顺利过渡到用英语进行专业学习，使他们能用英语交流信息。

大学英语教学应帮助学生打下扎实的语言基础，掌握良好的语言学习方法，具有较强的英语应用能力和相应的综合文化素养，以适应社会发展和经济建设的需要。

大学英语(4)是大学英语第四学期（共4学期）的课程，经过大学英语前三个学期的训练，学生在词汇、结构、翻译与写作方面都有了长足的进步。

此阶段以微技能为主线组织各个单元，以学术阅读和写作技能为每单元的主题组织阅读、听力、口语、和写作的课文和练习并采用任务或项目驱动的方法编写练习。

六个单元分别为“定义”、“分类”、“比较”、“因果”、“举例”、和“引证”，每单元分为4个任务，共计3000字左右。

其中第一个任务300字左右，旨在让学生阅读和了解本单元的阅读和写作技能；第二个任务500字左右，旨在通过听讲座、做练习，让学生进一步了解本单元的技能；第三个任务涉及两篇长度约1000字左右的文章。

新世纪研究生英语教程（第四版）课文译文—第6单元无纸化办公之神为什么你的办公室愈加混乱不堪?弗雷德里充·依·艾伦［１］在1970年《未来者》杂志中阿尔温·托福乐声称“打印任何资料是机器的一种原始用途，违背了其本身的初衷。

”五年后，施乐公司的帕罗·阿尔托研究中心的主任认为无纸化办公已经初现端倪，并大胆预言在未来“不知道这个世界上我还会需要多少硬拷贝。

”［２］如果他还和我们一样，那么，他仍然被许多纸张包围，很可能比以往任何时候更加严重。

几十年来,我们一直期待着无纸化办公的到来,但是,新技术层出不穷,旨在帮助我们取代在几千年前最先由埃及人利用河咒苇制造的纸。

这些新技术包括电子记事本,体积越来越小的笔记本电脑和内容总在不断更新的电子书籍。

我们都知道纸张占据宝贵的空间,一次只能够放在一个地方,检索或查询非常困难,而且缺少超文本所具有的交互性和链接功能。

因为了解这一点,所以我们为继续依赖纸张而内疚。

为什么我们还不能够克服这一陋习呢?［３］两位英国研究人员阿比加尔·宅和理此埃持仁哈坡决定对此进行研究,并将其研究成果写成《无纸办公室的神话》一书,由麻省理工学院出版社出版。

书中举例说明了我们所处的困境:他们在一家高科技研究实验室遇到了一位经理,其办公室里到处都堆积着纸张——椅子上、工作台上、办公桌上、电脑周围。

他似乎有一种超能力,只用几秒钟就在乱七八糟的纸堆里找到所需文件,但是,这的确会让他的老板感到难堪。

每当公司老板到来之时,他不得不把所有的纸张收拾起来,藏入壁橱的箱子里。

这样做的结果使他此后一两周的工作效率大减。

这就产生了问题:难道纸张真的妨碍我们的工作吗?[4] 我们很容易这么认为。

关于计算机化信息处理的优点我们已经耳熟能详,但是,我们却从未听说过纸张的优点。

塞伦和哈坡已经发现了纸张的优点。

以他们如何描述一张普通办公桌上的文件摆放为例。

它准确地描述了我的,也许还有你的乱糟糟的办公室:一叠重要的文件放在办公桌中间,可能紧靠在电话旁,这些文件被他们称为特急件,需要马上处理。

UNIT41. Think for a moment about your own life — the activities of your day, the possessions you enjoy, the surroundings in which you live. Is there anything you don’t have at this moment that you would like to have? Anything that you have, but that you would like more of? If your answer is “no,” then congratulations — either you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner . The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.2 Almost everything in your daily life is scarce. You would benefit from a larger room or apartment, so you have a scarcity of space. You have only two pairs of shoes and could use a third for hiking; you have a scarcity of shoes. You would love to take a trip to Chicago, but it is difficult for you to find the time or the money to go — trips to Chicago are scarce.3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long-distance phone calls, and many others.4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off.5. Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or — like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity.6. Think for a moment about the goals of our society. We want a high standard of living for all citizens: clean air, safe streets, and good schools. What is holding us back from accomplishing all of these goals in a way that would satisfy everyone? You probably already know the answer: scarcity. 1. 想一想你的生活：你每天从事的活动，你所拥有的财产，你所居住的环境。

笛卡尔错了：“他人在，故我在”乌班图哲学起源于古代非洲。

按照它的说法，新生儿尚不能称为“人”。

初生时，人没有自我。

随着时间的推移，在互动和经验中才能习得它。

因此，西方哲学中自我/他者之间清晰的分界在乌班图哲学中变得模糊起来。

出生于肯尼亚的哲学家约翰·姆比蒂（John Mbiti在著作《非洲的宗教与哲学》（African Religions and Philosophy）中如是说：我在，因为我们在；因为我们在，所以我在。

日常经验告诉我们，一个人一部分从社会的历练中锻造出来。

社会关系赋予我们自我认知。

我是谁，这个问题的答案依赖于众多他者：家庭、朋友、文化背景、同事等等。

在杂货店购物的我和与博士导师交谈的我不是同一个自我。

即便是最私人化、最个性化的自我印象也无法摆脱他人的意见和印象：赞同我的人，批评我的人，以及那些称赞我的人。

但是，自我的摇摆不定和充满歧义让人不安。

很大程度上，我们可以把这份不安归因于笛卡尔。

这位十七世纪的法国哲学家相信，人本质上是独立自给的，是一个内在理性的存在应该用怀疑主义的态度来面对他头脑以外的世界。

尽管笛卡尔没有单独创造出现代思维，但他在定义其框架上起到了很大的推动作用。

笛卡尔给自己提出了一个特别的谜团。

他想不倚靠上帝赐予的智慧，另外找到一个稳固的观点来观察世界，使得他能观察到自然界的白云苍狗之下的永恒规则。

笛卡尔坚信，在确定和世俗的富足之间，存在权衡。

你唯一能确定的，就是“我思故我在”——即，你思考的状态。

其他人和其他事物是不稳定且难以预测的存在。

因此，它们和认识自己的基本律条毫无关系。

认识自我从来都是独自进行的，需要不断的深思在认识到精神和身体是完全独立存在的基础上，很少有备受尊敬的哲学家和心理学家被认为是个彻底的笛卡尔式的二元论者。

但笛卡尔式的我思故我在目之所及，已遍布每一个角落。

记忆测试的实验设计趋于从一个假说出发，即自我和世界之间是可能存在明确界限的如果记忆仅仅存在于我们的头颅中，那么，将一个人从他的日常生活的环境和社会关系中剥离出来，并在人造的封闭实验室中使用卡片或荧幕来检测他的记忆是百分百可行的。

学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。

虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。

我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。

我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。

有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。

如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。

有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。

奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。

她有点超重。

她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。

她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。

她锻炼不够多，最后一次DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。

尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。

总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。

以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。

她做了血液化验，这是好事。

血糖好点了。

胆固醇不是很好。

可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。

她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。

我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行30 分钟的事。

糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。

我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。

我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。

Einstein's Painful RomanceWalter SullivanThe story of an anguished love affair between Albert Einstein and the woman who would later become his first wife has emerged in newly disclosed correspondence between them.新近披露的艾伯特·爱因斯坦与意中人<此人后来成为他的元配>之间的来往信件,向人们展示了这对情侣饱含辛酸的爱情经历.Many of the letters describe the love between the young scientist and his future wife, Mileva Maric; the pain associated with his mother'svehement disapproval of the relationship; and their excitement over the impending birth of a child.有许多信件都叙述了这位年轻科学家和他未婚妻米莱娃·玛丽克之间的爱情,叙述了因为爱因斯坦的母亲拼命反对这门亲事而引起他俩的痛苦心情,还叙述了他俩为孩子的即将出世油然而生的兴奋心情.The fate of the child, a girl, however, remains a mystery. She was born before the couple married in 1903 and there apparently is no record of what became of her.然而,这个女孩后来的命运如何依然是个谜.她是在这对夫妇于1903年结婚前生下的,而且对她后来的情况显然没有记载.Intertwined with the disclosures of a difficult romance are fragments of Einstein'sthought as he struggled toward confidence in his concept of relativity.与所披露的艰难的罗曼史交织在一起的是爱因斯坦满怀信心地为自己的相对论概念而努力奋斗的思想片断.Einstein and Maric, a Serb born in a region of Hungary that is now part of Yugoslavia, became friends in 1896 while studying together at the Federal Technical Institute in Zurich. In subsequent years they wrote frequently as Einstein's efforts to find work and Maric's visits home caused many separations.爱因斯坦与玛丽克<她出生在当时匈牙利的塞尔维亚地区,现为南斯拉夫的一部分. >是在1896年交上朋友的.当时他俩正一起在苏黎世的联邦理工学院学习,在后来的许多岁月中,因爱因斯坦为找工作奔波,玛丽克为回家探亲而造成多次分离,所以他们通信频繁.In his letters, Einstein confided in her his efforts to participate in the revolution taking place in many fields of physics, including the nature of light, relative movement and molecular phenomenon.爱因斯坦在信中向玛丽克吐露,自己在投身于许多物理学领域<其中包括光的特性、相对运动和分子现象>内发生的革命.According to Dr. John Stachel, a professor of physics at Boston University who is editor of the Einstein papers, Maric appears to have been more of "a sounding board" than a contributor to Einstein's ideas.据波士顿大学物理学教授、爱因斯坦论文集的编辑约翰·施塔赫尔博士说,看起来,与其说玛丽克是爱因斯坦思想的贡献者,不如说是爱因斯坦思想的"共鸣者〞.In a letter to Maric in 1899, when he was 20 years old, Einstein anticipated his first theory of relativity, published six years later.It came in a period when many physicists still believed that space was filled with an invisible medium through which light waves could be propagated. They called the medium a "luminiferous ether〞.1899年爱因斯坦20岁.在给玛丽克的一封信中,他提前谈论了自己6年后发表的早期相对论思想.当时许多物理学家仍然认为空间充满着一种能使光波传播的不可见的介质.他们将这种介质称之为"传光的以太〞.Einstein's letters also reveal his family's disdain for Maric. In July 1900 he had been warned by his sister that his parents were bitterly opposed to him marrying Maric. When he told his mother of his intention, "Mama threw herself on the bed, buried her head in the pillows, and cried like a child," he wrote toMaric.爱因斯坦的信还透露了他家里的人对玛丽克的鄙视态度. 1900年7月,他事先得到姐姐的警告说,父母竭力反对他与玛丽克结婚.当他把自己的打算告诉母亲后,"妈妈一下子扑倒在床上,把头埋在枕头下,哭得像孩子似的〞,他在给玛丽克的信中写道."After she had recovered from the initial shock, she immediately switched to a desperate offensive," Einstein continued. He quoted his mother as saying, "You are ruining your future and blocking your path through life."爱因斯坦继续写道,"当她从开头的打击中恢复过来后,便立即转换方式,发起猛烈攻势.〞他还援引母亲的话说,"你是在毁掉自己的前途,你是在阻塞自己的人生道路.〞Although Einstein's family looked down on Maric's background, another problem was the couple's meager income. As Einstein wrote to a friend, "Neither of us two has gotten a job and we support ourselves by private lessons - when we can pick up some, which is still very questionable."虽然爱因斯坦的家人瞧不起玛丽克的出身,另外一个原因也是因为这对未婚夫妇的微薄收入.就像爱因斯坦在给一个朋友的信中所写的那样,"我们俩都还未找到工作.我们只靠给私人上课为生<如果我们能找到一些这样机会的话>,但这还是很成问题的.〞Interspersed among Einstein's repeated expressions of love were discussions of scientific questions with which both were concerned.在爱因斯坦的那些情意缱绻的信中也掺带着对他们双方都关心的科学问题的讨论.While visiting the Swiss town of Aarau "a good idea occurred to me, " he wrote, "about a way of investigating how a body's relative motion with respect to the luminiferous ether affects the velocity of propagation of light in transparent bodies. Also a theory on this matter occurred to me, which seems to be highly probable."在游览瑞士的阿劳城时,"我心中产生了一个好主意,〞他写道,"即关于研究一个物体与传光以太的相对运动如何影响光在透明物体中的传播速度的方法.在这个问题上我头脑里还产生了一种似乎十分有可能成立的理论.〞He also was pondering "the definition of absolute rest", a paradox that led him to his initial theory on relativity. The theory ruled out the possibility of absolute rest, since all objects are considered to be in motion relative to other objects. He also was contemplating the electrodynamics of moving bodies which, he said, "promises to be a capital paper."他还在思考着"绝对静止的定义〞,一种导致他产生最初相对论的悖论.这种理论排除了绝对静止的可能性.因为一切物体对于其他有关物体来说都被看作是处在运动之中的.他还对移动物体的电动力学冥思苦想,他说,"这有希望成为一篇优秀论文.〞"I wrote to you that I doubted the correctness of the idea s about relative motion," he wrote. "But my doubts were based solely on a simple mathematical error.Now I believe in it more than ever.""我曾写信给你,谈到过我对相对运动想法的正确性有怀疑,〞他写道."但我的怀疑只是基于简单的数学上的错误.现在我比以前更深信无疑了.〞Mr. Stachel, writing in the May issue of Physics Today, says this passage "suggests that Einstein had already adopted some version of the relativity principle", although not in its final form.斯塔赫尔先生在5月号的《今日物理》上撰文说,这篇文章"意味着爱因斯坦已经采用了某种形式的相对论原理〞,尽管还不是最终形式.Although Maric has been depicted by historians as a dull woman, the letters show her interest in the nature of infinity.虽然玛丽克被历史学家描写成一位缺乏想象力的女子,这些信却表明,她对无限性很感兴趣."I do not believe the structure of the human brain is to be blamed for the fact that man cannot grasp infinity," she wrote to him in 1897, when he was 18 years old."我认为,人们不能了解无限性,不应归咎于人脑的结构,〞1897年她给当时18岁的爱因斯坦的信中写道.She continued: "He certainly could do that if in his young days, when he was learning to perceive, the little fellow had not been so cruelly confined to the earth, or even to a nest, between four walls, but instead was allowed to walk out a little into the universe."她接下去写道："倘若一个人在年轻时期,在学习掌握新概念时,不被无情地局限于地球,或者甚至局限于四面围墙的斗室之中,而是被允许走出去涉足一下宇宙的话,他当然是能够做到这一点的.〞Science historians, such as Gerald Holton of Harvard University, regard Einstein's ability to "walk out into the universe" and think in pure abstractions as essential to his revolutionary discoveries. Particularly remarkable, Mr. Holton said in an interview, is the extent to which their interest in physics dominates the correspondence despite their personal difficulties.科学史家们,诸如哈佛大学的热拉尔·霍尔顿认为,爱因斯坦"涉足宇宙〞的能力和用纯抽象方式思维的能力对他的各项具有革命性的发现是必不可少的.特别引人注目的是,霍尔顿先生在一次会见中说,尽管他们各自都有困难,但他们在通信中对物理学的兴趣竟然占着最重要的位置."Most important for historians of science", he added, is the evidence that so early in his life Einstein "was already deeply thinking about the nature of light, relativity and molecular motion." This "all fell into place in a spectacular set of papers" published in 1905 and thereafter, he said.他又说："对科学史学工作者来说,最重要的是〞,在爱因斯坦的一生中这样早的时候就有迹象表明,他"就已经在深刻地思考着光的特性、相对论和分子运动的问题了〞.他说,"这一思想〞都体现在一系列引人注目的论文之中〞,并从1905年起陆续发表.Despite long periods of separation, Maric and Einstein occasionally managed to meet and hike the Swiss mountains. About the time of one of their excursions, in May 1901, she learned of her pregnancy.尽管玛丽克与爱因斯坦多次长期分离,但他俩有时也设法团聚,去瑞士的崇山峻岭观光,作徒步旅行. 1901年5月在一次短途旅行时,玛丽克得知自己怀孕了.The first letter in which Einstein mentioned this subject, however, began with discussion of a paper on the production of cathode rays by ultraviolet light. It then continued："Just be of good cheer, love, and don't fret. After all, I am not leaving you and I'll bring everything to a happy conclusion."然而,爱因斯坦提到此事的第一封信是以谈论一篇关于用紫外线产生阴级射线的论文开头的.该信接着才写道："你要高兴喜欢才是,可别忧愁烦恼.毕竟我不会离开你,而且我一定会把一切圆满了结.〞As in several subsequent letters he referred to the child a s though the baby was already born, saying, "How is the young chap?"当他在后来的几封信中再谈到这个孩子的情况时,仿佛孩子已经生下了.他问道,"小家伙好吗?〞Maric was hoping for a girl and they called the unborn child "Lieserl", a diminutive of Liese. "I am dizzy with joy", Einstein wrote her, after receiving word of a job in Bern. "The only thing that must be solved is how to have our Lieserl with us.I do not want for us to have to part with her."玛丽克希望生个女孩,所以他们在孩子未出生时便叫她"莉塞尔〞<莉丝的昵称>.当爱因斯坦得知在伯尔尼找到工作的消息后,他写信给玛丽克说,"我高兴死了.唯一得解决的事情就是怎样使莉塞尔和我们在一起.我不想使我们不得不离开她.〞Despite his mother's opposition, Einstein and Maric were married in January 1903 in Bern. According to a letter, to appear in the next volume of his papers, the Einsteins later learned that their daughter had recovered from scarlet fever. But apparently she was still in her mother's native region. The mention of scarlet fever is the last reference to the girl in the correspondence.尽管遭到母亲的反对,爱因斯坦还是于1903年元月在伯尔尼与玛丽克结为伉俪.根据爱因斯坦文集下一卷上发表的一封信,爱因斯坦夫妇后来得知,女儿的猩红热已经痊愈.看来这孩子还是住在她母亲的故乡了.在通信中有关这女孩的最后情况只是提到了猩红热.Supplementary ReadingAs far as the professional staff of the ETH <the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School> was concerned, Albert Einstein was one of the awkward scholars who might or might not graduate, but who in either case was a great deal of trouble. And in accordance with their opinions, when Einstein did graduate after four years, ETH did not offer him a position as was the custom of the time. For the difficult fellow, no opening on theacademic ladder could be found.Yet it cannot have been entirely unexpected and it was certainly not unnatural. In the autumn of 1900 Albert Einstein was a graduate who denied rather than defied authority; a young man who was written off as virtually unemployable by many self-respecting citizens. It was to be two years later before Einstein was able to obtain his first regular albeit nonacademic position. Even so Einstein's position with the Swiss Patent Office was obtained through the intervention of friends on his behalf.The work of the Patent Office at the turn of the century was strikingly different from what it later became. The difference is illustrated by one fact: until 1908 patents were granted only for inventions which could be represented by a model. The model may have been as important as the specification which described, in words which ideally should allow of no dispute, the duties which the device was intended to perform.These inventions, ideas, and proposals which were directed to the office consisted largely of suggestions for practical, utilitarian, basically simple, and often homely applications of technology to the mundane affairs of everyday life. At first glance, all this appears to be singularly unrelated to Einstein's special genius.Yet despite the apparently esoteric quality of the theories on which his famewas founded, these theories sprang, as he was never tired of stressing, from observation of facts and from deductions which would account for these facts. This demanded an intuitive discernment of essentials, and it was just this which was sharpened during his days at the Patent Office.For the work frequently involved rewriting inventors' vague applications to give them legal protection; this in turn required an ability to see, among sometimes tortuous descriptions, the basic idea or ideas on which an application rested. The demand was not so much for the routine application of a routine mind to routine documents, as for perceptive intuition. Einstein himself was in no doubt of what he learned at the Patent Office."More severe than my father", was how he described the director. "He taught me to express myself correctly."But there was more to it than that. Einstein himself subsequently made two comments on his work at the office. When he took up the post he wrote to a friend that it would give him "besides eight hours of work ... eight hours of idleness plus whole Sunday"And half a century later, on his seventieth birthday he commented that the post had been a blessing. "It gave me", he said, "the opportunity to think about physics. Moreover, a practical profession is a salvation for a man of mytype; an academic career compels a young man to scientific production, and only strong characters can resist the temptation of superficial analysis." The post was an undemanding occupation which released his mind for creative work at a different level.。

学术英语4蔡基刚1-6课文翻译学术英语4蔡基刚1-6课文翻译1. 课文1The Benefits of Exercise运动的好处Exercise has numerous benefits for the body and the mind. Regular physical activity can improve cardiovascular health, strengthen muscles, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. Exercise can also improve mental health by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, and by improving mood and cognitive function. In addition, exercise can improve sleep quality and increase energy levels.运动对身体和心理有许多好处。

定期进行体育锻炼可以改善心血管健康，增强肌肉力量，并降低肥胖、2型糖尿病和心脏病等慢性疾病的风险。

运动还可以通过减少压力、焦虑和抑郁来改善心理健康，并提高情绪和认知功能。

此外，运动还可以提高睡眠质量和能量水平。

2. 课文2The Role of Education in Society教育在社会中的作用Education plays a crucial role in shaping the future of individuals and society as a whole. It helps to develop critical thinking skills, broaden perspectives, and expose individuals tonew ideas and knowledge. Education also plays a key role in promoting social mobility and reducing poverty. It provides individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary to participate fully in the workforce and contribute to the economic development of their communities. In addition, education promotes social cohesion and helps to build a sense of identity and belonging within a society.教育在塑造个人和整个社会的未来中起着至关重要的作用。

研究生学术综合英语上册U n i t1-4课文及翻译全---请叫我雷锋Unit1Presenting a SpeechStephen Lucas Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thinking itself. Contrary to popular belief,language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any otherprofession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately is to an accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words thatare precise and accurate.Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this by using familiar words that are known to the average person and require no specialized background; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter.Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way to make your language more vivid is through imagery, or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common; it always contains the words “like”or “as.”Metaphor is an implicitcomparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as.”Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial consonant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to copy someone else’s. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is much more likely to succeed.Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view. In fact, the skillfuluse of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one. The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony.In the course of a speech you may use brief examples —specific instances referred to in passing — and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples —often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes —are longer and more detailed. Hypotheticalexamples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas.To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience. Above all, you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted. Make sure that your figures are representative of what they claim to measure, that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take statistics only from reliable sources.Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because they are seldom recognized as experts on their speech topics. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony. Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.The impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech is delivered. You cannot make a good speech without having something to say. But having something to say is not enough. You must also know how to say it. Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and withoutdistracting the audience.There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of these － speaking extemporaneously －is the method you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom. When speaking extemporaneously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline. Speaking with PowerPoint is widely used now andvery effective indeed.Certainly there are other factors you should consider, such as personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, eye contact, volume, pauses and so on. By paying enough attention to what is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.第一单元如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。

The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V.Benokraitis.下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。

The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States.此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，and explores the choices that are available to family members,探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize.以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。

It examines the diversity of American families today,该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。

LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS爱和情感连系Nijole V.Benokraitis奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯Love — as both an emotion and a behavior — is essential for human survival.爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。

Unit 4THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH01In the middle of the sixteenth century, English was spoken by between four and five millions of people, and stood fifth among the European languages, with French, German, Italian, and Spanish ahead of it in that order, and Russian following. Two hundred years later, Italian had dropped behind but Russian had gone ahead, so that English was still in fifth place. By the end of the Eighteenth Century English began to move forward, and by the middle of the nineteenth it had forced its way into first place. Today it is so far in the lead that it is probably spoken by as many people as the next two languages—Russian and German combined.在16世纪中叶，有四五百万人说英语，说英语的人数在欧洲的语言中名列第五。

前四位依次是法语、德语、意大利语和西班牙语。

俄语排在英语之后。

两百年以后，意大利语排名落后，而俄语的排名靠前了，英语依然处于第五位。

到了18世纪末，英语的地位开始上升。

到19世纪中叶，英语已经跻身于第一位了。

今天，英语的地位遥遥领先，说英语的人数可能达到说后两种语言，即俄语和德语人数的总和。

Unit4The Men’s Movement: What Does It Mean to Be a Man?男人的运动：做一个男人意味着什么？As a result of the Women’s Movement, more women are working outside the home, and many men are playing a more active role in family life and are taking on some of the tasks involved in child care and housework. In addition to these changes inside the home, men are today entering occupations that used to be considered women’s jobs. More men are becoming nurses and teachers of young children. Other men are finding that they have more female colleagues and bosses at work than ever before, and they are having to adapt to women’s styles of communication and management, which can differ considerably from those of men. At work, as well as at home, many men today in modern North American society have to play very different roles than their fathers did. They are, as a result, joining with other men in a countermovement called the Men’s Movement to seek to provide one another with the support they need to cope with the roles expected of men i n today’s world.由于妇女运动，越来越多的妇女在家外工作，许多男人正在家庭生活中扮演着一个更积极的角色，并承担了一些涉及儿童保健和家务的任务。

Final Version of TranslationUnit two1．为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。

有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同”的。

在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。

2．相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。

所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。

相信“人就是人”和“我们内在本质是相似的，”这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。

3．力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。

但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。

带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。

4．因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。

如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束，受文化的改变，那么我们就会受这一现实：因为各自不同，我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。