康德的道德理论

What is the right thing to do?
• 假言命令HypothetiBiblioteka Baidual imperative
( if (or because ) I want X, then I ought to do Y. )
• 绝对命令（定言命令）Categorical imperative
( moral obligation: unconditional or necessary )
• In some sense, Kant’s theory requires that we consider the possible consequences when universalizing some action. it is just like the rule utilitarianism ( must universalize) ( ?) • Respond:
What is the right motive?
• To explain his views on the importance of a right motive（动机） or intention（意 图）, Kant provides the example of a shopkeeper who does the right thing, who charges the customers a fair price and charges the same to all . But what is her motive? Kant discusses three possible motives:
Evaluating Kant’s moral theory 评价康德的道德理论
• 积极价值Appealing: 强调公平，逻辑上一贯，尊重人的自主性以 及主张道德面前人人平等Its central aspects----fairness, consistency, treating persons as autonomous and morally equal beings. They are also key elements of a particular tradition in morality.
What gives an act moral worth?
1.人不是工具People ought not to be used, but ought to be regarded as having the highest intrinsic value. ( it is central to Kant’s ethics) 2. 行为的动机Motive to do what is right. (what gives an act moral worth)
The categorical imperative
• 第一种表述方式 The first form: act only on the maxim that you can will as a universal law你应该这样行为，使你行为所遵循的
原则成为一条普遍的立法原理。（普遍化）
• 第二种表述方式The second form: Always treat humanity , whether in your own person or that of another, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end.对
Historical background: Immanuel Kant
• 我能知道什么What can I know? a new Copernican revolution • 我应该做什么What ought I do? moral philosophy 道德形而上学基础Fundamental principles (or foundations) of the metaphysics of morals (1785) 实践理性批判Critique of practical reason(1788)
什么使一个行为具有道德价值 What gives an act moral worth?
• 反对后果主义Object to consequentialist: 1.我们并不总是能够控制我们行为的后果，事情并 不总是如我们所愿地发生发展 The consequences of our acts are not always in our control and things do not always turn out as we want. 2.将道德作为产生某种事态（情形），例如快乐的 经验，的手段，是本末倒置。似乎幸福是目的， 道德是工具，人是手段。事实上，人是目的，人 具有最高的内在的价值。To make morality a matter of producing certain states of affairs ,such as happy experience ,puts matters backward.
• 自利 • 天性 • 义务
What is the right thing to do?
• Motive act consequences
动机——行为——后果
What is the right thing to do?
行为不错的标准： 1.出于义务“out of duty” (have the right motive) 2.按照义务“according to duty” (do what is right)
待人，无论是你自己还是别人，永远要当作目的 而不仅仅是手段。（人是目的）
Other forms其它表述方式
• We ought always to ask whether some action we are contemplating could become a universal law of nature. (relies on his views about nature as a system of everything that we experience as it is organized according to laws ) • We are to ask whether we could consider ourselves as the author of the moral practice that we are able to accept. We are both subject to the moral law and its author (stress autonomy) • We ask whether the action we are contemplating would be fitting for and further or promote such a community “kingdom of ends” (amplifies the second form of the categorical imperative.)
Evaluating Kant’s moral theory
• when using the first form of the categorical imperative there are many things that I could will as universal practices that would hardly seem to be moral obligations (such as write their name on the top of their test papers) ( ?) • Respond:
A case
• • • • • •
历史背景Historical background: Immanuel Kant 什么使行为具有道德价值What gives an act moral worth? 绝对命令The categorical imperative The 对康德道德理论的评价Evaluating Kant’s moral theory 完全和不完全义务Perfect and imperfect duties 康德道德理论的变体Variations on Kantian moral theory
• the second form of the categorical imperative also has problems of application. In the concrete, it is not always easy to determine whether one is using a person ,for example, what is coercion and what is simply influence, or what is deception and what is not. ( ?) • Respond:
Kant’s Moral Theory 康德的道德理论
A case
• The “learning experiment”:
• 支持者：它是正当的Supporters: It was justifiable 1. 因为受试者没有被强迫参加试验，而是自愿的 because their subjects had not been coerced but had volunteered and 2. 从试验中得到了有用的信息 because useful information had been gained from the experiment. • 反对者：Critics: 1.The volunteers were not informed 志愿者不知情 2.They had been used by the researchers for an experiment for which they had not consented. 他们在没有同意的情形下被研究者利用
What is the right motive?
• 善良意志“good will”: only such a will is good unconditionally . Everything else needs a good will to make it good. • 行动出于义务To act “out of duty” ,out of a concern and respect for the moral law .
Evaluating Kant’s moral theory
3.义务方面Duty Duty is whatever is the right thing to do. 绝对主义？ Absolutism 当两种义务相冲突时，（如讲真话和保存生命），该 如何做，康德道德理论没有给出答案？ They may not give adequate help in deciding what to do， when they seem to give us contradictory duties ,as in the example , both to tell the truth and preserve life. ( ?) • Respond:
Evaluating Kant’s moral theory
讨论： 1.道德义务的本质方面The nature of moral obligation. Moral obligation is real and strictly binding.(?) 2.绝对命令的运用方面The application of the categorical imperative. Critics: ( ?)