时态 现在完成时
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KAOSHI YUPINGJIA◎福建省泉州东海湾实验学校杨玉芳时态包括两部分,即“时间+状态”,时间指“发生动作的时间”;状态指“发生动作的状态”。
小学阶段初步接触现在完成时,主要结构是have /has done ,需要将学生放在实际语境中分析理解这一时态。
实际上,现在完成时是时态语法中的一个“分水岭”,是在一般现在时与一般过去时的基础上难度更高一层的时态知识。
教师在教授现在完成时知识的时候要做好区分,同时使用适合的策略帮助学生更好地理解文本的结构、用法与标志,旨在让学生了解现在完成时态,为后期的深入学习奠定基础。
一、小学阶段“现在完成时”时态分析“现在完成时”表示过去发生的状态或者动作对现在产生的影响,到现在这个动作已经结束或者还将进行下去。
1.“现在完成时”的结构(1)由“助动词have /has+动词的过去分词”构成。
如果句子的主语是第三人称单数,助动词用has ,其他情况使用助动词have 。
例如:She has been to Beijing several times.她已经去北京几次了。
此处的主语是She ,所以助动词用has 。
再如:I’ve known him for a long time.我已经认识他很长时间了。
此处的主语是I ,所以助动词用have ,在此I’ve=I have 。
(2)“现在完成时”的肯定结构是:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他。
例如:He has bought a pair of black shoes.他已经买了一双黑色的鞋子。
(3)“现在完成时”的否定结构是:主语+haven’t /hasn’t+动词的过去分词+其他。
例如:I haven’t been to that bookstore lately.我最近没有去那家书店。
(4)“现在完成时”的疑问句式是:have /has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他?肯定回答是:Yes,主语+have /has.否定回答是:No,主语+haven’t /hasn’t.例如:—Have you done your homework?你做完功课了吗?—Yes,I have./No,I haven’t.是的,做完了。
现在完成时1.表示截止现在业已完成的动作eg By now, I have collected all the data that I need.2.表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作eg She has been to the United States.3.表示过去发生的动作持续到现在,并可能还要延续eg I have learned English for 8 years.基本结构由 have 加动词的过去分词构成,主语是第三人称单数时,要将 have 改为has。
例句:I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了。
(现在我知道电影的内容了。
)Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? )She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。
We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。
时态用法对于初接触现在完成时的人来说,往往会产生一种茫然,因为它似乎与一般过去时相似。
那就是,这两种时态描述的动作都始于过去。
其实不然,现在完成时主要表示,发生在过去的动作延续到现在刚刚完成、或许还要延续;侧重于这个动作对现在带来的结果、产生的影响、积累的总和等等。
而一般过去时则只不过是表示动作发生在过去的什么时候。
弄清了这一区别,就很容易理解现在完成时了。
它主要适用于下面的几种情况:1)表示截止现在业已完成的动作By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止,我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。
She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。
We haven't met for many years .我们已多年没见了。
完成时的四种时态的基本结构完成时是英语中的一种时态,表示动作或状态在过去一些时间点之前已经完成。
它的四种基本结构分别是:1.现在完成时现在完成时表示过去一些时间点之前已经完成的动作或状态。
它的基本结构是:主语 + have / has + 过去分词。
例如:- I have finished my homework.(我已经完成了作业。
)- She hasn't visited her grandparents yet.(她还没有去看望她的祖父母。
)2.过去完成时过去完成时表示过去一些时间点之前已经完成的动作或状态。
它的基本结构是:主语 + had + 过去分词。
例如:- He had already left when I arrived.(当我到达时,他已经离开了。
)- They hadn't met each other before the party.(他们在聚会之前还没见过面。
)3.将来完成时将来完成时表示将来一些时间点之前已经完成的动作或状态。
它的基本结构是:主语 + will / shall + have + 过去分词。
例如:- By next week, I will have finished this project.(到下周,我会完成这个项目。
)4.过去将来完成时过去将来完成时表示在过去一些时间点之前将要完成的动作或状态。
它的基本结构是:主语 + would / should + have + 过去分词。
例如:- She said she would have finished the report by yesterday.(她说她应该在昨天之前完成这份报告。
)- He promised he should have paid the bill before leaving.(他承诺在离开之前应该付清账单。
)。
现在完成时的用法主语+have(has)+过去分词(done)1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.)Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently,still, lately等:He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman on several occasions.5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year.The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.Up to the present everything has been successful.6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.扩展资料:将来完成时是用在表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。
完成时的四种时态的基本结构完成时态是英语中最常用的时态之一,它表示过去某个时间点或时间段已经完成的动作或状态。
完成时态有四种基本结构,分别是现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和完成进行时。
下面将分别介绍这四种时态的基本结构和用法。
一、现在完成时现在完成时的基本结构是“have/has + 过去分词”,其中have用于第一人称单数、第二人称单数和复数,has用于第三人称单数。
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果,常用于以下情况:1. 表示过去发生的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果,如:I have lost my keys.(我丢了我的钥匙。
)She has been studying English for five years.(她已经学习英语五年了。
)2. 表示过去发生的动作或状态一直持续到现在,如:I have lived in this city for ten years.(我在这个城市住了十年了。
) He has worked for this company since 2010.(他自2010年以来一直在这家公司工作。
)3. 表示过去发生的动作或状态与现在有关联,如:I have just finished my homework.(我刚刚完成了我的作业。
)She has already left for the airport.(她已经去机场了。
)二、过去完成时过去完成时的基本结构是“had + 过去分词”,表示在过去某个时间点或时间段之前已经完成的动作或状态。
过去完成时常用于以下情况:1. 表示过去某个时间点或时间段之前已经完成的动作或状态,如:I had finished my work before he arrived.(他到达之前我已经完成了我的工作。
)She had lived in Paris for two years before she moved to London.(她在搬到伦敦之前在巴黎住了两年。
英语八大时态之:现在完成时同学们我们已经学习了现在进行时、一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时这4种时态的用法,但这4种时态还不能满足我们表达的需要。
比如:表示“某人过去曾经做过某事”或者“某人做某事多久”,以上五种时态就派不上用场了。
这时,我们可以用一种新的时态——现在完成时表示。
现在完成时:表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态一、现在完成时的构成(一)肯定式主语+助动词have /has +过去分词+其它说明:这里的have /has是助动词,没有什么具体意义。
当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。
has,have的缩略式分别为's或've。
规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样,不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。
实例:1)I've just copied all the new words .我刚抄写了所有的生词。
(表示不要再抄了)2)She has lost her books .她丢失了她的书。
(表示到目前为止还没有找到)(如果用过去时:She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作,而不知现在有没有找到) 3)We've just cleaned the classroom .我们刚好打扫了教室。
(表明现在教室是干净的)(二)否定式主语+助动词have /has+not+过去分词+其它说明:现在完成时构成否定句时,只需在助动词have /has后面加not就行。
have not,has not的缩略式分别为haven't ,hasn't。
另外,肯定句中有some,already时,改为否定时要分别改成any,yet。
实例:1)I haven't finished my homework yet.我还没有完成我的作业。
时态详解:现在完成时一、如何理解现在完成时现在完成时是英语中一个很重要的时态,也是很容易弄错的一个时态。
首先,我们来看看“现在完成时”该如何理解。
你可能会根据字面意思将其理解为:现在完成时就是表示现在已经完成的动作。
但是,这样的理解是很不全面的理解,甚至是很危险的!因为这样的理解将来误导你混淆现在完成时与一般过去的区别。
现在完成时有两个主要用法:一是已完成用法,也叫影响性用法。
该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成,并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果,同时说话强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果,如汉语说“他已离开这个城市了”,其中的“离开”肯定发生了,它对现在的影响或结果就是“他现在已不在这个城市了”;又如汉语说“有人把窗户打破了”,显然“打破窗户”这一动作发生在过去,并且在过去已经完成了,但说话人强调的重点是打破窗户对现在的影响——窗户现在仍是破的。
现在完成时的另一个用法叫未完成用法,也叫持续性用法。
该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作或开始的状语在过去并未完成或结束,而是一直持续到现在,并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束),如汉语说“他在我们教书已有30年了”,显然“他在我们学校教书”是从30年前开始,并且一直教到现在,已经持续了30年;又如汉语说“自上个星期以来他一直很忙”,显然“忙”是从上个星期开始的,并且这一“忙”就一直忙到现在。
二、现在完成时构成与用法现在完成时由“have / has +过去分词”构成。
如:He has seen the film several times. 这部电影他已看了好几次。
I have known her for a long time. 我认识她很长时间了。
句中的has seen 和have known 均为现在完成时,第一句属影响性用法,其影响是“他对电影内容非常熟悉了”;第二句属持续性用法,指“认识她”已持续了很长一段时间。
一、表示完成动作的动词时态:现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时1.现在完成时:have(has) done.1)表示从现在之前(即过去)开始发生并持续到现在动作或状态。
这种现在完成时的特点:1)谓语动词一般为延续性动词。
2)动作发生在过去,但是这一动作持续到现在,而且还可能继续持续下去。
3)与现在完成时连用的时间状语通常是表示“一段时间”的时间状语,以说明某个动作或状态持续了多久。
如:I have lived there for three years.我已经住在那里三年了。
She has taught in the school since I came here.自从我来到这里她就在学校里教书。
与这种现在完成时搭配的时间状语如下:a.) since+时间点如:I have worked in this company since 1998.自从1998年我就在这家公司工作b).for +时间段如:I have worked in this company for three years.我在这家公司工作三年了。
c) “到目前为止”until now, up until now, up to now, so far如:We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that wouldfurther communication between nation.到目前为止,我们尚未采取任何行动来决定一门国际通用语言,以促进国际间交流。
d) “在最近几世纪/年/月以来”in the past few years, over the past few years, during the last three months, through centuries等。
如:Through history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die.自古以来,人类就必须接受这样的事实:一切生命体都会消亡。
现在进行时和现在完成进行时区分:区分have done和have been doing,我们需要从两个方面来讨论:一、完成时态和完成进行时态本身意义的差异;二、要结合动词的不同延续特点.首先我们来看两种时态的意义差异两者根本区别是:完成进行时强调动作持续的过程(emphasis on duration),完成时强调动作的结果或成就(emphasis on achievement).具体来讲,现在完成进行时have been doing强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性,强调的是动作本身.现在完成时have done那么是强调动作产生的结果或取得的成就,而不是动作本身.二者的这种区别我们从下面的这些例句可以很好地领悟到:(2) a. My hands are very dirty. I’ve been painting the house. b. I have painted the house green. The house was white, but now it’s green.思维分析:句a中have been painting表示painting动作一直在持续,活动还没有结束,所以才有my hands are very dirty这样的现状.句a意思是“我的手很脏,我现在一直在给房间刷漆〞.句b中have painted表示painted动作已经结束,而且动作导致的结果是the house was white, but now it’s green房间现在是绿色的了.现在完成时表示动作业已完成, 而完成进行时却不一定如此I’ve made a cake. 我做了一个蛋糕.〔已做好〕I’ve been making a cake. 我一直在做一个蛋糕. 〔不一定做好了She’s painted a picture. 她画了一幅画.〔已画好〕She’s been painting a picture. 她在画一幅画.〔可能还没画好〕强调时间长度用完成进行时比拟好:I’ve been coughing all night. 我咳了一整夜.〔比I’ve coughed all night. 更能强调咳得久〕All the time she’s been sitting there in silence. 她一直静坐在那里.All these years we’ve been trying to get in touch with him. 这些年来我们一直在设法和他联系. 许多静态动词都只能用于完成时而不能用于完成进行时:I’ve known that for a long time. 这事我已经知道很久了.The strike has lasted six months. 这次罢工已经持续了6个月.Nobody has seen him since last week. 从上周起就没人见到过他.raise in salary all the time. 他一直盼着加薪.但当意思发生转变时也可能用于完成进行时:I’ve been thinking of doing so for a long time. 我好久以来一直想这样做.Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you. 汤姆一直在设法帮你取得工作许可证.有少数动词用两种时态都可以,意思差异不大,如:They have been working very well this term. 这学期他们学习很好. They have worked very well this term.It has been raining for two hours. 下了两个小时的雨. It has rained for two hours.过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去〔 past-in-the-past 〕〞。
现在完成时的用法与例句现在完成时是英语中一种常用的时态,用于描述过去发生的动作或事件与现在的关系。
它由助动词“have”或“has”加上过去分词构成。
接下来,我们将详细介绍现在完成时的用法,并提供一些例句来帮助理解。
1. 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响现在完成时可用来描述过去完成的动作或事件对现在的影响。
这种用法强调现在的结果或状态。
例句1:I have lost my keys.(我把钥匙丢了,现在找不到了。
)例句2:They have already eaten dinner.(他们已经吃过晚饭了。
)2. 表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在现在完成时还可用来表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在,并强调动作的持续性。
例句1:She has lived in London for ten years.(她在伦敦已经住了十年了。
)例句2:I have known him since we were children.(我认识他自从我们还是孩子的时候。
)3. 表示在过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作现在完成时也可以表示在过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作,而时间点可以是具体的或不具体的。
例句1:He has already finished his homework.(他已经完成了作业。
)例句2:We have never been to Japan.(我们从未去过日本。
)4. 表示经历或体验过的动作或事件现在完成时还可以用来表达对某个动作或事件的经历或体验。
例句1:She has traveled to many countries.(她游览过许多国家。
)例句2:I have seen that movie before.(我之前看过那部电影。
)5. 与表示一段时间的状语连用现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,表达在这段时间内已经完成了某个动作或事件。
例句1:They have worked together for five years.(他们已经一起工作了五年。
英语时态——现在完成时精讲和练习I.定义:表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,也可以表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态II.现在完成时的结构注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如:come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。
用来持续的动作或状态或表过去重复的动作,如live,study,be,wait等,常和since(自从)或for(经历)引导的词语连用。
如:I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年。
III.现在完成时的标志1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 现在完成时通常和,ever, never, twice(once…), so far(到目前为止), since,for,in the past/last few years(在过去几年) , already(肯定句), yet(否定,疑问句), just(刚刚), before(以前), recently(近来)等词连用说明:already与yet都有“已经”的意思,但already常用于肯定句,并用于句中。
yet常用于否定句和疑问句,并用于句末。
例如:I have already finished my homework.I have n’t finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet?They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里)I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿)I can’t find my watch now. I think I have already lost it.2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手。
现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作/状态,或者过去的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果。
leave --- be away borrow --- keep buy --- h avedie --- be dead finish --- be over fall ill--■-be illget up---be up catch a cold --- have a coldgo there --- be there become --- befall asleep --- be asleep get to/ arrive/reach --- b e (in)get to know --- know go (get) out—be out put or—wearjoin----be a member of ... (成为…的一贝)ope n ---be openbegi n/start --- be oncome here --- be here come back --- be back leave --- be away fromclose ---be closedI have already fini shed my homework. already用在 _______ ,位于 _________ 。
“已经”Have you finished your homework yet? yet用在__________ 和_________ 中,位于__________ 。
“仍然,已经”3)so far(目前;迄今为止)up to now=till now=by now 至U现在为止;直至U现在recently最近by the end of …至U …末/ 结束by the end of this year 至U 今年年末by the end of this mon th 到本月末in the last /past mon ths在过去的几个月中in the past/last few days/years在过去的这几天4、用于现在完成时的句型1) It is the first / seco nd time that+ 现在完成时。
现在完成时用法大全1.现在完成时是一个表示过去发生的动作对现在造成影响和结果的时态。
常用时间状语包括many times,just,yet,ever,never,already,so far,by now等。
此外,它还可以表示动作或状态在过去已经开始,持续到现在并可能继续下去,常与so far、for或者since短语连用。
例如,since + 时间点/从句,for + 时间段,如for two months等。
2.现在完成时的构成是have/has + 过去分词。
3.现在完成时有四个基本句型:肯定句,一般疑问句,否定句和特殊疑问句。
肯定句形式为主语 + have/has + 过去分词,例如He has finished the work。
一般疑问句形式为Have/Has +主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?例如Has he finished the work。
否定句形式为主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词,例如He has not finished the work。
特殊疑问句形式为疑问词 + have/has + 主语+ 过去分词,例如What has he done?4.现在完成时在以下情形下使用:①已经肯定句中或句尾使用already,例如I have already found my pen。
②已经否定句和疑问句句尾使用yet,例如I have not finished the work yet。
Have you bought a computer yet。
③曾经句中使用ever,例如Have you ever seen pandas。
④从不句中使用never,例如I have never been to Beijing。
⑤刚刚句中使用just,例如I have just done my work。
⑥以前句尾使用before,例如I have never been there before。
时态讲解:现在完成时(1)构成:现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成,助动词have 有人称和数的变化。
第三人称单数用has,其余用have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。
以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:1)现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。
说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。
如:I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.★注意:1)since和for的区别since后接时间点,如1993,last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor后接一段时间,表示“长达多久”,如ten years, a while, two days等。
Exercise: 用since和for填空1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days.3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days.4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock.5. India has been an independent country ______1974.6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years.8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.1. since2. for3. for4. since5. since6. for7. for8. since2)表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等,在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。
英语时态:现在完成时现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,可能持续发生下去。
常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice(次数)等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days, today, recently, this year, so far(=by now)等连用.Ⅰ. 句法结构:1.陈述句:助动词have + done(过去分词)A. 肯定形式:主语+have/has +done+其他B. 否定形式:主语+have/has not+done+其他注:助动词have和has不构成实际含义,仅配合主语进行人称和数的变化;而行为(实义)动词统一以done形式存在在结构中,没有进行人称和数变化。
2.疑问句:A. 一般疑问句:助动词提前即可Have/Has+主语+done+其他B.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(同上)3.被动语态:主语+ have/has + been +done +其他【被动结构be done,时体现在助动词】➢两态变化例句参考下表:Ⅰ. 主要用法:1.表示到说话人说话时已经完成的动作,却对现在仍有影响或结果。
He has lost his book.2.表示事情开始与过去,却一直持续到现在还在进行的事情。
He has taught in our school for 30 years.3.表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况,并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去,也有可能到现在就结束。
My father has always gone to work by bike.4.同一般现在时可以表示将来一样,现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。
I’ll wait until he has written his letter.Ⅰ. 常用于现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, already, yet, ever, never, recently, just, before, so far, by now等1.for+段时间;since+(过去的某一个)点时间I have lived in Nanning for ten years.I have lived in Nanning since ten years ago.2.already用于肯定句, 可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前,也可放在句末。
英语时态之一:现在完成时态六大考点考点一:考查现在完成时的构成现在完成时是由“助动词(have/has)+动词过去分词”构成。
当主语是第三人称单数的时候,助动词要用has,其余都用have。
例:-Do you want to see the film Harry Potter Ⅱ?-The film Harry Potter Ⅱ? I it.It’s really wonderful.A.seeB.have seenC.was seeingD.has seen分析:根据It’s really wonderful.可知已经看过了,故该题用现在完成时态,根据现在完成时态的构成,主语是第一人称,助动词用have,故选B考点二:考查现在完成时的基本用法1、现在完成时可以表示一个动作发生在过去,并终止于过去,但是它的结果对现在仍然有影响,也就是说,现在完成时虽然与过去有关,但实际上强调的是对现在的影响或结果。
例:I’m sorry you the wonderful football game.It was just over.A.have lostB.have missedC.are missingD. will lost分析:题意“对不起......这场精彩地的足球比赛,比赛刚刚结束”可知,“足球比赛这一动作发生在过去”,对现在造成的影响是:比赛已经结束了,你错过了这场比赛。
故选B.2、现在完成时也可以表示动作开始于过去的某一时刻,一直延续到现在或可能还要继续下去,经常与“for+一段时间”,“in the last/past+一段时间”或者是“since+时间点/谓语动词为一般过去时的句子”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
例:1.How’s Annie? I her for a long time.A.don’t seeB.won’t seeC.didn’t seeD.haven’t seen2.Jim left China two years ago,and I him since then.A.don’t seeB.won’t seeC.didn’t seeD.haven’t seen考点三:考查与现在完成时连用的副词与现在完成时连用的副词常见already, just, yet, ever, never, before 等。
时态讲解:现在完成时1)现在完成时通常表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。
说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。
如:I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.3). 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.6. have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”,现已不在那里,如:He has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次。
(过去“到美国”,现在已“不在美国”)have gone to主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场,如:--Where's your mother? --你妈妈在哪?--She has gone to the hospital. --她去医院了。
一结构1.肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他2.否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他3.一般疑问句:have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他Yes, 主语+have/has. No , 主语+have/has+not4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他二常和现在完成时一起连用的时间状语注意:.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for, since连用.1.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already(肯定), yet(否定,疑问), just, before, recently, still, lately,Just, already, yet, ever, never, before, twice(重复性时间),for+短时间,since+点时间,so far, how long 提问的疑问句中.......He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?2. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如ever, never, twice, several times等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman several times.3. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.Up to the present everything has been successful.三当现在完成时与表示短时间的时间状语连用时,谓语动词必须使用延续性动词。
现在完成时一、定义现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态对现在造成的影响,或过去发生的动作或状态持续到现在。
二、时间状语现在完成时常用的时间状语主要包括:✧表示过去不确定时间的状语:already,yet,just,recently,before...✧包含现在的时间状语:today,this morning/week/month/year,so far,until now,up to present...✧表示频率的时间状语:ever,never,twice...✧since+某个时间点(如since last Monday)✧since+一段时间+ago(如since two hours ago)✧for+一段时间(如for two years)三、动词形式现在完成时的谓语部分由助动词(have/has)加动词的过去分词(done)组成,主语为第一人称、第二人称、第三人称复数时助动词用have,为第三人称单数时用has。
规则动词的过去分词和过去式的构成规则相同(见下方第1-5点规则)。
动词的过去分词的构成规则主要包括:(1)一般动词,在词尾加-ed。
发音规则:在以浊辅音或元音结尾的词后发音/d/,以清辅音结尾的词后发音/t/,以t 或d结尾的词后发音/id/。
示例:ask-asked/t/climb-climbed/d/open-opened/d/pass-passed/t/want-wanted/id/need-needed/id/(2)以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾加-d。
发音规则:在以浊辅音或元音结尾的词后发音/d/,以清辅音结尾的词后发音/t/,以t 或d结尾的词后发音/id/。
示例:arrive-arrived/d/close-closed/d/die-died/d/hope-hoped/t/decide-decided/id/(3)以辅音+y结尾的动词,y变为i再加-ed。
发音规则:发音/d/。
Present perfect Tense & Present perfect continuous TensePreview SheetPresent perfect Tense谓语构成:_________________________现在完成时用法1、表示过去发生的事情但影响到目前或将来。
*I have just cleaned my clothes.我刚洗过衣服。
(cleaned是发生的动作,对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”)。
2、表示过去重复发生的动作也可以在将来重复发生*He has handled every situation well. (we expect him to continue.)3、表示过去的动作不发生在过去但可能发生在将来,要使用否定式not 或者never*Yao hasn't returned to China since joining the Rockets.4、表过去开始的动作一直延续的到现在的,用时间状语连词for或者since.*I have been here for just over two years.我到这里才两年多。
用于现在完成时的句型1)It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。
例:It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次到访这个城市。
---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I have been here.2)This is the…that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.例:This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。
现在完成进行时的用法一、现在完成进行时的构成方法现在完成进行时由“_______________________________”构成。
二、现在完成进行时用法说明表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的动作,这动作可能仍在进行,也可能已停止:He_________________ television all day.他看了一天电视了。
He _________________ this work for three years.这工作他已干了三年了。
It _________________ since last Sunday.自上周星期日以来就一直在下雨。
现在完成进行时、现在完成时& 过去时的区别I 都可表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果:★现在进完成进行时:have/ has + been + V 进行时表示的结果是直接:E.g. 1.we have been cleaning the classroom.我们打扫教室来着(其直接结果可能是:1.我们身上都是灰, 2.教室刚刚打扫.)2. Be careful! John has been painting the door.约翰刚刚把门油漆过,(现在油漆还未干),所以你要小心。
★现在完成时:have/ has +V.过去分词表示的是最后的结果:E.g. 1. We have cleaned the classroom.我们把教室打扫过了(其结果是:1.现在教室很清洁,可以用了。
2.可能表示教室是昨天打扫的)2.John has painted the door.约翰已经把门油漆过。
(油漆可能已干了)。
★过去时Past Tense:表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。
说话的侧重点只是陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对“现在”产生的影响。
E.g. We cleaned the classroom.我们打扫教室过。
(强调的是打扫教室的事情)II 现在完成进行时通常表示动作有延续性(一直),而现在完成时往往没有。
★现在完成进行时:(表示动作延续到现在还在进行,没有完成)1、I have been waiting for a letter from my parents.我(一直)在等我父母的来信。
2、It has been raining for three hours.雨(一直)下了三个小时了。
3、We have been studying here since 2004.自从2004年以来,我们(一直)在这里学习。
4、They have been widening the road.他们(一直)在加宽马路。
(但尚未完工)★现在完成时:(表动作已经结束)1、I have waited for a letter from my parents.我在等我父母的来信。
(可能已经等到)2、It has rained for three hours.雨(已经)下了三个小时了。
(可能停了)3、We have studied here since 2004.自从2004年以来,我们在这里学习。
★过去时:表述以前发生的事情,对现在没有关系。
)1、I waited for a letter from my parents.我等我父母的来信。
(只说过去发生的事情。
)2、It rained for three hours.雨(已经)下了三个小时了。
(表昨天以前的一场雨。
)3、We studied here in 2004.2004年我们在这里学习。
(这里不可以和since 连用)4、They widened the road.他们加宽马路。
(只是说过去发生的事情,动作没有对现在没有影响。
)III 现在完成进行时比较生动,有时含有明显的感情色彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果,平铺直叙,没有什么感情色彩可言。
例1 a)What have you been doing?b)What have you done?a句表示惊异。
b句只是一个问题。
例2 a)I have been wanting to meet you for long.b)I have long wanted to meet you.a比b更亲切,更有礼貌。
例3 a)Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly.b)Recently Mary has done her work regularly.a句显然是在表扬玛丽。
b只说明一个事实。
例4 a)Who's been eating my apples?b)Who's eaten my apples?a句有强烈的感情色彩,表示愤怒不满,兼有进行时态,所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思b句只是希望回答的一个问题。
是完成时态,说明“苹果一个不剩了”。
After-class Consolidation Sheet一、用所给词的适当形式填空1 They __________ (move) to the south in 1990 and __________ (live) there since then.2 Eric _________ (leave) home last year and ___________ (just come) back.3 Justin _________ (be) away from home for several days. He __________(disappear) last Friday.4 They ___________(buy) this house three years ago and they __________ (live) here since then.5 My brother __________ (go) to see my grandpa last week. He __________ (visit) him three times this month.二、选择填空1. ______ that dress when I first saw you at the station?A. Were you wearingB. Have you wornC. Did you wearD. do you wear2. ―Kate doesn’t look very well. What’s wrong with her?―She has a headache because she ______ too long; she ought to stop work.A. has been readingB. had readC. is readingD. was reading3. “Tell the students to stop shouting. We ______ our essays.”A. writeB. have been writingC. are writingD. have written4. My uncle, Sam,______ manager of the firm.A. has just madeB. is just being madeC. has just been madeD. is just made5. This is the first time the students ______ to Hyde Park.A. have goneB. have beenC. have been goingD. are being gone6. She ______ her mother’s work since she was admitted into hospital.A. is doingB. has been doingC. has doneD. has been done7. Now that you ______ , what are you going to do?A. are being returnedB. have been returningC. have been returnedD. have returned8. I ______ the incident as if it were yesterday.A. am still to rememberB. have still been rememberingC. am being still rememberedD. still remember9. -Where_____ the map? I can’t see anywhere.-I ______ it right here just now.A. did you put; have putB. have you put; putC. had you put; was puttingD. were you putting; have put10. John told Mary that he ______ what he was doing during the vacation.A. was just askedB. was just askingC. had just been askedD. had just asked11. I started my teaching career at the school. That was more than twenty years ago, and I ______ there ever since.A. wasB. had beenC. will beD. have been12. We ______ fine weather for the past few days.A. haveB. are havingC. have been hadD. have been having13. It ______ every day so far this month.A. is rainingB. rainsC. has rainedD. has been rained14. By the end of last year they ______ 1,000 machines.A. turned outB. had turned outC. would turn outD. had been turned out15.―Don’t put the waste on the ground.―Oh, I’m very sorry. I ______ the dustbin there.A. don’t seeB. isn’t seeingC. didn’t seeD. haven’t seen16. Good heavens! There you are! We _________ anxious about you. We _____ you back much earlier all through the night.A. are; expectB. were; had expectedC. will be; are expectingD. have been; were expecting17. Although medical science ____ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.A. achievedB. has achievedC. will achieveD. had achieved18. Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to _______ since the flood hit the area last Friday.A. have been missing B have got lost C. be missing D. get lost19. Customers are asked to make sure that they _____ the right change before leaving the shop.A. will haveB. have been givenC. have givenD. will be given20 ---- ______ leave at the end of this month.----I don’t think you should do that until ______ another job.A. I’m going to; you’d foundB. I’m going to; you’ve foundC. I’ll; you’ll foundD. I’ll; you’d found(注:文档可能无法思考全面,请浏览后下载,供参考。