1.Noun
Identify the uncountable nouns
• 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) • 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair)
• 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49
• 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music)
• 5. Subjects of study (history, math)
不可数变可数三大规律
• 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。
• 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。
• 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。
物质名词/总称名词变可数
• 1. 总称名词具体化
•A: Would you like a cake?
•B: No. I don’t like cake.
• 2. 物质名词变意思
•I need some paper. / I bought a paper.
• 3. 液体物质名词表数量
•Two beers and three coffees, please.
抽象名词变可数
•Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth)
•Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind.
• 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept.
•When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked.
2Articles
Specific reference--the
• 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的
• 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。
• 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。
• 1. Situational/cultural reference
•Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist.
• 2. textual co-reference—
•anaphoric reference (前指）&
•cataphoric reference （后指
• 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇）
• 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library)
• 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）
不定冠词泛指与非泛指
a/an +uncountable noun
• A washing powder I’ve found to be extremely good is “Tide”. （种类）
•I like a beer please. （一杯）
• A glass / an iron （意变）
Conditions when “one” is better
• 1. 强调数量“一”时用one (one only),
•C: when will they be ready? A: they take a week. C: One week, right, thanks.
• 2. 用于准确的对照数字
•Two kilos of flour and one litter of water.
• 3. 讲故事中用one, 强调人或事作为将要讲到的话题
•There is one place we go to which is a Mexican restaurant, and they had a happy
•hour between 5:30 and 7:30.
Conditions when “a/an” is better
• 1. 类指意义的”a/an”不能换”one”
• A shotgun is no good.
• 2. 表示度量的”a/an”不能换”one”
•The rent is $100 a week.
• 3. 表示数量的固定搭配”a/an”不能换”one”
• A few, a great many, a large number of
用不用冠词的意义区别
• 1. 家具生活类：at (the) table, in (the) bed
• 2. 处所、建筑物或社会机构：go to (the) prison, in/at (the)church, in (the) hospital • 3. 关于上学：class, school, college, university, desk
• 4. 关于sea: go to/ at/ by (the) sea
• 5. 抽象总称意义与具体特指意义: time, red, day, place, question, etc
使用冠词的场合
• 1. 形容词或副词的最高级、序数词以及only用作形容词加名词连用时，一般用the.
•The only/ best way to cope with the problem.
• 2. 乐器、乐团、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the
•The Beatles/ Philadelphia Orchestra/ piano
• 3. the 与姓氏连用
•The Smiths, the Bushes
其他不用冠词的场合
• 1. 关于职业、身份或头衔
• 2. 关于球类、棋类运动(不加冠词）
• 3. 特殊名词(nature, society, history, man, space)
• 4. 关于星期
• 5. 关于四季
• 6. 关于昼夜各阶段(by, at, after, before)
•7. 关于进餐(有adj 则加the）
•8. 关于交通工具（by后不加，其他时候要加）
•9. 关于通讯工具（by后不加，其他时候要加）
•10. 平行结构
