心理学专业英语总结——HXY
随意传阅·顺颂试安
注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用
2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择
3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择
4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词）
5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义
6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子Chapter 1——Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览
Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门
What is psychology? 心理学是什么
Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.
定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究
Psychology come from: ① philosophy, ② biology ③ physics.
心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学
When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline.
形成于：1879年，作为独立学科
History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach.
历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。
The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论
Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory.
历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。
Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development.
假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段
Methods of investigation: case study (method), free association (tech), dream analysis (tech).
研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术
*Areas of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory.
可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆
*Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific.
缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性
The behaviourist approach to psychology 行为主义理论
Origins & history: John Watson, empiricism, learning.
历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习
Assumptions: behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied.
假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为
*Areas of explanation: language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality.
可解释领域：语言习得，道德发展，吸引，异常
The humanistic approach to psychology 人本主义理论
Origins & history: conscious free will, aimed to investigate all the uniquely human aspects of experience, Maslow and self- actualise, Carl Rogers and client-centred therapy.
历史来源：自由意志，人类特有的经验，马斯洛的自我实现，罗杰斯的来访者中心疗法Assumptions: study human not other animal, must be meaningful to human, study internal experience and free will, study the individual case, studied in their environmental context.
假设：关于人的观点必须出于对于人的研究，研究应对人类有用，研究内部体验和自由意志，研究个案，研究应在具体环境下
Areas of explanation: personality/self identity, motivation, abnormality.
可解释领域：人格/自我认同，动机，异常
The cognitive approach to psychology 认知主义理论
Origins and history: computer, information processors, internal mental processes.
历史来源：计算机，类比人脑为信息加工者，内部心理过程。Jerome Bruner
*Areas: memory, perception, attention, artificial intelligence, social cognition, cognitive development.
可解释领域：记忆，知觉，注意，人工智能，社会认知，认知发展
*Practical applications: memory, education, therapy, personality assessment.实践应用：记忆，教育，治疗，人格测评
The biological approach to psychology 生理心理学
Roger Sperry罗杰·斯佩里
*Areas of explanation: gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory, motivation, awareness.
可解释领域：性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆，动机，意识
*Practical application: localisation of function, therapy.
