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16年第二套真题听力Conver satio n One对话一W: So Mike, you manage d the innova tionprojec t at CucinT ech.女：迈克，你在Cuci nTech公司负责了一个创新项目。
M: I did indeed.男：是的。
W: Well then, first, congra tulat ions!女：那么，首先，祝贺你！It seemsto have been very succes sful.这个项目看起来很成功。
M: Thanks, yes. I really helped things turn around at CucinT ech.男：谢谢，是的。
我真的帮助C ucinT ech扭转了局面。
W: Was the reviva l in theirfortun es entire ly due to strate gic innova tion?女：CucinT ech命运的逆转是否完全归功于战略创新？M: Yes, yes I thinkit was. CucinT ech was a compan y who were very much follow ing the pack, doingwhat everyo ne else was doing, and gettin g rapidl y left behind.男：是的，我认为是这样的。
CucinT ech以前只是一味地随大流，重复别人的做法，所以很快就落在了其他公司的后面。
I couldsee therewas a lot of talent there, and some greatpotent ial—partic ularl y in theirproduc t develo pment.我看到公司有很多人才并且公司存在巨大的潜力——尤其是公司的产品研发。
2016年6月大学英语六级考试真题（第二套）Part I Writing(30minutes)For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a short essay on e-learning.Try to imagine what will happen when more and more people study online instead of attending school.You are required to write at least150words but no more than200words.Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer.from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions1to4are based on the conversation you have just heard.1.A)The project the man managed at CucinTech.B)The updating of technology at CucinTech.C)The man's switch to a new career.D)The restructuring of her company.2.A)Talented personnel.B)Strategic innovation.C)Competitive products.D)Effective promotion.3.A)Expand the market.B)Recruit more talents.C)Innovate constantly.D)Watch out for his competitors.4.A)Possible bankruptcy.B)Unforeseen difficulties.C)Conflicts within the company.D)Imitation by one's competitors.Questions5to8are based on the conversation you have just heard.5.A)The job of an interpreter.B)The stress felt by professionals.C)The importance of language proficiency.D)The best way to effective communication.6.A)Promising.B)Admirable.C)Rewarding.D)Meaningful.7.A)They all have a strong interest in language.B)They all have professional qualifications.C)They have all passed language proficiency tests.D)They have all studied cross-cultural differences.8.A)It requires a much larger vocabulary.B)It attaches more importance to accuracy.C)It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.D)It puts one's long-term memory under more stress..Section BDirections:In this section,you will hear two passages.At the end of each passage,you willhear three or four questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line throughthe centre.Passage OneQuestions9to11are based on the passage you have just heard.9.A)It might affect mothers'health.B)It might disturb infants'sleep.C)It might increase the risk of infants,death.D)It might increase mothers'mental distress.10.A)Mothers who breast-feed their babies have a harder time falling asleep.B)Mothers who sleep with their babies need a little more sleep each night.C)Sleeping patterns of mothers greatly affect their newborn babies'health.D)Sleeping with infants in the same room has a negative impact on mothers.11.A)Change their sleep patterns to adapt to their newborn babies'.B)Sleep in the same room but not in the same bed as their babies.C)Sleep in the same house but not in the same room as their babies.D)Take precautions to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.Questions12to15are based on the passage you have just heard.12.A)A lot of native languages have already died out in the US.B)The US ranks first in the number of endangered languages.C)The efforts to preserve Indian languages have proved fruitless.D)More money is needed to record the native languages in the US.13.A)To set up more language schools.B)To document endangered languages.C)To educate native American children.D)To revitalise America's native languages.14.A)The US govemment's policy of Americanising Indian children.B)The failure of American Indian languages to gain an official status.C)The US government's unwillingness to spend money educating Indians.D)The long-time isolation of American Indians from the outside world.15.A)It is being utilised to teach native languages.B)It tells traditional stories during family time.C)It speeds up the extinction of native languages.D)It is widely used in language immersion schools.Section CDirections:In this section,you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by threeor four questions.The recordings will be played only once.After you hear a question,you mustchoose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre. Recording OneQuestions16to18are based on the recording you have just heard.16.A)It pays them up to half of their previous wages while they look for work.B)It covers their mortgage payments and medical expenses for99weeks.C)It pays their living expenses until they find employment again.D)It provides them with the basic necessities of everyday life.17.A)Creating jobs for the huge army of unemployed workers.B)Providing training and guidance for unemployed workers.C)Convincing local lawmakers to extend unemployment benefits.D)Raising funds to help those having no unemployment insurance.18.A)To offer them loans they need to start their own businesses.B)To allow them to postpone their monthly mortgage payments.C)To create more jobs by encouraging private investments in local companies.D)To encourage big businesses to hire back workers with government subsidies.Questions19to22are based on the recording you have just heard.19.A)They measured the depths of sea water.B)They analyzed the water content.C)They explored the ocean floor.D)They investigated the ice.20.A)Eighty percent of the ice disappears in summer time.B)Most of the ice was accumulated over the past centuries.C)The ice ensures the survival of many endangered species.D)The ice decrease is more evident than previously thought.21.A)Arctic ice is a major source of the world's fresh water.B)The melting Arctic ice has drowned many coastal cities.C)The decline of Arctic ice is irreversible.D)Arctic ice is essential to human survival.22.A)It will do a lot of harm to mankind.B)There is no easy way to understand it.C)It will advance nuclear technology.D)There is no easy technological solution to it.Questions23to25are based on the recording you have just heard.23.A)The reason why New Zealand children seem to have better self-control.B)The relation between children's self-control and their future success.C)The health problems of children raised by a single parent.D)The deciding factor in children's academic performance.24.A)Children raised by single parents will have a hard time in their thirties.B)Those with a criminal record mostly come from single parent families.C)Parents must learn to exercise self-control in front of their children.D)Lack of self-control in parents is a disadvantage for their children.25.A)Self-control can be improved through education.B)Self-control can improve one's financial situation.C)Self-control problems may be detected early in children.D)Self-control problems will diminish as one grows up.Directions:Part III Reading comprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the center.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass.As robots take on ever more complex roles,the question naturally26: Who will be responsible when they do something wrong?Manufacturers?Users?Software writers?The answer depends on the robot.Robots already save us time,money and energy.In the future,they will improve our health care,social welfare and standard of living.The27of computational power and engineering advances will28enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled,29use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk-and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots,from street cleaning to food preparation.But there are30to be problems.Robot cars will crash.A drone( 遥控飞行器 )operator will31someone’sprivacy.A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor’s cat.Juries sympathetic to the32of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing33and damages.What should governments do to protect people while34 space for innovation?Big,complicated systems on which much public safety depends,like driverless cars,should be built,35and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for ernments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer’s driving record,not the passenger’s.A)arises B)ascends C)bound D)combination E)definite F)eventually G)interfereH)invade I)manifesting J)penalties K)preserving L)programmedM)proximately N)victims O)widespreadSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Reform and Medical Costs[A]Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem.The answer is that no one has an easy fix for rising medical costs.The fundamental fix—reshaping how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful,abnormalsystem—is likely to be achieved only through trial and error and incremental( 渐进的 )gains.[B]The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term.As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded,“Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy Iiterature these days is contained in these measures.”[C]Medical spending,which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy,is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals,which often perform a lot more tests and treatments than a patient really needs.[D]Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problems,and why it is hard to know how well they will work.[E]Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals,nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work.This proposal could save Medicare more than$100billion over the next decade.If private plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers,and refused to let providers shift additional costs to them,the savings could be much larger.Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and letinefficient providers off the hook(放过).That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong“pay-go”rules requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.[F]The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax( 消费税 )on health insurance plans that cost more than$8,000for an individual or$21,000for a family.It would most likely cause insurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold.Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets,and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it.Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages,The House bill has no similar tax.The final legislation should.[G]Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers,or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements,know that simplification ought to save money.When the health insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts,its trade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing.It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade.The bills would lock that pledge into law.[H]The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient,paper-driven medical system to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted.This requires open investments to help doctors convert.In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests,preventing drug interactions,and helping doctors find the best treatments.[I]Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—doctors are rewarded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—is a primary reason that the cost of care is so high.Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments to care for a particular illness or for a patient’s needs over a year.No one knows how to make that happen quickly.The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare.They include such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patient’s needs with an eye on both cost and quality,and chronic disease management to make sure the seriously ill,who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs,are treated properly.For the most part,these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.[J]Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expanded and the bad ones are dropped.The Senate bill would create an independent commission to monitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare’s payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms that work.The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress,making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.[K]The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which small businesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public option.All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy to compare.To get access to millions of new customers,insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exchange.And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices,perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers.[L]The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition,but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics,it might not save much money.The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers,rather than using Medicare rates,as many reformers wanted.[M]The president’s stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how well various treatments work.Is surgery,radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate(前列腺)cancer?Is the latest and most expensivecholesterol-lowering drug any better than its common competitors?The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort.[N]Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care.(That would be true only if you believed that patients should have an unrestrained right to treatments proven to be inferior.)As a result,the bills do not require,as they should,that the results of these studies be used to set payment rates in Medicare.[O]Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatments proven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive.But overall,we suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.[P]The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiate drug prices in Medicare and Medicaid.Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretary would get better deals than private insurers already get.We believe negotiation could work.It does in other countries.[Q]Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs.Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties,and there is some evidence that doctors engage in“defensive medicine”by performing tests and treatments primarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.36.With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans,most employers will likely transfer money from health expenses into wages.37.Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.38.It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.39.Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses.40.Republicans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan.41.Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions.42.The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven up medical expenses.43.One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.44.Contrary to analysts’doubts,the author believes drug prices may be lowered through negotiation.45.Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less.Section CDirections:There are two passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs,farmers in developing countries are using raw sewage( 下水道污水 )to irrigate and fertilize nearly49million acres of cropland,according to a new report—and it may not bea bad thing.While the practice carries serious health risks for many,those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food.“There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers,”said Liqa Raschid-Sally,who led the study.The report focused on poor urban areas,where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food.Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes.Unlike developed cities,however,these areas lackadvanced water-treatment facilities,and rivers effectively become sewers( 下水道 ).When this water is used for agricultural irrigation,farmers risk absorbing disease-causing becteria,as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed.Nearly2.2million people die a year because of diarrhea-related( 与腹泻相关的)diseases,according to WHO statistics.More than80%of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation.But Pay Drechsel,an environmental scientist,argues that thesocial and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education,he said,while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty.Agriculture is a water-intensive business,accounting for nearly70%of global fresh water consumption.In poor,dry regions,untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep farmers in business.In some cases,water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers.Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world.But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread as fertilizer.In most cases,the human waste is used on grain crops,which are eventually cooked,minimizing the risk of transmitting water-borne diseases.With fertilizer prices jumping nearly50%per metric ton over the last year in some places,human waste is an attractive,and often necessary,alternative.In cases where sewage mud is used,expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided.The mud contains the same critical nutrients.“Overly strict standards often fail,”James Bartram,a WHO water-health expert,said.“We need to accept that fact across much of the planet,so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason.”46.What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming?A)Its risks cannot be overestimated.B)It should be forbidden altogether.C)Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved.D)It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.47.What is the main problem caused by the use of wastewater for irrigation?A)Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated.B)It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.C)Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.D)It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.48.What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel’s attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture?A)Favorable.B)Skeptical.C)Indifferent.D)Responsible.49.What does Pay Dreschsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?A)They have been somewhat exaggerated.B)They can be dealt with through education.C)They will be minimized with new technology.D)They can be addressed by improved sanitation.50.What do we learn about James Bartram’s position on the use of human waste for farming?A)He echoes Pay Drechsel’s opinion on the issue.B)He challenges Liqa Raschid-Sally’s conclusionC)He thinks it the only way out of the current food crisis.D)He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.These days,nobody needs to cook.Families graze on high-cholesterol take-aways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs.Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modern house:what the great hall was to the medieval castle,the kitchen is to the21st-century home. The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status.In America the kitchen market is now worth$170billion,5 times the country’s film industry.In the year to August2007,IKEA,a Swedish furniture chain,sold over one million kitchens worldwide.The average budget for a“major”kitchen overhaul in2006,calculates Remodeling magazine, was a staggering$54,000;even a“minor”improvement cost on average$18,000.Exclusivity,more familiar in the world of high fashion,has reached the kitchen:Robinson&Cornish,a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens,offers a Georgian-style one which would cost£145,000–155,000—excluding building,plumbing and electrical work.Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it:“You won’t see this kitchen anywhere else in the world.”The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants to that of design showcase for the modern family tells the story of a century of social change.Right into the early20th century,kitchens were smoky,noisy places,generally located underground,or to the back of the house,and as far from living space as possible.That was as it should be:kitchens were for servants,and the aspiring middle classes wanted nothing to do with them.But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in,housekeeping became a matter of interest to the educated classes.One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinking about the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher,sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe.In American Woman’s Home,published in1869,the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to household management,designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman’s work and promote order.Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American,Christine Frederick, who set about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife.Her1919work,Household Engineering:Scientific Management in the Home,was based on detailed observation of a housewife’s daily routine.She borrowed the principle of efficiency on the factory floor and applied it to domestic tasks on the kitchen floor.Frederick’s central idea,that“stove,sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely,”inspired the first fully fitted kitchen,designed in the1920s by Margarete Schütter-Lihotsky.It was a modernist triumph,and many elements remain central features of today’s kitchen.51.What does the author say about the kitchen of today?A)It is where housewives display their cooking skills.B)It is where the family entertains important guests.C)It has become something odd in a modern house.D)It is regarded as the center of a modern home.52.Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price?A)It is believed to have tremendous artistic value.B)No duplicate is to be found in any other place.C)It is manufactured by a famous British company.D)No other manufacturer can produce anything like it.53.What does the change in the status of the kitchen reflect?A)Improved living conditions.B)Women’s elevated status.C)Technological progress.D)Social change.54.What was the Beecher sisters’idea of a kitchen?A)A place where women could work more efficiently.B)A place where high technology could be applied.C)A place of interest to the educated people.D)A place to experiment with new ideas.55.What do we learn about today’s kitchen?A)It represents the rapid technological advance in people’s daily life.B)Many of its central features are no different from those of the1920s.C)It has been transformed beyond recognition.D)Many of its functions have changed greatly.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.旗袍（qipao）是一种雅致的中国服装，源于中国的满族（Manchu Nationality）。
2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析（第2套）Directions： For this part， you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short ess ay on living in thevirtual world. Try to imagine what will happen when people spend more and more time in thevirtual world instead of interacting in the rea l world。
You are required to write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 w ords Section ADirections： In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions。
Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer。
from the four choices marked A), B)，C）and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第2套)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay o n living in thevirtual world. Try to imagine what will happen when people spend more and more time in thevirtual world instead of interacting in the real worl d。
You are required to write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 words Secti on ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations。
At the end of each conversation，you will hear four questions。
Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer。
from the four choices marked A)，B）,C） and D)。
Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1。
College English Test Band FourPart ⅡListening ComprehensionSection ADirections：In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.News Report OneYou probably think college students are experts at sleeping, but parties, preparations for tests, personal problems and general stress can rack a student’s sleep habits, which can be bad for the body and the mind. Texas Tech University is even offering a class called Improving Your Sleep Habits. People suffering from sleep-loss are at an increased risk from obesity, psychological problems and car crashes. Students who don’t get enough sleep have poorer attendance and lower grades. On top of all that, a new study published in the journal Learning and Memory finds you are probably better off sleeping than making last-minute preparations for a test. Two hundred college kids were taught to play some unfamiliar video games. Subjects who learned the games in the morninglost some skills when they played again 12 hours later, but they did much better after getting a good night’s sleep. So if you really want to do your job well,don’t forget to get some sleep.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. What is the news report mainly about?2. What is the finding of the new study published in the journal Learning and Memory? News Report TwoLong queues, delayed flights and overcrowding at airports have become almost as much a topic for conversation in Britain as the traditional complaining about the weather. Meanwhile, there are complaints that poor service at London’s major airports is discouraging foreigners from doing business in Britain. Much of the criticism is directed at the British Airports Authority which runs seven major airports, including the three main ones serving London. The Competition Commission is now to investigate whether the British Airports Authority needs to sell off some of its assets.The idea is the competition between rival operators will lead to better service at airports. The British Airports Authority, recently bought by a Spanish company, says the root cause of the problem is not the ownership structure, but a lack of runway and terminal capacity, which is addressing through a program of heavy investment. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. What is the Competition Commission going to investigate?4. What is the root cause of the poor service at British airports according to the British Airports Authority?News Report ThreeUnder the law in Massachusetts, tobacco companies have to measure the nicotine content of every type of cigarette and report the results. The Department of Public Health in Boston gathers and carefully examines the figures and then draws its conclusions. A hundred and sixteen brands were looked at for this study. Ninety-two were found to have higher nicotine yields than they did six years previously. The biggest increases tended to be in brands that were popular with young smokers. That worries the department because of the addictive nature of nicotine. Stand Glance, a professor of medicine in San Francisco, explains why. “The amount of nicotine that’s delivered in every cigaretteis 10 percent higher than it was six years ago,which means that it is easier to get hooked and harder to quit. The big tobacco companies have always insisted that they are frank with their customers about the dangers of smoking and provide them with enough detail to make an informed decision. However, none of them were prepared to comment on this study or discuss the detailed nicotine content of their products.”Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. What do tobacco companies have to do under the law in Massachusetts?6. What do we learn from the study by the Department of Public Health in Boston?7. What do we learn from the news report about the big tobacco companies?Section BDirections：In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Conversation OneM: And you know, one thing that I want to ask you.It’s great that you have had this experience of teaching in Indonesia and following up on what you just mentioned, what would you recommend for students who do not live in an English-speaking country and, you know, they want to learn. I don’t know about perfecting but they want at least to be able to communicate decently. How can they go about this?W: Yeah, it’s really hard. That’s the real struggle, because, right now,I do live in Holland, but I really don’t socialize much with Dutch people and my boyfriend’s English is so good that we just basically speak English all the time. So I have to make a real effort to practice. There is as much listening exposure as I want-all I have to do is turn on the TV.M: And reading also, right?W: Yeah, reading. There is plenty I can get to read and listen to, but for speaking, there really is no substitutefor trying to speak and use the language in a relaxed atmosphere.So, I think that’s really the challenge for people who live in a country where their target language isn’t spoken. And for that, gosh, what would I do? If I didn’thave people here, probably... try to find a club? In Sweden, they have a really cool system called Study Circles. Well, it’s not... it’s like a course. But really, you just have a course leader who is there, sort of, as a coach and guide and to help out, and you don’t get grades, and you go just because you want to learn.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. Where does the woman live right now?9. What does the woman say is the real challenge?10. What does the woman suggest doing to learn to speak a foreign language?11. What does the woman say about the Study Circles in Sweden?Conversation TwoW: Okay, Nathan. So we are talking about driving and are there any rules or regulations that you like to change?M: I’m not sure I want to change rules,but I’d like the police to be stricter on the rules. Like if people jump the traffic lights, I don’t know why there isn’t a camera of the traffic lights to stop people doing that. Or like speeding.It’s very easy to put speed cameras in certain places.W: Maybe car manufacturers should have some responsibility in limiting the power of their engines. What’s the point in producing an engine that’s big and powerful enough to golike 200 kilometers an hour when the speed limit is only 100.M: Right, but do you know there are no speed limits in Germany?W: People there do drive responsibly though. Often people break laws simply because the laws are there. If the law isn’t there, people will drive within their ability range. When you’ve got speed limits,this creates situations that actually present dangers on the road.M: Do you think Germans have better education about personal responsibility when driving?W: Possibly. They also have very good cars.M: Right.W: If you’ve got a good car that can go at a high speed, then it’s really nice to do that. M: But still with care.W: So I think it’s the restrictions that create the danger sometimes.M: Okay.W: Obviously, when driving through a residential area or where there is a school, you’ve got to have speed policemen.M: Speed bumps.W: Yes, speed bumps. Those speed bumps that force you to slow down. I think they are a good idea.M: So you don’t think fining people is useful?W: Not really, because the police don’t have time to police every single driver.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. What are the speakers mainly talking about?13. What does the woman think car manufacturers could do?14. What can we learn about people driving in Germany?15. What does the woman think of the police fining drivers?Section CDirections：In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneBehind the cash register at a store in downtown San Francisco, Sam Azar swiped his credit card to pay for a pack of cigarettes. The store’s card reader failed to scan the card’s magnetic strip. Azar tried again and again. No luck. As customers began to queue, Mr. Azar reached beneath the counterfor a black plastic bag. He wrapped one layer of the plastic around the card and tried again. Success! The sale was completed. “I don’t know how it works, it just does.” said Mr. Azar who learned the trick from another clerk. Verifone, the company that makes the store’s card reader would not confirm or denythat the plastic bag trick worked. But it’s one of many low-tech fixesfor high-tech failures that people without engineering degrees have discovered, often out of desperation, and shared. “Today’s shaky economy is likely to produce many more such tricks. In postwar Japan, the economy wasn’t doing so great, so you couldn’t get everyday-use items like household cleaners.” says Lisa Katayama, author of Urawaza, a book named after the Japanese term for “clever life style tips and tricks”. “So people look for ways to do with what they had.”Today, Americans are finding their own tips and tricks for fixing malfunctioning devices with supplies as simple as paper and glue. Some, like Mr. Azar’s plast ic bag are open to argument as to how they work or whether they really work at all. But many tech home remedies can be explained by a little science.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. What happened when Sam Azar swiped his credit card to pay for his purchase?17. How did Sam Azar manage to complete the sale?18. What is today’s shaky economy likely to do?Passage TwoIf you are a graduate student, you may depend on your adviser for many things,including help with improving grades, acquiring financial support, forming an examining committee and getting letters of recommendation. If you’re a graduate teaching assistant, your adviser also maybe your boss. Academic departments vary in their procedures for assigning academic advisers to graduate students.In some departments, either the chairman or the director of graduate studiesserves for at leastthe first semester as a new student adviser.Then the student selects an adviserbased on shared academic interests. In other departments, a new student is assigned a faculty adviser based on some system of distribution of the departments’ advising load. Later, students may have the opportunity of selecting the adviser that they prefer.In any case, new graduate students can learn who their advisers or temporary advisers are by visiting or emailing the departmental office and asking for the information. Graduation requirements specify the number of credits you must earn, the minimum grade point average you must achieve and the distribution of credits you must have from among differing departments or fields of study. In addition, it is necessary to apply for graduation when you’re near the time that you will be completing your graduation requirements. Since graduation requirements vary among divisions of the university, you should consult the Bulletin of Information. You should also direct your questionsto your departmental office or academic adviser.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. What does the speaker say about the procedures for assigning academic advisers?20. How can new graduate students learn who their advisers are?21. What does the speaker say about graduation requirements?Passage ThreeJody Harbert is a diet and nutrition expert who travels around the stateto speak in middle and high schools.She primarily speaks to students in health classes, but sometimes the school will arrange for her to speak to several different groups of girls. Her biggest concern is the emphasis American culture places on thinness and the negative ways this affects girls today. Jody has a Ph.D. in nutrition, but more important, she has personal experience. Her mother talked her to diet when she was only eight years old. Jody has created several different presentations which she gives to different types of audiences, and she tries to establish an emotional connection with the students so that they will feel comfortable asking questions or talking to her privately. She shows them pictures and images from popular culture of beautiful women and explains how computers are used to make the women look even more thin and beautiful than they are in real life. She describes how the definition of beauty has changed over the years and even from culture to culture.She then talks about health issues and the physical damage that can occur as a result of dieting.Finally, she addresses self-respect and the notion that a person’s sense of beauty must include more than how much a person weighs. Sometimes, Jody feels that she succeeds in persuading some students to stop dieting. Other times, she feels that she fails. Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. Who does Jody Harbert primarily speak to?23. What is Jody Harbert’s biggest concern about American culture?24. Why does Jody Harbert show pictures of beautiful women to her audiences?25. What is Jody Harbert’s main purpose in giving her speeches?This is the end of listening comprehension.。
2016年6月大学英语四级听力真题原文及翻译（2）女士：是什么事?M: Well, ever since Sandra left the department, I feel like I’ve been targeted to do all her work as well as mine. I'm expected to attend too many meetings and I seem to be spending a lot of my time doing unnecessary paperwork.男士：啊，自从桑德拉离开我们部门之后，我感觉我就承包了她的工作，一直干两个人的活儿。
我需要参加很多会议，而且浪费很多时间在做一些不重要的文书工作上。
W: I'm sorry to hear that.女士：听你这么说我很遗憾。
M: And, on top of that, I'd specifically asked if I could leave early last Friday as I'd done a lot of overtime during the week. But that afternoon, even though I'd finished my assigned work, I was told to help other colleagues finish their work, too. 男士：而且还有，上周五我明确提出希望早点下班，因为那一周我已经加班很多了。
但是我下午完成分配给我的任务之后，他又让我帮助其他同事。
W: But surely that's a positive sign showing that Mr. Bond has a lot of trust in you.女士：但是这明显表明邦德先生很信任你啊。
2016年6月英语四级听力原文第二套Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D], and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.1. M: I think there's much left in the fridge.W: I know. We should have gone shopping last night.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?2. M: Do you think Kathy should see a dentist right away?W: She doesn't have to. It's just a baby tooth.Q: What does the woman mean?3. W: What are you going to do this summer vacation?M: I've no idea. I'm thinking of taking a short holiday abroad.Q: Where will the man probably go this summer?4. W: Did you book the meeting room for the presentation?M: Yes, I did. It is at 2 pm on the 20th of this month.Q: What are the speakers talking about?5. M: I missed the lecture this afternoon. Can I borrow your notes? W: Sure. Provide your email and I will send them to you later.Q: What will the woman do for the man?6. W: I hear you went to the empty quarter in Saudi Arabia.M: Yes, it was such a fantastic experience.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?7. M: The office block has been sold, so we'll have to find another one.W: It is a great shame. We have been here for so many years.Q: What does the woman mean?8. M: Is there anything I can do to help you?W: I'm afraid not, thanks. I've nearly finished it.Q: What can we infer from the conversation?Conversation OneW: I'm so glad to see you after all these years.M: Thank you for helping me find your place. It used to be a pet shop, didn't it?W: Yes, but I thought it was about time I started my own business, so I bought it five years ago.M: And how's everything going?W: I can't complain, but I'm thinking of moving to a larger place. M: Any particular reason?W: I can't keep up with the demand. In the beginning, I mainly sold dogs and cats, but now more people want exotic pets like lizards and snakes and things like that. But that's not all. My pet grooming service has really taken off, and the place is just too small for everything I'm doing now.M: That sounds like a good reason to move.W: Yes, but I've run into my first problem already.M: What's that?W: There's no convenient place near here that I can move into. I'm looking for somewhere within walking distance so I can keep my customers. I'll have to put up with the present place for a while longer.M: Well, I'm sure you'll find something sooner or later.W: I certainly hope so.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. How did the woman start her business?10. How does the woman feel about her present place?11. Why does the woman want to move?12. What problem has the woman run into?Conversation TwoM: Good morning. May I help you?W: Good Morning. I'm here to apply for the customer service position.M: Are you the person who phoned about the job?W: That's right. I phoned a couple of days ago and was told to come in and fill out an application form.M: Yes, I remember now. Please take a seat. First of all, how do you like working with people?W: I enjoy working with people. I've been working in a bookshop for the past two years, and my job involves talking to customers allthe time.M: What do you find most difficult when you deal with people? W: Well, I must admit I sometimes find it hard to deal with people who don't know what they want. They keep asking questions and can't make their minds up. Sometimes it can be quite frustrating. M: Yes, I know exactly what you mean. Last month, a customer came in looking for a birthday present for his wife. He walked round the shop for hour after hour and just couldn't decide on anything.W: Oh dear. That's exactly what I'm afraid of.M: On the other hand, there are customers who really know what they want and are quite aggressive. How would you handle that? W: I think if customers are aggressive, it is probably because they are not satisfied with the service. In such cases, I would try my best to find out what their problems are and then solve them.M: What kind of salary are you expecting?W: I expect to start at $6 per hour. I'm now earning $5 an hour, but that's just a part-time job.M: I see. You will have to work extra hours on Saturdays and Sundays sometimes. Is that a problem?W: No, not at all. I'm used to working weekends.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. What is the woman's reason for coming?14. What is the most difficult thing for the woman in dealing with people?15. How does the woman think an aggressive customer can be handled?Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneLast year, Marion County raised prices everyone had to pay for services such as ordering divorce papers or getting a wedding license by about $11. In one case, the cost to file a business suit jumped from $53 to $300. Those increases in court costs are now paying for badly-needed repairs and improvements at Marion County's six courthouses, said Perry Township's Robin Stethem. "We desperately needed to do something", said Stethem, a 30-year veteran of the county court system. "We had air conditioners hanging out of the windows."Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. Why were the prices raised last year in Marion County?17. How much did the filing cost for a business suit increase?18. What was in poor condition at the Marion County's six courthouses?Passage TwoMost economists admit that one measure of a country's success is its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the most commonly used measure of output (产出) or production. It is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given time period (usually a year). However, there are some limitations with GDP as a measure of the well-being of a country. It does not reflect the amounts of leisure, environmental quality and personal freedom. Moreover, GDP includes mostly material goods rather than non-material goods like friendship, love and the enjoyment of leisure time. All these are important in providing a true measure of the standard of living and well-being of people in a country. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. How is GDP commonly used?20. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a limitation of GDP as a measure of the well-being of a country?21. According to the speaker, what is important in providing a true measure of the standard of living and well-being of people in a country?Passage ThreeIf you think that everything went well for Japan after the war, you have a lot to learn. The people's survival day-to-day needs were threatened by a poor economy. This troubled period gave rise to the Japanese way of thinking "Mend it and use it." Everything and anything was valuable and would be rescued or retrieved if at all possible. Even if it could not be used by the family, it was given to someone who could. It was their moral responsibility. Thisguideline was followed by hundreds of thousands of people over the years during the early part of my life in Japan.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage y ou have just heard.22. What was Japan's economy like after the war?23. What did the Japanese think of anything they owned?24. What did the Japanese do if they could not use something?25. How did the Japanese think of their responsibility during the hard time?Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 26 to 30 with the exact words you heard. For blanks numbered from 31 to 35 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.What is sight-reading? It's completely different from what we normally think of when we think of reading. After all, if we're sight-reading, we are playing an instrument, not (26)________ . We're using our eyes and our brains in a (27)________ different way, and we're doing something much more difficult than justmerely translating those letters and (28)________ into sounds and/or meanings. We're taking advantage of the strong wiring of our brains to process some (29)________ while playing an instrument. When you hear people talking about how a musician has a lot of experience, or "that's a great musician", that musician often has (30)________ a lot of experience in sight-reading. Blank 26:Blank 27:Blank 28:Blank 29:Blank 30:Questions 31 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.31. What is different when we sight-read from when we normally read?32. What does sight-reading involve?33. According to the passage, what do great musicians often have?34. Is it common for musicians to sight-read?35. What does the strong wiring of our brains enables us to do when sight-reading?听力原文如下：Section A1. M: I think there's much left in the fridge.W: I know. We should have gone shopping last night.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?2. M: Do you think Kathy should see a dentist right away?W: She doesn't have to. It's just a baby tooth.Q: What does the woman mean?3. W: What are you going to do this summer vacation?M: I've no idea. I'm thinking of taking a short holiday abroad.Q: Where will the man probably go this summer?4. W: Did you book the meeting room for the presentation?M: Yes, I did. It's at 2 pm on the 20th of this month.Q: What are the speakers talking about?5. M: I missed the lecture this afternoon. Can I borrow your notes? W: Sure. Provide your email and I'll send them to you later.Q: What will the woman do for the man?6. W: I hear you went to the Empty Quarter in Saudi Arabia.M: Yes, it was such a fantastic experience.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?7. M: The office block has been sold, so we'll have to find another one.W: It is a great shame. We have been here for so many years.Q: What does the woman mean?8. M: Is there anything I can do to help you?W: I'm afraid not, thanks. I've nearly finished it.Q: What can we infer from the conversation?Conversation OneW: I'm so glad to see you after all these years.M: Thank you for helping me find your place. It used to be a pet shop, didn't it?W: Yes, but I thought it was about time I started my own business, so I bought it five years ago.M: And how's everything going?W: I can't complain, but I'm thinking of moving to a larger place. M: Any particular reason?W: I can't keep up with the demand. In the beginning, I mainly sold dogs and cats, but now more people want exotic pets like lizards and snakes and things like that. But that's not all. My pet grooming service has really taken off, and the place is just too small for everything I'm doing now.M: That sounds like a good reason to move.W: Yes, but I've run into my first problem already.M: What's that?W: There's no convenient place near here that I can move into. I'm looking for somewhere within walking distance so I can keep my customers. I'll have to put up with the present place for a while longer.M: Well, I'm sure you'll find something sooner or later.W: I certainly hope so.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. How did the woman start her business?W: Yes, but I thought it was about time I started my own business, so I bought it five years ago.10. How does the woman feel about her present place?W: I can't complain, but I'm thinking of moving to a larger place.11. Why does the woman want to move?W: I can't keep up with the demand. In the beginning, I mainly sold dogs and cats, but now more people want exotic pets like lizards and snakes and things like that.12. What problem has the woman run into?W: There's no convenient place near here that I can move into. Conversation TwoM: Good morning. May I help you?W: Good Morning. I'm here to apply for the customer service position.M: Are you the person who phoned about the job?W: That's right. I phoned a couple of days ago and was told to come in and fill out an application form.M: Yes, I remember now. Please take a seat. First of all, how do you like working with people?W: I enjoy working with people. I've been working in a bookshop for the past two years, and my job involves talking to customers all the time.M: What do you find most difficult when you deal with people? W: Well, I must admit I sometimes find it hard to deal with people who don't know what they want. They keep asking questions and can't make their minds up. Sometimes it can be quite frustrating. M: Yes, I know exactly what you mean. Last month, a customer came in looking for a birthday present for his wife. He walked round the shop for hours and hours and just couldn't decide on anything.W: Oh dear. That's exactly what I'm afraid of.M: On the other hand, there are customers who really know whatthey want and are quite aggressive. How would you handle that? W: I think if customers are aggressive, it is probably because they are not satisfied with the service. In such cases, I would try my best to find out what their problems are and then solve them.M: What kind of salary are you expecting?W: I expect to start at $6 per hour. I'm now earning $5 an hour, but that's just a part-time job.M: I see. You will have to work extra hours on Saturdays and Sundays sometimes. Is that a problem?W: No, not at all. I'm used to working weekends.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. What is the woman's reason for coming?W: Good Morning. I'm here to apply for the customer service position.14. What is the most difficult thing for the woman in dealing with people?W: Well, I must admit I sometimes find it hard to deal with people who don't know what they want. They keep asking questions and can't make their minds up. Sometimes it can be quite frustrating.15. How does the woman think an aggressive customer can be handled?W: I think if customers are aggressive, it is probably because they are not satisfied with the service. In such cases, I would try my best to find out what their problems are and then solve them. Section BPassage OneLast year, Marion County raised prices everyone had to pay for services such as ordering divorce papers or getting a wedding license by about $11. In one case, the cost to file a business suit jumped from $53 to $300. Those increases in court costs are now paying for badly-needed repairs and improvements at Marion County's six courthouses, said Perry Township's Robin Stethem. "We desperately needed to do something", said Stethem, a 30-year veteran of the county court system. "We had air conditioners hanging out of the windows."Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. Why were the prices raised last year in Marion County? Prices were raised last year to pay for repairs and improvements at Marion County's six courthouses.17. How much did the filing cost for a business suit increase?The filing cost for a business suit increased from $53 to $300. 18. What was in poor condition at the Marion County's six courthouses?The courthouses were in poor condition.Passage TwoMost economists admit that one measure of a country's success is its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the most commonly used measure of output (产出) or production. It is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given time period (usually a year). However, there are some limitations with GDP as a measure of the well-being of a country. It does notreflect the amounts of leisure, environmental quality and personal freedom. Moreover, GDP includes mostly material goods rather than non-material goods like friendship, love and the enjoyment of leisure time. All these are important in providing a true measure of the standard of living and well-being of people in a country. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. How is GDP commonly used?GDP is commonly used as a measure of output or production. 20. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a limitation of GDP as a measure of the well-being of a country?GDP does not reflect the average income of the people.21. According to the speaker, what is important in providing。
2016年6月大学英语六级考试真题（第二套）Part I Writing(30minutes)For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a short essay on e-learning.Try to imagine what will happen when more and more people study online instead of attending school.You are required to write at least150words but no more than200words.Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer.from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions1to4are based on the conversation you have just heard.1.A)The project the man managed at CucinTech.B)The updating of technology at CucinTech.C)The man's switch to a new career.D)The restructuring of her company.2.A)Talented personnel.B)Strategic innovation.C)Competitive products.D)Effective promotion.3.A)Expand the market.B)Recruit more talents.C)Innovate constantly.D)Watch out for his competitors.4.A)Possible bankruptcy.B)Unforeseen difficulties.C)Conflicts within the company.D)Imitation by one's competitors.Questions5to8are based on the conversation you have just heard.5.A)The job of an interpreter.B)The stress felt by professionals.C)The importance of language proficiency.D)The best way to effective communication.6.A)Promising.B)Admirable.C)Rewarding.D)Meaningful.7.A)They all have a strong interest in language.B)They all have professional qualifications.C)They have all passed language proficiency tests.D)They have all studied cross-cultural differences.8.A)It requires a much larger vocabulary.B)It attaches more importance to accuracy.C)It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.D)It puts one's long-term memory under more stress..Section BDirections:In this section,you will hear two passages.At the end of each passage,you willhear three or four questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line throughthe centre.Passage OneQuestions9to11are based on the passage you have just heard.9.A)It might affect mothers'health.B)It might disturb infants'sleep.C)It might increase the risk of infants,death.D)It might increase mothers'mental distress.10.A)Mothers who breast-feed their babies have a harder time falling asleep.B)Mothers who sleep with their babies need a little more sleep each night.C)Sleeping patterns of mothers greatly affect their newborn babies'health.D)Sleeping with infants in the same room has a negative impact on mothers.11.A)Change their sleep patterns to adapt to their newborn babies'.B)Sleep in the same room but not in the same bed as their babies.C)Sleep in the same house but not in the same room as their babies.D)Take precautions to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.Questions12to15are based on the passage you have just heard.12.A)A lot of native languages have already died out in the US.B)The US ranks first in the number of endangered languages.C)The efforts to preserve Indian languages have proved fruitless.D)More money is needed to record the native languages in the US.13.A)To set up more language schools.B)To document endangered languages.C)To educate native American children.D)To revitalise America's native languages.14.A)The US govemment's policy of Americanising Indian children.B)The failure of American Indian languages to gain an official status.C)The US government's unwillingness to spend money educating Indians.D)The long-time isolation of American Indians from the outside world.15.A)It is being utilised to teach native languages.B)It tells traditional stories during family time.C)It speeds up the extinction of native languages.D)It is widely used in language immersion schools.Section CDirections:In this section,you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by threeor four questions.The recordings will be played only once.After you hear a question,you mustchoose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre. Recording OneQuestions16to18are based on the recording you have just heard.16.A)It pays them up to half of their previous wages while they look for work.B)It covers their mortgage payments and medical expenses for99weeks.C)It pays their living expenses until they find employment again.D)It provides them with the basic necessities of everyday life.17.A)Creating jobs for the huge army of unemployed workers.B)Providing training and guidance for unemployed workers.C)Convincing local lawmakers to extend unemployment benefits.D)Raising funds to help those having no unemployment insurance.18.A)To offer them loans they need to start their own businesses.B)To allow them to postpone their monthly mortgage payments.C)To create more jobs by encouraging private investments in local companies.D)To encourage big businesses to hire back workers with government subsidies.Questions19to22are based on the recording you have just heard.19.A)They measured the depths of sea water.B)They analyzed the water content.C)They explored the ocean floor.D)They investigated the ice.20.A)Eighty percent of the ice disappears in summer time.B)Most of the ice was accumulated over the past centuries.C)The ice ensures the survival of many endangered species.D)The ice decrease is more evident than previously thought.21.A)Arctic ice is a major source of the world's fresh water.B)The melting Arctic ice has drowned many coastal cities.C)The decline of Arctic ice is irreversible.D)Arctic ice is essential to human survival.22.A)It will do a lot of harm to mankind.B)There is no easy way to understand it.C)It will advance nuclear technology.D)There is no easy technological solution to it.Questions23to25are based on the recording you have just heard.23.A)The reason why New Zealand children seem to have better self-control.B)The relation between children's self-control and their future success.C)The health problems of children raised by a single parent.D)The deciding factor in children's academic performance.24.A)Children raised by single parents will have a hard time in their thirties.B)Those with a criminal record mostly come from single parent families.C)Parents must learn to exercise self-control in front of their children.D)Lack of self-control in parents is a disadvantage for their children.25.A)Self-control can be improved through education.B)Self-control can improve one's financial situation.C)Self-control problems may be detected early in children.D)Self-control problems will diminish as one grows up.Directions:Part III Reading comprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the center.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass.As robots take on ever more complex roles,the question naturally26: Who will be responsible when they do something wrong?Manufacturers?Users?Software writers?The answer depends on the robot.Robots already save us time,money and energy.In the future,they will improve our health care,social welfare and standard of living.The27of computational power and engineering advances will28enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled,29use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk-and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots,from street cleaning to food preparation.But there are30to be problems.Robot cars will crash.A drone( 遥控飞行器 )operator will31someone’sprivacy.A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor’s cat.Juries sympathetic to the32of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing33and damages.What should governments do to protect people while34 space for innovation?Big,complicated systems on which much public safety depends,like driverless cars,should be built,35and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for ernments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer’s driving record,not the passenger’s.A)arises B)ascends C)bound D)combination E)definite F)eventually G)interfereH)invade I)manifesting J)penalties K)preserving L)programmedM)proximately N)victims O)widespreadSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Reform and Medical Costs[A]Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem.The answer is that no one has an easy fix for rising medical costs.The fundamental fix—reshaping how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful,abnormalsystem—is likely to be achieved only through trial and error and incremental( 渐进的 )gains.[B]The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term.As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded,“Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy Iiterature these days is contained in these measures.”[C]Medical spending,which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy,is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals,which often perform a lot more tests and treatments than a patient really needs.[D]Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problems,and why it is hard to know how well they will work.[E]Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals,nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work.This proposal could save Medicare more than$100billion over the next decade.If private plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers,and refused to let providers shift additional costs to them,the savings could be much larger.Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and letinefficient providers off the hook(放过).That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong“pay-go”rules requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.[F]The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax( 消费税 )on health insurance plans that cost more than$8,000for an individual or$21,000for a family.It would most likely cause insurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold.Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets,and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it.Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages,The House bill has no similar tax.The final legislation should.[G]Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers,or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements,know that simplification ought to save money.When the health insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts,its trade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing.It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade.The bills would lock that pledge into law.[H]The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient,paper-driven medical system to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted.This requires open investments to help doctors convert.In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests,preventing drug interactions,and helping doctors find the best treatments.[I]Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—doctors are rewarded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—is a primary reason that the cost of care is so high.Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments to care for a particular illness or for a patient’s needs over a year.No one knows how to make that happen quickly.The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare.They include such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patient’s needs with an eye on both cost and quality,and chronic disease management to make sure the seriously ill,who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs,are treated properly.For the most part,these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.[J]Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expanded and the bad ones are dropped.The Senate bill would create an independent commission to monitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare’s payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms that work.The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress,making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.[K]The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which small businesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public option.All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy to compare.To get access to millions of new customers,insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exchange.And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices,perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers.[L]The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition,but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics,it might not save much money.The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers,rather than using Medicare rates,as many reformers wanted.[M]The president’s stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how well various treatments work.Is surgery,radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate(前列腺)cancer?Is the latest and most expensivecholesterol-lowering drug any better than its common competitors?The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort.[N]Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care.(That would be true only if you believed that patients should have an unrestrained right to treatments proven to be inferior.)As a result,the bills do not require,as they should,that the results of these studies be used to set payment rates in Medicare.[O]Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatments proven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive.But overall,we suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.[P]The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiate drug prices in Medicare and Medicaid.Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretary would get better deals than private insurers already get.We believe negotiation could work.It does in other countries.[Q]Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs.Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties,and there is some evidence that doctors engage in“defensive medicine”by performing tests and treatments primarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.36.With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans,most employers will likely transfer money from health expenses into wages.37.Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.38.It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.39.Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses.40.Republicans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan.41.Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions.42.The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven up medical expenses.43.One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.44.Contrary to analysts’doubts,the author believes drug prices may be lowered through negotiation.45.Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less.Section CDirections:There are two passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs,farmers in developing countries are using raw sewage( 下水道污水 )to irrigate and fertilize nearly49million acres of cropland,according to a new report—and it may not bea bad thing.While the practice carries serious health risks for many,those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food.“There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers,”said Liqa Raschid-Sally,who led the study.The report focused on poor urban areas,where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food.Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes.Unlike developed cities,however,these areas lackadvanced water-treatment facilities,and rivers effectively become sewers( 下水道 ).When this water is used for agricultural irrigation,farmers risk absorbing disease-causing becteria,as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed.Nearly2.2million people die a year because of diarrhea-related( 与腹泻相关的)diseases,according to WHO statistics.More than80%of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation.But Pay Drechsel,an environmental scientist,argues that thesocial and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education,he said,while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty.Agriculture is a water-intensive business,accounting for nearly70%of global fresh water consumption.In poor,dry regions,untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep farmers in business.In some cases,water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers.Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world.But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread as fertilizer.In most cases,the human waste is used on grain crops,which are eventually cooked,minimizing the risk of transmitting water-borne diseases.With fertilizer prices jumping nearly50%per metric ton over the last year in some places,human waste is an attractive,and often necessary,alternative.In cases where sewage mud is used,expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided.The mud contains the same critical nutrients.“Overly strict standards often fail,”James Bartram,a WHO water-health expert,said.“We need to accept that fact across much of the planet,so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason.”46.What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming?A)Its risks cannot be overestimated.B)It should be forbidden altogether.C)Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved.D)It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.47.What is the main problem caused by the use of wastewater for irrigation?A)Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated.B)It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.C)Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.D)It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.48.What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel’s attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture?A)Favorable.B)Skeptical.C)Indifferent.D)Responsible.49.What does Pay Dreschsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?A)They have been somewhat exaggerated.B)They can be dealt with through education.C)They will be minimized with new technology.D)They can be addressed by improved sanitation.50.What do we learn about James Bartram’s position on the use of human waste for farming?A)He echoes Pay Drechsel’s opinion on the issue.B)He challenges Liqa Raschid-Sally’s conclusionC)He thinks it the only way out of the current food crisis.D)He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.These days,nobody needs to cook.Families graze on high-cholesterol take-aways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs.Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modern house:what the great hall was to the medieval castle,the kitchen is to the21st-century home. The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status.In America the kitchen market is now worth$170billion,5 times the country’s film industry.In the year to August2007,IKEA,a Swedish furniture chain,sold over one million kitchens worldwide.The average budget for a“major”kitchen overhaul in2006,calculates Remodeling magazine, was a staggering$54,000;even a“minor”improvement cost on average$18,000.Exclusivity,more familiar in the world of high fashion,has reached the kitchen:Robinson&Cornish,a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens,offers a Georgian-style one which would cost£145,000–155,000—excluding building,plumbing and electrical work.Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it:“You won’t see this kitchen anywhere else in the world.”The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants to that of design showcase for the modern family tells the story of a century of social change.Right into the early20th century,kitchens were smoky,noisy places,generally located underground,or to the back of the house,and as far from living space as possible.That was as it should be:kitchens were for servants,and the aspiring middle classes wanted nothing to do with them.But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in,housekeeping became a matter of interest to the educated classes.One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinking about the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher,sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe.In American Woman’s Home,published in1869,the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to household management,designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman’s work and promote order.Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American,Christine Frederick, who set about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife.Her1919work,Household Engineering:Scientific Management in the Home,was based on detailed observation of a housewife’s daily routine.She borrowed the principle of efficiency on the factory floor and applied it to domestic tasks on the kitchen floor.Frederick’s central idea,that“stove,sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely,”inspired the first fully fitted kitchen,designed in the1920s by Margarete Schütter-Lihotsky.It was a modernist triumph,and many elements remain central features of today’s kitchen.51.What does the author say about the kitchen of today?A)It is where housewives display their cooking skills.B)It is where the family entertains important guests.C)It has become something odd in a modern house.D)It is regarded as the center of a modern home.52.Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price?A)It is believed to have tremendous artistic value.B)No duplicate is to be found in any other place.C)It is manufactured by a famous British company.D)No other manufacturer can produce anything like it.53.What does the change in the status of the kitchen reflect?A)Improved living conditions.B)Women’s elevated status.C)Technological progress.D)Social change.54.What was the Beecher sisters’idea of a kitchen?A)A place where women could work more efficiently.B)A place where high technology could be applied.C)A place of interest to the educated people.D)A place to experiment with new ideas.55.What do we learn about today’s kitchen?A)It represents the rapid technological advance in people’s daily life.B)Many of its central features are no different from those of the1920s.C)It has been transformed beyond recognition.D)Many of its functions have changed greatly.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.旗袍（qipao）是一种雅致的中国服装，源于中国的满族（Manchu Nationality）。
2016年6月大学英语六级考试真题(第2套)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on e-learning. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more people study online instead of attending school. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Question 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A.The project the man managed at CucinTech.B.The updating of technology at CucinTech.C.The man’s switch to a new career.D.The restructuring of her company.2. A.Talented personnel.B.Strategic innovation.petitive products.D.Effective promotion.3. A.Expand the market.B.Recruit more talents.C.Innovate constantly.D.Watch out for his competitors.4. A.Possible bankruptcy.B.Unforeseen difficulties.C.Conflicts within the company.D.Imitation by one’s competitors.Question 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A.The job of an interpreter.B.The stress felt by professionals.C.The importance of language proficiency.D.The best way to effective communication.6. A.Promising.B.Admirable.C.Rewarding.D.Meaningful.7. A.They all have a strong interest in language.B.They all have professional qualifications.C.They have all passed language proficiency tests.D.They have all studied cross-cultural differences.8. A.It requires a much larger vocabulary.B.It attaches more importance to accuracy.C.It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.D.It puts one’s long-term memory under more stress.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Question 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A.It might affect mothers’ health.B.It might disturb infants’ sleep.C.It might increase the risk of infants’ death.D.It might increase mothers’ mental distress.10. A.Mothers who breast-feed their babies have a harder time falling asleep.B.Mothers who sleep with their babies need a little more sleep each night.C.Sleeping patterns of mothers greatly affect their newborn babies’ health.D.Sleeping with infants in the same room has a negative impact on mothers.11. A.Change their sleep patterns to adapt to their newborn babies’.B.Sleep in the same room but not in the same bed as their babies.C.Sleep in the same house but not in the same room as their babies.D.Take precautions to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Question 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A. A lot of native languages have already died out in the US.B.The US ranks first in the number of endangered languages.C.The efforts to preserve Indian languages have proved fruitless.D.More money is needed to record the native languages in the US.13. A.To set up more language schools.B.To document endangered languages.C.To educate native American children.D.To revitalize America’s native languages.14. A.The US government’s policy of Americanizing Indian children.B.The failure of American Indian languages to gain an official status.C.The US government’s unwillingness to spend money educating Indians.D.The long-time isolation of American Indians from the outside world.15. A.It is being utilized to teach native languages.B.It tells traditional stories during family time.C.It speeds up the extinction of native languages.D.It is widely used in language immersion schools.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hoar a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Question 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A.It pays them up to half of their pervious wages while they look for work.B.It covers their mortgage payments and medical expenses for 99 weeks.C.It pays their living expenses until they find employment again.D.It provides them with the basic necessities of everyday life.17. A.Creating jobs for the huge army of unemployed workers.B.Providing training and guidance for unemployed workers.C.Convincing local lawmakers to extend unemployment benefits.D.Raising funds to help those having no unemployment insurance.18. A.To offer them loans they need to start their own businesses.B.To allow them to postpone their monthly mortgage payments.C.To create more jobs by encouraging private investments in local companies.D.To encourage big businesses to hire back workers with government subsidies.Question 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A.They measured the depths of sea water.B.They analyzed the water content.C.They explored the ocean floor.D.They investigated the ice.20. A.Eighty percent of the ice disappears in summer time.B.Most of the ice was accumulated over the past centuries.C.The ice ensures the survival of many endangered species.D.The ice decrease is more evident than previously thought.21. A.Arctic ice is a major source of the world’s fresh water.B.The melting Arctic ice has drowned many coastal cities.C.The decline of Arctic ice is irreversible.D.Arctic ice is essential to human survival.22. A.It will do a lot of harm to mankind.B.There is no easy way to understand it.C.It will advance nuclear technology.D.There is no easy technological solution to it.Question 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. A. The reason why New Zealand children seem to have better self-control.B.The relation between children’s self-control and their future success.C.The health problems of children raised by a single parent.D.The deciding factor in children’s academic performance.24. A. Children raised by single parents will have a hard time in their thirties.B.Those with a criminal record mostly come from single parent families.C.Parents must learn to exercise self-control in front of their children.ck of self-control in parents is a disadvantage for their children.25. A. Self-control can be improved through education.B.Self-control can improve one’s financial situation.C.Self-control problems may be detected early in children.D.Self-control problems will diminish as one grows up.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear --man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26 : Who will be responsible when they dosomething wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot.Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27 of computational power and engineering advances will 28 enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29 use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk-and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.But there are 30 to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone (遥控飞行器) operator will 31 someone's privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor's cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32 of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33 and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34 space for innovation?Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35 and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price theSection BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Reform and Medical Costs[A] Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer is that no one has an easy fix for rising medical costs. The fundamental fix --reshaping how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal system -- is likely to be achieved only through trial and error and incremental (渐进的) gains.[B] The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term. As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded, "Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy literature these days is contained in these measures."[C] Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lot more tests and treatments than a patient really needs.[D] Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problems, and why it is hard to know how well they will work.[E] Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals, nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. If private plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers, and refused to let providers shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook(放过). That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong "pay-go" rules requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.[F] The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax (消费税) on health insurance plans that cost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely cause insurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages. The House bill has no similar tax. The final legislation should.[G] Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought to save money. When the health insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts, its trade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing. It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock that pledge into law.[H] The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medical system to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted. This requires open investments to help doctors convert. In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests, preventing drug interactions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.[I] Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system -- doctors are rewarded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness -- is a primary reason that the cost of care is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments to care for a particular illness or for a patient's needs over a year. No one knows how to make that happen quickly. The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. They include such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patient's needs with an eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease management to make sure the seriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs, are treated properly. For the most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.[J] Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expanded and the bad ones are dropped. The Senate bill would create an independent commission to monitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare's payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms that work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.[K] The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which small businesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a publicoption. All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy to compare. To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exchange. And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers.[L] The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics, it might not save much money. The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers, rather than using Medicare rates, as many reformers wanted.[M] The president's stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how well various treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate(前列腺) cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any better than its common competitors? The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort.[N] Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care. (That would be true only if you believed that patients should have an unrestrained fight to treatments proven to be inferior.) As a result, the bills do not require, as they should, that the results of these studies be used to set payment rates in Medicare.[O] Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatments proven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive. But overall, we suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.[P] The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiate drug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretary would get better deals than private insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work. It does in other countries.[Q] Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs. Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties, and there is some evidence that doctors engage in "defensive medicine" by performing tests and treatments primarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.36. With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likely transfer money from health expenses into wages.37. Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.38. It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.39. Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses.40. Republicans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan.41. Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions.42. The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven up medical expenses.43. One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.44. Contrary to analysts' doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lowered through negotiation.45. Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, farmers in developing countries are using raw sewage(下水道污水) to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according to a new report -- and it may not be a bad thing.While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food."There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers," said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study.The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes. Unlike developed cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers (下水道).When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-causing bacteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die each year because of diarrhea-related (与腹泻相关的) diseases, according to WHO statistics. More than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation. But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty.Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water consumption.In poor, dry regions, untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep farmers in business. In some cases, water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers.Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread asfertilizer.In most cases, the human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked, minimizing the risk of transmitting water-borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly 50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary, alternative.In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients."Overly strict standards often fail," James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. "We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason."46. What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming?A) Its risks cannot be overestimated.B) It should be forbidden altogether.C) Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved.D) It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.47. What is the main problem caused by the use of wastewater for irrigation?A) Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated.B) It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.C) Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.D) It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.48. What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel's attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture?A) Favorable.C) Indifferent.B) Skeptical. D) Responsible.49. What does Pay Drechsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?A) They have been somewhat exaggerated.B) They can be dealt with through education.C) They will be minimized with new technology.D) They can be addressed by improved sanitation.50. What do we learn about James Bartram's position on the use of human waste for farming?A) He echoes Pay Drechsel's opinion on the issue.B) He challenges Liqa Raschid-Sally's conclusion.C) He thinks it the only way out of the current food crisis.D) He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.These days, nobody needs to cook. Families graze on high-cholesterol take-aways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs. Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modem house: what the great hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status. In America the kitchen market is now worth $170 billion, five times the country's film industry. In the year to August 2007, IKEA, a Swedish furniture chain, sold over one million kitchens worldwide. The average budget for a "major" kitchen overhaul in 2006, calculates Remodeling magazine, was a staggering $54,000; even a "minor" improvement cost on average $18,000.Exclusivity, more familiar in the world of high fashion, has reached the kitchen: Robinson & Cornish, a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens, offers a Georgian-style one which would cost ￡145,000-155,000 --excluding building, plumbing and electrical work. Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it: "You won't see this kitchen anywhere else in the world."The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants to that of design showcase for the modern family tells the story of a century of social change. Right into the early 20th century, kitchens were smoky, noisy places, generally located underground, or to the back of the house, and as far from living space as possible. That was as it should be: kitchens were for servants, and the aspiring middle classes wanted nothing to do with them.But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in, housekeeping became a matter of interest to the educated classes. One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinking about the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In American Woman's Home, published in 1869, the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to household management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman's work and promote order.Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American, Christine Frederick, who set about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife. Her 1919 work, Household Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home, was based on detailed observation of a housewife's daily routine. She borrowed the principle of efficiency on the factory floor and applied it to domestic tasks on the kitchen floor.Frederick's central idea, that "stove, sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely", inspired the first fully fitted kitchen, designed in the 1920s by Margarete Schütter- Lihotsky. It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of today's kitchen.51. What does the author say about the kitchen of today?A) It is where housewives display their cooking skills.B) It is where the family entertains important guests.C) It has become something odd in a modem house.D) It is regarded as the center of a modem home.52. Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price?A) It is believed to have tremendous artistic value.B) No duplicate is to be found in any other place.C) It is manufactured by a famous British company.D) No other manufacturer can produce anything like it.53. What does the change in the status of the kitchen reflect?A) Improved living conditions. C) Technological progress.B) Women's elevated status.D) Social change.54. What was the Beecher sisters' idea of a kitchen?A) A place where women could work more efficiently.B) A place where high technology could be applied.C) A place of interest to the educated people.D) A place to experiment with new ideas.55. What do we learn about today's kitchen?A) It represents the rapid technological advance in people's daily life.B) Many of its central features are no different from those of the 1920s.C) It has been transformed beyond recognition.D) Many of its functions have changed greatly.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions:For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.深圳是中国广东省一座新开发的城市。
2016年6月英语四级考试真题（第2套）答案、解析、听力Section A News ReportDirections：In this section，you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report，you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question，youmust choose the best answer from the four choices marked A），B），C）and D）. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.Question 1A) How college students can improve their sleep habits.B) Why sufficient sleep is important for college students.C) Why college students are more likely to have stress problems.D) How college students can handle their psychological problems.Question 2A) It is not easy to improve one's sleep habits.B) It is not good for students to play video games.C) Students who are better prepared generally get higher scores in examinations.D) Making last-minute preparations for tests may be less effective than sleeping.Directions: Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.Question 3A) Whether more airports should be built around London.B) Whether adequate investment is being made to improve airport facilities.C) Whether the British Airports Authority should sell off some of its assets.D) Whether the Spanish company could offer better service.Question 4A) Inefficient management.B) Poor ownership structure.C) Lack of innovation and competition.D) Lack of runway and terminal capacity.Directions: Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.Question 5A) Report the nicotine content of their cigarettes.B) Set a limit to the production of their cigarettes.C) Take steps to reduce nicotine in their products.D) Study the effects of nicotine on young smokers.Question 6A) The biggest increase in nicotine content tended to be in brands young smokers like.B) Big tobacco companies were frank with their customers about the hazards of smoking.C) Brands which contain higher nicotine content were found to be much more popular.D) Tobacco companies refused to discuss the detailed nicotine content of their products. Question 7A) They promised to reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes.B) They have not fully realized the harmful effect of nicotine.C) They were not prepared to comment on the cigarette study.D) They will pay more attention to the quality of their products.Section B ConversationDirections：In this section，you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversations you will hear four questions. Both the conversations and the question-s will be spoken only once. After you hear a question. Youmust choose the best answer from the four choices marked A），B），C）and D）. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Question 8A) Indonesia.B) Holland.C) Sweden.D) England.Question 9A) Getting a coach who can offer real help.B) Talking with her boyfriend in Dutch.C) Learning a language where it is not spoken.D) Acquiring the necessary ability to socialize.Question 10A) Listening to language programs on the radio.B) Trying to speak it as much as one can.C) Making friends with native speakers.D) Practicing reading aloud as often as possible.Question 11A) It creates an environment for socializing.B) It offers various courses with credit points.C) It trains young people's leadership abilities.D) It provides opportunities for language practice.Directions: Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Question 12A) The impact of engine design on road safety.B) The role policemen play in traffic safety.C) A sense of freedom driving gives.D) Rules and regulations for driving.Question 13A) Make cars with automatic control.B) Make cars that have better brakes.C) Make cars that are less powerful.D) Make cars with higher standards.Question 14A) They tend to drive responsibly.B) They like to go at high speed.C) They keep within speed limits.D) They follow traffic rules closely.Question 15A) It is a bad idea.B) It is not useful.C) It is as effective as speed bumps.D) It should be combined with education.Section C PassagesDirections：In this section，you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage，you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question，you must choosethe best answer from the four choices marked A），B），C）and D）.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Directions:Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.Question 16A) The card got damaged.B) The card was found invalid.C) The card reader failed to do the scanning.D) The card reader broke down unexpectedly.Question 17A) By covering the credit card with a layer of plastic.B) By calling the credit card company for confirmation.C) By seeking help from the card reader maker Verifone.D) By typing the credit card number into the cash register.Question 18A) Affect the sales of high-tech appliances.B) Change the lifestyle of many Americans.C) Give birth to many new technological inventions.D) Produce many low-tech fixes for high-tech failures.Directions: Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.Question 19A) They are set by the dean of the graduate school.B) They are determined by the advising board.C) They leave much room for improvement.D) They vary among different departments.Question 20A) By consulting the examining committee.B) By reading the Bulletin of Information.C) By contacting the departmental office.D) By visiting the university's website.Question 21A) They specify the number of credits students must earn.B) They are harder to meet than those for undergraduates.C) They have to be approved by the examining committee.D) They are the same among various divisions of the university.Directions: Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 22A) Students majoring in nutrition.B) Students in health classes.C) Ph.D. candidates in dieting.D) Middle and high school teachers.Question 23A) Its overestimate of the effect of dieting.B) Its mistaken conception of nutrition.C) Its changing criteria for beauty.D) Its overemphasis on thinness.Question 24A) To illustrate her point that beauty is but skin deep.B) To demonstrate the magic effect of dieting on women.C) To explain how computer images can be misleading.D) To prove that technology has impacted our culture.Question 25A) To persuade girls to stop dieting.B) To promote her own concept of beauty.C) To establish an emotional connection with students.D) To help students rid themselves of bad living habits.Keys：参考答案1. B)Why sufficient sleep is important for college students.2. D)Making last-minute preparations for tests may be less effective than sleeping.3. C)Whether the British Airports Authority should sell off some of its assets.4. D)Lack of runway and terminal capacity.5. A)Report the nicotine content of their cigarettes.6. A)The biggest increase in nicotine content tended to be in brands young smokers like.7. C)They were not prepared to comment on the cigarette study.8. B)Holland.9. C)Learning a language where it is not spoken.10. B)Trying to speak it as much as one can.11. D)It provides opportunities for language practice.12. D)Rules and regulations for driving.13. C)Make cars that are less powerful.14. A)They tend to drive responsibly.15. B)It is not useful.16 C)The card reader failed to do the scanning.17 A)By covering the credit card with a layer of plastic.18 D)Produce many low-tech fixes for high-tech failures.19. D)They vary among different departments.20. C)By contacting the departmental office.21. A)They specify the number of credits students must earn.22 B)Students in health classes.23 D)Its overemphasis on thinness.24 C)To explain how computer images can be misleading.25 A)To persuade girls to stop dieting.大学英语四级考试2016年6月第二套真题听力原文及解析Section ANews Item 1You probably think college students are experts at sleeping, but parties, preparations for tests, personal problems and general stress can rack a student's sleep habits, which can be bad for the body and the mind. Texas Tech University is even offering a class called Improving Your Sleep Habits. People suffering from sleep loss are at an increased risk from obesity, psychological problems and car crashes. Students who don't get enough sleep have poor attendance and lower grades. On top of all that, (2)a new study published in the journal Learning and Memory finds you are probably better off sleeping than making last-minute preparations for a test. Two hundred college kids were taught to play some unfamiliar video games. Subjects who learned the games in the morning lost some skills when they played again 12 hours later, (1)but they did much better after getting a good night's sleep. So if you really want to do your job well, don't forget to get some sleep.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.What is the news report mainly about?解析：主旨大意题。
16年第二套真题听力Conversation One对话一W: So Mike, you managed the innovation project at CucinTech.女：迈克，你在CucinTech公司负责了一个创新项目。
M: I did indeed.男：是的。
W: Well then, first, congratulations!女：那么，首先，祝贺你！It seems to have been very successful.这个项目看起来很成功。
M: Thanks, yes. I really helped things turn around at CucinTech.男：谢谢，是的。
我真的帮助CucinTech扭转了局面。
W: Was the revival in their fortunes entirely due to strategic innovation?女：CucinTech命运的逆转是否完全归功于战略创新？M: Yes, yes I think it was. CucinTech was a company who were very much following the pack, doing what everyone else was doing, and getting rapidly left behind.男：是的，我认为是这样的。
CucinTech以前只是一味地随大流，重复别人的做法，所以很快就落在了其他公司的后面。
I could see there was a lot of talent there, and some great potential—particularly in their product development.我看到公司有很多人才并且公司存在巨大的潜力——尤其是公司的产品研发。
I just have to harness that somehow.我只需要采取某种方法来治理公司就可以。
2016年6月英语六级真题听力原文(一)Part ⅡListening ComprehensionSection AQuestions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.M: (1)So, how long have you been a market research consultant?W: Well, I started straight after finishing university.M: Did you study market research?W: Yeah, and it really helped me to get into the industry, but I have to say that it’s more important to get experience in different types of market research to find out exactly what you’re interested in.M: So what are you interested in?W: (2)Well, at the moment, I specialize in quantitative advertising research, which means that I do two types of projects. (3)Trackers, which are ongoing projects that look at trends or customer satisfaction over a long period of time. The only problem with trackers is that it takes up a lot of your time. But you do build up a good relationship with the client. I also do a couple of ad hoc jobs which are much shorter projects. M: What exactly do you mean by ad hoc jobs?W: It’s basically when companies need quick answers to their questions about their consumers’habits. They just ask for one questionnaire to be sent out for example, so the time you spend on an ad hoc project tends to be fairly short.M: Which do you prefer, trackers or ad hoc?W: I like doing both and in fact I need to do both at the same time to keep me from going crazy. I need the variety.M: Can you just explain what process you go through with a new client?W: Well, together we decide on the methodology and the objectives of the research. I then design a questionnaire. Once the interviewers have been briefed, I send the client a schedule and then they get back to me with deadlines. Once the final charts and tables are ready, I have to check them and organize a presentation.M: Hmm, one last question, what do you like and dislike about your job?W: (4)As I said, variety is important and as for what I don’t like, it has to be the checking of charts and tables.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.W: Hello, I’m here with Frederick. Now Fred, you went touniversity in Canada?M: Yeah, that’s right.W: (5)OK, and you have very strong views about universities in Canada. Could you please explain?M: Well, we don’t have private universities in Canada. They’re all public. (6)All the universities are owned by the government, so there is the Ministry of Education in charge of creating the curriculum for the universities and so there is not much room for flexibility. Since it’s a government-operated institution, things don’t move very fast. If you want something to be done, then their staff do not have so much incentive to help you because he’s a worker for the government. So I don’t think it’s very efficient. However, there are certain advantages of public universities, such as the fees being free. You don’t have to pay for your education. But the system isn’t efficient, and it does not work that well.W: Yeah, I can see your point, but in the United States we have many private universities, and I think they are large bureaucracies also. Maybe people don’t act that much differently, because it’s the same thing working for a private university. They get paid for their job. I don’t know if they’re that much more motivated to help people. (7)Also, we have aproblem in the United States that usually only wealthy kids go to the best schools and it’s kind of a problem actually.M: (7)I agree with you. I think it’s a problem because you’re not giving equal access to education to everybody. It’s not easy, but having only public universities also might not be the best solution. Perhaps we can learn from Japan where they have a system of private and public universities. Now, in Japan, public universities are considered to be the best.W: Right. It’s the exact opposite in the United States.M: (8)So, as you see, it’s very hard to say which one is better. W: Right, a good point.Section BQuestions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.(9)A recent International Labour Organization report says the deterioration of real wages around the world calls into question the true extent of an economic recovery, especially if government rescue packages are phased out too early. (9)The report warns the picture on wages is likely to get worse this year, despite indications of an economic rebound. Patrick Belser, an International Labour Organization specialist, says declining wage rates are linked to the levels of unemployment.“The quite dramatic unemployment figures, which we now see in some of the countries, strongly suggest that (10)there will be greater pressure on wages in the future as more people will be unemployed, more people will be looking for jobs and the pressure on employers to raise wages to attract workers will decline. So, we expect that the second part of the year will not be very good in terms of wage growth.”The report finds more than a quarter of the countries experienced flat or falling monthly wages in real terms. They include, the United States, Austria, Costa Rica, South Africa and Germany.International Labour Organization economists say some nations have come up with polices to lessen the impact of lower wages during the economic crisis. (11)An example of these is work sharing with government subsidies. Under this scheme, the number of individual working hours is reduced in an effort to avoid layoffs. For this scheme to work, the government must provide wage subsidies to compensate for lost pay due to the shorter hours.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.Is there really a magic memory pill or a herbal recall remedy?(12)I have been frequently asked if these memory supplements work. You know, one of the first things I like to tell people when they ask me about these supplements is that a lot of them are promoted as a cure for your memory. But your memory doesn’t need a cure. What your memory needs is a good workout. So really those supplements aren’t going to give you that perfect memory in the way that they promise. (13)The other thing is that a lot of these supplements aren’t necessarily what they claim to be, and you really have to be wary when you take any of them. The science isn’t there behind most of them. They’re not really well-regulated unless they adhere to some industry standard. You don’t really know that what they say is in there is in there. (14)What you must understand is that those supplements, especially in some eastern cultures, are part of a medical practice tradition. People don’t just go in a local grocery store and buy these supplements. In fact, they are prescribed and they’re given at a certain level, a dosage that is understood by a practitioner who’s been trained. And that’s not really the way they’re used in this country. The other thing people do forget is that these are medicines, so they do have an impact. (15)A lot of times people are not really aware ofthe impact they have, or the fact that taking them in combination with other medications might put you at an increased risk for something that you wouldn’t otherwise be countering or be at risk for.Section CQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.The negative impacts of natural disasters can be seen everywhere. In just the past few weeks, the world has witnessed the destructive power of earthquakes in Indonesia, typhoons in the Philippines, and the destructive sea waves that struck Samoa and neighboring islands.A study by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters finds that, between 1980 and 2007, nearly 8,400 natural disasters killed more than two million people. These catastrophic events caused more than $1.5 trillion in economic losses.(16)U.N. weather expert Geoffrey Love says that is the bad news. “Over the last 50 years, economic losses have increased by a factor of 50. That sounds pretty terrible, but the loss of life has decreased by a factor of 10 simply because we are getting better at warning people. We are making a difference.Extreme events, however, will continue to occur. But, the message is that they need not be disasters.”Love, who is director of Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction at the World Meteorological Organization, says most of the deaths and economic losses were caused by weather, climate, or water-related extremes. These include droughts, floods, windstorms, strong tropical winds and wildfires.He says extreme events will continue. (17)But, he says extreme events become disasters only when people fail to prepare for them. “Many of the remedies are well-known. From a planning perspective, it’s pretty simple. Build better buildings. Don’t build where the hazards will destroy them. From an early-warning perspective, make sure the warnings go right down to the community level. Build community action plans.”The World Meteorological Organization points to Cuba and Bangladesh as examples of countries that have successfully reduced the loss of life caused by natural disasters by taking preventive action.(18)It says tropical storms formerly claimed dozens, if not hundreds of lives, each year, in Cuba. But, the development of an early-warning system has reversed that trend. In 2008,Cuba was hit by five successive hurricanes, but only seven people were killed.Bangladesh also has achieved substantial results. Major storm surges in 1970 and 1991 caused the deaths of about 440,000 people. Through careful preparation, the death toll from a super tropical storm in November 2007 was less than 3,500. Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.As U.S. banks recovered with the help of the American government and the American taxpayer, President Obama held meetings with top bank executives, telling them it’s time to return the favor. (19)“The way I see it—our banks now have a greater obligation to the goal of a wider recovery,”he said. But the President may be giving the financial sector too much credit. “It was in a free fall, and it was a very scary period.”Economist Martin Neil Baily said. After the failure of Lehman Brothers, many of the world’s largest banks feared the worst as the collapse of the housing bubble exposed investments in risky loans.Although he says the worst is over, Baily says the banking crisis is not. More than 130 U.S. banks failed in 2009. (20)He predicts high failure rates for smaller, regional banks in 2010as Commercial Real Estate loans come due. “So there may actually be a worsening of credit availability to small- and medium-sized businesses in the next year or so.”Analysts say the biggest problem is high unemployment, which weakens demand and makes banks reluctant to lend. But U.S. Bancorp chief Richard Davis sees the situation differently.“We’re probably more optimistic than the experts might be. (21)With that in mind, we’re putting in everything we can. Lending is the coal to our engine, so we want to make more loans. We have to find a way to qualify more people and not put ourselves at risk.”While some economists predict continued recovery in the future, Baily says the only certainty is that banks are unlikely to make the same mistakes twice. “You know, forecasting’s become a very hazardous business so I don’t want to commit myself too much. I don’t think we know exactly what’s going to happen but it’s certainly possible that we could get very slow growth over the next year or two.”(22)If the economy starts to shrink again, Baily says it would make a strong case for a second stimulus—something the Obama administration hopes will not be necessary.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.A new study has failed to find any conclusive evidence that lifestyle changes can prevent cognitive decline in older adults. Still there are good reasons to make positive changes in how we live and what we eat as we age.(23)Cognitive decline is the loss of ability to learn new skills, or recall words, names, and faces that is most common as we age. To reduce or avoid it, researchers have examined the effect of smoking, diet, brain-challenging games, exercise and other strategies.Researchers at Duke University scrutinized more than 160 published studies and found an absence of strong evidence that any of these approaches can make a big difference. (24)Co-author James Burke helped design the study. “In the observational studies we found that some of the B vitamins were beneficial. Exercise, diet, cognitive stimulation showed some positive effects, although the evidence was not so strong that we could actually consider these firmly established.”Some previous studies have suggested that challenging your brain with mentally stimulating activities might help. AndBurke says that actually does seem to help, based on randomized studies—the researcher’s gold standard. “Cognitive stimulation is one of the areas where we did find some benefit. The exact type of stimulation that an individual uses is not as important as being intellectually engaged.”The expert review also found insufficient evidence to recommend any drugs or dietary supplements that could prevent or slow cognitive decline.However, given that there is at least some evidence for positive effects from some of these lifestyle changes, plus other benefits apparently unrelated to cognitive decline, Burke was willing to offer some recommendations.(25)“I think that by having people adopt a healthy lifestyle, both from a medical standpoint as well as nutritional and cognitive stimulation standpoint, we can reduce the incidence of cognitive decline, which will be proof that these factors are, in fact, important.”James Burke of Duke University is one of the authors of a study reviewing previous research on cognitive decline. The paper is published online by the Annals of Internal Medicine.。
2016年6月英语四级真题听力原文及翻译（第二套）You probably think college students are experts at sleeping.你可能会认为大学生是睡眠大师，But parties, preparations for tests, personal problems and general stress can wreck a student's sleep habits, which can be bad for the body and the mind.然而聚会、备考、个人问题以及各种压力都在破坏着他们的睡眠习惯，这给他们的身心带来了很坏的影响。
Texas Tech University is even offering a class called "Improving Your Sleep Habits".得克萨斯理工大学甚至开设了一门名为《改善你的睡眠习惯》的课程。
People suffering from sleep loss are adding increased risk from obesity, psychological problems and car crashes.被失眠困扰的人出现肥胖或心理问题的可能性更高，被卷入车祸事件的几率更大。
Students who don't get enough sleep have poorer attendance and lower grades.缺乏睡眠的学生出勤率偏低，成绩相对较差。
On top of all that, a new study published in the journal Learning & Memory finds you are probably better off sleeping than making last-minute preparations for a test.除此之外，一份刊登在《学习与记忆》日报上的研究发现睡觉比临时抱佛脚更有可能得到好结果。
16年第二套真题听力Convers ationOne对话一W: So Mike, you managed the innovat ion project at CucinTe ch.女：迈克，你在Cucin Tech公司负责了一个创新项目。
M: I did indeed.男：是的。
W: Well then, first, congrat ulatio ns!女：那么，首先，祝贺你！It seems to have been very success ful.这个项目看起来很成功。
M: Thanks, yes. I reallyhelpedthingsturn aroundat CucinTe ch.男：谢谢，是的。
我真的帮助Cu cinTec h扭转了局面。
W: Was the revival in their fortune s entirel y due to strateg ic innovat ion?女：CucinTe ch命运的逆转是否完全归功于战略创新？M: Yes, yes I think it was. CucinTe ch was a company who were very much followi ng the pack, doing what everyon e else was doing, and getting rapidly left behind.男：是的，我认为是这样的。
CucinTe ch以前只是一味地随大流，重复别人的做法，所以很快就落在了其他公司的后面。
I could see there was a lot of talentthere, and some greatpotenti al—particu larlyin their product develop ment.我看到公司有很多人才并且公司存在巨大的潜力——尤其是公司的产品研发。
2016年06月英语六级听力真题+原文第2套Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must c hoose the best answer. from the fourchoices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with asingle line through th e centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) The project the man managed at CucinTech.B) The updating of technology at CucinTech.C)The man's switch to a new career.D) The restructuring of her company.2. A) Talented personnel.B) Strategic innovation.C) Competitive products.D) Effective promotion.3. A) Expand the market.B) Recruit more talents.C) Innovate constantly.D) Watch out for his competitors.4. A) Possible bankruptcy.B) Unforeseen difficulties.C) Conflicts within the company.D) Imitation by one's competitors.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) The job of an interpreter.B) The stress felt by professionals.C) The importance of language proficiency.D) The best way to effective communication.6. A) Promising.B) Admirable.C) Rewarding.D) Meaningful.7. A) They all have a strong interest in language.B) They all have professional qualifications.C) They have all passed language proficiency tests.D) They have all studied cross-cultural differences.8. A) It requires a much larger vocabulary.B) It attaches more importance to accuracy.C) It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.D) It puts one's long-term memory under more stress.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each pas sage, you willhear three or four questions. Both the passage and the question s will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the be st answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corr esponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line throughthe centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2016年6月英语四级真题及答案详解和听力原文第二套2016年6月英语四级真题第二套Part I Writing (30minutes)For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to express your thanks to one of your school teachers upon entering college.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words。
Part ⅡListening Comprehension (25 minutes)Section ADirections：In this section，you will hear three news reports.At the end of each news report,you will hear two or three questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A.，B.，C.,and D.,Then mark the corresponding letter on answer Sheet 1 with d single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A.How college students can handle their psychological problems.B.Why college students are more likely to have stress problems.C.Why sufficient sleep is important for college students.D.How college students can improve their sleep habits.2.A.It is not easy to improve one’s sleep habits.B.It is not good for students to play video games.C.Making last-minute preparations for tests may be less effective than sleeping.D.Students who are better prepared generally get higher scores in examinations. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard .3.A.Whether adequate investment is being made to improve airport facilities.B.Whether the British Airports Authority should sell off some of its assets.C.Whether the Spanish company could offer better service.D.Whether more airports should be built around London.4.A. Poor ownership structure.B.Inefficient management.C. Lack of innovation and competition.D. Lack of runway and terminal capacity.Questions 5 to7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A.study the effects of nicotine on young smokers.B.Set a limit to the production of their cigarettes.C.Take steps to reduce nicotine in their products.D.Report the nicotine content of their cigarettes.6.A.The biggest increase in nicotine content tended to be in brands young smokers like.B. Brands which contain higher nicotine content were found to be much more popular.C.Tobacco companies refused to discuss the detailed nicotine content of their products.D.Big tobacco companies were flank with their customers about the hazards of smoking .7.A.They will pay more attention to the quality of their products.B.They were not prepared to comment on the cigarette study.C.They promised to reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes.D.They have not fully realized the harmful effect of nicotine.Section BDirections:In this section，you will hear two long conversations.At the end of eachconversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 tol1 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A.Holland. B.Indonesia. C.England. D.Sweden.9.A.Talking with her boyfriend in Dutch. C.Acquiring the necessary ability to socialize.B.Getting a coach who can offer real help. D.Learning a language where it is not spoken10.A.Practicing reading aloud as often as possible.B.Listening to language programs on the radio.C.Trying to speak it as much as one can.D.Making friends with native speakers.11.A.It provides opportunities for language practice.B.It trains young people’s leadership abilities.C.It offers various courses with credit points.D.It creates an environment for socializing .Questions 12 tol5 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A.A sense of freedom driving gives. C.The role policemen play in traffic safety.B.Rules and regulations for driving . D. The impact of engine design on road safety.13.A.Make cars with automatic control. C.Make cars that are less powerful.B.Make cars with higher standards. D. Make cars that have better brakes.14.A.They follow traffic rules closely. C.They like to go at high speed.B. They keep within speed limits. D. They tend to drive responsibly.15.A. It is a bad idea.B.It is as effective as speed bumps.C.It is not useful.D.It should be combined with education.Section CDirections：In this section，you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear three or four questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A，B，C,and D,Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet l with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 tol8 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A.The card got damaged. C.The card reader broke down unexpectedly.B.The card was found invalid. D.The card reader failed to do the scanning.17.A.By seeking help from the card reader maker Verifone.B.By covering the credit card with a layer of plastic.C.By calling the credit card company for confirmation.D.By typing the credit card number into the cash register.18.A.Produce many low-tech fixes for high.tech failures.B. Give birth to many new technological inventions.C. Change the lifestyle of many Americans.D. Affect the sales of high.tech appliances.Questions 19 to21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A.They vary among different departments.B.They leave much room for improvement.C.They are determined by the advising board.D.They are set by the dean of the graduate school.20.A.By consulting the examining committee. C. By visiting the university’s website.B. By reading the Bulletin of Information. D. By contacting the departmental office.21.A.They are harder to meet than those for undergraduates.B.They specify the number of credits students must earn.C.They have to be approved by the examining committee.D.They are the same among various divisions of the university.Questions 22 to 25 are based oil the passage you have just heard.22.A.Ph.D.candidates in dieting.B.Students majoring in nutrition.C.Students in health classes.D.Middle and high school teachers.23.A.Its overemphasis on thinness.B.Its changing criteria for beauty.C.Its mistaken conception of nutrition.D.Its overestimate of the effect of dieting.24.A.To demonstrate the magic effect of dieting on women.B.To explain how computer images can be misleading.C.To prove that technology has impacted our culture.D.To illustrate her point that beauty is but skin deep.25.A.To help students rid themselves of bad living habits.B.To establish an emotional connection with students.C.To promote her own concept of beauty.D.To persuade girls to stop dieting.Part III Reading Comprehension （40 minutes）Section ASigns barring cell-phone use are a familiar sight to anyone who has ever sat in a hospital waiting room. But the_____(26)popularity of electronic medical records has forced hospital-based doctors to become_____(27)on computers throughout the day, and desktops-which keep doctors from besides-are_____(28)giving way to wireless devices.As clerical loads increased, "something had to_____(29), and that was always face time with patients," says Dr.Bhakti Patel, a former chief resident in the University of Chicago's internal-medicine program. In fall 2010, she helped_____(30)a pilot project in Chicago to see if the iPad could improve working conditions and patient care. The experiment was so_____(31)that all internal-medicine program adopted the same_____(32)in 2011. Medical schools at Yale and Stanford now have paperless, iPad-based curriculums. "You'll want an iPad just so you can wear this" is the slogan for one of the new lab coats_____(33)with large pockets to accommodate tablet computers.A study of the University of Chicago iPad project found that patients got tests and_____(34) faster if they were cared for by iPad-equipped residents.Many patients also_____(35) a better understanding of the illnesses that landed them in the hospital in the first place.A.dependentB.designedC.fastD.flyingE.gainedF.giveG.growingunchI.policyJ.prospectK.ratherL.reliableM.signalN.successfulO.treatmentsSection BAncient Greek Wisdom Inspires Guidelines to Good Life[A] Is it possible to enjoy a peaceful life in a world that is increasingly challenged by threats and uncertainties from wars, terrorism, economic crises and a widespread outbreak of infectious diseases? The answer is yes, according to a new book The 10 Golden Rules: Ancient Wisdom from the Greek Philosophers on Living a Good Life. The book is co-authored by Long Island University's philosophy professor Michael Soupios and economics professor Panos Mourdoukoutas.[B] The wisdom of the ancient Greek philosophers is timeless, says Soupios. The philosophy professor says it is as relevant today as when it was first written many centuries ago. "There is no expiration(失效)date on wisdom," he says "There is no shelf life on intelligence. I think that things have become very gloomy these day, lots of misunderstanding, misleading cues, a lot of what the ancients would have called sophistry(诡辩). The nice thing about ancient philosophy as offered by the Greeks is that they tended to see life clear and whole, in a way that we tend not to see life today."Examine your life.[C] Soupies, along with his co-author Panos Mourdoukoutas, developed their 10 golden rules by turning to the men behind that philosophy-Aristotle, Socrates, Epictetus and Pythagoras, among others. The first rule-examine your life-is the common thread that runs through the entire book. Soupios says that it is based on Plato's observation that the unexamined life is not worth living. "The Greek are always concerned about boxing themselves in, in terms of convictions(信念)," he says. "So take a step back, switch off the automatic pilot and actually stop and reflect about things like our priorities, our values, and our relationships."Stop worrying about what you can not control.[D] As we begin to examine our life, Soupios says, we come to Rule No.2: Worry only about things that you can control. "The individual who promoted this idea was a Stoic philosopher His name is Epictetus, "he says." And what the Stoics say in general is simply this. There is a larger plan in life. You are not really going to be able to understand all of the dimensions of this plan. You are not going to be able to control the dimensions of this plan."[E]So, Soupios explains, it is not worth it to waste our physical, intellectual and spiritual energy worrying about things that are beyond our control. "I can not control whether or not I wind up getting the disease swine flu, for example." He says. "I mean, there are some cautious steps. I can take, but ultimately I can not guarantee myself that. So what Epictetus would say is sitting at home worrying about that would be wrong and wasteful and irrational. You should live your life attempting to identify and control those things which you can genuinely control."Seek true pleasure.[F]To have a meaningful, happy life we need friends. But according to Aristotle-a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great-most relationships don't qualify as true friendships. "Just because I have a business relationship with an individual and I can profit from that relationship, it does not necessarily mean that this person is my friend." Soupios says. "Real friendship is when two individuals share the same soul. It is a beautiful and uncharacteristically poetic image that Aristotle offers."[G]In our pursuit of the good life, he says, it is important to seek out true pleasures-advice which was originally offered by Epicurus. But unlike the modern definition of Epicureanism as a life of indulgence(放纵)and luxury, for the ancient Greeks, it meant finding a state of calm, peace and mental case.[H]"This was the highest and most desirable form of pleasure and happiness for the ancientEpicureans." Soupios says. "This is something that is very much well worth considering here in the modern era. I do not think that we spend nearly enough time trying to concentrate on achieving a sort of calmness, a sort of contentment in mental and spiritual, which was identified by these people as the highest form of happiness and pleasure."Do good to others[I]Other golden rules counsel us to master ourselves, to avoid excess and not to be a prosperous(发迹的)fool. There are also rules dealing with interpersonal relationships. Be a responsible human being and do not do evil things to others.[J]"This is Hesiod, of course, a younger contemporary poet, we believe, with Homer," Soupios says. "Hesiod offers an idea-which you very often find in some of the word's great religions, in the Judeo-Christian tradition and in Islam an others-that in some sense, when you hurt another human being, you hurt yourself. That damaging other people in your community and in your life, trashing relationships, results in a kind of self-inflicted(自己招致的)spiritual wound."[K]Instead, Soupios says,ancient wisdom urges us to do good. Golden Rule No.10 for a good life is that kindness toward others tends to be rewarded.[L]"This is Aesop, the fabulist(寓言家), the man of these charming little tales, often told in terms of animals and animal relationships." He says. "I think what Aesop was suggesting is that when you offer a good turn to another human being. One can hope that that good deed will come back and sort of pay a profit to you, the doer of the good deed. Even if there is no concrete benefit paid in response to you good deed. At the very least, the doer of the good deed has the opportunity to enjoy a kind of spiritually enlightened moment."[M]Soupios say following the 10 Golden Rules based on ancient wisdom can guide us to the path of the good life where we stop living as onlookers and become engaged and happier human beings. And that, he notes, is a life worth living.36.According to an ancient Greek philosopher, it is impossible for us to understand every aspect of our life.37.Ancient Philosophers saw life in a different light from people of today.38.Not all your business partners are your soul mates.39.We can live a peaceful life despite the various challenges of the modern world.40.The doer of a good deed can feel spiritually rewarded even when they gain no concrete benefits.41.How to achieve mental calmness and contentment is well worth our consideration today.42.Michael Soupios suggests that we should stop and think carefully about our priorities in life.43.Ancient philosophers strongly advise that we do good.44.The wise teachings of ancient Greek thinkers are timeless, and are applicable to contemporary life.45.Do harm to others and you do harm to yourself.Section CDirections：There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.As Artificial Intelligence(AI)becomes increasingly sophisticated，there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat.This danger can be avoided，according to computer science professor Stuart Russell，if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks，it's necessary to translate our morals into AI language.For example，if a robot does chores around the house，you wouldn’t want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry children.“You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values，”said Russell.Some robots are already programmed with basic human values.For example，mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance from humans.Obviously there are cultural differences，but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space，you wouldn’t think that’s the kind of thing a properly brought—up person would do.It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines，if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior.They are dangerous only if programmers are careless.The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to do sufficient testing and they’ve produced a system that will break some kind of taboo(禁忌).One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave，it has the opportunity to stop，send out beeps(嘟嘟声)，and ask for directions from a human.If we humans aren’t quite sure about a decision.We go and ask somebody else.The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe is moral，and how to create a set of ethical rules.But if we come up with an answer,robots could be good for humanity.46.What does the author say about the threat of robots?A.It may constitute a challenge to computer programmers.B.It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.C.It Can be avoided if human values are translated into their language.D.It has become an inevitable peril as technology gets more sophisticated.47.What would we think of a person who invades our personal space according to the author?A.They are aggressive.B.They are outgoing.C.They are ignorant.D.They are ill.bred.48.How do robots learn human values?A.By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.B.By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.C.By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.D.By imitating the behavior of properly brought—up human beings.49.What will a well—programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation?A.Keep a distance from possible dangers. C.Trigger its built—in alarm system at once.B.Stop to seek advice from a human being. D.Do sufficient testing before taking action.50.What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?A.Determine what is moral and ethical. C.Set rules for man—machine interaction.B.Design some large—scale experiments. D.Develop a more sophisticated program.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Why do some people live to be older than others?You know the standard explanations：keeping a moderate diet，engaging in regular exercise，etc.But what effect does your personality have on your longevity(长寿)?Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives?A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing，more active and less，neurotic(神经质的)than other people.Long—living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span.These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory：those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough resources to make it through tough times.Interestingly,however,other characteristics that you might consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer.Those who were more self-disciplined，for instance,were no more likely to live to be very old.Also，being open to new ideas had no relationship to long life，which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways.Whether you can successfully change your personality as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate.But the new paper suggests that if you want long life，you should strive to be as outgoing as possible.Unfortunately,another recent study shows that your mother’s personality may also help determine your longevity.That study looked at nearly 28，000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious，depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids unhealthy diets.Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we’re adults，which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.Personality isn’t destiny(命运)，and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change.But both studies show that long life isn’t just a matter of your physical health but of ,your mental health.51.The aim of the study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society is .A.to see whether people’s personality affects their life spanB.to find out if one’s lifestyle has any effect on their healthC.to investigate the role of exercise in living a long lifeD.to examine all the factors contributing to longevity52.What does the author imply about outgoing and sympathetic people?A.They have a good understanding of evolution.B.They are better at negotiating an agreement.C.They generally appear more resourceful.D.They are more likely to get over hardship.53.What finding of the study might prove somewhat out of our expectation?A.Easy—going people can also live a relatively long life.B.Personality characteristics that prove advantageous actually vary with times.C.Such personality characteristics as self-discipline have no effect on longevity.D.Readiness to accept new ideas helps one enjoy longevity.54.What does the recent study of Norwegian mothers show?A.Children’s personality characteristics are invariably determined by their mothers·B.People with unhealthy eating habits are likely to die sooner.C.Mothers’influence on children may last longer than fathers’.D.Mothers’negative personality characteristics may affect their children’s life spans.55.What can we learn from the findings of the two new studies?A.Anxiety and depression more often than not cut short one’s life span.B.Longevity results from a combination of mental and physical health.C.Personality plays a decisive role in how healthy one is.D.Health is in large part related to one’s lifestyle.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.在山东省潍坊市，风筝不仅仅是玩具，而且还是这座城市文化的标志。
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)Section ADirections：In this section，you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.drier you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A ，B ，C and D .Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet l with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.◆1.A.Project organizer.B.Public relations officer.C.Marketing manager.D. Market research consultant.◆2.A.Quantitative advertising research.B.Questionnaire design.C.Research methodology.D.Interviewer training.◆3.A.They are intensive studies of people’s spending habits.B.They examine relations between producers and customers.C.They look for new and effective ways to promote products.D.They study trends or customer satisfaction over a long period.◆4.A.The lack of promotion opportunity.B.Checking charts and tables.C. Designing questionnaires.D. The persistent intensity.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.◆5.A. His view on Canadian universities.B.His understanding of higher education.C.His suggestions for improvements in higher education.D.His complaint about bureaucracy in American universities.◆6.A.It is well designed.B.It is rather inflexible.C.It varies among universities.D.It has undergone great changes.◆7.A.The United States and Canada can learn from each other.B.Public universities are often superior to private universities.C.Everyone should be given equal access to higher education.D.Private schools work more efficiently than public institutions.◆8.A. University systems vary from country to country.B.Efficiency is essential to university management.C.It is hard to say which is better,a public university or a private one.D.Many private universities in the U.S.are actually large bureaucracies.Section BDirections：In this section.you will hear two passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear three or four questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A ，B ，C and D .Then mark the corresponding fetter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.◆ernment’s role in resolving an economic crisis.B.The worsening real wage situation around the world.C.Indications of economic recovery in the United States.D.The impact of the current economic crisis on people’s life.◆10.A.They will feel less pressure to raise employees’wages.B.They will feel free to choose the most suitable employees.C.They will feel inclined to expand their business operations.D.They will feel more confident in competing with their rivals.◆11.A.Employees and companies cooperate to pull through the economic crisis.ernment and companies join hands to create jobs for the unemployed.C.Employees work shorter hours to avoid layoffs.D.Team work will be encouraged in companies.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.◆12.A.Whether memory supplements work.B.Whether herbal medicine works wonders.C.Whether exercise enhances one’s memory.D.Whether a magic memory promises success.◆13.A.They help the elderly more than the young.B.They are beneficial in one way or another.C.They generally do not have side effects.D.They are not based on real science.◆14.A.They are available at most country fairs.B.They are taken in relatively high dosage.C.They are collected or grown by farmers.D.They are prescribed by trained practitioners.◆15.A.They have often proved to be as helpful as doing mental exercise.B.Taking them with other medications might entail unnecessary risks.C.Their effect lasts only a short time.D.Many have benefited from them.Section CDirections：In this section.you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions.The recordings will be played only once.After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A ，B ，C and D .Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.◆16.A.How catastrophic natural disasters turn out to be to developing nations.B.How the World Meteorological Organization studies natural disasters.C.How powerless humans appear to be in face of natural disasters.D.How the negative impacts of natural disasters can be reduced.◆17.A.By training rescue teams for emergencies.B.By taking steps to prepare people for them.C.By changing people’s views of nature.D.By relocating people to safer places.◆18.A.How preventive action can reduce the loss of life.B.How courageous Cubans are in face of disasters.C.How Cubans suffer from tropical storms.D.How destructive tropical storms can be.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.◆19.A.Pay back their loans to the American government.B.Provide loans to those in severe financial difficulty.C.Contribute more to the goal of a wider recovery.D.Speed up their recovery from the housing bubble.◆20.A.Some banks may have to merge with others.B.Many smaller regional banks are going to fail.C.It will be hard for banks to provide more loans.D.Many banks will have to 1ay off some employees.◆21.A.It will work closely with the government.B.It will endeavor to write off bad loans.C.It will try to lower the interest rate.D.It will try to provide more loans.◆22.A. It won’t help the American economy to rum around.B.It won’t do any good to the major commercial banks.C.It will win the approval of the Obama administration.D.It will be necessary if the economy starts to shrink again. Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.◆23.A.Being unable to learn new things.B.Being rather slow to make changes.C.Losing temper more and more often.D.Losing the ability to get on with others.◆24.A.Cognitive stimulation.munity activity.C.Balanced diet.D.Fresh air.◆25.A.Ignoring the signs and symptoms of aging.B.Adopting an optimistic attitude towards life.C.Endeavoring to give up unhealthy lifestyles.D.Seeking advice from doctors from time to time.1. 【答案】D2. 【答案】A3. 【答案】D4. 【答案】B5. 【答案】A6. 【答案】B7. 【答案】C8. 【答案】C9. 【答案】B10. 【答案】A11. 【答案】C12. 【答案】A13. 【答案】D14. 【答案】D15. 【答案】B16. 【答案】D17. 【答案】B18. 【答案】A19. 【答案】C20. 【答案】B21. 【答案】D22. 【答案】D23. 【答案】A24. 【答案】A25. 【答案】C。
16年第二套真题听力Conversation One对话一W: So Mike, you managed the innovation project at CucinTech.女：迈克，你在CucinTech公司负责了一个创新项目。
M: I did indeed.男：是的。
W: Well then, first, congratulations!女：那么，首先，祝贺你！It seems to have been very successful.这个项目看起来很成功。
M: Thanks, yes. I really helped things turn around at CucinTech.男：谢谢，是的。
我真的帮助CucinTech扭转了局面。
W: Was the revival in their fortunes entirely due to strategic innovation?女：CucinTech命运的逆转是否完全归功于战略创新？M: Yes, yes I think it was. CucinTech was a company who were very much following the pack, doing what everyone else was doing, and getting rapidly left behind.男：是的，我认为是这样的。
CucinTech以前只是一味地随大流，重复别人的做法，所以很快就落在了其他公司的后面。
I could see there was a lot of talent there, and some great potential—particularly in their product development.我看到公司有很多人才并且公司存在巨大的潜力——尤其是公司的产品研发。
I just have to harness that somehow.我只需要采取某种方法来治理公司就可以。
W: Was innovation at the core of the project?女：这个项目的核心就是创新？M: Absolutely. If it doesn't sound like too much of a cliche, our world is constantly changing, and it's changing quickly.男：当然了。
这听上去不太像陈词滥调，我们的世界在不断快速地变化。
We need to be innovating constantly to keep up with this.我们需要不断创新，以跟上时代的步伐。
Stand still, and you're lost.停滞不前就等于落后。
W: No stopping to sniff the roses?女：难道都不能稍作停歇吗？M: Well, I'll do that in my personal life, sure.男：在我的个人生活中，我可能会稍作停歇。
But as a business strategy, I'm afraid there's no stopping.但是在商业策略中，我恐怕是不能停歇的。
W: What exactly is strategic innovation then?女：策略创新到底指的是什么？M: Strategic innovation is the process of managing innovation, of making sure it takes place at all levels of the company, and that it's related to the company's overall strategy.男：策略创新是管理创新的过程，要确保在公司里全面展开，策略创新还与公司的总体战略相关。
W: I see.女：我明白了。
M: So, instead of innovation for innovation's sake and new products being created simply because the technology is there,男：所以，策略创新不是为了创新而去创新，也不是简单地生产新的产品，因为科技就可以做这些事情，the company culture must switch from these point-in-time innovations to a continuous pipeline of innovations from everywhere and everyone.企业文化必须从偶发性的创新转变成每个人都随时随地地创新。
W: How did you align strategies throughout the company?女：你是如何加强整个公司的策略创新的？M: I soon became aware that campaigning is useless.男：我很快就意识到在公司倡导创新是没用的。
People take no notice. Simply it came about through good practice trickling down.这不能引起人们的注意。
只有良好的实践结果逐渐深入人心，人们才会接受它。
This built consent—people could see it was the best way to work.这样人们就能达成一致——人们明白创新才是最好的工作方式。
W: Does innovation on this scale really give a competitive advantage?女：创新真的能加强公司的竞争优势吗？M: I am certain of it. Absolutely.男：我对此非常确信。
Especially if it's difficult for a competitor to copy.尤其是，当创新不容易被竞争者抄袭的时候。
The risk is, of course, that innovation may frequently lead to imitation.当然，创新的风险是可能会经常被模仿。
W: But not if it's strategic?女：但是如果是策略创新，那么就不容易被模仿了。
M: Precisely!男：非常正确！W: Thanks for talking to us.女：非常感谢你接受我们的采访。
M: Sure.男：不客气。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.问题1到4是基于刚刚所听到的那段录音。
Question1. What seems to have been very successful according to the woman speaker?问题1：这位女士说什么是非常成功的？Question2. What did the company lack before the man's scheme was implemented?问题2：男士的计划实施之前，公司缺乏什么？Question3. What does the man say he should do in his business?问题3：男士说在商业领域他应该做的是什么？Question4. What does the man say is the risk of innovation?问题4：男士说创新的风险是什么？Conversation Two对话二M: Today my guest is Dana Ivanovich who has worked for the last twenty years as an interpreter. Dana, welcome.男：今天的嘉宾是达纳·伊万诺维奇，在过去的二十年里，她一直在做口译工作。
欢迎达纳。
W: Thank you.女：谢谢。
M: Now I'd like to begin by saying that I have on occasions used an interpreter myself, as a foreign correspondent, so I am full of admiration for what you do. 男：节目的开始我想说，有时候我也给自己配一位口译者作为驻外记者。
所以我很钦佩你们所做的工作。
But I think your profession is sometimes underrated, and many people think anyone who speaks more than one language can do it…但是我认为你们的职业难度有时会被低估，很多人认为会说不止一种语言的人就能做你们这个工作。
W: There aren't any interpreters I know who don't have professional qualifications and training.女：我所认识的口译工作者都取得了专业资质，并且都经过了专业的训练。
You only really get proficient after many years in the job.在这一行工作很多年后，你真的能更加熟练。
M: And am I right in saying you can divide what you do into two distinct methods, simultaneous and consecutive interpreting?男：你们的工作中有两种不同的翻译方式：同声传译和交替传译，我说的对吗？W: That's right. The techniques you use are different, and a lot of interpreters will say one is easier than the other, less stressful.女：你说的对。
二者所用方法是不同的，很多译员认为同声传译比交替传译简单，工作强度小。
M: Simultaneous interpreting, putting someone's words into another language more or less as they speak, sounds to me like the more difficult.男：同声传译需要口译者在说话者正在说话时，把他所说的话翻译成的另一种语言，对我而言，这比较难。
