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二、nuclear body
Eukaryotic cell
a. Bounded by a nuclear membrane having pores connecting it with the endoplasmic reticulum b. Contains one or more paired, linear chromosomes composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histone proteins. c. Nucleolus(核仁) present. d. Nuclear body is called a nucleus(细胞核) .
Protozoa (unicellular)
The size and cell type of microbes
microbe Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Algae Approximate range of sizes
0.01-0.25µm 0.1-10µm 2µm->1m 2-1000µm 1µm-several meters
The bacterial chromosome and supercoiling:
proteirs
三、 cell division
Eukaryotic cell
a. By mitosis(有丝分裂). b. Sex cells in diploid(双倍体) organisms are produced through meiosis(减数分裂).
二、 prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
• • • • • • Size and complexity Nuclear body Cell division Cytoplasmic structures Cytoplasmic structures Respiratory enzymes and electron transport chains • Cell wall • locomotor organelles
(二)按进化分三类
a.非细胞型微生物:病毒、亚病毒 b.原核细胞型微生物:细菌(细菌、支原体、衣原 体、立克次氏体、放线菌、和螺旋体) c.真核细胞型微生物:酵母、霉菌、原生动物、藻 类
(三)微生物的分类地位
1. 两界分类系统 • 瑞典植物学家林奈(Karl von Linne, 1707-1778年) • 1735年出版“ 自然系统” (System Nature) • 动物界和植物界
d. 种中的每一个株都要有一个特异的株号
• 可以是数字、字母或二者的混合 • 例:Pediococcus acidilactici LB923
e. 某属
• 当泛指某一属菌而不特指该属中任何一个种时,可在 属名后加sp. 或 spp.(分别代表species 的单数和复 数)
f. 属名缩写 • 在一篇文章中一次以上使用一个菌名时,第二次可将 属名缩写,只写第一个字母 • 例:Pediococcus acidilactici
Chapter 2 微生物的分类和命名
——prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Chapter outline
• 微生物的分类和命名 • prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
一、微生物的分类和命名
(一)微生物的基本种类
a. bacteria b. fungi: yeasts and molds c. viruses d. protozoa e. algae f. Archaea
size comparison of microorganisms
Meters Visibility scale
Naked eye
Relative size of Microbes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Light microscope
Electron mic百度文库oscope
Viruses
P. acidilactici
• 可能制造的混乱 • 例: Lactobacillus lactis和Leuconostoc lactis,缩 写后L. lactis, L. lactis • 可采用保留前两或三个字母:Lac. lactis, Leu.
Lactis
g. 病毒命名
• 字母或数字,或二者混合:T4噬菌体 • 疾病名:甲型肝炎病毒(hepatitis A) • 其他方法:Norwalk-like virus
Prokaryotic Cell (Bacillus megaterium)
Glycocalyx(多糖蛋白复合物)
Micrograph of a bacterium showing the nucleoid region (green) within the cytoplasm where the bacterial chromosome occurs
一、Size and complexity
a. Prokaryotic : much smaller and more simple than eukaryotic.
surface-to-volume ratio b. Eukaryotic cells require a variety of specialized internal organelles to carry out metabolism
Infectious agents (non-living) eukaryotes viruses viroids prions
Eubacteria
Archaea
Algae (unicellular or multicellular
Fungi (unicellular or multicellular
These eukaryotes develop from embryos ( 胚 乳 ) and also use chlorophyll. Examples include mosses and vascular plants.
e.
Kingdom
Animalia(
动
物
界
):
These eukaryotes are multi-cellular organisms that develop from a blastula ( 囊 胚 ). Examples include worms, arthropods, and animals.
Cell type
Acellular Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
(四)微生物的命名
1. 生物分类等级(Levels of Classification) –DOMAIN –Kingdom –Phylum (Called “Division” by botanists) –Class –Order –Family –Genus (plural: Genera) –Species (Both singular & plural) • 域、界、门、纲、目、科、属、种 • 在食品微生物,种、属、科以外的分类级别很少用
b.细菌的种可以分为几个亚种
• subspecies(subsp. or ssp.) • 这种情况下使用三命名法:属名+种名+亚种名 • 例:Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis
c. 亚种下还可以分许多型
• 血清型、抗原反应 • 生物型、产生特异代谢产物 • 致病型 • 噬菌体型 • 例:Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar diacetilactis • 产生diacetyl.
prokaryotic cell
a. Not bounded by a nuclear membrane. b. Usually contains one circular chromosome composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histone-like proteins. c. No nucleolus. d. Nuclear body is called a nucleoid (类核).
c. Kingdom Fungi(真菌界):
These nonmotile eukaryotes lack flagella and develop from spores. Examples include yeast, moulds, and mushrooms.
d. Kingdom Plantae(植物界):
(原生生物)
5.微生物分类总结
a. 活的细胞生物根据系统发生和进化关系分类
b. 1990年代,提出了三域系统。古生菌生存在极 端环境中,对食品微生物学不重要 c. 病毒不被看作生命细胞,不包括在分类系统 中。
Microbial world
Organisms
(living) Prokaryotes (unicellular)
2. 三界分类系统
• 海克尔(Haeckel,1866) • 动物界、植物界、原生生物界(细菌、真菌、藻类 和原生动物)
3. 五界分类系统(The Five Kingdoms of Life) 魏塔科( Whittaker ,1969) a. Kingdom procaryotes(原核生物界): This kingdom includes the prokaryotes: singlecelled organisms that do NOT possess a nucleus. Examples include bacteria, actinomycetes, and the blue-green algae.
啤酒酵母分类地位
真菌门Eumycophyta 子囊菌纲Ascomycetes 内孢霉目Endomycetales 内孢霉科E.domcetaceae 酵母属Saccharomyces 啤酒酵母 S.Cerevisiae Hansen
2. 微生物的命名方法 a. 基本分类单位为种
• 每一个种有一个命名 • 采用双命名法(学名): 属名+种名(adjective) • 用拉丁文或拉丁化的词语书写 • 书写为斜体字,属名的第一个字母大写 • 例:Escherichia coli
4. 三域分类系统(THE THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM) • 伍斯( Carl Woese ,1990) • 依据:ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) •16SrRNA a. The Archaea (archaebacteria)(古细菌) b. The Bacteria (eubacteria)(细菌,真细菌) c. The Eukarya (eukaryotes)(真核生物)
Prokaryotic cell
a. Usually by binary fission(二分裂法) . No mitosis. b. Organisms are haploid(单倍体) . No meiosis needed.
Reproduction of a bacterial cell requires the replication of the bacterial chromosome. The micrograph shows the sequence of synthesis of new circular loops of double helical DNA. Bacteria normally reproduce by binary fission. The inward growth of the septum divides the parent cell to produce two equalsized progeny cells.
b. Kingdom Protoctista(原生生物界): This kingdom includes the simplest eukaryotes: single-celled organisms that DO possess a nucleus. Examples include nucleated 原生动物、 algae and slime moulds.
Candida albicans (白色假丝酵母)
Transmission Electron Micrograph of Candida albicans PM = plasma membrane; M = mitochondria; N = nucleus; V = vacuole; CW = cell wall