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绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献：Title: Green Trade BarriersAbstract: Green trade barriers refer to environmental regulations and standards imposed by countries on imported goods, with the aim of promoting environmental protection and sustainability. While these measures are intended to reduce the negative impacts of international trade on the environment, they can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This paper examines the concept of green trade barriers, their impact on trade, and the policy options available to address these issues.Introduction: As global environmental concerns continue to grow, countries are increasingly adopting environmental regulations and standards to promote sustainability and protect natural resources. These measures can include a range of policies, such as emissions standards, energy efficiency requirements, and restrictions on hazardous substances. While these policies are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for international trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers totrade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements.What are Green Trade Barriers? Green trade barriers could be defined as environmental regulations and standards that restrict the trade of goods based on their environmental impact. These measures are intended to promote environmental protection and sustainability, but can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. Examples of green trade barriers include:Emissions standards: These are regulations that limit the amount of pollution that can be produced by a particular product or industry. For example, the European Union has set strict emissions standards for automobiles, which can make it difficult for foreign automakers to sell their products in the EU.Energy efficiency requirements: These are regulations that require products to meet certain energy efficiency standards. For example, the United States has energy efficiency requirements for appliances, which can make it difficult for foreign appliance manufacturers to sell their products in the US.Restrictions on hazardous substances: These are regulations that limit or ban the use of certain hazardous substances in products. For example, the EU has banned the use of lead in certain products, which can make it difficult for foreign manufacturers to sell their products in the EU.Impact of Green Trade Barriers: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This can result in a number of negative impacts, including:Reduced export opportunities: Green trade barriers can limit the export opportunities for developing countries, particularly those that rely heavily on exports for economic growth.Increased costs: Compliance with green trade barriers can be costly, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries that may not have the resources to invest in new technology or processes.Unequal playing field: Green trade barriers can create an unequal playing field for developing countries, particularlythose that may not have the resources to meet the same standards as developed countries.Policy Options: There are a number of policy options available to address the issues of green trade barriers. These include:Capacity building: Developing countries can be supported through capacity building initiatives, such as technology transfer, to help them meet the requirements of green trade barriers.Harmonization of standards: Developing countries can be encouraged to adopt international environmental standards, which can help to harmonize regulations and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Mutual recognition agreements: Countries can enter into mutual recognition agreements, which recognize each other's environmental standards and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Conclusion: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also create barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries. There are a number of policy options available to address these issues, including capacity building, harmonization ofstandards, and mutual recognition agreements. By addressing these issues, it is possible to promote both environmental protection and trade, while ensuring that developing countries are not unfairly disadvantaged.。
绿色贸易壁垒外文文献一、介绍1.1 任务背景绿色贸易壁垒是指为了保护环境和促进可持续发展而制定的对进口商品和服务的非关税性措施。
随着全球环境问题的日益严重，许多国家开始采取绿色贸易壁垒措施，以限制高碳排放和环境破坏的商品和服务的进口。
绿色贸易壁垒在一定程度上可以起到推动可持续发展的作用，但同时也可能导致贸易壁垒的出现，对国际贸易产生不利影响。
1.2 任务目的本文的目的是对绿色贸易壁垒进行全面、详细、完整且深入地探讨，分析绿色贸易壁垒的影响因素、类别和对全球贸易的影响，探讨绿色贸易壁垒的优势和不足，并提出应对绿色贸易壁垒的建议。
二、绿色贸易壁垒的影响因素2.1 环境保护要求绿色贸易壁垒的制定主要受到环境保护要求的影响。
随着人们对环境问题的日益关注，各国普遍制定了一系列环境保护措施，例如减少碳排放、限制化学物质使用等。
这些环境保护要求也反映到了国际贸易中，促使了绿色贸易壁垒的出现。
2.2 消费者需求消费者对环保产品的需求也是绿色贸易壁垒兴起的一个重要因素。
随着环保意识的提高，消费者越来越倾向于购买环保友好的商品和服务。
这种需求的不断增加促使了各国对进口商品和服务的环保要求提高，进而产生了绿色贸易壁垒。
2.3 国内产业保护许多国家对本国产业的保护也是绿色贸易壁垒产生的一个重要因素。
通过制定环保要求限制进口商品和服务，可以保护国内产业，提高其竞争力。
国内产业保护作为一个经济因素，对绿色贸易壁垒的制定起到了推动的作用。
三、绿色贸易壁垒的类别3.1 技术性障碍技术性障碍是绿色贸易壁垒的一种常见形式。
各国通过制定技术标准和认证要求，对进口商品和服务进行限制。
例如，一些国家规定进口电子产品必须符合特定的能效标准，否则将无法进入该市场。
技术性障碍的出现对贸易产生了一定的限制，但也为绿色可持续发展提供了机会。
3.2 税务障碍税务障碍是另一种常见的绿色贸易壁垒形式。
一些国家通过对进口商品征收高额的环保税或碳排放税，使得这些商品价格上涨，从而限制了进口。
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应分析摘要技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
TBT对出口国出口贸易的影响主要通过数量抑制和价格抑制两个方面来实现。
在短期内,TBT将会阻碍出口国企业的出口,导致生产者福利的损失;但在中长期内,出口国若能对TBT进行合理的管理和利用,则TBT可能会促使出口国企业的产品与技术创新动力,从而对出口国贸易条件的改善具有促进作用。
关键词: 技术性贸易壁垒;数量抑制;价格抑制;消费者效应;产业效应技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是指一国或一个区域组织以维护国家或区域基本安全、保障人类健康和安全、保护动植物健康和安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由而采取的一些强制性或自愿性的技术性措施,这些措施对其他国家或区域组织的商品、服务和投资进入该国或该区域市场产生影响。
技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
1 TBT的作用机制分析从技术贸易壁垒的作用机制来看,一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品数量的作用，即数量抑制机制另一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品价格的作用，即价格抑制机制。
1.1数量抑制效应当技术性要求标准较低时,商品或服务都因达到或超过规定的技术性要求而被允许进口。
但当进口国将进口品技术性要求提高时,商品或服务因为低于技术要求而被拒绝进口。
技术性要求的提高明显构成了对进口品的贸易障碍,产生对进口品的数量控制作用,。
1.2价格抑制效应出口商品或服务的质量由于没能达到进口国的最低标准而未获得进口许可,此时,如果出口企业仍想留在进口市场,就只有通过增加投资对产品或服务进行技术改进,出口企业为保住市场不得不改进技术调整生产或服务过程而付出额外费用使之达到新的要求，这样就导致了该产品或服务的单位成本提高，企业要想获得正常利润必须把价格提高,。
外文翻译一：Technical trade barriers could sour China tiesContenmporary Economic Research 2004,(05)WUZhen With the international society for environmental protection of the people environmental protection consciousness wide attention and the unceasing enhancement, the westMany countries use the party, in this era of international trade transactions of a new kind of non-tariff measures - green trade barriers, to limit the other countries to get their products into the best interests of foreign trade. The green trade barriers is a double-edged sword, for China's economy and the development of environmental protection industry, challenging has opportunity. Therefore, our country should be in opposition to high levels of environmental standards, at the same time, and to adapt to the international trend of environmental protection, and adopt feasible measures to promote the sustainable development of China's foreign trade.Chinese tiesChina announced a trade surplus of US$26.9bn for June, a record not just in China, but worldwide. Exports grew by 27.1% year on year, to US$103.3bn, while，import growth fell to 14.2%. The lood of Chinese goods on world markets is credited with having suppressed inflationary pressures in the global economy. At the local level, however, governments have come under strengthening pressure from domestic business sectors to halt the flow of goods that erode their profit margins and, in extreme cases, threaten their survival.However, governments are sharply constrained in their choice of responses. As a member of the WTO, China is protected from the most direct methods for restricting trade flows: import tariffs and trade quotas.Alternatives such as persuading China to adopt self-imposed export restraints or higher export taxes are unlikely to prosper. This is partly because the government in Beijing has shown itself capable of resisting international moral suasion. But it is also because the central government is not always able to implement coherent policy that achieves specific aims without causing problems elsewhere.For instance, the announcement last monththat export-tax rebates would be reduced on arange ofproducts starting on July 1at mayhave contributed to the June surplus byencouraging exporters to beat the rush.Restrictions imposed on some productclassifications have seen manufacturers tweaktheir production to put their products in a newand unrestricted category.The government also lacks clout when it comes to making centrally-imposed regulations stick in the regions, where political and business interests are often closely aligned.barriers influenceThe only option remaining to governments seeking to slow the tide of imports is using non-tariff barriers such as technical and safety standards. Like tariffs and quotas, these are regulated by the WTO, but the rules allow national governments much greater leeway in their use, as long as they match the standards applied to domestic producers and are applied equally in all foreign countries.As a result,the number of objections to Chinese imports on safety, phytosanitary or technical grounds is likely to increase sharply over the coming years. The need for such measures is also likely to become a central dispute between domestic actors in affected economies, with producers for home markets lobbying against importers.As China’s economic and geopolitical emergenc e proceeds, there will also be growing popular pressure on politicians to defend national interests. If the recent growth phase in the world’s leading economies moderates sharply or is reversed, pressure to protect domestic jobs will also intensify. In both circumstances, barriers to trade will offer politicians a convenient weapon.The protectionists will find their argument strengthened by China’s own record on quality and health standards; shortcomings in this area have been brought increasingly to the fore recently, both at home and abroad.Dodgy solutionAs the latest trade figures show, attempts to slow the Chinese juggernaut—imposed both from within and without—have had little impact, and the same is likely to be true of non-tariff barriers. These may act to slow imports at the margins, but growth in China’s low-cost manufacturing base and the slow pace of revaluation of the currency mean that the flood of Chinese goods onto world markets is unlikely to be stemmed. However, rising antagonism in dealings between the major economies and China over trade has implications in other areas. The tenor of relations between China and the leading powers it appears destined to join will help to define the character of the new global power structure.A China that feels victimised, resented and misrepresented will be more defensive and less likely to engage in global affairs in a cooperative way. Elsewhere, satisfying domestic lobbies threatened by China’s rise could encourage protectionist leanings more broadly, helping to sour the global trade negotiating process and denying the global economy the benefits of freer trade. Neither is China defenceless against an onslaught of technical barriers to trade; China has a long history of imposing retaliatory (and in some cases vastly disproportionate) phytosanitary and safety sanctions on countries that seek to obstruct its trade. When, in 2005,South Korea cited health concerns to ban the sale of Chinese Kimchi, a traditional Korean dish imbued with semi-magical properties, China retaliated by threatening imports of cars and mobile phones from Korea. Japan and the US have also been subject to a number of such measures.技术贸易壁垒对中国的关系来源：当代经济研究作者：武振时间：2004，（05）随着国际社会对环境保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强，西方不少国家利用这一时代要求，在国际贸易交易中实行了一种新的非关税壁垒措施—绿色贸易壁垒,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)文献出处：Martin B. The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product Export [J]. Asian Social Science, 2017, 1(6): 34-45.原文The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product ExportMartin Beck.AbstractAs an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on theother hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export.Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China1. IntroductionThe green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negativegreen barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards. The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Y u, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high environmental standards mentioned in "green barriers" of the import countries. In the process of export, the quarantine system, import standards and complex inspection process that are regulated by the import countries are also the main causes. The complex process built by import countries is the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural products export.As agricultural trade plays a key role in China's foreign trade, how to break restrictions of green barriers impacted on agricultural export products and how to effectively regulate China's agricultural production with the correct use of the green barriers are the big problems for China's future development (Wang &Liu, 2007). By changing the negative influence and making use of the positive in influences of green barriers in China, the sustainable development of China's agricultural trade can also be promoted in the future.In most previous researches, the authors focus on the negative influences of green barriers. But the green barriers also have positive influences on the agricultural products export. The most significant issue for further exploration in the study is to effectively take use of the positive influences to improve China's agricultural products export. This study will make an empirical analysis of the positive influences of green barriers with questionnaires. Therefore, examining the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export is the general objective of this study. More specifically the examination of the relationship between the causes, influences, and methods of green barriers with China's agricultural product export is taken into account in this paper.The focus of geographic location is Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. One of the core industries in Xi'an is agricultural products export,and recently the agricultural products export in Xi'an is developing increasingly. So Xi'an is chosen to be the geographic location for this research. The unit of analysis focus of the study is 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. The agricultural trade companies have comprehensive views about the green barriers. The research methods in this paper are questionnaire survey. SPSS and PLS will be used to analyze the data collecting from the survey.The organization of this paper is as follow: section 2 reviews the literature, section 3 describes the methods used, section 4 presents the empirical results and section 5 concludes. 2. Literature Review Green barriers are also called environment barriers, and green protectionism. Because the importers of products want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade, through the formulation and implementation, they issued strict environmental protection laws and regulations to achieve environment protection and technology standards. The green barriers prevent foreign products enter into the domestic markets. Their aim is to protect domestic products and one of the new type non-tariff barriers (Feng, 2007). 2.1 Causes of Green Barriers After China entered into WTO, most of the developed countries set up green restrictions to the export products of China. This leads thedramatic dropping of China's commodities, especially the agricultural products. The domestic and foreign experts have done a lot of research about the green barriers in China.As mentioned by Zhu, Guo and Lan (2008), the environmenta l standards of developed countries are generally much higher than those of the developing countries. Especially a few developed countries make different standards for the imported products and domestic products, which makes the products of developing countries have more difficult to enter into the developed markets.The comparative advantage of price in developing countries is an indirect cause of green barriers (Ren, 2010). Developing countries are often rich in resources, especially China. The rich natural resources make the lower price of exported products from developing countries. With the comparative advantage of price, the developing and developed countries will have an enormous trade surplus. The developed countries due to the protection of their domestic market, will work out a policy with strict technical standards (Zhao, 2004).2.2 Influence of Green BarriersSong (2009) analyses the formation and the new characteristics of green barriers in the global economic crisis. The author also points out that the new developing dynamic of each country's green barriers in theglobal economic crisis, and mainly from the laws and regulations puts forward the measures of green barriers for China. ChenXu (2009), points out that green barriers has the duality, on the one hand, they are used by some developed countries as a limit or hinder of foreign products or services to enter into the international market and the developed countries, and have certain "legitimate" status; On the other hand, they objectively protect the global natural environment, original resources and human health. In view of this situation, on the one hand China can strengthen the propaganda of education and legislation to solve the green barriers in the international trade (Huang, 2007); On the other hand, China should reasonably use the green barriers in the international trade to improve the agricultural products' quality, and improve the technology innovation of China's agricultural products. At present many areas of China have make corresponding measures for the green barriers. For example, the implementation of "Definite List System" in Japan has affected the exports of eel and tea in Jiang Xi province. In order to solve the problem, the Inspection and Quarantine Institutions of Jiang Xi province add a technology group to deal with the "Definite List System" and the new European Food Hygiene Regulations. This technology group specially analyses the influence and measures for Jiang Xi export commodities to deal with "Definite List System", and report information to the relevant departments and enterprises, give consultation, and solveproblems (Green, 2012). To some degree, the technology group has made great progress. The Chinese products that are most seriously affected by "green barriers" in global trade include agricultural products, textiles and clothing, leather products, electronic products and so on (Chen, 2009).The WTO accession has significantly lowered the tariff level to an average of 3.8% in developed countries and 14% for developing countries (Huang, 2007). The drop in tariff should presumably increase the market share of Chinese tea in importing countries, but that unfortunately did not happen. China's tea export, with its major markets in EU and Japan, has been substantially affected by the increasingly stringent pesticide residue control standards promulgated by China's trading partners (Zheng, 2003).2.3 Methods to Deal with Green Barriers Y u (2010) mentioned that many global experts have done quite a lot research about the negative influence of the green barriers on China agricultural products export and made deeply detailed analysis of the countermeasures, but proposed less ideas on the positive impact. Only through analyzing both the positive and negative influences, China can put forward the corresponding measures for the green barriers in the light of these influences.Yin (2009) argued that developing green industries and enhancing China's international image are the necessary methods to deal with green barriers. At present, China's trade dependence has been higher than the U.S., Japan, India and Brazil. If China only focuses on improvingopenness, due to the deteriorating terms of trade, it will result in an outflow of resources. Therefore China should improve the quality of trade and optimize trade structure, which make China's products achieve the environmental standards and improve the quality of export products. There are three important factors.As a developing country, China has little environmental and security standards and even no standards for majority products. So an effective measurement to deal with green barriers is to improve the domestic environmental and safety standards. Efforts to integrate the standards of international and developed country are still a beginning and continue to advance slowly. The Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards, promulgated by SEPA, reflect a growing awareness and recognition of international or developed-country environmental standards (Seffens, 2011). It provides that the Chinese monitoring organization may use current international standards and standards in developed countries when verbalizing new environmental standards. Therefore, based on the literature above quoted and also the objectives of the paper, following hypotheses will be tested: Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between the causes of green barriers and China's agricultural product export. Hypothesis 2: The impact of green barriers influencers toward China's agricultural product export is significant. Hypothesis 3: The impact of effective solutions of green barriers towardChina's agricultural product export is significant. 2.4 Research Model In this paper, the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export (dependent variable) is investigated. In order to vividly show the green barriers in China, this study will identify three aspects of green barriers, which are causes, influences and methods (independent variables). The three aspects are also the three steps to analyse green barriers in China. To analyse green barriers, the causes are the first step. Then identifying the influences is the second step. The last step is the suitable methods based on causes and influences. 3. Research MethodQuantitative research is chosen to be the main approach of this research. The data collection of this study will use survey, which is a non-experimental method. In survey research, respondents answer questions through interviews or questionnaires. In order to ensure the reliability of the survey, it is important that the questions are made appropriately. This research will use cross-sectional surveys. Cross-sectional surveys are used to gather information on a population at a single point in time. The sampling technique used in this paper is Cluster Sampling. This research focuses on the agricultural trade companies in China. All the samples are collected in Xi'an of Shaanxi province since the core industry of Xi'an is agriculture.译文绿色贸易壁垒与农产品出口Martin Beck.摘要：作为一个农业大国,中国农业产品的出口往往受到绿色壁垒的限制。
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应分析摘要技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
TBT对出口国出口贸易的影响主要通过数量抑制和价格抑制两个方面来实现。
在短期内,TBT将会阻碍出口国企业的出口,导致生产者福利的损失;但在中长期内,出口国若能对TBT进行合理的管理和利用,则TBT可能会促使出口国企业的产品与技术创新动力,从而对出口国贸易条件的改善具有促进作用。
关键词: 技术性贸易壁垒;数量抑制;价格抑制;消费者效应;产业效应技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是指一国或一个区域组织以维护国家或区域基本安全、保障人类健康和安全、保护动植物健康和安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由而采取的一些强制性或自愿性的技术性措施,这些措施对其他国家或区域组织的商品、服务和投资进入该国或该区域市场产生影响。
技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
1 TBT的作用机制分析从技术贸易壁垒的作用机制来看,一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品数量的作用，即数量抑制机制另一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品价格的作用，即价格抑制机制。
1.1数量抑制效应当技术性要求标准较低时,商品或服务都因达到或超过规定的技术性要求而被允许进口。
但当进口国将进口品技术性要求提高时,商品或服务因为低于技术要求而被拒绝进口。
技术性要求的提高明显构成了对进口品的贸易障碍,产生对进口品的数量控制作用,。
1.2价格抑制效应出口商品或服务的质量由于没能达到进口国的最低标准而未获得进口许可,此时,如果出口企业仍想留在进口市场,就只有通过增加投资对产品或服务进行技术改进,出口企业为保住市场不得不改进技术调整生产或服务过程而付出额外费用使之达到新的要求，这样就导致了该产品或服务的单位成本提高，企业要想获得正常利润必须把价格提高,。
外文翻译原文Causes and Countermeasures of Green Trade BarrierMaterial Source: Fiji Times Author: Steven W. Popper Abstract: The green trade barriers is the chronic problem of China's export enterprises, to China great economic losses to China in international trade at a very bad position. Its causes are mainly environmental issues of globalization, the rise of new trade protectionism and national technical level, differences in economic strength. The solution to this problem the most effective way is the enterprise of a green marketing strategy.In the process of economic globalization, trade and closer ties between the global environment, and a major impact on world economic development. States have introduced a variety of environmental protection laws, regulatory measures, however, these measures have resulted in a de facto trade barriers in developing countries from developed countries and even the challenges, so that China in international trade at a very bad position. According to statistics, join the WTO, the impact of green barriers by the year 2002 only the loss of China's export trade volume of up to about 170 billion U.S. dollars. Green trade barriers on China’s exports, market size and export trade, export growth, foreign trade and export sectors (agriculture, food, machinery and electronic products, textile and apparel products, medicines, etc.), export volume, export costs, the effectiveness of exports and so on have been produced varying degrees of impact, and even the credibility of China's export enterprises and commodities, etc. are all adversely affected, leading to some of the products of foreign consumer confidence in China's decline on China's exports have long-term adverse effects.First,Analysis of the formation of the green trade barriers(1) The globalization of environmental problems is the external reason for the formation of the green trade barriers. Environmentally sustainable development path chosen by triggered a worldwide environmental movement, it is in environmental issues against the backdrop of globalization, countries of the world throughparticipation in international conventions, international environmental organizations, aimed at protecting the natural resources, ecological environment and human health, environmental systems and standards. These systems and standards embodied in the trade, that is, from other countries, products and services to set up green barriers to restrict imports, thereby creating a de facto barriers.(2) The rise of new trade protectionism is the root cause of the green trade barriers. WTO trade protectionism did not make disappear, but increased competition forced the governments to reduce the level of protection in the tariff means the case, to find more effective non-tariff barriers to protect domestic markets and industries. Green barriers reasonable, legitimate and extensive features make it the preferred means of trade protectionism. Developing countries facing a hard choice: either to withdraw from the developed country markets, or followed by the developed countries, production and national economic strength is not consistent with the high input, high-tech "green products." But in any case, developing countries have to pay a heavy price. From both the developed countries to protect domestic industries, has become a standard setter. This is the "green barrier" as a new form of protectionism in international trade to the rapid development of the fundamental reason.(3) The national technical level, differences in economic strength is green trade barriers objective reasons. Although people have recognized the concept of sustainable development, but they differ on how to achieve. Developed countries due to economic development level and high level of environmental protection technology, its environmental requirements and standards is also high. In developing countries due to financial and technical constraints, simply can not meet the environmental requirements in developed countries. This is the objective, causing the green barriers. As world commodity with a wide range of production processes and standards varied, the development of uniform global environmental standards is extremely difficult Luoguo based on national interest considerations have to set their own environmental standards, resulting in vastly different green certification and implementation of the system and indirectly caused his country's products discrimination, the formation of a new green barriers.Second, in order to respond to green marketing, green trade barrierDeveloping countries should get rid of the dilemma of the situation as described above must be produced that meet environmental standards, and to achieve corporate profitability products. In my opinion, enterprises green marketingstrategy is the most effective approach. Green marketing refers to the promotion of sustainable development as the goal for the realization of economic benefits, consumer demand and environmental benefits of a unified, enterprise based on scientific and normative principles, through purposeful and planned to develop products and with other market players the exchange value of their products to meet market demand as a management process. Enterprises to implement green marketing strategies can not only make our products meet environmental standards, and by implementing green marketing idea can be realized cost reduction or increase value-added products in order to achieve profits. Specifically, companies must grasp the following aspects:(1)A development of green products: By implementing green marketing ideas to reduce business costsGreen marketing should be built on green production basis. Green Product refers to the production, use and disposal of environmentally friendly or endanger small conducive to recycling, and recycling products.Green production related to green product design, green materials, the use and the use of green packaging, and several other elements. In the green design, while ensuring quality of products under the premise firmly grasp the theme of the green, taking full account of products in the manufacture, sale, use and end of life issues such as post-recycling. Designed for use with a reusable, renewable, biodegradable and easy handling characteristics of the green material; attention to minimize the types of materials to increase their likelihood of re-use, and to simplify the follow-up treatment, reduce waste and reduce raw material consumption. This will not only be able to achieve the environmental objectives but can also reduce costs, improve product value, thereby improving economic efficiency; the same time, pay attention to the use of green packaging. Green packaging is conserving resources, reducing waste, recycling after use or recycled easily and do not pollute the environment packaging. Green packaging in the developed countries have been widely popular in China is still in its infancy. This requires the Chinese enterprises in the packaging process, China must strive to reduce packaging costs, but also taking into account packaging waste pollution on the environment, and constantly developed a new type of green packaging materials.(2)Development of green technology: through technological innovation to reduce costsGreen Marketing in China at the present stage of development a key issue ishow to do "both economical and environmental protection", to resolve this problem the most thorough way to great efforts to develop green technology, the implementation of technological innovation. With the knowledge economy era, the rapid development of high-tech world, an eco-friendly, green-oriented large groups of subjects is rising to the ecological and environmental protection as the center of wave shape. This green technology research and development has opened up broad prospects laid a solid foundation. Eco-technology innovation will not only allow rapid popularity of green products, but also prompted a significant decline in production costs, thus providing the rapid diffusion of green marketing might.(3)Establish a corporate brand image of green:The green brand to increase product value-added contentGreen Marketing in the enterprise is required to establish a corporate focus on green brand image, through the corporate brand to increase the green content of value-added products, thereby enhancing the product price. Enterprises can use various media to publicize himself has done in the green fields, and actively participate in various matters relating to environmental protection, with practical actions to strengthen enterprises in the public eye impression. At the same time, companies should vigorously promote green consumption and fashion, warning people to use green products, green marketing support and guide the green consumer demand.(4)To Green Governance: By turning waste into Bora improve enterprise profitabilityGreen governance. Is to take effective measures to tackle pollution. This will require enterprises not only to achieve a useful resource of waste in the use and development of chemical harm into, but also to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation between enterprises, will the other side of the waste as their raw materials or energy, turning waste into treasure, and thus to achieve the purpose of improving profitability of the business.Additionally, businesses should actively seek industry associations, government and business sector to support the diplomatic service. Through organized and exporting countries to negotiate as much as possible to develop practical products that environmentally friendly production standards in order to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises.译文绿色贸易壁垒的成因及对策资料来源:斐济时报作者：Steven W. Popper 摘要：绿色贸易壁垒是长期困扰中国出口企业的问题，给中国造成了极大的经济损失，使中国在国际贸易中处于极为不利的地位。
绿色贸易壁垒外文翻译文献绿色贸易壁垒外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Journal of Economic SurveysGreen Barriers Trade and its Influences onChina's Foreign TradeThomas J. SargentABSTRACTIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.Key words：Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers totrade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products.1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers"Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strictenvironmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade.Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers". As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if they make very strict environmental standards, their domestic products can reach the requirements of strictenvironmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries. In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted. Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions of importation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers.2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:2.1G reen TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment. If such measure is abused,it will constitute a Green barrier to trade.2.2G reen StandardsGreen standards refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green standards with no consideration on the interests of the developing countries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.2.3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.3. Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Greenbarriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.References[1]John, Smith. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.[2] Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.[3] Gallagher, R., 2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62.绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响萨金特莱斯大学经济管理学院摘要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。
Appendix：Green Barriers from the Standpoint of SustainableDevelopmentAbstract: Green barriers are one kind of non-tariff barrier (NTB). This paper points out that green barriers evolved from sustainable development theory and environmental protection, but are compatible with true comparative advantage. The best way to surmount green barriers for Chinese enterprises is to implement circular production processes and clean production techniques.Key Words:Green barriers, sustainable development, ecology environment, circular economy, life-cycle analysis.1. IntroductionSince the opening up and economic reform of China, its foreign trade volume has risen continuously from US$20.6 billion in 1978 to US$1,422 billion in 2005. The sum of exports plus imports as a fraction of GDP is 65.8%, the share of exports is 36.2%, the share of imports is 29.6% in 2006 in China (The National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2006). Exports mainly concentrate on labor intensive and resource intensive industries: labor intensive products accounting for 40% of total manufacturing exports and resource intensive including rubber and metal products accounting for 20%. This export pattern depletes resources and causes high emissions and high pollution, a serious environmental problem in China (Gu, 2005). In addition,besides agricultural products, the exportation of mechanical and electrical products is facing increasing technical barriers such as noise, pollution, safety standards, energy saving, and recycling requirements. Every year,about US$8 billion of export products are affected by foreign green labeling and trademarks and US$24 billion of products are indirectly influenced since packing methods do not satisfy the environmental protection standard of developed countries. Therefore, how to treat and cope with green barriers is imperative for China’s foreign trade.2. Green BarriersWhile there are no accurate and clear definitions in international treaties oragreements, a‘green barrier’ is a new term to mean the application of stri ct technical standards and regulations in international trade (Dong, 2003). Besides a green environmental label, green barriers also include environmental surtaxes, market access requirements, green technology standards, green packaging, green sanitary measures and green subsidiaries (Leng, 2005).Normally, a green barrier is regarded as an environmental barrier implemented by developed countries, who, on the grounds of protection of animal or plant life, establish strict and compulsory measures to restrict certain imported products (Gao, 2004). According to some authors, green barriers are a type of protectionism, unfair to developing countries and restricting their economic development (Tang and Tan, 2004).In fact, the evolution and practice of green barriers conforms to sustainable global economic development along the lines of true comparative advantage. Developed countries realized sooner the facts concerning environmental externalities and their damage to humans and the environment.Some developed countries set up technological standards on the environment and natural resources, requiring that both the end products and all the production processes (R&D, producing, packing, transporting, consuming and recycling) conform to environmental protection requirements. Hence, green barriers have appeared on the international trade stage.If green barriers are defined as unfair and discriminatory measures relating to trade as some Chinese scholars think, a resisting and rejecting attitude will persist. This will ignore the positive effects of green barriers on protecting the environment as well as the health of human beings, animals and plants. Unless arbitrary or unjustifiable environmental trade methods hinder international trade, a rational attitude and analysis should be adopted.3. A Rational Analysis of Green BarriersGreen barriers are the outcome of economic development (Feng, 2004). Mass production and development of technology bring about two results. One is the positive effect on economy, increasing income and living standards; the other is thehuge, sometimes irreversible negative influence on natural resources and the environment. Many examples can be seen worldwide:desert encroachment, deforestation, water shortages, acid rain, biodiversity reduction; in short, air, land and sea pollution in general. While enjoying the increased welfare caused by high economic growth, the world is suffering serious environmental deterioration (Na, 2000). Our Common Future(WCED, 1987) put forward the idea of sustainable development in 1987, calling for a common endeavor that human beings should protect the environment and the health of people, animals and plants. The WCED defined sustainable development as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In 1994, the IISD proposed the Winnipeg Principles as a means for reconciling international trade and development so as to achieve sustainable development (IISD, 1994). These principles constitute a starting point to integrate trade, the environment and development. The central idea in considering internalizing the environment through international cooperation is regulation in international trade. Economic growth arising from trade liberalization is the necessary condition for sustainable development, but trade liberalization without sufficient environment regulation will induce environmental degradation (Wang, 2005). Therefore, based on sustainable development theory and compatibility with comparative advantage (see theAppendix), green barriers have a positive and rational effect.3.1. An International Environmental Management SystemIncorporating Rational Green BarriersFirst of all, the WTO/GATT is not against environmental measures related to trade adopted by its member countries. Article XX (b) and (g) allow WTO members to adopt and enforce measures if these are either necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, or if the measures relate to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources. However, such measures should not represent a disguised restriction on international trade nor be discriminatory in application. This Article has been regarded as the general principle for dealing with environmental disputes underthe WTO. In addition, environmental exceptions can be found in many WTO agreements like the Agreement on Agriculture, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and others . These regulations imply that countries have the right to establish protection of human, animal or plant life or the environment, subject to the requirement that the protection does not constitute arbitrary discrimination or unwarranted restriction on trade. Therefore, a green barrier as an environmental measure related to trade, has been widely accepted, at least in principle, by WTO members.Furthermore, the ISO promulgated ISO 14000 in 1996 in order to maintain global ecological balance and to harmonize environmental protection and economic development. ISO 14000 includes environmental management standards, environmental auditing, environmental labeling, and environmental impact assessments. It aims at establishing an Environmental Management System , promoting its implementation through environment assessment and auditing to improve the global environment. ISO 14000 has an active effect on reducing resource depletion and abating pollution emission. The European Union has applied ISO14000, requesting that all imported goods meet its environment standards covering materials, production, marketing, consumption and disposal. If ISO14000 can be adopted universally, it will diminish arbitrary trade barriers and promote the development of world trade along the lines of true comparative advantage. An international unified system to regulate the environment issue is necessary in order to achieve global sustainable development.3.2. The Positive Externality of Green BarriersThe positive externality of green barriers is not only embodied in environmental and technological effects, but also in aligning world production according to true comparative advantage. The existence of green barriers requires the internalization of the environment cost into the process of production. The products must be friendly to the environment and should not damage the environment in production, transit or disposal. These requirements make traded goods comply with environmentalregulations and standards so as to protect the ecological environment of importing and exporting countries, as well as to create more resources for environmental investment. Protecting the environment in one country will have a positive impact on its neighbors and the global environment; hence acting as a positive global externality. The emergence of green barriers reflects the demand for the coordinated development of the environment and the direction of development of human society. The implementation of green barriers also accelerates the strength of environmental and green consumption awareness.Stringent environmental standards and market access requirements in developed countries will spur developing countries to learn advanced technologies and improve production levels while providing for environmental protection. These green barriers will bring about a positive externality of technology spillover if their implementation has an active influence on the greening of world production.3.3. The Stimulating Effect of Green BarriersThe Porter Hypothesis, proposed by Michael Porter of Harvard University, puts forward the debate on the relationship between environmental regulation and competitiveness. According to the Porter Hypothesis, strict environmental regulations can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that improve competitiveness. This is because strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of clean technologies and environmental improvements. In this way, the innovative effect can induce production processes and products to be more efficient and clean. The social cost savings that can be achieved by innovation are sufficient to cover both the compliance costs directly attributed to new regulations and the innovation costs . As a result, appropriate and stringent environmental regulation will lead to improvements in social welfare as well as the private net benefits of firms operating under such regulations .The concept of green barriers integrates principles and theories of environmental science, management, and ecology. Applied to the processes of producing, storage, using, marketing and recycling, rational green barriers are conducive to structuring acomplete and environment-friendly management system. Except for those which violate the non-discriminatory principles of the WTO, green barriers have a stimulating effect on environmental R&D, technology innovation, clean production and green marketing. In the case of frivolous barriers, they only protect environmentally unfriendly production in the home country.4. The Circular Economy and Green BarriersGreen barriers can restrict some trade activities which negatively affect natural resources, the environment, human health or life. Developed countries have established a green fence to imported goods. For China, the fundamental way to surmount green barriers is to transform traditional production and development modes; that is to say to carry out a circular production process (CP) which is based on the principle of efficient utilization of resources and protecting the environment.Since industrialization, economic development has been characterized by high exploitation of resources and high emissions. The traditional producing and economic method, from production, consumption to waste disposal, is the process of ‘from cradle to grave’. The circular economy, on the other hand, is a nearly closed-loop system , provided that residual waste not recycled is disposed of in a green manner. The theme of a circular economy is the exchange of materials where one facility’s waste, including energy, water and materials as well as information is another facility’s input . CE promotes reducing and reusing of waste ‘from cradle to cradle’. In terms of reconciling economic development and environmental improvement, CP is a green production mode.The basic principle of implementing CE is reducing, reusing and recycling. Reducing refers to reducing the materials entering production and consumption. Reusing means prolonging the durability of products and services,while recycling can reduce disposal needs.Based on ecological rules, the CP mode reasonably utilizes natural and environmental resources in an industry chain among various enterprises and industries similar to a natural ecology chain. It promotes the optimum use of resources,recycling of material and eliminating environment deterioration.Second, CP production is especially helpful for Chinese enterprises attempting to surmount green barriers. Technology spillover encourages enterprises to improve green production and optimize the social exporting pattern. The social benefit of CP will reduce environmental damage. At the same time, it will narrow the gap of environmental technology standards, upgrading the ability to cope with green barriers .Third, CE implementation can rebound to increasing eco-efficiency, forming sustainable comparative advantage and casting off comparative cost traps. Due to the increasing scarcity of resources and decreasing environment quality, developing countries are not environmentally factor abundant. The export advantages of these countries, including China, are based on cheap natural resources and lax environmental policies and standards. However, this advantage is unsustainable and will finally lose out with the integration of the environment into the international trade regime. The internalization of environmental cost contributes to reducing the excessive depletion of resources for export. It will protect Chinese export enterprises from the censure of eco-dumping. The sooner the implementation of CP, the larger are export benefits to be gained.Sustainable comparative advantage based on environmental costs being internalized can eliminate the negative environment externality of production and reflect the social value of ecological production.5. ConclusionUnder the current circumstances of globalization, world trade and the economy are tending towards green production and environmental protection.The green barriers faced by China’s exports are a signal to China’s foreign trade development. It is desirable to realize that environmental standards and green barriers are not intentionally aimed at undermining China’s exports due to Most-Favored Nation Treatment, but are required for the world environment and for human health and safety. Therefore, it would be in vain to complain, criticize or resist green barriers. The effective means and ways to overcome barriers and seek true comparativeadvantage are to introduce the circular economy concept, carrying out clean production. The internalization of environment cost can make China’s exp orts comply with international environmental standards and lead to sustainable, true comparative advantage and growth.附录：从可持续发展的角度看绿色壁垒摘要：绿色壁垒是一种非关税壁垒。
经济管理学院毕业论文（外文文献翻译部分）文献题目：Green Barriers Trade and its Influenceson China's Foreign Trade绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响姓名:学号:专业:国际经济与贸易学院:经济管理学院指导教师:Journal of Economic SurveysGreen Barriers Trade and its Influences on China'sForeign TradeThomas J. SargentABSTRACTIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.Key words：Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products.1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers"Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about theenvironmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade.Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers". As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if they make very strict environmental standards, their domestic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries. In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted. Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions of importation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers.2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:2.1Green TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment. If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green barrier to trade.2.2Green StandardsGreen standards refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green standards with no consideration on the interests of the developingcountries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.2.3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.3. Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Greenbarriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.References[1]John, Smith. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.[2] Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.[3] Gallagher, R., 2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62.绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响萨金特莱斯大学经济管理学院摘要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。
农产品贸易绿色壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The green barrier to free tradeC. P. ChandrasekharJayati GhoshAs the March 31 deadline for completing the "modalities" stage of the proposed new round of negotiations on global agricultural trade nears, hopes of an agreement are increasingly waning. In this edition of Macroscan, C. P. Chandrasekhar and Jayati Ghosh examine the factors and the players constraining the realisation of such an agreement.AT THE END of the latest round of meetings of the agricultural negotiations committee of the WTO, the optimism that negotiators would meet the March 31 deadline for working out numerical targets, formulas and other "modalities" through which countries can frame their liberalisation commitments in a new full-fledged round of trade negotiations has almost disappeared. That target was important for two reasons.First, it is now becoming clear, that even more than was true during the Uruguay Round, forging an agreement in the agricultural area is bound to prove extremely difficult.Progress in the agricultural negotiations was key to persuading the unconvinced that a new `Doha Round' of tradenegotiations is useful and feasible.Second, the Doha declaration made agricultural negotiations one part of a `single undertaking' to be completed by January 1, 2005. That is, in a take `all-or-nothing' scheme, countries had to arrive at, and be bound by, agreements in all areas in which negotiations were to be initiated in the new round. This means that if agreement is not worked out with regard to agriculture, there would be no change in the multilateral trade regime governing industry, services or related areas and no progress in new areas, such as competition policy, foreign investment and public procurement, all of which are crucial to the economic agenda of the developed countries.The factors making agriculture the sticking point on this occasion are numerous. As in the last Round, there is little agreement among the developed countries themselves on the appropriate shape of the global agricultural trade regime.There are substantial differences in the agenda of the US, the EU and the developed countries within the Cairns group of agricultural exporters. When the rich and the powerful disagree, a global consensus is not easy to come by.But that is not all. Even if an agreement is stitched up between the rich nations, through manoeuvres such as the BlairHouse accord, getting the rest of the world to go along would be more difficult this time.This is because the outcomes in the agricultural trade area since the implementation of the Uruguay Round (UR) Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) began have fallen far short of expectations. In the course of Round, advocates of the UR regime had promised global production adjustments that would increase the value of world agricultural trade and an increase in developing country share of such trade.As Chart 1 shows, global production volumes continued to rise after 1994 when the implementation of the Uruguay Round began, with signs of tapering off only in 2000 and 2001. As is widely known, this increase in production occurred in the developed countries as well.Not surprisingly, therefore, the volume of world trade continued to rise as well after 1994 (Chart 2). The real shift occurred in agricultural prices which, after some buoyancy between 1993 and 1995, have declined thereafter, and particularly sharply after 1997. It is this decline in unit values that resulted in a situation where the value of world trade stagnated and then declined after 1995, when the implementation of the Uruguay Round began.As Table 1 shows, there was a sharp fall in the rate of growth of global agricultural trade between the second half of the 1980s and the 1990s, with the decline in growth in the 1990s being due to the particularly poor performance during the 1998 to 2001 period.Price declines and stagnation in agricultural trade values in the wake of the UR Agreement on Agriculture were accompanied and partly influenced by the persisting regionalisation of world agricultural trade.The foci of such regionalisation were Western Europe and Asia, with 32 and 11 per cent of global agricultural trade being intra-Western European and intra-Asian trade respectively (Chart 3). What is noteworthy, however, is that agricultural exports accounted for a much higher share of both merchandise and primary products trade in North America and Western Europe (besides Latin America and Africa) than it did for Asia.Thus, despite being the developed regions of the world, agricultural production and exports were important influences on the economic performance of North America and Western Europe.It is, therefore, not surprising that Europe is keen on maintaining its agricultural sector through protection, while the US is keenon expanding its role in world agricultural markets by subsidising its own farmers and forcing other countries to open up their markets. The problem is that the US has been more successful in prising open developing country markets than the large EU market.Thus, out of $104 billion worth of exports from North America in 2001, $34 billion went to Asia and $15 billion to Latin America, whereas exports to Europe amounted to $14 billion.The Cairns group of exporting countries (Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay), for some of whom at least agricultural exports are extremely important, want world market to be freed of protection as well as the surpluses that result from huge domestic support in the US and the EC.We must note that $35 billion of the $63 billion of exports from Latin America went to the US and the EU. More open markets and less domestic support in those destinations is, therefore, crucial for the region.The fact that Europe has been successful in its effort at retaining its agricultural space with the help of a CommonAgricultural Policy that both supports and subsidises its agricultural producers is clear from Chart 4, which shows that intra-EC trade which accounted for 74 per cent of EU exports in 1990, continued to account for 73 per cent of total EU exports in 1995 and 2001.But North America, with far fewer countries in its fold, has also been quite insular. Close to a third of North American exports are inter-regional. Little has changed since the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture.It is widely accepted that three sets of actors account for this failure of the AoA:First, in order to push through an agreement when there were signs that the Uruguay Round was faltering, the liberalisation of agricultural trade in the developed countries was not pushed far enough;Second, is the ability to use "loopholes", especially those in the form of inadequately well-defined Green and Blue Box measures, in the AoA, to continue to support and protect farmers on the grounds that such support was non-trade distorting; and Finally, there are violations of even the lax UR rules in the course of implementation, which have been aided by the failure of the agreement to ensure transparency in implementation.Not surprisingly, some countries, especially the Cairns group of exporting countries, have proposed an ambitious agenda of liberalisation in the agricultural area.Tariffs are to be reduced sharply, using the "Swiss formula", which would ensure that the proportionate reduction in the tariffs imposed by a country would be larger, the higher is the prevailing bound or applied tariff in that country.翻译：题目：自由贸易中的绿色壁垒作者：C. P. Chandrasekhar 、Jayati Ghosh随着对全球农产品贸易“模式”阶段新一轮谈判完成的截止时间3月31日的临近，要想达成一致的希望越来越弱。
附录1自由贸易中的绿色壁垒在A完自由化的承诺在其最新一轮会议的农业谈判委员会，世界贸易组织，乐观地认为，谈判的框架将在3月31日最后期限为制定数字指标，公式和其他“方式，哪些国家可以”通过新的全面谈判回合贸易几乎已经消失。
这一目标是重要的原因有两个。
第一，它现在越来越清楚，那更是在报道比乌拉圭回合谈判，达成协议，建立一个地区的农业必然是极为困难的证明。
在农业谈判进展的关键是说服不相信一个新的`多哈回合谈判中对贸易是有益的，可行的。
第二，多哈宣言作出承诺的农业谈判的一部分单从`要完成2005年1月1日。
也就是说，在采取全有或没有什么计划，国家已经达成，并约束，是协议中的所有领域中的谈判将要开展的新一轮谈判。
这意味着，如果协议不能进行农业合作方面，将不会有政权更替的多边贸易行业管理，服务或相关的领域，外国采购和公共投资在没有取得任何进展的新领域，如竞争政策，所有其中至为重要，发达国家经济议程的。
点上的因素使这次农业的坚持是多方面的。
由于在最后一轮，有一点是一致的贸易体制中的农业发达国家的全球自己在适当的形状。
农产品出口有很大的差异在议程中的美国，凯恩斯集团和欧盟国家内部的发展。
当富人和强大的反对，一个全球性的共识是不容易找到。
但这还不是全部。
即使协议被缝了贫富之间的国家，通过演习，如布莱尔大厦协议，得到了世界各地的去沿着这将是更加困难的时间。
这是因为协议开始对农业（农业协定的成果）在农产品贸易领域实施以来，乌拉圭回合（乌拉圭回合的状况远远没有达到人们的期望）。
乌拉圭回合的谈判过程中，政权主张乌拉圭回合的承诺，全球生产了调整，将增加世界农产品贸易的价值，以及在发展贸易的增加等国分享。
毫不奇怪，因此，世界贸易额持续上升，以及1994年后。
真正的转变发生在这之后，1993年和1995年之间的一些浮力，随后有所下降，特别是1997年后，农产品价格急剧。
正是这种单位价值下降的情况下，在世界贸易额的停滞，然后在1995年以后，当乌拉圭回合开始实施下降的结果。
Appendix：Green Barriers from the Standpoint of SustainableDevelopmentAbstract: Green barriers are one kind of non-tariff barrier (NTB). This paper points out that green barriers evolved from sustainable development theory and environmental protection, but are compatible with true comparative advantage. The best way to surmount green barriers for Chinese enterprises is to implement circular production processes and clean production techniques.Key Words:Green barriers, sustainable development, ecology environment, circular economy, life-cycle analysis.1. IntroductionSince the opening up and economic reform of China, its foreign trade volume has risen continuously from US$20.6 billion in 1978 to US$1,422 billion in 2005. The sum of exports plus imports as a fraction of GDP is 65.8%, the share of exports is 36.2%, the share of imports is 29.6% in 2006 in China (The National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2006). Exports mainly concentrate on labor intensive and resource intensive industries: labor intensive products accounting for 40% of total manufacturing exports and resource intensive including rubber and metal products accounting for 20%. This export pattern depletes resources and causes high emissions and high pollution, a serious environmental problem in China (Gu, 2005). In addition,besides agricultural products, the exportation of mechanical and electrical products is facing increasing technical barriers such as noise, pollution, safety standards, energy saving, and recycling requirements. Every year,about US$8 billion of export products are affected by foreign green labeling and trademarks and US$24 billion of products are indirectly influenced since packing methods do not satisfy the environmental protection standard of developed countries. Therefore, how to treat and cope with green barriers is imperative for China’s foreign trade.2. Green BarriersWhile there are no accurate and clear definitions in international treaties oragreements, a‘green barrier’ is a new term to mean the application of stri ct technical standards and regulations in international trade (Dong, 2003). Besides a green environmental label, green barriers also include environmental surtaxes, market access requirements, green technology standards, green packaging, green sanitary measures and green subsidiaries (Leng, 2005).Normally, a green barrier is regarded as an environmental barrier implemented by developed countries, who, on the grounds of protection of animal or plant life, establish strict and compulsory measures to restrict certain imported products (Gao, 2004). According to some authors, green barriers are a type of protectionism, unfair to developing countries and restricting their economic development (Tang and Tan, 2004).In fact, the evolution and practice of green barriers conforms to sustainable global economic development along the lines of true comparative advantage. Developed countries realized sooner the facts concerning environmental externalities and their damage to humans and the environment.Some developed countries set up technological standards on the environment and natural resources, requiring that both the end products and all the production processes (R&D, producing, packing, transporting, consuming and recycling) conform to environmental protection requirements. Hence, green barriers have appeared on the international trade stage.If green barriers are defined as unfair and discriminatory measures relating to trade as some Chinese scholars think, a resisting and rejecting attitude will persist. This will ignore the positive effects of green barriers on protecting the environment as well as the health of human beings, animals and plants. Unless arbitrary or unjustifiable environmental trade methods hinder international trade, a rational attitude and analysis should be adopted.3. A Rational Analysis of Green BarriersGreen barriers are the outcome of economic development (Feng, 2004). Mass production and development of technology bring about two results. One is the positive effect on economy, increasing income and living standards; the other is thehuge, sometimes irreversible negative influence on natural resources and the environment. Many examples can be seen worldwide:desert encroachment, deforestation, water shortages, acid rain, biodiversity reduction; in short, air, land and sea pollution in general. While enjoying the increased welfare caused by high economic growth, the world is suffering serious environmental deterioration (Na, 2000). Our Common Future(WCED, 1987) put forward the idea of sustainable development in 1987, calling for a common endeavor that human beings should protect the environment and the health of people, animals and plants. The WCED defined sustainable development as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In 1994, the IISD proposed the Winnipeg Principles as a means for reconciling international trade and development so as to achieve sustainable development (IISD, 1994). These principles constitute a starting point to integrate trade, the environment and development. The central idea in considering internalizing the environment through international cooperation is regulation in international trade. Economic growth arising from trade liberalization is the necessary condition for sustainable development, but trade liberalization without sufficient environment regulation will induce environmental degradation (Wang, 2005). Therefore, based on sustainable development theory and compatibility with comparative advantage (see theAppendix), green barriers have a positive and rational effect.3.1. An International Environmental Management SystemIncorporating Rational Green BarriersFirst of all, the WTO/GATT is not against environmental measures related to trade adopted by its member countries. Article XX (b) and (g) allow WTO members to adopt and enforce measures if these are either necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, or if the measures relate to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources. However, such measures should not represent a disguised restriction on international trade nor be discriminatory in application. This Article has been regarded as the general principle for dealing with environmental disputes underthe WTO. In addition, environmental exceptions can be found in many WTO agreements like the Agreement on Agriculture, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and others . These regulations imply that countries have the right to establish protection of human, animal or plant life or the environment, subject to the requirement that the protection does not constitute arbitrary discrimination or unwarranted restriction on trade. Therefore, a green barrier as an environmental measure related to trade, has been widely accepted, at least in principle, by WTO members.Furthermore, the ISO promulgated ISO 14000 in 1996 in order to maintain global ecological balance and to harmonize environmental protection and economic development. ISO 14000 includes environmental management standards, environmental auditing, environmental labeling, and environmental impact assessments. It aims at establishing an Environmental Management System , promoting its implementation through environment assessment and auditing to improve the global environment. ISO 14000 has an active effect on reducing resource depletion and abating pollution emission. The European Union has applied ISO14000, requesting that all imported goods meet its environment standards covering materials, production, marketing, consumption and disposal. If ISO14000 can be adopted universally, it will diminish arbitrary trade barriers and promote the development of world trade along the lines of true comparative advantage. An international unified system to regulate the environment issue is necessary in order to achieve global sustainable development.3.2. The Positive Externality of Green BarriersThe positive externality of green barriers is not only embodied in environmental and technological effects, but also in aligning world production according to true comparative advantage. The existence of green barriers requires the internalization of the environment cost into the process of production. The products must be friendly to the environment and should not damage the environment in production, transit or disposal. These requirements make traded goods comply with environmentalregulations and standards so as to protect the ecological environment of importing and exporting countries, as well as to create more resources for environmental investment. Protecting the environment in one country will have a positive impact on its neighbors and the global environment; hence acting as a positive global externality. The emergence of green barriers reflects the demand for the coordinated development of the environment and the direction of development of human society. The implementation of green barriers also accelerates the strength of environmental and green consumption awareness.Stringent environmental standards and market access requirements in developed countries will spur developing countries to learn advanced technologies and improve production levels while providing for environmental protection. These green barriers will bring about a positive externality of technology spillover if their implementation has an active influence on the greening of world production.3.3. The Stimulating Effect of Green BarriersThe Porter Hypothesis, proposed by Michael Porter of Harvard University, puts forward the debate on the relationship between environmental regulation and competitiveness. According to the Porter Hypothesis, strict environmental regulations can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that improve competitiveness. This is because strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of clean technologies and environmental improvements. In this way, the innovative effect can induce production processes and products to be more efficient and clean. The social cost savings that can be achieved by innovation are sufficient to cover both the compliance costs directly attributed to new regulations and the innovation costs . As a result, appropriate and stringent environmental regulation will lead to improvements in social welfare as well as the private net benefits of firms operating under such regulations .The concept of green barriers integrates principles and theories of environmental science, management, and ecology. Applied to the processes of producing, storage, using, marketing and recycling, rational green barriers are conducive to structuring acomplete and environment-friendly management system. Except for those which violate the non-discriminatory principles of the WTO, green barriers have a stimulating effect on environmental R&D, technology innovation, clean production and green marketing. In the case of frivolous barriers, they only protect environmentally unfriendly production in the home country.4. The Circular Economy and Green BarriersGreen barriers can restrict some trade activities which negatively affect natural resources, the environment, human health or life. Developed countries have established a green fence to imported goods. For China, the fundamental way to surmount green barriers is to transform traditional production and development modes; that is to say to carry out a circular production process (CP) which is based on the principle of efficient utilization of resources and protecting the environment.Since industrialization, economic development has been characterized by high exploitation of resources and high emissions. The traditional producing and economic method, from production, consumption to waste disposal, is the process of ‘from cradle to grave’. The circular economy, on the other hand, is a nearly closed-loop system , provided that residual waste not recycled is disposed of in a green manner. The theme of a circular economy is the exchange of materials where one facility’s waste, including energy, water and materials as well as information is another facility’s input . CE promotes reducing and reusing of waste ‘from cradle to cradle’. In terms of reconciling economic development and environmental improvement, CP is a green production mode.The basic principle of implementing CE is reducing, reusing and recycling. Reducing refers to reducing the materials entering production and consumption. Reusing means prolonging the durability of products and services,while recycling can reduce disposal needs.Based on ecological rules, the CP mode reasonably utilizes natural and environmental resources in an industry chain among various enterprises and industries similar to a natural ecology chain. It promotes the optimum use of resources,recycling of material and eliminating environment deterioration.Second, CP production is especially helpful for Chinese enterprises attempting to surmount green barriers. Technology spillover encourages enterprises to improve green production and optimize the social exporting pattern. The social benefit of CP will reduce environmental damage. At the same time, it will narrow the gap of environmental technology standards, upgrading the ability to cope with green barriers .Third, CE implementation can rebound to increasing eco-efficiency, forming sustainable comparative advantage and casting off comparative cost traps. Due to the increasing scarcity of resources and decreasing environment quality, developing countries are not environmentally factor abundant. The export advantages of these countries, including China, are based on cheap natural resources and lax environmental policies and standards. However, this advantage is unsustainable and will finally lose out with the integration of the environment into the international trade regime. The internalization of environmental cost contributes to reducing the excessive depletion of resources for export. It will protect Chinese export enterprises from the censure of eco-dumping. The sooner the implementation of CP, the larger are export benefits to be gained.Sustainable comparative advantage based on environmental costs being internalized can eliminate the negative environment externality of production and reflect the social value of ecological production.5. ConclusionUnder the current circumstances of globalization, world trade and the economy are tending towards green production and environmental protection.The green barriers faced by China’s exports are a signal to China’s foreign trade development. It is desirable to realize that environmental standards and green barriers are not intentionally aimed at undermining China’s exports due to Most-Favored Nation Treatment, but are required for the world environment and for human health and safety. Therefore, it would be in vain to complain, criticize or resist green barriers. The effective means and ways to overcome barriers and seek true comparativeadvantage are to introduce the circular economy concept, carrying out clean production. The internalization of environment cost can make China’s exp orts comply with international environmental standards and lead to sustainable, true comparative advantage and growth.附录：从可持续发展的角度看绿色壁垒摘要：绿色壁垒是一种非关税壁垒。
绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Analysis and countermeasure of international green trade barrier The green trade barrier limits the development of the international trade by manysteps. It obstacles the integration of the international economy the free developmentof the world trade. It is in some countries，especially in some developing countriesthe production for export lost greatly. However， under the limitation of the green tradebarrier，the air and water resource have been polluted badly，and the soil resourcedecreasing and the loss of life.1.The definition of the green trade barrier . The green trade barrier is also named as green barrier. It refers to protection of theinner market by means of the limitation by the strict environment protectiontechnology or the green signs inthe import，which can keep the foreign merchandisesoutside. This causes an immense impact on the international trade order. 2.The reason of appearance of green trade barrier 1The change of view of value. Along with the development of the industrialization and the growth of the worldeconomy，the increasing destroy and pollute getting more and more serious. This hasdirectly affected the living and development of human beings. And this successfullydrew an attention of the international society. The way of people thinking， behavior ofconsumption and view of consumption have changed. The new conception of value thethat concentrate on quality of living and creating green civilization； need for greenproduction with pollution and harm to human are increasing. The people in developedcounties have formed a good view of value for green production also providesdeveloping countries chance and challenges. 2The traditional lawless tax barrier gets condemn of the international society. In order to bring up the newborn industries，some mature industries gainunpredicted profit. But even this，they never thought of the protection of the innermarket.However after the operation of the General Agreement On Tariffs andtrade the import tax has been decreased ever since. Non-tax barrier has beenlimitations. The chance and space for traditional trade barrier are getting smaller andsmaller. On this occasion，the developed countries begin to search for new ways oftrade protections for the sake of development of their own industries. And green tradebarrier come into use. 3Different standards in different countries. Economys state stays in different level owing to the different technology level.So there are great differences in the ability of environment protection in differentcountries. This leads to different environment protection standard. It is a hard to saywhich standard is the best one，because different environment standard has a directimpact on the cost. And this would have great impact on the world competence， whichaffected the balance of the international income and expenses .In order to limit theimport from developing countries，the developed countries find the green trade to beexcuses to protect their own industries. 3.The impact of the green tradebarrier on China The green trade barrier has both good and bad impact on one country. But it indeedhas different impact on different countries. Limited by the technology，China has alower ability to deal with the barrier and catch up the chance to improveitself.Moreover，China mostly focuses on export labor-centered production. By far it hasreceived negative impact from the barrier. For the time being，this kind of barrierexists everywhere，and grow stronger and stronger，which has struck our market andeconomy seriously. 1The negative impact on the green trade barrier ①It prevents the export form China and weakens the export internationalcompetence. ②It influences the bilateral even multilateral relationship with other countriesgetting to problems. Recently，the developed countries circumscribe the importation from acclaimingthat those goods are not the green production. Thus bring up the conflictions. Thedeveloped countries enjoy a free form of trade in a certain trade zone，which reducethe standard of trading rather than trading from outside of the zone. So，countries likeChina are hard to break through thetrade barrier. All those confliction are bad forChina. The situations are against China. ③It accelerates the pollution for products and makes the metastasis to China. Thestandard of environment protection are low，the systems are not perfect with lowstandard of green production in China. Because of this，a lot of production of lowquality are entering Chinese market leads to many foreign waste cases spring upeverywhere. All of this shows that China are lacking of a perfect supervising system.Without a good management there will be no efficient working. According to theinvestigation，from 1997 to 2000，the foreign waste are increased from 990，000 tonto 17，500，000 ton. There is evidently no doubt that these foreign waste have madethe environment more serious in China. But in the items got the investment nearlyhave no supervising on environment protection，which let the industries causingpollution have transferred in China. 2The positive impact on the green trade barrier. In the developed countries，the environment policy helps to strengthen themanagement of industry environment，and applies the high tech to develop the greenproduction，which can lower the cost. Thus we can gain high social and economyefficiency，and finally get the production of high quality. ①It does good to Chinas continuous development. The task of environment protection should be accomplished by all the humanbeings.The skills of management in developed countries are in an advantage placethan that in the developing countries. China as a developing country is supposed tolearn the experience of developed countries which can be made good use of topromote the harmonious development of environment and economy development. Weshould insist in the principle of continuous development which is good to ourconstruction of exportation. Furthermore，this can promote the industries to producemore and more technology-focused production and helps to break through the greentrade barrier while doing international trade. ②It get the industries change their trading concept. The law of environment protection in developed countries is more perfect than inChina. The conception of environment protection has been applied in every aspectwhile doing business activity. For example：use green package，sail greenproductionwith green after sail services provided，introduce environment protection knowledge，do promoting of green production with green theme and establish a green image ofcompany. With activities of above，everyone can protect the environment and natureconsciously. 4. Breaking the barrier 1The government plays the role of the lead to help to develop the” greenenvironment protection” industries. ①adjust the construction to the” green environment production industriesquot. ②complete the” law of the green tradequot，resist the barrier. 2For the industries，they should face to the challenge to produce more” greenproductionquot. ①Collecting quotgreen informationquot，developing quotgreen productionquot. The companies are supposed to take part in international economic technologyconference and business trade expo or visit others who are of abundant”greeninformation” and exchange with each other. The most essential way of breaking”green trade barrier”is to establish a nice international image. The industries shouldestablish a good supervision of production design and material picking，productionandwaste recycling，recto explore a green production needed by the market.Furthermore，the industries should pay much attention to financial input and thetraining of the employers. ②Strengthen the green management. Improve the market competence. Thequotgreen management” refers to a management that require industries form akind of sailing conception of conform the rule of green trade by continuous mind andgreen environment requirement. It is an effective way of breaking through thebarrier. The green environment protectionism is recognized as a worldwide trade newproblem，which need to face it and challenge it. Correcting trade standard is allcountries are aware of its unavoidable ability. In the WTO system，environmentprotection has been on the agenda. If we want to be successful in changing China agreat trading country into a great trading world power ， we have to doself-improvement and raise the conception of environment protection. So only whenwe make every effort to do improvement can we break through the green tradebarrier. 5. Our strategy and thinking on green trade barriers 1Strengthen education and drumbeating，raise awareness of environmentalprotection. the acceleration of the awareness of environment from all people can notbe separated from extensive publicity and education. Propagandize foreign trade andeconomy and environmental protection，especially do some work on universalenvironmental pact and environmental standards，making all the economic and tradeworkers at different levels fully understand the crucial and practical significance ofenvironment in this field. We should do a good job on the negative reports on foreigntrade and environmental protection，lead environmental protection awareness intoenterprises business decisions，and foster a sense of crisis and urgency. 2Establish and improve environmental protection laws and regulations ，strengthen execution of trade environment. we In the respect of preventing pollution， have set up some laws and regulations，but they are not in accordance with practical needs，maneuverability is not good，punishment is not enough；we are actually using economic methods to makeenterprises buy and sell drainage right，rather than urging them to deal with.Consequently aftertimewe should improve every environmental protection regulationwith the priority of prevention and strengthen supervision and management. Tostrengthen governments environmental management function，to punish acts againstenvironmental laws legally，develop the effect of green products and environmentalsigns，strengthen all the consumers surviving effects，develop green industry intosupporting industry，green product into fist product. 3Develop green market，green product，green marketing. With the strengthening of the awareness of environmental and resource protection anew industry with the purpose of protecting environment and resource——greenindustry is growing fast. At the same time，it has driven the development andformation of green product and green market. It is reported that in the following tenyears green product will lead the main markets in the world. We should adoptourselves with this tide change product designation package promote productquality， increase environmental items， make the best to achieve the standards of everytechnique， security， and sanitation， environment， adopt the tide of greenconsumption andneeds， also developlow-environment-protection-cost， good-quality green productthat is in accordance with universal environmental standards. 4Strengthen international exchange and cooperation，use international power toresist trade barrier. Although Uruguay will make an” Decision on Trade and Environment” toenhance awareness of environmental protection also it will make some basic items inwhich include security items to prevent developing countries from beingdiscriminated by developed countries. Therefore we can make use of some relevantitems and international agreements and unite other developing countries to resistdiscriminating strategies adopted by developed countries who are making use of greenprotection，and promote the development of our foreign trade. 6. Conclusion With the world economy developing fast，the developed country hold higherstandards and stronger awareness of environmental protection. We are in the thedeveloping stage， protection of green products have great effect on the exportationof our products，we must adapt our country and our foreigntriage with this new tideand follow relevant regulations strictly.国际绿色贸易壁垒的分析和采取的对策绿色贸易壁垒通过多种途径限制国际贸易的发展。
以环境保护为借口的贸易壁垒破解之道环境壁垒（environmental trade barrier）依据有关的环保标准和规定，要求进口商品不但要符合质量标准，而且从设计、制造、包装到消费处置都要符合环境爱护的要求，不得对生态环境和人类健康造成危害。
这种新的贸易爱护措施可有效地阻止外国，专门是环保技术落后的进展中国家的产品进口，为本国市场形成庞大的爱护网，是国际贸易中最隐藏、最棘手和最难应付的贸易壁垒之一。
目前要紧是西方国家对进展中国家建立绿色贸易壁垒。
从某种意义上说，有其合理的精神内涵。
问题是发达国家在实施这些环境政策和措施时带有愈来愈重的贸易爱护主义色彩，结果往往对国际贸易造成一些不合理的限制和扭曲，阻碍了进展中国家工业化及现代化进程。
我国作为世界上最大的进展中国家，出口物资大多是劳动密集型产品，受环境爱护措施的阻碍专门大，绿色贸易壁垒正在成为21世纪初我国出口贸易进展的庞大障碍。
当前国际贸易中的绿色壁垒是依照各国国内的环保水平和标准来设置的，如此就容易产生一个问题：发达国家的产品比较容易进入进展中国家的市场，而进展中国家的产品却因难以达到发达国家的环保标准而常常被拒之于发达国家国门之外。
这种把握在发达国家手中的国际环保标准是极不利于进展中国家开展国际贸易的。
我国是一个进展中国家，由于经济较落后，环保水平还比较低，致使我国许多产品的出口因“绿色壁垒”而受到冲击。
例如，在我国的瓷器出口中，经常发生金边和蓝边瓷器退货事件，据称是因金边材料中含汞量超标，蓝边材料中含铅过高，危害健康；我国的一些食品因质量问题专门是农药残留量和其他有害物质超标而面临出口危机，等等。
我国产品的生产和加工的过程和方法、包装贮运、组成成分及性能存在诸多不利环保的因素所造成的贸易国禁止进口、退货和索赔的案例专门之多。
这些已严峻地阻碍到我国正常的出口贸易，使我国在国际贸易中处于极为不利的地位。
面对发达国家筑起的“绿色壁垒”，环境战略应该成为我国贸易战略的一个重要组成部分；而强化绿色产品的生产与销售应是我国企业的一项战略性任务，我国企业只有既注重产品性能、服务质量、促销手段等方面的竞争，又注重环境爱护水平的竞争，通过实施国际化的绿色营销战略，才能打破绿色壁垒。
与环境有关的贸易壁垒的第一次评估
摘要
国际贸易可以以不同的方式影响环境。
这可能证明是进口国引进的边境措施。
然而，环境参数滥用贸易保护主义的理由是可能的。
为解开保护主义的处置权，以合理的，环境问题的真正理由，在我们系统地审查所有税目进口国水平的通知。
一般认为贸易是可能受影响时，贸易壁垒是一项关于环境问题的理由，通知房协的立场：对环境，野生动物，以及人类健康的保护，人类安全，动物健康和植物的健康。
受影响行业定义为国家的进口壁垒等通知。
最后，保护主义的环境障碍，推测当数量有限国家规定了一项对某一特定产品的进口环境障碍。
我们发现，88％的世界贸易是有潜在的影响，而世界上一半的进口可能受到保护主义措施的影响，如农业，汽车业，制药业和其他许多部门等。
JEL分类：F130，F180，Q010
关键词：贸易政策，环境，贸易保护主义，卫生和植物检疫，贸易技术壁垒
简介
贸易与环境：这两个概念是全球化的辩论的中心。
然而，贸易与环境相互关系的解释性模型和实证证据不足方面的复杂性破坏了坚实的辩论理由。
首先提供多边贸易自由化对整个世界人口的污染程度较低的产品和工艺，以及去污染技术，其中90％集中在经合组织国家（经合组织，2000年）。
然而，多边贸易自由化也可能产生不利影响环境。
因此，一般是解决两个假说。
首先，要素比例理论认为污染行业，是一般资本相对密集，应设在发达国家。
而且因为这些国家在技术上先进，他们要依靠环境友好型技术。
与此相反，另一种所谓的«污染避风港»假说认为，低收入国家的支付有限重视环境将吸引那些污染行业，由于薄弱的环境法规。
总的来说，对环境的保护是有利于自由贸易？答案必须结合三个影响：规模效应，技术效应和结构效应（格罗斯曼和克鲁格，1991）。
规模效应和联合技术效果一般在环境库兹涅茨曲线：以上的人均收入临界水平，技术进步占主导地位的规模效应，因此经济增长对环境的好处。
该成分的影响，作为专业化的国家环境影响的定义，仍与前两次比较幅度相当有限。
每一个与贸易自由化有关的人均收入一增加百分之会转化为中污染物质根据Antweiler，科普兰和泰勒（1998）浓度一下降了百分之。
至于最近的经验而言，乌拉圭回合谈判中的污染物质排放方面的影响进行评估可以使用三种工具的组合：CGE模型的贸易自由化;部门对污染物质的排放量矩阵估算的库兹涅茨曲线在世界水平。
因此，科尔等人。
（1998年），在麦当劳和专家咨询小组努德斯特伦注重成果的基础上，发现该技术效果比成分或更大的规模效应，不同污染物质（二氧化硫，一氧化碳，...），至于欧洲，日本和美国的关注。
然而，在世界一级，这个有利的结果是补偿由所在国的诱导专业化«不好的一面的库兹涅茨曲线»。
在世界一级，污染物质的排放量可能增加0.1％至0.5％。
更普遍的，因为世贸组织强调的潜在的负面影响，自由贸易对环境不局限于
狭义的工业污染问题：森林砍伐，不可持续的渔业，温室效应和农业技术必须被认为太（努德斯特伦＆沃恩，2000年）。
总体而言，国际贸易自由化将提高福利，有条件的纠正环境政策的执行。
相反，可能会妨碍贸易的障碍，却不能改善环境，资源配置效率：以农产品为例，实施这些政策，以解决环境问题可能会影响贸易，而导致意外的环境结果。
贸易自由化对环境的潜在有害影响，的确是一个农业有挑战性的问题，这个问题引起了越来越多的关注（OCDE，2000年）项。
温室效应，对transportrelated 活动的排放，集约化进程的灌溉和各种化学投入和异体物种的引入基于环境的不利影响转化为弥补损失，与自由贸易有关的效率收益。
但是我们必须小心处理这些问题：从最初的情况已经是第二个最好的，贸易自由化的影响可以是模糊的。
最初的情况，在贸易自由化，其特点是大量补贴，以及这些政策对环境的影响也应考虑采取的平衡。
总体而言，对环境的压力很可能是轻松的国家，价格将下跌的自由化的结果，而在其他国家日益加剧，以生产出口。
如果后者调动了技术密集型环境资源少，自由化的影响将是有益的。
两个附加的结果将导致在农业食品部门的巨大变化未来：世界人口以及对耕地曲面的扩展限制的动态。
这些结果将导致在部门的深刻变化，比较其中贸易自由化本身的影响肯定是有限的，根据经合组织的模拟实现了AGLINK。
后者的结论是否会导致一种良性的忽视态度呢？当然不是。
尽管上面提到的影响，也有具体的风险，对国际贸易，公共政策必须解决。
这些风险有两方面：生物和信息。
前者的风险相对应的异体种，引进天敌疾病。
该信息的风险是与出口者（信息不对称的行为，道德风险）。
为了解决这些风险，«在边境措施？可以是必要的：检疫，检查等的挑战是实现这些没有上升贸易壁垒«措施»。
据
经合组织（经合组织，2000年，第39页）
政府可以限制自由贸易，以保护人类和动物健康，或保护植物，据被强迫限制是透明的，依靠科学的评价，提供了一个保护级别兼容国际规范，或与科学评估，并提议作为一个整体国民待遇»进口。
之间«分离措施在边境»线和相应的贸易壁垒难以draw.This文章旨在分析的规模和结构与环境有关的贸易障（ETBs），从而得出这样的分割线。
事实上，鉴于对非关税贸易障碍大幅降低，如配额，已记录的数量和被通报的ETBs程度令人印象深刻。
如果这个速度保持下去，环境壁垒将成为世界上最具争议的问题之一贸易管理。
在何种程度上对环境问题成为严重的国际贸易壁垒决定什么贸易壁垒的进
口份额由国家强制执行的有关环境因素的基础上，哪个国家都作出最密集的ETBs使用？哪些是受影响最严重的部门和出口国？什么类型的贸易壁垒是最常用的？所有这些问题都是暂时解决此处输入文章的目的不是导电的收益，并与这些壁垒实施贸易有关的损失一般均衡的方法。
它也不在量化«遗失的贸易»量，这些障碍可能是负责为宗旨。
我们的目标是比较有限的：我们的范围和对环境的关注理由贸易壁垒执法的重点。
我们试图确定是否«通知措施»用于保护主义的方式，或仅限于原来的环境目标。
我们研究的执行这项环保措施的国家的动机和量化世界贸易中所占份额是潜在的和有效的，由这些障碍的影响。
