Trustworthyyear in ten China, withsome region they are also angry at the breakdown of something about it thoughit is obvious not always have the means. Malnutrition a chronic state in which the total food 第2次作业一、阅读理解（本大题共100分，共5小题，每小题20分） 1.Hunger is no novelty. We can discount legends of golden ages, landsof Cockayne, and Mefgasthenes ， statement that before Alexander'sinvasion of India, there had never been famine or food shortage there.historical records show that during the Renaissance one in Britain, and one in five in Europe, was a famine year, agreater area and more diverse climate, had a famine in everyyear.Famine is a state of affairs in which people are dying in the streets. It therefore attracts the notice of historians and is recorded. The factthat it strikes people who are aware of having been properly fed and wel1 is more important. Not only are the survivors more resilient, the system and eager to do from the record that they do is much moreinsidious. It is supply or,more often, the supply ofcertain components such asprotein or some of the vitamins, is inadequate. It seems probable that, either constantly or seasonally. It used to be the usual condition ofmankind and was regarded as normal. The rickety appearance of the figures in medieval paintings and drawings is often put down to the incompetenceof the artist: it is as likely that most people really did look like that. The exuberance with which poets greeted the "merry month of May 〃 may, in our dull climate, have had a meteorological basis: it is just as likely that in May, after six months' shortage, there was now an adequatevitamin supply. The promptness with which some sailors succumbed toscurvy after leaving port suggests that they were normal 1y on the edge of scurvy and needed only a siight worsening of conditions to get itacutely. Others will think of other examples. Hunger and malnutrition arc components, of a classic example of a vicious cycle. They lead toenfeeblement or apathy in which nothing either can be done, or seems to be worth doing, to alter the state of affairs; this leads to more hunger and malnutrition. There is good reason to think that, in much of thedeveloping world, if the cycle could once the broken, it would neverreturn.(1) .According to the text, hunger in the pastoccurred more frequently in Britain than in the rest of EuropeB.was less of a problem than it is todayc.was almost unknown in the Indian subcontinentD.was quite a regular occurrence(2).The writer suggests that famine is different from malnutrition because .A.it is a far more widespread problemB.it causes rather more people to diec.it arouses a desire for action rather than mere apathyD.it tends to affect the rich and well fed more than the poor(3).It was a common condition in the Middle Ages.B.It arouses a great deal of emotion and interest.c.It affected the competence of medieval artists.D.It is a more obvious problem than famine.(4). The writer says that many sailors in the past succumbed rapidly to scurvy because •A.they did not have enough to eatB.they were not used to living at seac.they were already suffering from malnutritionD.they caught it from other sailors(5). According to the writer, the vicious circle of malnutrition in developing countries .A.could be broken for good if it were broken oncec.has a significant effect on the developed countriesD.could extend to developed countries in the future2.One of the most fascinating questions about human behavior is each person is different from all others. The answer to this question would explain the aspect of human nature called personality. Some theories assume that inborn characteristics determine human personali ty. Many observers have hypothesized that each person has a dominant temperament, present from birth, that influences his or her behavior during an entire lifetime. According to one of these theories, people can be classified into four basic types: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic. Each type or temperament is characterized by a unique set of possible strengths and possible weaknesses.Sanguine people are described as the most outgoing of the four temperaments. They are warm, fun-loving, and 1 ike the company of others. Because of these strengths, it is said that sanguines often make good salesmen, actors, or public speakers. Sanguines, however, may have some serious weaknesses. Their problems often come from their lack of discipline. Easily distracted, they often lack the concentration to complete a job or follow through on a promise. For this reason, other people may not trust them.Choleric people, are quite different from the carefree, emotional sanguines. Because of their strong will, decisiveness, and productivity, cholerics are natural leaders who are good at making vast plans and motivating other people to help them carry out their plans. They are often successful in business, industry, or politics. Choleric weaknesses can be very damaging, however. Because a strong desire to lead, they can be cruel and cold toward those who do not wish to follow. They often dobecome hostile toward anyone who questions that decision.Phlegmatics are calm, easygoing people who strive for efficiency and organization. Very diplomatic and polite, they make people feel comfortable and generally help keep things running smoothly. For these reasons, they make good teachers, technicians, etc. Phlegmatics, however, often have weaknesses that keep them from becoming successful. Afraid to take chances, they may let opportunities go by. In fact, they may avoid taking any steps to improve their position in life.Melancholics are often considered to be gifted persons who possess creative talent. They are very analytical and able to understand complicated processes and to note detail. These people can make good doctors, scientists, artists, writers, and musicians. Melancholics are also said to be loyal, idealistic and self-sacrificing. However, melancholics frequently make themselves miserable because they tend to be negative and critical, and put up inflexible standards. They attach importance to everything they do, so they worry too much and see problems everywhere, and complain too much. They often become disappointed because neither they nor the people around them can live up to their high standards.Explaining human personality in terms of innate temperaments is a theory that has not been generally accepted by psychologists. They criticize it for being too simplistic and unscientific. This may be so; however, present-day psychologists have been unable to formulate a single theory.(1).The word "dominant" probably means .A.primaryB.minorc.insignificant(2).Outgoing are those sanguine people .A.who like to be in big firms or corporationsB.who are emotional and carefreeC.who enjoy the habit of making fun of othersD.who can be good businessmen(3).What are said to be the most important features of Choleric people?A.Cruel but sympathetic.B.Decisive and cold.Hostile and fun-loving.D.Strong-wi11ed and polite.(4).Who are likely to be rejected by a bright-future project?A.Cholerics.B.Sanguines.c.Melancholies.D.Phlegnatics.（5）.Why is each person different from all others?A.Because of their psychology.Because of their different background.c.Because of their various body temperature.D.Because of their innate personalities.3.Chicago taxpayers paid $ 30 an hour to provide reputed mob （黑帮）boss Joseph Lombardo with his own personal chauffeur, They also paid city workers who ran business, conducted shake-downs, went to the racetrack and even committed a jewel robbery on city time. Al 1 of this occurred in the city，s scandal-ridden Department of Streets and Sanitation （卫生）. "There's always been a link between the mob and the Department of Streets and Sanitation, 〃 said Jerry Gladden, investigator of the Chicago Crime Commission. 〃The hoods sign in and leave. They get health benefits and a paycheck. It's a common .・〃practice.According to the resul ts of an investigation conducted by City Inspector General Alexander Vroustouris, a sanitation department foreman by the name of Chits Spina used city crews to clear out city- owned scrap metal （废金属）on department property and sold the scrap to private scrap yards. In addition, the Vroustouris investigation reports, Spina, who was paid $ 20 an hour by Streets and Sanitation, was spotted driving Lombardo around the city during working hours. He even filled for overtime payments for the chauffeuring duties. Spina has since been fired.(1).The main content of this passage is about .A.that Chicago taxpayers paid money to mobsthe corruption of city officialsc.an investigation of Department of Streets and Sanitation D.a driver who drove for mobs(2).The word "Samaritans” (Para 3) refers to .A.employers in the Plumbing CompanyB.Gill and JonesC.rescuing crewD.workers in the construction site(3).The word 〃cavc-ins〃 (Para 4) means .in the caveB.in a hoiec.in a ditchD.falling down(4).Why was the Plumbing company fined?A.Because its employees did not take precautions.B.Because it did not rescue effectively.c.Because it did not provide hard hats for the employees.D.Because it failed to build the trench wall firmly.What can we learn from this passage?A.Kaufman should not walk under the trench wall.B.Gill should wear hard hats while rescuing.c.Kempthorne will use this example in legislation.D.OSHA were doing their job bookishly.4.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwil1ing to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he original 1 y placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railway, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and newdevelopment if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to the Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whosestandard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchangeexists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.(1).Almost all companies involved in new production and development mustA.rely on their own financial resourcesB.persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC.borrow large sum of money from friends and people they knowD.depend on the population as a whole for finance(2).The money which enables those companies to go ahead with their projectsis .A.repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB.raised by the selling of shares in the companiesc.exchanged for ownership in The Stock ExchangeD.invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange (3).When the savers want their money back they .A.ask another company to obtain money for themB.look for other people to borrow money fromC.put their shares in the company back on the market D.transfer their money to a more successful company (4).All the essential services on which we depend are .lends money to themrun by the Government or our local authoritiesB.in constant need of financial supportc.financed wholly by rates and taxesD.unable to provide for the needs of the population(5) .The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, localauthorities and nationalized industries .A.to borrow as much money as they wishB.to make certain everybody saves moneyc.to raise money to finance new developmentD.to make certain everybodyHow much paper do you use every year? Probably you can't answer that question quickly. Tn 1990 the world's use of paper was about one kilogram for each person in a year. Now some countries use as much as 50 kilograms of paper for each person in a year. The amount of paper a country uses shows how far advanced the country is, some people say. It is difficult to say whether this is true: different people mean different things by the word 'advanced'. But countries like the United States, England and Sweden certainly use more paper than other countries.Paper, 1 ike many other things that we use today, was first made in China. In Egypt and the West, paper was not very commonly used before the year 1400. The Egyptians wrote on papyrus. Europeans used Parchment for many hundreds of years. Parchment was very strong; it was made from the skin of.Certain young animals. We have learnt some of the most important facts of European history from records that were kept on parchment.The Chinese first made paper about 2000 years ago. China still has pieces of paper which were made as long ago as that. But Chinese paper was not made from the wood of trees. It was made from the hairlike parts of certain plants.Paper was not made in southern Europe until about the year 1100. Scandinavia which now makes a great deal of the world" s paper, did not begin to make it until 1500. It was a German named Schaeffer who found out that one could make the best paper from trees. After that, the forest countries of Canada, Sweden, Norway Finland and the United States became the most important in papermaking. Today in Finland, which makes the best paper in the world, the paper industry is the biggest in the land. New papermaking machines are very big, and they make paper very fast. The biggest machines can make a piece of paper 300 metres long and six metres wide in one minute.When we think of paper, we think of newspaper, books, letters, envelopes, and writing paper. But there are many other uses. Only half of the paper that is made is used for books and newspapers, etc.Paper is very good for keeping you warm. Houses are often insulated with paper. You have perhaps seen homeless men asleep on a large number of newspapers- They are insulating themselves against the cold. In Finland, where in winter it is sometimes - 40°Ccentigrade, the farmers wear paper boots in the snow. Nothing could be warmer.Each year, more and more things are made of paper. We have had paper cups, plates, and dishes for a long time. But now we hear that chairs, tables, and even beds can be made of paper. With paper boots and shoes, you can wear paper hats, paper dresses, and paper raincoats. When you have used them once, you throw them away and buy new ones.The latest in paper seems to be paper houses. These are not smal1 houses for children to play in, but real, big houses for people to live in. You can buy a house with three chief rooms, for about $500. You can put it up yourself in a few hours, and you can use it for about five years.People have made paper boats, but they have not yet made paper aeroplanes or cars. Just wait - they probably will.(1).use more paper than other countries.A.China, England and SwedenB.The United States, England and FinlandC.The United States, England and SwitzerlandD.The United States, England and Sweden(2).We have learnt some of the most important facts of European history from records that were kept on .A.papyrusB.paperc.booksD.parchment(3).Chinese paper was once made from •A.the the grass-like plant which grows near water D. the skins of certain animals .Paper was not made in southern Europeunti 1 A.about the year 1400B.about the year 1500C.about the year 1100D.about the year 1900meansthe wood of treesB.hair-like parts of certain plantsC.(5) ."Nothing could be warmer. 〃ThewriterA.paper boots are too cold to put on at -40°CB.no other boots are warmer than paper bootsc.sleeping on numbers of newspaper is the warmest ways of sleeping D.leather boots are warmer than paper boots答案:一、阅读理解（100分,共5题，每小题20分）1.(1).2.(1).3.(1).4.(1).5. (2).(2).(2).(2).(2).(3).(3).(3).(3).(3).(4).(4).(4).(4).(4).(5).(5).(5).(5).(5).。
