专业英语阅读 翻译文章

Historical Development of Matertials and TechnologyThe common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of testing, and use.The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile was critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys.◆Phase: 相；阶段。

◆a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part ofsomething's developmentExample：phase two of the development is in progress.◆第二阶段开发正在进行中。

Space explorationRobots will not only help us on this world. But will also help us explore other worlds. In fact, space exploration is one of the most promising usages for robots. Since these machines are not so susceptible to the elements that could hurt or kill people. Robots can withstand radiation, heat, cold and can function without an atmosphere. Also robots have a much longer life span. So voyages to other solar systems as well as other planets would be possible. Robots could communicate with us and if something went wrong and destroyed, the space vehicle and a machine would be lost, not a human being.机器人用于空间探索机器人不仅会在这个星球上帮助我们，而且还将帮助我们探索别的星球。

实际上，空间探索就是机器人最有前途的用途之一，知识因为机器人对于机器人会使人伤亡的自然环境和条件不很敏感。

机器人能经受得住辐射，耐热又耐寒，而且能在没有大气的环境中的工作。

此外，机器人的使用寿命长得多。

因此不但可飞往别的行星，而且可飞往别的星系。

机器人可跟我们进行通信联络，要是有什么东西除了毛病，而损坏了宇宙飞行器的话，失去的是机器人而不是人。

2018考研英二阅读译文一、关于2018考研英二阅读译文哎呀，宝子们！今天咱就来唠唠2018考研英二阅读译文这事儿。

这考研英语啊，对于好多要深造的小伙伴那可真是个不小的挑战呢。

这英二的阅读，就像是一个个小迷宫，而这译文呢，就像是给咱的小地图。

先说说这阅读文章的类型吧，那是各种各样的。

有讲社会现象的，像什么人们的消费观念变化之类的。

这类型的文章在翻译的时候啊，就得特别注意那些表达趋势、态度的词。

比如说“increasingly”，这个词就是“越来越”的意思，要是翻译错了，那整个句子的感觉就不对啦。

还有那些描述社会群体的词，像“the middle - class”，就是“中产阶级”，这可得准确翻译，不然文章里讲的很多社会关系就乱套了。

再说说那些讲科学研究成果的文章。

这里面啊，就会有好多专业术语。

比如说“biotechnology”，这就是“生物技术”。

在翻译的时候，咱不能自己瞎编个意思，得按照专业的译法来。

而且啊，这种文章里句子结构通常比较复杂，会有好多从句套从句的情况。

就像“I believe that the research which was carried out by the scientists from the university indicates that...”这个句子，咱们得先搞清楚句子的主干是“I believe that...”，然后中间“the research...indicates that...”又是一个从句结构，里面“which was carried out by the scientists from the university”又是来修饰“the research”的。

所以翻译的时候就得按照这个逻辑来，不能乱了顺序。

还有啊，这英二阅读里有时候会出现一些文化背景相关的内容。

比如说讲到某个西方的节日或者习俗。

这时候要是不知道背后的文化内涵，那翻译出来就会很生硬。

Multi-Code TDMA (MC-TDMA) for Multimedia Satellite Communications用于多媒体卫星通信的MC--TDMA（多码时分多址复用）R. Di Girolamo and T. Le-NgocDepartment ofa Electricl and Computer Engineering - Concordia University1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1M8 ABSTRACT摘要In this paper, we propose a multiple access scheme basedon a hybrid combination of TDMA and CDMA,在这篇文章中，我们提出一种基于把时分多址复用和码分多址复用集合的多址接入方案。

referred toas multi-code TDMA (MC-TDMA). 称作多码—时分多址复用The underlying TDMAframe structure allows for the transmission of variable bitrate (VBR) information,以TDMA技术为基础的帧结构允许传输可变比特率的信息while the CDMA provides inherentstatistical multiplexing.和CDMA提供固有的统计特性多路复用技术The system is studied for a multimediasatellite environment with long-range dependentdata traffic,and VBR real-time voice and video traffic研究这个系统是为了在远程环境下依赖数据传输和可变比特率的语音和视频传输的多媒体卫星通信系统 . Simulationresults show that with MC-TDMA, the data packetdelay and the probability of real-time packet loss can bemaintained low. 仿真结果表明：采用MC-TDMA的多媒体卫星通信，数据包延时和实时数据丢失的可能性可以保持很低。

英语阅读内容作文Title: The Significance of English Reading Comprehension in Language Learning。

English reading comprehension plays a pivotal role in language acquisition and proficiency development. It serves as a gateway to understanding various aspects of the language, such as vocabulary, grammar, syntax, and context. In this essay, we will delve into the importance of English reading comprehension and how it contributes to overall language proficiency.Firstly, English reading comprehension enhances vocabulary acquisition. When learners engage with written texts, they encounter a wide range of words in different contexts. Through repeated exposure to new vocabulary, learners not only expand their word bank but also grasp nuances in meanings and usage. Additionally, exposure to diverse vocabulary enriches learners' language proficiency and enables them to express themselves more precisely andeloquently.Moreover, English reading comprehension facilitates grammar and syntax acquisition. By analyzing sentence structures, learners develop an understanding of grammar rules and syntactic patterns. Through exposure to well-constructed sentences in various genres, learners internalize grammatical rules intuitively, which in turn enhances their writing and speaking skills. Furthermore, exposure to different writing styles and genres broadens learners' understanding of language usage in different contexts.Furthermore, English reading comprehension enhances cultural and contextual understanding. Texts often reflect cultural norms, values, and perspectives of English-speaking communities. By engaging with diverse literary works, learners not only improve their language skills but also gain insights into the cultural aspects embeddedwithin the language. This cultural understanding is crucial for effective communication and interaction in real-life situations, whether in academic, professional, or socialcontexts.Additionally, English reading comprehension fosters critical thinking and analytical skills. When engaging with texts, learners are required to interpret, analyze, and evaluate information presented in the text. They learn to identify main ideas, infer meanings, and make connections between different parts of the text. These cognitive processes not only deepen comprehension but also promote critical thinking abilities, enabling learners to approach information critically and make informed judgments.Moreover, English reading comprehension promotes lifelong learning and personal development. In today's knowledge-based society, the ability to comprehend written information is essential for continuous learning and staying informed about various subjects. By cultivating a habit of reading, learners not only improve their language skills but also broaden their knowledge and perspectives on diverse topics. This continuous engagement with reading contributes to personal growth and intellectual enrichment throughout one's life.In conclusion, English reading comprehension is indispensable for language learners as it contributes to vocabulary acquisition, grammar and syntax development, cultural understanding, critical thinking skills, and lifelong learning. By engaging with diverse texts, learners not only enhance their language proficiency but also develop a deeper appreciation for the richness and complexity of the English language. Therefore, educators and learners alike should recognize the significance of English reading comprehension and incorporate effective reading strategies into language learning curricula.。

医学专业英语阅读English:In the field of medicine, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to have a strong understanding of medical terminology and concepts in order to effectively communicate with colleagues, accurately diagnose patients, and provide appropriate treatments. Medical English reading materials cover a wide range of topics, including anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, and clinical practice. These readings often include scientific research articles, clinical case studies, medical reports, and patient charts, providing students with comprehensive exposure to real-world medical scenarios. Furthermore, medical English reading can also help students stay abreast of the latest developments in the field, as new research and breakthroughs are often published in English-language journals and publications. Overall, proficiency in medical English reading is essential for success in the medical profession, as it facilitates both learning and communication within the healthcare community.中文翻译:在医学领域，医护人员要想有效与同行沟通、准确诊断患者并提供适当的治疗，就必须对医学术语和概念有着深刻的理解。

腐蚀科学加速腐蚀暴露在超薄片的2024架飞机铝合金眩光的应用程序腐蚀的影响暴露在超细(t < 0.4毫米)2024 - t3铝合金薄板厚度是调查。

显微结构的分析表明,对于低加速腐蚀暴露时间,不存在表面恶化,因此相应的力学性能退化被认为是煽动氢扩散和随后的脆化。

媒体曝光了杂种部分减少由于地下腐蚀产物的形成,而缝隙腐蚀明显更高的曝光时间。

拉伸预腐蚀标本单引号或双侧,然后机械测试。

注意到L和机械性能的下降是T 板轧制方向,甚至几分钟后曝光,横向滚动方向有更高的退化值相同的曝光时间。

注意到一个单面的腐蚀标本需要大约双曝光时间达到相同的双面试件的延性降低。

定量拉伸性能退化的结果进行了讨论,结果与观察到的腐蚀降解机制。

拉伸断裂机制的逐步韧脆转变与腐蚀增加曝光时间是表示通过分析联合国腐蚀区域的拉伸断裂表面。

单面的标本展出准解理断裂表面在以下地区表面腐蚀保护。

1.介绍默认“老化”飞机的作战飞机通过了最初的服务设计的目标通常25个日历年。

因此,老龄化飞机需要更频繁的时间间隔检查和维修/更换其关键结构部件由于累积损伤的使用寿命。

飞机结构的情况下从2024 - t3铝合金,几种类型的损害已经报道了大量的维修[1];疲劳裂缝是最常见的损坏,有超过57%的总维修频率。

第二个最频繁的观察损伤飞机结构腐蚀损伤;大约30%的总维修删除表面处理产品和组件的结构完整性的恢复。

飞机工程师们还应该考虑的自然老化效应铝合金2024 - t[2];机械性能实际上是暴露于环境的函数。

因此,所有类型的组合和自然老化是一个真正的问题工程社区关于修理和维护飞机结构完整性的组件[3]。

研究人员正在试图模拟实时条件和简化问题。

工程师必须解决的现实问题是疲劳和腐蚀损害之间的交互。

为此,一些实验方法被执行模拟真正的问题。

同时在铝合金腐蚀疲劳问题的分析导致研究者之间的模糊和不均匀的结果,例如[4 - 6]。

一个简化的方法是评估有害腐蚀标本之前累积疲劳损伤的影响。

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译土木工程师建造道路、桥梁、隧道、水坝、港口、发电厂、水和污水系统、医院、学校、大众交通和其他对现代社会和大量人口集中地区至关重要的公共设施。

他们还建造私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、管道、摩天大楼和其他为工业、商业或住宅使用而设计的大型结构。

此外，土木工程师规划、设计和建造完整的城市和城镇，最近还在规划和设计太空平台，以容纳自给自足的社区。

___ passes the planning。

design。

n。

and management of the built ___ scientific principles。

from ___ are essential to modern society。

such as roads。

bridges。

___。

dams。

and hospitals.___ public facilities。

civil engineers also design and build privately-owned structures。

including airports。

railroads。

pipelines。

skyscrapers。

and other ___。

and ___.Overall。

___ civil engineers。

our modern infrastructure and public facilities would not exist.___。

n。

and maintenance of public and private infrastructure。

This includes roads。

bridges。

pipelines。

dams。

ports。

power plants。

water supply and sewage systems。

hospitals。

schools。

___。

and other structures that are essential to modern ___ as airports。

A combination of information technology innovations and a changing domestic and global business environment makes the role of IT in business even more important for managers than just a few years ago信息技术创新加上国内及全球商业环境的不断变化，使得IT在商业中的作用对管理者来说显得比几年前更为重要。

The Internet revolution is not something that happened and then burst, but instead has turned out to be an ongoing, powerful source of new technologies with significant business implications for much of this century.互联网革命不仅仅是发生，然后破裂那样简单，它是一个不断发展的且强有力的新技术源泉，对本世纪许多事物有着重大商业影响。

There are five factors to consider when assessing the growing impact of IT in business firms both today and over the next ten years.Internet growth and technology convergenceTransformation of the business enterpriseGrowth of a globally connected economyGrowth of knowledge and information- based economiesEmergence of the digital firm在评价IT技术现在和未来10年对商业越来越大的影响时，有五个因素评估时要考虑：互联网的发展和技术融合商业企业的转型全球互联经济的增长以知识和信息为基础的经济的增长数字公司的涌现These changes in the business environment, summarized in Table 2.1, pose a number of new challenges and opportunities for business firms and their managements.表2.1总结了商业环境的变化，列出一些商业企业和它们的管理所面对的新的挑战和机遇The internet and technology convergenceOne of the most frequently asked questions by Wall Street investors, journalists, and business entrepreneurs is, “What’s the next big thing?”As it turns out, the next big thing is in front of us: 互联网和技术的融合一个被华尔街的投资者、记者和企业家最常问到的问题是，“下件大事会是什么？”事实证明，下一个大事件正摆在我们面前：We are in the midst of a networking and communications revolution driven by the growth of the Internet, Internet-based technologies, and new business models and processes that leverage the new technologies.我们正处于一个由互联网发展、以互联网为基础的技术及新的商业模式和商业进程所驱动的网络和通讯革命之中，它们还促使新技术的改变。

传感技术在装配系统中应用1、说明在现代市场需求及越来越多可用的自动化装置和机器人的推动下，一种新型的装配系统在去年应运而生。

在两篇关键性的文献中（41，80），描述了这种在全球化推动下产生的装配系统从1980年以前典型的专一装配机器到应用了机器人和灵活伺服机构的可改装系统的演变。

它还指出一种理想的装配系统应该具有较高的生产效率、良好的灵活性和机敏性。

后两点说明在传统的收工装配车间中也非常容易实现，且仍然在各个领域和各个国家占有重要的低位，但是在高自动化系统中却较难实现。

在特殊的灵巧性装配工作中，i.e人们喜欢由装配机器人来完成装配工作。

因此，在工业应用中要求具有可靠高效的感知反馈环节。

所以，不论在开发新型装配车间的思想中还是对现有转配车间的自动化改造中和解决最近产生的装配问题中，无不体现了传感器的重要性。

传感器在装配工作中的重要性远比监视机械工具的重要性大，一般的传感器在装配车间经常具有广泛的应用，甚至比在高自动化的机械系统中的应用更加频繁。

这是因为在装配操作比一般其它操作都难，经常产生或要求复杂的运动。

另外，即使是装配机器人在已规划的工作环境中操作，像工件的形位误差、未知的工件位置等可变因素也经常影响装配进程。

而且，装配任务的品质要求使其包含自动检测环节成为必要。

适当传感器的安装也适用于像工业机器人、可操作的气动伺服装置等具有较低的位置精度和顺向的经济优势的标准的机械。

传感器的另一种优势表现在具体的操作过程阶段。

事实上，相同的传感器可以被用于对简单、快速的操作和轨道插入的过程控制，自从传感器自身可以在操作阶段提供正确路径所必须的信息，一种高位置精度的末端机构不再需要经历自学习阶段。

另外，自从传感器能够补偿计算机辅助设计的收搜索精度时，使得线下操作过程更加容易和有效。

自从传感器的重要性在1978年的一篇主旨性文章中（149）被强调以后，装配系统的变革是显著的，很多工厂开始在他们的装配车间使用传感器，在传感技术的影响下机器人的研究也创造出了很多效益各种新型的传感器，各种新型的传感器也已经投入到了市场。

医学专业英语⽂章翻译 健康,已成为当今全球性的四⼤问题之⼀(其它三个是:能源、⼈⼝和环境⽣态)。

下⾯是店铺带来的医学专业英语⽂章翻译，欢迎阅读! 医学专业英语⽂章翻译1 低头党注意啦：常常玩⼿机的⼋⼤风险! 1. Cyber Sickness 晕屏症 Also called "digital motion sickness," symptoms that range from headaches to woozy feelings can occur when you quickly scroll on your smart phone or watch action-packed video on your screen. 这种病也被称为“数字晕车”，症状包括头痛、甚⾄出现头昏眼花的感觉，这种病可能会发⽣在你快速刷屏或者看让⼈觉得很刺激的视频的时候。

The sensation results from a mismatch between sensory inputs, Steven Rauch, medical director of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Balance and Vestibular Center and a professor of otolaryngology at Harvard Medical School, told the New York Times. 这种感觉是由感官输⼊的不匹配引起的，马萨诸塞州眼科顾问、来⾃哈佛⼤学医学院⽿⿐喉科的教授史蒂芬·劳奇对《纽约时报》说道。

“Your sense of balance is different than other senses in that it has lots of inputs,” he said. “When those inputs don’t agree, that’s when you feel dizziness and nausea.” In other words, you experience a "sensory conflict" when you see an active motion but don't physically feel it. “与其他感官不同，当有⼤量信息输⼊时，⼈的平衡感会发⽣改变。

英语专业八级翻译试题真题2009年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分（附参考译文）C-E原文：我想不起来哪一个熟人没有手机。

今天没有手机的人是奇怪的，这种人才需要解释。

我们的所有社会关系都储存在手机的电话本里，可以随时调出使用。

古代只有巫师才能拥有这种法宝。

手机刷新了人与人的关系。

会议室门口通常贴着一条通告：请与会者关闭手机。

可是会议室里的手机铃声仍然响成一片。

我们都是普通人，并没有多少重要的事情。

尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。

打开手机象征我们与这个世界的联系。

手机反映出我们的"社交饥渴症"。

最为常见的是，一个人走着走着突然停下来，眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信。

他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。

为什么对于手机来电和短信这么在乎?因为我们迫切渴望与社会保持联系。

参考译文：Cell phone has altered / renovated human relations / relationships. There is usually a note on the door of conference room, which reads “close your handset / cell phone.” However, the rings are still resounding in the room. We are all common people and have few urgencies to do. Still, we are reluctant to turn off the phone. Cell phone symbolizes our connection with the world and reflects our “thirst for socialization.”We are familiar with the scene that a person stops his steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at his phone, regardless of his location, whether in road center or beside restroom.注：中文作者：张帆标题：《我们生活在机器中》为上海艺术人文频道《世说新语》栏目所作的演讲稿E-C原文：We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency - a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But thereis hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst - though not all - of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.However, too many of the world's leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler's threat: "They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, all powerful to be impotent." So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.参考译文：我们人类，正面临全球性的危机，一个关于我们的人类文明能否延续的危机；尽管我们聚在一起共商对策，而灾难却在扩大，形势不容乐观。

考研英语阅读翻译作文The Importance of Reading in the Postgraduate Entrance Examination。

As the Postgraduate Entrance Examination is approaching, many students are busy preparing for the test. Among allthe subjects, the English reading comprehension is often considered the most challenging part for many students. Therefore, it is crucial for postgraduate candidates to improve their reading skills in order to achieve a good score in the examination.First and foremost, reading comprehension is anessential skill for postgraduate students. In the examination, candidates are required to read and understand various types of texts, such as academic papers, research reports, and literary works. Without good reading skills,it is difficult for students to grasp the main ideas and details of the texts, which will inevitably affect their performance in the examination. Therefore, improvingreading comprehension is the key to success in the Postgraduate Entrance Examination.Moreover, reading is not only important for the examination, but also for the future academic and professional development of postgraduate students. In the process of reading, students can broaden their knowledge, enhance their critical thinking and analytical skills, and improve their language proficiency. These are all essential qualities for postgraduate students to excel in their studies and future careers. Therefore, developing good reading habits and skills is of great significance for postgraduate students.In order to improve reading comprehension, postgraduate candidates can take the following measures. Firstly, they should read extensively and regularly. Reading a wide range of materials, including academic papers, newspapers, magazines, and novels, can help students to familiarize themselves with different types of texts and improve their reading speed and comprehension. Secondly, students can practice reading comprehension exercises and take mocktests to assess their reading skills and identify their weaknesses. By doing so, they can focus on improving their weak areas and enhance their overall reading ability. Lastly, students can seek help from teachers, tutors, or online resources to get guidance and support in improving their reading skills.In conclusion, reading comprehension plays a crucial role in the Postgraduate Entrance Examination and the academic and professional development of postgraduate students. Therefore, it is essential for postgraduate candidates to improve their reading skills in order to achieve success in the examination and beyond. By reading extensively, practicing reading comprehension exercises, and seeking help from others, students can enhance their reading ability and achieve their academic goals.。

专英题型1.短语英译汉2*5=102.短语汉译英2*5=103.句子英译汉4*2+5*2+6*2=304.段落汉译英10*1=105.完形填空2*5=106.单选2*5=107.作文20*1=20A CITY IS NOT A TREE城市并非树形（城市不是树形结构）CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER 克里斯托弗.亚历山大Unit 01Section 1Intensive readingPart Ⅰ不少设计师十分推崇并尝试在设计中结合那些能够反映根本的人类心理、精神需求和文化价值观的建成环境要求。

但是没有任何一个人像出生于澳大利亚、受教于英国、扎根于美国的建筑师和规划师克里斯托弗.亚历山大一样与传统建筑实践如此彻底地决裂，并且探索地更加深入，以使自己的设计反映这些最基本的价值。

亚历山大自称是一个破坏偶像（反对传统观念）的人，他有意识地同二十世纪建筑学和城市规划的主流思想保持距离。

值得注意的是：他挑出来在下文中进行攻击的8个“树形”规划是二十世纪最受尊重、最富盛名的规划方案的代表，包括勒.柯布西耶基于其建造一个现代城市的理论而为印度昌迪加尔新区做的规划；还包括保罗. 索莱尔的位于亚利桑那沙漠中梅萨市的空想巨型结构。

自从他最早发表挑衅性的观点攻击后面所选的正规的“树形”城市规划内容贫乏以来，亚历山大一生都从事于探求解读潜藏在人类需求下的深层结构体系以及对建筑新样式的再生模式的定义。

下面所选例子清楚地说明，一个城市不应该设计成像整洁的树形分枝组织那样把各个功能彼此分开。

亚历山大谴责整洁的城市规划，它们把“邻里”用界限分离，划分一个区域用作居住另一个用作商业，或者专门创建一个区域用作大学或文化设施。

他认为人类活动远比那些更为复杂和交叠。

亚历山大在文章节选中提出的城市设计策略可能会困扰那些寻求清晰、理性设计准则的人们。

亚历山大的观点是：关于如何设计非树状结构的城市还所知不够，从而无法提出明确的解决方案。

阅读英语作文及翻译英文回答：As a foreign language learner, I have always been fascinated by the nuances and complexities of the English language. Its vast vocabulary, intricate grammar, and rich cultural heritage make it an endlessly rewarding subject to pursue.One of the most striking aspects of English is its sheer size. With an estimated vocabulary of over 1 million words, it is one of the most expressive and versatile languages in the world. This immense vocabulary allows for precise and nuanced communication, enabling us to convey our thoughts and emotions with great clarity.Another fascinating feature of English is its complex grammar. While it may seem daunting at first glance, the rules and structures of English grammar provide a solid foundation for effective communication. The use of tenses,modal verbs, and conditionals allows us to express a wide range of meanings and ideas with precision.Beyond its vocabulary and grammar, English is also a language steeped in history and culture. Its roots in Old English, Norman French, and Latin have given it a unique blend of influences. This heritage is reflected in the diversity of its vocabulary, with words borrowed from many different languages.In addition to its linguistic features, English is also a language of global significance. As the lingua franca of international communication, it connects people from all walks of life and facilitates the exchange of ideas and information. Its widespread use in business, diplomacy, and academia makes it an essential tool for anyone who wishes to engage with the wider world.Learning English has not only improved my communication skills but has also broadened my horizons and deepened my understanding of other cultures. Through the study of English literature, I have gained insights into the mindsand hearts of some of the greatest writers in history.中文回答：作为一个外语学习者，我一直被英语语言的细微差别和复杂性所吸引。

电气专业英语文章翻译1第二章第一篇To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. Fromthe omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspectof our increasingly technological society— whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing.谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。

从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机，我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。

在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的，而且还将不断增强。

In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term一般说来，我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作，让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。

A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air ina room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions.The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we referimplicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system in which force andvelocity are the variables or a hydraulic system in which pressure and flowrate are the variables can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena.信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。

英语文章翻译英语文章翻译（通用12篇）经典文章阅读对英语专业学生文化素质的养成具有无可替代的作用。

下面是店铺带来的经典英语文章翻译，欢迎阅读！英语文章翻译篇1有两个贫苦的樵夫靠上山捡柴糊口，有一天，他们在山里发现两大包棉花，两人喜出望外。

棉花轻且贵，当下俩人各背了一包棉花赶路回家。

There once were two poor woodsmen who made a living by collecting woods in the mountain. One day, they happened to discover two large bag of cotton in the mountain and felt surprisingly happy. The cotton was light but valuable, so they carried it on their back and went back home.走着走着，其中一名樵夫眼尖，看到山路上扔着一大捆布，他就和同伴商量。

扔下棉花，背布回家。

他的同伴却有不同的看法，认为自己背着棉花已走了一大段，到了这里丢下棉花，岂不枉费了先前的辛苦，坚持不愿换布。

发现布的樵夫则尽其所能背起布走。

又走了一段路，背布的樵夫望见不远处的地上散落着数坛黄金。

心想这下真的发财了，赶忙用挑柴的扁担挑黄金。

他的同伴仍是不愿丢下棉花，并怀疑黄金不是真的。

发现黄金的樵夫只好自己挑了两坛黄金，和背棉花的伙伴赶紧回家。

When they were walking home, one of the woodsmen spotted a large bundle of cloth beside the road. So he discussed with his partner whether to discard the cotton and take the cloth instead. But his partner held a different view that since he had carried the cotton for such a long way, he would not change it with cloth because all his previous effort would turn out to be in vain. Therefore, the other woodsman abandoned the cotton and carried the cloth on his back. After walking for a while, thewoodsman who carried the cloth spotted several jars of gold disseminated on the ground not far away. He felt so thrilled that he was going to be a wealthy man. So he gave up the cloth and used his carrying pole to carry two jars of gold, while his partner was still reluctant to abandon the cotton and wondering whether the gold was real or not.谁知道刚走到山下。

Unit 3 What is Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization?什么是废物减量化，废物最少化美国花费了大量的时间在讨论像资源减量化，废物最小化，循环和阻止污染这些术语上，EPA已经提供了以下的定义。

资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。

它包括，例如，过程调整，原料调整，提高管理和回收在循环。

废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。

它包括了被导致了只要减量化与现在或将来威胁到人类健康和环境的最小化的目标一致的总容量或废物数量的减少或者废物毒性的减少，或者两方面兼备的发生器承担任何资源减量化或循环的活动。

回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。

它包括了废物的有用的小部分或来自允许再用的去除了污染物的废物的在现场或离开现场的回收利用。

污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。

这样可能在三个方式上被阻止：改变投入/减少依赖有毒物或有害的原材料；改变过程/增加效率/提高类似设备修改的维修保养，更好的管理，在过程中闭环循环；或者改变产出/减小对有毒或者有害产品的依赖。

随着1984年危险废物和固体废物修正案资源保护和恢复法的通过，美国国会建立一个国家政策来表明回收或消除危险废物的产生重要性。

美国国会宣称它是一项无论在美国哪里都可行的国家政策，要尽可能迅速地回收或消除危险废物的产生。

然而产生的废物还是应被处理、储存或处置，从而尽量减少现在和将来对人类健康和环境的威胁。

在1990年，美国国会通过污染防治法，建立了一个全国废物管理政策。

表明第一污染应该被预防或回收；;第二，废物应该用一种环保安全的方式进行循环利用；第三，废物应该被处理;最后，废物应该被除去或降解到环境。

在美国，随着这些和其他环境法规的通过，废物最少化成为一种重要的工作理念.废物回收/废物最少化技术同时，对于一些特定的工厂，废物最少化的当然是在具体的工厂或在实地，能用的技术能被分为以下主要几类：●product changes产品改变●process changes过程改变●equipment modifications设备改造●operating practices操作训练●recycling and reuse回收和再利用在实践中，尽量减少废物的机会是有限的，只有被工厂人员的聪明才智所利用. 这种技术已经被运用与大数量的工业和工业化生产过程，同时也被应用于有危险性和非危险性的废物。

1. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the same of conversation.无论动物之间的交流有多么复杂，它们都称不上聊天。

2. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no wining in conversation.争吵可能经常是它的一部分，但争吵的目的并不是要说服他人。

聊天中没有输赢之分。

3. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own.或许是我自小常去英国酒吧的缘故，我认为酒吧聊天拥有自己独特的魅力4. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it —— she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not sth. that was pressing on her mind —— but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk我不记得是什么使我们的一个伙伴提前了这个话题——她显然不是特意来酒吧说这件事的，那也不是什么她非说不可的事——但她十分自然的在聊天中说出了这句话5.There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken ".每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制定一些规则时，总会遭到下层社会的抵制。