高中英语语法定语从句
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定语从句语法归纳及练习一、语法知识归纳基本概念(一)定语从句在复合句中作定语,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
(二)先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
一般情况下,定语从句紧跟先行词。
但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
(三)关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。
与先行词关系密切,因此紧跟先行词,并在定语从句中充当一个成分。
关系代词有:who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外,as也可充当关系代词。
关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。
关系副词有:when, where和why。
在定语从句中充当状语。
小总结:关系词的作用有哪些?二、关系代词的用法(一)基本用法根据先行词的不同,和在从句中所充当的成分不同,选用不同的关系代词。
如下表:例如:(注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分)① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? (________)② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. (________)③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. (________)④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. (________)⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. (________)注意:关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略,充当主语时则不能。
(见上例③④)(二)关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时,一般可以通用。
高中英语定语从句详解Ⅰ、概念:(1) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语得从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰得成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句得词叫关系词,分为关系代词与关系副词。
关系词得作用:1) 引导定语从句,连接主句与从句,相当于一个连词;2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)常用得关系代词: that、which、who、whom、whose,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,关系代词可以省略。
常用得关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when(时间状语)、why(原因状语)、whe re(地点状语)可以修饰人得关系代词:that, who,whom,whose可以修饰事得关系代词:that, which, as,whose,The student who answered the question was John、Iknow thereasonwhy he wasso angry、The boy (whom) you are talkingto is mybrother、I'd like a roomwhose window facesthe sea、定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;第二瞧先行词在定语从句中得语法功能(做主语、宾语、表语或状语);第三选择合适得关系词。
Ⅱ、几个关系代词得基本用法:●that:可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语) 如:1、A letterthat/which is written in pencil is difficult to read、(主语)2、Do you know the gentleman that/whospoke just now?3、You can takeanything ( that)you like、(宾语)4、Whatis thequestion(that/which) they aretalking about?5、Hereis theman (who/whom/that) you want tosee、6、She's no longerthe girl( that) sheused to be before、(表语)7、Ourhometown isno longer theone (that)it usedto be、(=Our hometown isnot the same as it used tobe、= Our hometown is differentfrom what itusedtobe。
高中英语语法系列:定语从句知识要点1.关系代词和关系副词的选用2.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别3.几组的关系词特殊用法一、定义:在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
The happy man who lives next to me sells vegetables.You must do everything that I do.被定语从句修饰的词,叫先行词。
比如上面两句中的man和everything.引导定语从句的词,叫关系代词和关系副词。
比如who,whom,that,which,wh ere,when,why等关系词三重作用:①连接主从句;②指代先行词;③在定语从句中担任句子成分。
The man who lives next to me sells vegetables.该句中,who lives next to me是定语从句,修饰先行词the man,“who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。
二、关系词引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,which,that,whose,as等和关系副词w here,when,why等。
关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。
1.用关系代词that,which,who,whom引导的定语从句who指人,用作主语whom指人,用作宾语which指物,用作主语、宾语皆可that指人和物,用作主语、宾语皆可The teacher who visits our school today is from Guangzhou.Mrs Read is the person whom you should write to.They planted some trees which didn’t need much water.The fish(which)we bought this morning were not fresh.A plane is a machine that can fly.The noodles(that)I cooked were delicious.2.用关系代词whose引导的定语从句:先行词既可指人,也可指物,一般译为“谁的”“什么东西的”,请看例子The room whose window faces south is mine.3.用关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句(1)when在从句中作时间状语October lst,1949is the day when(=on which)the People’s Republic of China was founded.(2)where在从句中作地点状语I recently went to the town where(=in which)I was born.(3)why在从句中作原因状语The reason why(=for which)he was late was that he missed the train.高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。
行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,通常翻译成主句的并列句。
关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。
(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥,现在是律师,总是鼓励他上大学。
(他只有一个哥哥)一、关系代词的使用【例句观察】①She is the woman (whom / that / who)I wanted to see yesterday. 她是我昨天想看的那个女的。
②The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你扛着的包裹马上要拆开。
③Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadn't expected. Obama在2009年得诺贝尔和平奖是大家都没想到的。
④Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble. 你父母是你困难时可以求助的人。
【例句分析】①whom / that / who指人,在限制性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语,可以省略。
②which / that指物,在限制性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语,可以省略。
③which指前面主句内容,在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,但不能省略。
④whom前有介词to,虽然作宾语,但不能省略。
定语从句总结先行词为人时:关系代词从句中缺主语时,who;that;不能省略从句缺宾语,who; that ;whom,可省略;(介词后只能跟whom)从句缺定语指代’s ,whose先行词为物时:关系代词从句缺主语时,which;that;不能省略从句缺宾语时,which;that;可省略;(介词后只能跟which)从句缺定语指代’s,whose先行词为时间:从句缺时间状语时,关系副词when(也可prep+which)从句缺主语宾语时,which;that先行词为地点:从句缺地点状语时,关系副词where(也可prep+which)从句缺主语宾语时,which;that先行词为reason:从句缺缘由状语时,why / for which从句缺主语宾语时,which;that非限制性定语从句(带,的定语从句)1.As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.2.It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.(which 指代前面这个事)3. He keeps a diary, which everybody knows.(which 指代know的宾语)(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,which不行。
(2)as常带有“正如”的意思As we know , smoking is harmful to one's health. As is know n, smoking is harmful to one's health. It is known that smoking is harmful. (主语从句) (3)the same… as;such…as 中的as 是固定结构,I have got into the same trouble as he (has).特殊说明:1常考名词的定语从句:case,point,stage,situation;定语从句中主语宾语齐全用where;定语从句中缺主语宾语用which或that2 way做先行词,定语从句中的关系词用that; in which;不填3 用逗号隔开,起补充说明作用的非限制限制性定语从句,无论先行词是什么,都不用that4 众所周知:As is known(to all),…It is known (to all)that5 正如As was reported, (It was reported that)As was announced,As was expected,As we planned,As can be seen,只能用that, 不能用which引导定语从句的状况a)不定代词,如:anything,nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时Finally, the thief handed everythingthat he had stolen to the police.b) the only, the very, the just修饰先行词时He is the very man that helped thegirl out of the water.c)先行词为序数词(the first, the last)数词、形容词最高级时The first English book that heHad read was "Gone with the wind"d)先行词既有人,又有物时He talked about the teachers andschools that he visited.e)关系代词在从句中做表语He is not the man that he used to be.。
高中英语定语从句详解Ⅰ.概念:(1) 定语从句: 在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词()后面。
(2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词, 短语, 或整个主句。
(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词, 分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:1) 引导定语从句, 连接主句和从句, 相当于一个连词;2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语, 宾语, 表语, 定语, 状语)常用的关系代词: 、、、、,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时, 关系代词可以省略。
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语): (时间状语)、(原因状语)、(地点状语)可以修饰人的关系代词: , , ,可以修饰事的关系代词: , , , ,.I .() .I'd a .定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语、表语或状语);第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:●: 可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语, 宾语, 表语。
(指人时, 相当于或;指物时, 相当于)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如:1.A .(主语)2.3. ( ) .(宾语)4. ()5. ( ) .6.'s ( ) .(表语)7. () .(= .= 。
= .)●: 指物;在定语从句中作主语, 宾语。
如:1. .(主语)2. () I .(宾语)●, , :: 主格, 在从句中作主语, 只可指人: 宾格, 在从句中只能作宾语; 只可指人: 表所属关系, 在从句中作定语。
译为: 某人的, 某物的+ 名词 + n.+ (某物的)+ n.+ (某人的)I .(主语)( / ) .I a .( = )A .(指人)( = )I'd a .(指物)( )关系代词作介词宾语 (在定语从句中, 介词提前时, 介词后: 表人用;表物用 )关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。
【高中英语】英语语法讲解之定语从句(一)定语从句的结构:在复合句中,修饰某个名词或代词的句子(做这个名词或代词的定语)叫定语从句,定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面,被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词,它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接,这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词(关系代词或关系副词:that,which,who,whose,when,where,why)。
先行词在定语从句中充当主语,宾语,时间,地点,原因状语。
结构:先行词+关系词+定语从句。
1.thereshesawawallofwaterthatwasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.2.在日本,有人看到其他人在谈论他们时,会认为这意味着钱。
4.theparkhasaconservationcenterthathelpsprotectmarineanimalsandtheirhabitatsin theriversandcoastalwatersofasia.5.访客可以在他们可以看到的地方查看他们在自己的房间内看到的东西。
6.oprahwinfreyisablackwomanwhoserisetofameisaninspiringstory.(二)定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:限定性定语从句:从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明,缺少它,则句义显得不完整,从句与先行词紧密相连。
非限制性定语从句:补充和解释先行词。
它与先行词之间用逗号分隔。
1.beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.2.树木一棵接一棵地被水砍倒,水的深度必须达到米。
3.flora,whosebeautifulhairanddresswereallcoldandwet,startedcrying.4.他们的演讲包括节奏和押韵词,这些词经常引起听众的掌声。
高中英语语法之定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语whom 指人在从句中作宾语whose 指人或物在从句中作定语as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语but 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词2、as 的用法(1)常用于下列结构:such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as注意:the same…as 表示同一类,不同一个the same…that 表示同一个(2)as与which的区别a、位置不同as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。
b、as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。
Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。
注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which 代替as。
c、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。
二、只用that不用which的情况1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时.3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
定语从句2导言说英文中一个大句译时注意这一语言差异,对掌握英语很有帮助。
定语从句是将定语扩大成一个完整句子,由关系代词或副词引导,放在所要修饰的名词之后,通常称被修饰的名词为先行词。
●主系定语从句表语先行词关系代词在从句中做主语▲由关系代词引导的定语从句who代替人,在从句中做主语或宾语。
which代替物,在从句中做主语或宾语。
whom代替人,在从句中做宾语。
that可以与who which whom换用。
●主系定语从句表语定语从句先行词关系代词在从句中做主语●主系定语从句表语定语从句先行词关系代词在从句中做主语●主系定语从句表语●定语从句主语表语注:关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句练习1..2..3..4..5..6.?7..8..9..孙老师特别提示:请网上的同学务必要自己做一下上面的句子,然后再听老师的讲解。
基本句型的好坏将直接影响到高考作文分数的高低。
我们发现很多好学生写出的句子存在着大量的错误,请同学们注意改正,避免在高考中丢分。
定语从句练习答案1..The girt who you met yesterday is my teacher’s sister .2..The old lady who you had looked after died yesterday.3..The wallet that you picked up yesterday is my teacher’s.4..The building which is being built is our new library.The building which they are building is our new library.5..The girt that you want to marry is a thief.6.?Who7..The wallet which I lost yesterday is in the bag of our monitor.8..The BMW which I had bought was stolen.9..A person who knows “how” will find a job and a person who knows “why” will be a boss .Do you know the boy who is running after the dog that is running after the cat that is runningafter the rat that is eating the cake that was madeby my mother who my father married yesterday?▲关系代词whose的用法●这就是那个男孩,●=the boy’s●你认识那个女孩吗?=the girl’s▲介词后的关系代词有时关系代词在从句中不是做动词的宾语而是做介词的宾语。
高中英语语法:定语从句知识点在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词,用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。
被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。
定语从句必须放在先行词之后。
引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词who、whom、whose、which、that 和关系副词when、where、why等。
一、关系代词和关系副词的功能关系代词和关系副词功能有三个:1)用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。
2)关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。
关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语;关系副词可作状语。
3)关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。
1、作主语关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。
(引导词that在句中作主语)The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. 昨天到我班来访的外国人来自加拿大。
(引导词who在句中作主语)2、作宾语在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面条美味可口。
(引导词that,可省略)The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我们买的鱼不新鲜。
(引导词which,可省略)3、作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。
This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 这就是那个男孩,他母亲是我们的语文老师。
注意:关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语时,可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。
The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到医院拜访了康先生,康先生在他的公司里工作。
高中英语语法复习专题讲解-定语从句一、定义及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等;关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用:A、引导定语从句;B、代替先行词;C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如:The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.该句中,who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句,修饰先行词the man,“who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。
二、定语从句的种类以及区别定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,现将它们之间的用法及区别列表如下限制性:她有两个当解放军的儿子。
非限制性:她有两个儿子,他们都是解放军。
She has two sons,三、关系代词的用法区分1.修饰物体时关系代词that和 which的区分•只能使用that的情况:(1)当先行词即有人又有物时。
eg. I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.(2)当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。
eg. This is the first book that I bought myself.The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.(3)当先行词所在句子含疑问词who,which时。
eg. Which is the book that you bought yesterday?(4)当先行词被the very, the right, the next, the only 等强调词修饰时。
高中英语语法基础——定语从句知识点归纳讲解(附同步练习)★先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
通常情况下,引导词前面的名词即为从句的先行词。
★关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
也可以称作引导词。
①关系代词:who,whom,which,that,whose,as,在从句内作主语、宾语等名词性成分。
②关系副词:when,where,why在从句内作状语。
(一). 使用who、whom、which、that的定语从句1. whoThis is the boy who plays basketball very well.This is the teacher who is teaching us English.▲who 指人, 在从句中作主语。
2. whomThis is the boy (whom) I often help.The man is our headmaster (whom) you met just now.I met the girl (whom) you often praise.▲whom 指人,在从句中作宾语, 可省略。
3. whichThis is the farm which keeps many cows.This is the farm (which ) I visit every year.▲which 指事物, 在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。
4. that以上三种情况均可用that。
指人或指物,可作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略。
(二). 使用whose的定语从句Do you know the girl whose father is mayor.I used to work in an office whose window faces north.I work in a school whose students are excellent.▲whose 指人或物的所属关系,表示“某人的”或“某物的”。
高中英语语法复习讲义——定语从句一、定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。
(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
(which / that在句中作宾语)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
定语从句讲解一、详细的定语从句讲解定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。
名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
(一)限定性定语从句1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。
而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导(二)非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at whichAttitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
英语语法定语从句基础知识学习定语从句在复合句中作定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名次或代词即现行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:which、that、who、whom 、whose 关系副词有:when 、where、why 定语从句的引导词既起引导从句的作用,同时又担任从句的主语、宾语、定语(whose)、和状语,在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略,在非限制性定从中不可省。
考点一、由which、that引导的定从,在从句中作主语、宾语,指物The building which/that stands near the river is our school.I lost the book (which/that)you gave me.考点二、由who、whom、that、whose在从句中主语、宾语、定语This is the man who/that helped me.I don’t know the man (who/whom/that)you talked with.Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.the roof of which has fallen in.of which the roof has fallen in.考点三、使用关系副词应注意下列几点:1. 关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+ which结构:when = on (in, at, during…) + which where = in (at, on…) + which why = for whichI was in Beijing on the day when (= on which) he arrived.The office where (= in which) he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why (= for which) we did it.2. 当先行词是表时间和表地点的词时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which 或that; 缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when 或where,I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.I’ll neve r forget the days which / that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which / that makes radio parts.3. when 和where 既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
第 11 章定语从句第 11 章 ......................................1.先行词和关系词 .................................2.定语从句的种类 .................................3.关系代词如何引导定语从句 .......................4.各种关系代词的使用方法 .........................5.关系代词与介词·关系代词的省略 .................6.非限定性定语从句中的关系代词 ...................7.关系副词的定义与用法 ...........................8. as 引导的定语从句 ..............................9.定语从句中需注意事项 ...........................10.定语从句和同位语从句的区别 ....................定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、副词、不定式、介词短语等来担任,如果是一个句子担任定语,那么这个句子就叫做定语从句,因为主要由形容词担任定语,所以也可以称它为形容词性从句。
定语从句可以修饰名词或代词,还能修饰整个主句或主句的一部分。
第一个来的人是迈克。
你给我的毛巾不干净。
我父亲每天做早操,这点对他的身体有好处。
这就是我去年住过的房子。
1 先行词和关系词(关系代词和关系副词的定义与作用)1 定语从句的构成(爱冒险的青年人)被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。
定语从句都在它所修饰的先行词的后面(后置)。
(这一点和汉语不同,汉语中的定语都放在被修饰的名词或代词的前面。
)2 关系词的作用两个简单句Thank you for the record.+You gave me the record.主从复合句谢谢你给我的录音机。
Thank you for the record that/which you gave me the record.…(× )Thank you for the record that/which you gave it to me.… (× )关系代词起着代词和连词的作用。
关系副词起着副词或介词短语和连词的作用。
在从句中它们既代替前面的先行词在句子里担任一定的成分,又把两个句子连接起来构成一个带有定语从句的主从复合句。
请看上面例句。
说明关系代词 that/which 紧跟在先行词 record 的后面引导定语从句。
关系代词 that/which 在从句中既代替先行词 record 在句子里担任宾语,(该定语从句原应为 You gave me the record.)又起着连词的作用把两个简单句连接起来构成一个带有定语从句的主从复合句。
注意在从句中因为关系代词 that 或 which 已经代替了 record,所以在从句中就不能再重复用它了。
The house which/that stands on the hill is mine.在山上的那所房子是我的。
( the house 是先行词,关系代词在从句中作主语,不能省略,引导定语从句 which/that stands on the hill。
)I know the boy whose parents are dead.我认识那个父母亲双亡的小男孩。
( the boy 是先行词, whose 是关系代词,它在从句中担任定语,修饰 parents。
)This is the park where I lost my wallet.这就是我丢失钱包的公园。
(先行词是 the park,关系副词 where 在从句中作地点状语,它相当于副词 there 或介词短语 in the park。
)2 定语从句的种类定语从句分为限定性和非限定性定语从句1 限定性定语从句这就是给我这本书的人。
限定性定语从句用于修饰和限定先行词,与先行词之间的关系非常密切,它所修饰的词代表一个(些)或一类特定的人或东西,如果删去则剩下的部分意思就会含混不清,在限定性定语从句之前,不用任何标点。
译成汉语时,通常从句的末尾有“的”字,并放在它所限制的名词前面。
★上述从句不能删去,如删去则成了 This is the man.(这是一个人。
)完全失去了整个句的意思,因此不能删掉。
2 非限定性定语从句李明在屋子里,他想问你几个问题。
在意义上它是先行词的一个附加修饰语,对先行词只起进一步说明的作用,有时对于主句做进一步说明,如果删掉它,不影响整个句子的基本意思,因此通常用逗号把它和其它句子分开。
译成汉语时,一般用并列句表达,或单独译成一句话。
★上述主句是 Li Ming wants to ask you some questions.定语从句为 who is in the room.如果删去从句则不影响句子的基本意思。
在意思上,有时,限定性和非限定性定语从句区别还是较大的。
限定性定语从句In their class there are fifteen students who can speakEnglish well.在他们班上有十五位英语说得好的学生。
说明可以看出他们班上不只十五个学生,要多于十五位( more thanfifteen students)。
非限定性定语从句In their class there are fifteen students, who can speak English well.在他们班上,有十五位学生,他们英语都说得很好。
说明从句子中可以看出他们班上有十五个学生,这十五位学生英语口语都好。
( There are fifteen students in their class.)限定性定语从句She has two sons who are P.L.A. men.(Maybe she has other sons who are not P.L.A. men.)她有两个当解放军的儿子。
(她有不止两个儿子,其余的可能不当兵)非限定性定语从句She has two sons, who are P. L. A. men.(She has only two sons. They are both P. L. A. men.)她有两个儿子,他们都是解放军。
(她只有两个儿子,他们都是解放军。
)3 关系代词如何引导定语从句1 关系代词和普通代词的区别我有一个姐姐。
她在上海工作。
The building which/that stands by the river is our school.矗立在河边的这座建筑是我们的学校。
普通代词只起代替作用(如上列 She)关系代词(如上列 which/that):①除了代替先行词外,②它还在宾语从句中担任一定的成分,③同时它也起连词的作用——把先行词与它所引导的定语从句联系在一起(把主句和从句连接起来)。
说明如下:The building is our school. + The building stands bythe river.(这座建筑是我们学校)(这座建筑矗立在河边)=The building which/that stands by the river is our school.先行词关系代词( =连词+代词)从句( which 或 that 是个关系代词,它在从句中代替先行词 thebuilding,同时担任从句中的主语,也起连词的作用,把两个简单句连接起来。
)关系代词的使用取决于先行词,它们的关系非常密切,因为关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词,所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后,而且它的人称、数必须和先行词一致。
① The woman that/who is speaking at the meeting is→ The woman is speaking at the meeting.(主格)单数,第三人称、现在进行时。
my mother.② The women that/who are speaking at the meeting are→ The women are speaking at the meeting.famous scientists.译文:①正在会议上发言的那位妇女是我妈妈。
②正在会议上发言的妇女们是有名的科学家。
说明判断步骤步骤一:首先,要辨别出先行词这二句中先行词是 the woman(妇女)和 the women(妇女们),是人,那么它的关系代词就可能是表格中第一列中的任意一个: who, that, whom, whose。
步骤二:然后,要确定关系代词(即先行词)在从句中所担任的成分在例①和②中均担任主语,所以就从表格中第一行中找出担任主格的关系代词 who, that。
步骤三:最后,要确定关系代词的人称和数因为 who, that 可以表示单数和复数及各种人称。
例①中先行词 the woman 是单数第三人称,所以从句中的关系代词也代表的是单数第三人称,谓语动词用 is speaking。
例②中 the women 是第三人称复数, who 也代表第三人称复数(见上例②→的句子),所以谓语动词用 are speaking。
注意定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。
The woman who (that) spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother.昨天在会议上发言的那位妇女是我妈妈。
主句 The woman is my mother.叙述客观事实用一般现在时。
从句 who (that) spoke at the meeting yesterday句中有 yesterday(昨天),表示过去的时间,所以从句用过去时。
3 定语从句的辨认与使用思考步骤:1.找出先行词a.确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数和性。
b.确定定语从句的位置(一般情况下定语从句都紧跟在先行词之后,尤其是限定性定语从句)。
2.确定关系代词在从句中所担任的成分以确定关系代词的格。
3.确定从句的时态根据实际情况确定定语从句的时态(它的时态、语态都不受主句的限制)。
他所要见的人在上海。
①先行词是人( the man),单数第三人称② 他所要见的人 He wants to see(the man).关系代词在从句中作宾语,所以要用宾格 whom, that, who 都可以。
(当然在从句中作宾语还可以省略)③时态:根据句子要求用一般现在时。