现在完成时的用法讲解修订版
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现在完成时的用法讲解集团标准化小组:[VVOPPT-JOPP28-JPPTL98-LOPPNN]
现在完成时的讲解
对所学时态的回顾,引入现在完成时
通过数轴来概括讲解所学的四个时态:一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时。
(导入)有时候,这4种时态还不能满足我们表达的需要。比如:表示“某人过去曾经做过某事”或者“某人做某事多久”,以上五种时态就派不上用场了。这时,我们可以用一种新的时态——现在完成时表示。同样也用数轴来表示一下。
一现在完成时的构成:主语 + have/has + 过去分词
(过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。
eg .I have taught English in this school since 1999.
二、否定式:主语 + haven’t/hasn’t + 过去分词。
疑问式: Have /Has + 主语 + 过去分词
简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)
No, 主语 + haven’t/hasn’t.(否定)
—Have you finished your work — Yes,I have.
三现在完成时的含义之一表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,
常与already/yet,just,never/ever,before, so far等连用。这些标志词可以表达这种含义.
1.already意为“已经”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。实例:
1)I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
(“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。)
2)I've washed my clothes already.我已经洗了衣服。
(洗衣服的动作已完成,其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。)
注意:在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时,already也可用于(口语)疑问句中。实例:3)Have you met him already 你(真的)已经见过他了
2.yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。实例:1)—Has he found his watch yet 他已经找到他的手表了吗
—No,not yet.不,还没有。
2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)
3.just意为“刚刚”,表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
He has just come back from school .他刚从学校回来。
4.ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong 你曾去过香港吗
2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她说过话。
5.never意为“从来没有”常与before连用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
I have never traveled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
6.before意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。实例:
1)Have you been to Hainan before 你以前去过海南吗
2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前没吃过广东菜。
7. 以so far为标志
so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生。
He has got to Beijing so far. She has passed the exam so far.
四、现在完成时含义之二表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与for, since, how long, these days等连用。
⑴since+过去时间点
since+过去时的从句
since+一段时间+ago(since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今,since之后的时间为一点)
Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.
He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college.
My uncle has worked at this factory since five years ago.
⑵for+一段时间(数词+量词),(for短语表示动作延续多长时间,for的宾语为时间段)。此划线部分用how long提问。
We have known each other for twenty years.
I haven’t seen her for a long time.
五、句式:It is/has been +一段时间+since从句(用一般过去时)
It is /has been ten years since she left.
六、have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法
⑴have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:
since, for, how long 等。例如:
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.
▲此外还有这些搭配:have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm
have been here (there) / abroad
⑵have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”,现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用, I have just been to the post office.
Mary has never been to the Great Wall.
Have you ever been to Hangzhou
▲have(has) been to 后面可接次数,表示去过某地几次。:
I have been to Beijing three times.。
They have been to that village several times.
⑶have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”,表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之,说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。
----Where is Tom ----He has gone to the bookshop.。
七、现在完成时的反意疑问句【have(n’t)/has(n’t)+代词】
( )1.Jim's been to the Great wall before , he
(A)isn't (B)wasn't (C)hasn't (D)doesn't
( )2.She's never been to England, she
(A)has (B)hasn't (C)isn't (D)is
八、How long与现在完成时
( )1.--_______have you been here -- Since last year
(A)How far (B)How long (C)How often (D)How soon
( )2.___________has Hanmei been in the library.
(A)How long (B)How soon (C)How far (D)How often
( )3.How long ___he___the library book .
(A)has, borrow (B)has, kept (C)has, bought (D)did, buy
九、延续性动词与非延续性动词
动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
1.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,
如:learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay 等。
延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间,for2years;since从句,sincehecamehere;since+时间点词