模态分析的发展与分类(Development and classification of modalanalysis)The development and classification of modal analysis.Txt do not give up on yourself! (mom once said to me, the moment I turned round to go out, I burst into tears and didn't want anyone to see it!) To see this one small heart feeling, think of when I left home to thousands of miles away, my mother also said something similar, but as a man, you must create a day, in order to repay their parents!! Modal analysis can be divided into computational modal and experimental modal analysis, and their structural dynamic characteristics are characterized by modal parameters. In mathematics, the modal parameters are the characteristics of differential equations of motion for mechanical systems and the feature vectors, namely to know the structural geometry, boundary conditions and material properties, the structure of the mass distribution, distribution of stiffness and damping distribution respectively with mass matrix, stiffness matrix and damping matrix is expressed, it is enough information to determine the modal parameters (natural frequency, damping ratio and vibration mode). It is proved that these modal parameters can describe the dynamic characteristics of the system completely. Experimentally, it starts with measuring the dynamic input force and the output response of some points on the structure, and generally converts the measured data into frequency response functions. It is proved theoretically that these frequency response functions can be represented by modal parameters. Therefore, the second step of the experimental modal analysis is to estimate the modal parameters from the measured frequency response functions. Modal analysis is asynthesis of several engineering disciplines, including structural dynamics theory, digital signal processing, system identification and testing technology. With the development of special topics in modal analysis, modal analysis technique has been generalized in terms of system identification, structural sensitivity analysis, and dynamic modificationThe solution includes the determination of the dynamic characteristics of the mechanical system and most of the areas related to its application. In this chapter, the basic theory of modal analysis is briefly introduced from two points of view: modal analysis and experimental analysis. As for the modal analysis theory, the following three basic assumptions are made: 1.. Linear hypothesis: the dynamic characteristic of the structure is linear, that is, the output of any input combination is equal to the combination of their outputs. 2. invariance assumption: the structure of the dynamic characteristics do not change over time, so the constant coefficient differential equation is time independent. Due to the additional mass of the motion sensors that have to be mounted on the structure, typical time invariance problems may arise. 3. observability hypothesis: this means that all the data needed to determine the dynamics of the system we care about is measurable. In order to avoid observable problems, it is very important to choose the degree of freedom of response reasonably.Experimental modal analysis, also called the experimental process of modal analysis, is an experimental modeling process, which belongs to the inverse problem of structural dynamics. First of all, the measured time course of excitation andresponse, by using digital signal processing technique to obtain the frequency response function (transfer function) or impulse response function, non parameter model of the system; secondly, using the method of parameter identification, the modal parameters of the system; finally, if necessary, to further determine the physical parameters of the system. Therefore, the experimental modal analysis is based on the combination of experimental and theoretical analysis to identify the modal parameters (modal frequencies, modal damping and mode shapes) of the system. [1,2]. Modal parameter identification is the core of experimental modal analysis.The experimental modal analysis method is also called the test procedure of modal analysis. It is a process of system identification based on linear vibration theory, dynamic testing technology, digital signal processing and parameter identificationAn experimental modeling approach for analysis. Experimental modal analysis is measured by test time course of excitation and response, by using digital signal processing technique to obtain the frequency response function (transfer function) or impulse response function, and then get the non parameter model of system curve fitting; finally, using parameter identification method, calculate the modal parameters of structure and decision system. Establish the structure dynamic model. For the next dynamic response analysis, theoretical calculations, model validation, and structural modifications provide important technical data.At present, the frequency response function testing technologyis developing along the two way. One way is single point excitation multi-point measurement (or point measurement, point by point excitation) technology; the other is multi-point excitation multi-point measurement technology. Themulti-point excitation technique is suitable for large complex structures, such as hulls, airframe, or large vehicle structures. It uses a number of vibrators, with the same frequency and different amplitude and phase difference, in the structure of multiple selected points, the implementation of excitation, so that the structure close to the actual vibration intensity of vibration. It can stimulate the pure modes of the system, thus improving the accuracy of modal parameter identification. But the technology requires sophisticated equipment and a longer test cycle. Comparatively speaking,Due to the rapid development of multi channel data acquisition system, the single point and multi-point response to this frequency has a solid material foundation response function measurement technology and the widespread application of incentive, promote the rapid and simple measurement method in many engineering practice. In frequency response measurement, natural frequencies are considered as the most accurate ones, so frequency response analysis starts with seeking natural frequencies and then obtains structural damping. After damping is determined, the next work is to obtain stiffness and mass. For a multi degree of freedom system, the vibration modes must be determined and the stiffness and mass parameters can be determined only after proper normalization of the vibration modes. Therefore, the modal parameters of multi degree of freedom system, besides damping, stiffness, mass and modal frequency, also have an important parameter, that is, modalshapes.The modal analysis technique is derived from the mechanical impedance technique, which was put forward in 1930s. Due to the limitations of the testing technology and computer technology, it developed very slowly for a long time. By the end of the 1950s, the technique was limited to discrete steady-state sinusoidal excitation methods. At the end of the 60s, the rapid development of computer technology made the experimental data processing and numerical calculation technology have a new appearance. In order to meet the requirements of modern engineering technology, the experimental modal analysis technology came into being. The beginning of 70s, with the rapid development of FFT digital dynamic test technology, the single input single output and single input multiple output technology in various industrial fields as the basis to identify ways of modal analysis, modal analysis has been rapid development and mature. By the late 80s, many random excitation technology and recognition technology have been greatly developed. From mid 80s to 90s, the modal analysis technology in various fields of Engineering popularization and deep application, especially the dynamic evaluation on structure and performance structure modification and dynamic design, fault diagnosis and condition monitoring and control analysis of the application of active, and achieved fruitful results. At present, modal analysis technology has become an important engineering technology, not just theoretical research topics.The essence of modal analysis is the linear coordinate transformation system of physical vibration differential equations in the modal coordinates often, the equations of evil,a group of independent equations described by modal coordinates and modal parameters, in order to calculate the modal parameters of the system. The matrix of coordinate transformation is modal matrix, and each column is modal shape. Experimental modal analysis is a process to identify the dynamic model of the actual structure through testing and data processing, the first step is to measure the structure of some dynamic input and output response, and converted to the frequency response function, the second step is to use the frequency response function is measured to estimate the modal parameter identification.Data acquisition for experimental modal analysisAccording to the data acquisition of modal analysis has its own characteristics, from the modal analysis of vibration identification method, mainly divided into single input single output (SISO), single input multiple output (SIMO) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) three methods. The SISO method requires high-speed simultaneous acquisition of input and output signals at two points. The vibration mode data is obtained by continuously moving the excitation point or the position of the response point. The methods of SIMO and MIMO require high-speed parallel acquisition of large amounts of channel data, so the workload of data collection is large and the management data is difficult. SISO low cost, data collection workload is less, but in many cases, often because of too large and bulky structure, so that the single point excitation cannot provide enough energy, will be of interest to the incentive mode, and the structure may have multiple modes at the same frequency, so single point excitation can not beseparated, in addition, the single point excitation to pay special attention to the selection of the excitation point, to avoid loss in single point excitation mode, at the same time, the response signal is often based on the object structure measuring point division, and the need in different nodesAcquisition response signal. In order to get the modal data better results in these cases, often need to use two or more incentives to stimulate the vibration of the structure, but also need more vibration measuring sensor and data acquisition channel to meet MIMO SIMO, the identification of needs. The data collector such traditional two channel and four channel channel number less is stretched, the multi-channel data acquisition system is based on the actual needs of engineering mode will be multi channel data acquisition and engineering data management combined design.Modal analysis is a modern analysis method based on vibration theory and modal parameters. It is also the application of system identification method in engineering vibration field. The classical definition is that the physical coordinates of the system of differential equations in the linear stationary system are transformed into modal coordinates, and the equations are solved,As a set of independent equations describing modal coordinates and modal parameters, the modal parameters of the system are obtained. Modal analysis, as a cross discipline, has been rapid development in the aerospace, automobile, machine tools, power generation equipment and bridge structure vibration analysis, vibration control, fault diagnosis and prediction and noisecontrol, has a very wide range of applications, can be summarized as follows: (L) dynamic the characteristics of the existing structure evaluation system;(2) predict and optimize the structural dynamic characteristics in the new product design;(3) diagnose and forecast the faults of the structural system;(4) radiation noise of control structure;(5) identify the load of the structural system.According to the different methods and methods of modal analysis, modal analysis is divided into theoretical modal analysis (or modal analysis) and experimental modal analysis (also called modal analysis). The theoretical modal analysis is based on the linear vibration theory. It studies the relationship between the excitation, the system and the response, and usually divides the system into three models, namely, the three models:(L) a physical parameter model: a mathematical model characterized by mass, stiffness, and damping;(2) modal parameters model: modal frequency, modal vector (mode) and the mathematical model of attenuation coefficient as the feature parameter and the modal mass, modal stiffness, modal damping and modal vector composed of another kind of modal parameters model;(3) nonparametric model: the frequency response function and the impulse response function are two nonparametric models that reflect the characteristics of the vibration system.。