大一无机化学课本答案Chapter one problem solvingSolution: because the pressure of the gas is not too high and the temperature is not too low, it can be regarded as an ideal gas.Because, PM = rho-r-t, the same gas, mass M doesn，t change.2.Solution:So the molecular mass is 163.Solution: (1)2.So the relative mass is 30The molecular formula is C2H6.4.Solution:5.Solution: in 35 °C, and reason: So, in the same condition, you compress it to 250mLThe answer is: In 313 k. So,;So there，s air in composition, T, n, so V is equal to P1V1 / P empty = 7. 79 L, V is equal to 7. 79 LBecause in the process of air flow, each bubble is alwayssaturated with CHC13 steam, so it's always 49. 3 kPa. Its volumeis 7. 79 L. So the ideal gas equation for CHC13 is:.7.theThe quality score of the impurity is zeroIt is.Solution: suppose that a mixture of IL H20 and 560L NH3 is soluble in water..Its mass is 1, 000 grams of water, so the volume of this ammonia solution is,It is.9. Solution:In this case, the simplest form is:.(2),So,・This is the molecular formula11. Answer: because CaC12 and NaCl electrolyte, CH3C00H for weak electrolytes, C6H1206 as the electrolyte, the solution of the concentration of the solute (particle) size in the order: CaC12 > NaCl > CH3COOH > C6H1206, so high and low order to freezing point C6H12O6 > CH3COOH > NaCl > CaC12.Answer: so,Let's say I take this solution, 1,000 grams, and I have oneAnswer: 14.In the sum of the formula,No, because it's too small to be accurateA: because of the Ag + overdose, the preparation of the Agl aerosol tape is positive, so it is the anion that makes up the glue. So the ability to get together is the order of magnitude K3 [Fe (CN).B: because of the I - excess, the prepared Agl sol tape is negatively charged. Therefore, it is the cation that makes the coagulation of the glue. So the ability to get together is in the order of A1C13 > MgS04.Chapter ii problem solvingAnswer: (1)2.2. Answer:(1), so there is.(2)the initial pressure is,The volume of the intermediate state is zero(3)answer: because, therefore,(constant pressure is)Answer: because the reaction is available⑷(1)-215-296.8 + (-1) (-100)二-411.8Material - 412.-219-296.8 + (-1) (-100)二-416.8Material - 417.(2)(3) (4)... So you can look it up in the same wayAnswer: the reaction equation is:It is.8.Answer:Answer: 1, 2, 3, 5, 4, 6Answer: (because of the reduced gas component)(because of the increase in the gas component)(because the gas component increases)(because of the reduced gas component)(because the gas component increases)11. Answer:(1)because the melting is an isothermal constant pressure reversible process, so there is,(2)because gasification is a reversible process such as isothermal pressure, so there isIt is.Solution: because melting and boiling are both isothermal and isostatic equilibrium processes, so there areAnswer: because boiling is an isothermal constant pressurereversible process, so there is,The equilibrium state of freedom is equal to zeroIt is possible to make a mistake by mistake, mistake, mistake, mistake.Answer: the high temperature spontaneously.The lower temperature is spontaneous.At any temperature, it's spontaneous.18. Answer:So, the reaction is never going to happen spontaneously.Answer: reaction20.Answer:So it's higher than 111221.Answer: (1),so, not spontaneous at 25 °C reaction.(2), so, in 360 °C can occur spontaneously.3.Chapter iii problem solving(2)(3)⑷2.Solution:A fG - 394.4-16.5-228.6-228. 6A rG = 1 x (394. 4) + (2) x (16. 5), (228. 6) and (197. 15) = 1.65 KJ, mol, 1A rG = - RTln3,Equilibrium time n over moles 0.021 0.004 0. 0040. 025 * 0. 16 二0. 164HBr (g) + 02 (g)= 2H20 (g) + 2 Br2 (g)(1)the rate equation for the reaction is zeroFrom the experimental data analysis:So the rate equation for this reaction is zero(1)the rate equation for the experimental data is: (3)Because the reaction is slow (v is small) and the time is short,it can be assumed that the reaction is approximately constant within the interval, so 12 is produced7.According toIn the case of milk, the rate at which the acid reacts is directly proportional to the rate constant of different temperatures, namelyReaction 2 so2 (g) + 02 (g) = 2 S03 (g) heat effectAccording to theThere areThe watch can calculate the reactionSo, balance moves to the left.Or:18.(1)decrease; (2); (3) increase; (4) : (5) : (6):(7); (8); (9); (10); (12) remains the same.(1)PC15 (g)二PC13 (g) + C12 (g)The initial mole number is 2, 0, 0Balance the number of moles 0. 5, 1. 5, 1. 5The concentration of each component in equilibrium is: (2)when set to balance, the decomposition PC15 is x moles. PC15 (g)二PC13 (g) + C12 (g)The initial number of moles is 2, 0, 1. 0Balance the number of moles 2. 0 minus x, x, x, and x22.The initial Mohr is 0. 2 0. 2 0The initial Mohr is 0. 2 minus x 0. 2 minus x 2x12 pyrolysis rate for25. Solution:Chapter 5. Problem setsA. 2A. 3A. 4A. 5A. 6A. 7"EightA. 1 3.A. 2A. 3A. 4The change in the number of 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 4(1)battery reaction:(2)battery reaction: AgCl (S) + e = + Cl -(3)electrode response:(4)negative poles:The positive:Electromotive force:Original battery reaction:8. 1 negative:The positive:Electromotive forceCell response:2 negative:The positive:Electromotive force:Battery reaction: Ce4 + Fe2 + + + Ce3 +Negative 3:2H + + 2e 二H2The positive pole: Cr2072 - + + 6e = 2Cr3 + + 7H20 Electromotive force VThe battery reaction is: Cr2072 - + + + + 3112Question 15: (1)(2)positive pole: negative pole:(3)battery reaction:⑷(5)in a solution, it decreases, causing the electromotive force to rise. If you add ammonia to the solution, it's going to go down,It's causing the electric force to go down.Problem 22: positive and negativeCell response:So there areBecause it can be thought of as the anode and composition of the battery:Chapter 6 answers the atomic structure2. (1)By calculation, the volatility of the macro object is so small that it can be ignored.6. (1) reasonable(2)unreasonable. Because L can，t be equal to n, L < n and > 二o integer.(3).⑷.(5)unreasonable. Because L = 0(6)it's not reasonable because L can，t be greater than nThe seven electrons of the atom are arranged in ones22s22pxl2pyxl2pyxl2pzlTherefore, its quantum combination is 1S2 (1, 0, 0, 1/2) (1, 0, 0, -1/2).2S2 (2, 0, 0, 1/2) (2, 0, 0, -1/2)2P3 (2, 0, 1/2) (2, 1, 1, 1/2) (2, 1, 1, 1/2) (1, 1, 1, 1/2) (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,Or 2, 1, 0, minus 1/2, 2, 1, minus 1/2, 2, 1, minus 1, minus 1/2. 9.Na: 1 s22s22p63slThe IS electron valid nuclear charge = 11 -= 11-0. 30 1 = 10. 702S electrons = 11 - = 11 -= 11-2 0. 85-7 0. 35 二6. 85 (2S2P is thesame group)3 3S electrons 二11 - 二11 -二11-8 0. 85-2 1 二2. 2 (2S2P is the same group)For multi-electron atoms, when the main quantum number n = 4, there are four energy levels, namely 4S, 4P, 4D and 4f. They correspond to the number of orbitals, 1, 3, 5, 7. The maximum number of electrons you can hold is 2n2 二242 - 32 - 2 (1 + 3 + 5 + 7)For hydrogen, the E4s, >, E3d because it's a single electron system, energy levels are only related to the number of quantum Numbers.In the case of K, because of the drilling effect and shielding effect, there is an energy level crossing, its E3d > E4s2S [Ar] 3d54S2[Xe] 4fl45dlO6Sl, 4f145dl06S26P613. (1) errors Because of the Angle of the atomic orbital part of the graphical representation is the electron distribution outside the nucleus different spatial orientation of risk, not represent the actual movement of the electrons.(2)the error in the N shell (principle quantum number 二4) thereare 4 s, 4 p, 4 d, 4 f, a total of four energy level, the corresponding 1 hc-positie atomic orbital is a total of 16, of the principal quantum number N = 1, only Ils, can accommodate two opposite spin electronics.(3)correct because the hydrogen atom is a single electronic system, there is no interleaving phenomenon.(4)error because hydrogen is a single electronic system withoutthe shielding of electrons.Cu2 + [Ar] 3dl + [Ar] 3d5Pb2 + [Xe] 4fl45dlO6S2 - [Ne] 3S23P6(1) 24 (2) [Ar] 3d54sl (3) 3d54sl(4)the fourth period; VI. B; Cr03When n > 4, it's the Ens < E (n - 1) dSo when you complete the ns and np orbitals, the rest of the electrons are going to have to fill in the E (n + 1) s orbital.So you can，t fill the outer layer with d electrons, so you can only have up to eight electrons in the outer layer of the atomic orbital. Similarly, due to the Ens < E f (n - 2), while the electrons tofill after the (n - 1) d orbitals, will give priority to fill inthe E (n + 1) s not enter E (n + 1) f orbit, so the time could notfill f electrons in the outer, therefore, the atomic orbital can more than 18 times on the outer electrons.(1) A B C is A metalIt is possible to infer their valence structure from the set up conditions:A: 4S1, Z = 19 potassium; B: 4S2. Z = 20C: 3dl04s2, Z = 30 zinc; D: 4S24P5, Z = 35 bromo(2) D A +, Br - and K +(3)AOH is the strongest(4)BD2 is the ionic compound of CaBr221.The eighth cycle element is the most available number of electrons in the eighth level group, which is8S25gl86f147dl08p6, 50 electrons, so there are 50 elements in the eighth cycle.The electronic structure of the element is [118] 8S25gl (the atomic number of the seventh cycle of a rare gas), so the atomic number of the element is 121. (note: E5g > E8s cannot be determined by n + 0.7 L)The atomic electron layer of element 100 is [Rn] 7S25f 146dl07p2So this element is the fourth period of the seventh cycleSc > Ca： The Sr < Ba; K > AgFe2 + > Fe3 +; Pb > Pb2 +; S < S2 -0 < N. Al < Ag; The Sr > RbCu < Zn： Cs < Au; Br < KrBecause the valence electron configuration of a rare gas is ns2np6, which is an 8 electron stable structure, it is very difficult to lose electrons, so it has very high ionization energy.Because the valence electron configuration of P is 3S23P3, and S is 3S23P4, the former 3P orbital is semi-filled and stable, so it is not easy to lose electrons, so the ionization energy is high.Because of the electronegativity of 0, the repulsive force of the electron is so large that it is not easy to gain electrons, so it emits energy, so the electron affinity can be S > 0Because N is more electronegative than C, and the valence electron configuration of N is 2S22P3 electrons in half full structure, not easily gaining electrons, so the affinity energy is N < C.The largest element of the atomic radius is Fr, and the smallestis ILThe largest of the ionization energy is He; The minimum is FrThe biggest negative is F; The smallest is FrThe maximum of the electron affinity is ClChapter 7 problem solving the molecular structure3.(the octahedron)3.P150In the BF3 molecule, the valence electron of B is 2S22P1 2S22P12Pyl to form the triangle SP2 hybridized orbital (plane triangle) BF3 plane triangular molecule.NF3: the valence electron of N is 2S22P3. 3 NF3 molecules of the SP3 hybridized cone.5.BBr3 central atom B: SP2 isotropism; The molecular configuration is a plane triangle.SiH4 center atom Si: SP3 hybridized orbital, tetrahedronPH3 center atom P: SP3 hybridized orbital, triconeSeF6 center atom Se: d2sp3 hybridization, positive octahedron.The nucleus of CS2. Valence electron configuration: linearThe geometry of the molecule is linear.Central atom N: electron log;Valence electron configuration: the geometric configuration of a plane triangle ion is the Angle.The central atom Cl, the valence electron log;Valence electron configuration: regular tetrahedron; The configuration is linear.Central ions; The valence electrons;Valence electron configuration: trig double cone; The geometric configuration is linear.Central atom N; The valence electrons;Valence electron pair configurations: flat triangles; The geometric configuration is a plane triangleCenter atom Br; The valence electrons:Valence electron configuration: trig double cone: The geometric configuration of the molecule is 〃T〃.Center atom P; The valence electrons;Valence electron configuration: regular tetrahedron; Ion geometry: the tetrahedronCenter atom Br; The valence electrons;Valence shell electron pair configuration: positive octahedron; The geometry of the ions is the plane squareCenter atom P; Valence shell electron log;Valence shell electron pair configuration: delta double cone; Geometry of the molecules: trig and double conesCentral atom Br; The valence electrons;Valence shell electron pair configuration: positive octahedron; Molecular geometry: quadrilateral conesCentral atom: The valence electrons;Valence shell electron pair configuration: positive octahedron;The geometric configuration of ions: the octahedronNonpolar molecules; Although the c~h bond is polar, the polarity of the bond is just offset by the fact that the space is tetrahedral.Polar molecules. Because the c~h and c-cl are different, though the molecules are symmetric and tetrahedral, the polarity of the bond cannot cancel out.Non-polar molecules; The molecule is a flat triangle, symmetric structure, and the polarity of the b-cl bond cancels out.Polar molecules. The molecules are triangular and asymmetrical, and the polarity of the n-cl bond cannot be offset.Polar molecules. The molecules are 〃V〃, asymmetrical, and the polarity of the h-s bond cannot be canceled out.Non-polar molecules; The molecules are linear, symmetric, and thepolar offset of c-s bonds.01 (for non-polar molecules, u = 0, for polar molecules)Both of them are non-polar molecules, u 二0.(both of these are polar molecules, but because of the electronegativity of N, the positive and negative charge on the n~h in the numerator is more open.)BF3 is a non-polar molecule, u 二0, and NF3 is a polar molecule.(both of these are polar molecules, but because of the electronegativity of 0, the electrons on the h-o in the moleculeare larger, and the center of the negative charge is more open.)13. NaF > NaCl > NaBr > Nal. SiI4 > SiBr4 > SiC14 > SiF414. A. because Ge4 + 1 charge is very big, has strong ability of polarization and combined with its large volume, strong deformation, thus has a strong covalent compounds from the molecular, and K + polarization force is very good, so for the ionic crystals; The melting point is higher for the covalent molecular crystal.A. 2Since the Zn2 + has a 18e configuration, it is better than the 8e configurational Ca2 + polarization, which makes the covalent bond in the crystal more numerous, so the melting point is lower than that.Because Fe3 + is more polarizing than Fe2 +, it makes the crystal communist party more valuable, so the melting point is lower.A. 1 error 15. For polyatomic molecule, the key of the polarity and molecular polarity is not consistent, although bonds have polarity, but molecules for the symmetric structure, the polarity can be offset each other, the possibility of non-polar molecules, such as, etc.A. 2 error Because of Mn (VII) polarization is far greater than Mn (II), which makes for covalent compound, and MnO for ionic compounds, so the melting point is lower than MnO.A. 3 error Because the dispersion force is caused is the instantaneous dipole, it exists between all molecules, and the most molecules of the main molecular inter-atomic forces.A. 4 error Because one of the three electronic key electronic is single, so the key is smaller than 2 electronic key bond energy, (note only for and comparison, if it's big keys will not necessarily)Benzene and both are non-polar molecules, so they only have a dispersion force between them.Methanol and water: there is dispersion force, orientation force, induction force and hydrogen bonding.The dispersion force and the inductive force are present.Because both are polar molecules, there is a force of orientation,inducement, and dispersion.You can form hydrogen bonds on your own.18. Melting point is greater than, because the former, and intermolecular hydrogen bond between form associated molecules, leading to higher melting point, while the latter is only formed intramolecular hydrogen bonding (according to the hydrogen bonding of saturated, after forming intramolecular hydrogen bond, no longer form intermolecular hydrogen bond), won，t form associated molecules, the boiling point will not rise significantly. So the melting point of the former is greater than the latter.There is a hydrogen bond between the three NH3 and the > PH3 The molecular weight of PH3 < SbH3 is smaller than SbH3 and small in dispersionAlthough the molecular weight is similar, the dispersive force is similar, but because it is a polar molecule, there is theorientation force and the inductive force.Both of them are ionic crystals, but because of the high charge,the ionic bond is strong.Because it's an atomic crystal, it's a molecular crystal.Because of the polarization force, only the covalent bonds are large.。
