英语语言学第三章

E.g. workers, children; walking, walked; biggest ; John’s Derivational morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes , added to existing forms to create new words. There are three kinds according to position: prefix, suffix and infix.
Morphology
1. Defining morphology
1.1 Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed.
1.2 Fields of morphology: the study of inflections (inflectional morphology) and the study of word formation (lexical or derivational morphology).
un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5 morpheme word un+gentle+man+li+ness Over-5-morpheme word
anti +dis + establish +ment +ari +an+ ism Industr(y)+ial+i+za+tion
2.2 Types of morphemes
you pen is red, so is mine. He knows English better than he does. He hopes he’ ll win and I hope so too. Jame’s hiding there, behind the door.
(4) determiners限定词all, both, the, this, one, two, next, last, other, another, much, some
1. Word
1.1 What is word A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.
Allomorph: A morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. The variant forms of the same morpheme are called its allomorphs.
dog dogs map maps mouse mice watch watches ox oxen
e.g. 1 morpheme un-, -ish, -s, -ed 1 morpheme word boy, desire 2 morpheme word boy+ish, desir(e)+able 3 morpheme word boy+ish+ness,
desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 4 morpheme word gentle+man+li+ness,
A stem can be equivalent to a root, and a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.
3 Morpheme and Allomorph
Allomorph to morpheme just as allophone to phoneme.
Invariable words: words that do not have inflective endings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns.
b. Grammatical words vs. lexical words Grammatical words: express grammatical
c. Closed-class words vs. open-class words Closed-class words: words that cannot be
extended by the creation of additional members. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc are all closed-class words.
(1) particles小品词 infinitive marker ‘to’, the negative marker ‘not’, phrasal verbs,
such as get by, do up, look back, etc
(2) auxiliaries助动词
(3) pro-form替代形式
(2) Morphemes
Inflectional morpheme Derivational morpheme
Inflectional morpheme: a kind of bound morphemes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
In its technical sense, lexicon is synonymous with lexicology, which is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language; in other words, it deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.
All of above plural forms are all the allomorphs of the morpheme –s.
•
free ones(word)
• morpheme
(1) Morphemes
Free morphemes Bound morphemes
Free morphemes: morphemes which may constitute words by themselves
Bound morphemes: morphemes wLeabharlann Baiduich can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with
Open-class words: words can be extended. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many verbs are all open-class words.
2.word class: wilder range of word class
newly introduced word class:
(3) root, affix and stem ①Root: the base form of a word
e.g internationalism nation is the root All words contain a root morpheme. a root maybe bound or free, e.g. –ceive in receive, perceive and conceive; -mit in remit, permit, commit and submit; -tain in retain, contain, maintain; -cur in incur, occur, etc. ②affix: an affix is naturally bound prefix: change meaning dis-; un-; missuffix: change part of speech -ly; -ness; -tion
③stem: is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be
added. friend in friends, and friendship in friendships are both stems.
1.2 Four senses of “word” a. word is meaningful: b. word is a grammatical unit:
c. word can be used independently: d. word is relatively stable and uninterruptible
meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns.
Lexical words: refer to substance, actions and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
2. Morpheme
(the minimal unit of meaning) 2.1 The definition of morpheme
Morpheme is the smallest meaningbearing unit.
A word may consist of one morpheme or more than one morpheme, while a morpheme may not necessarily represent a word.
In contrast, -s in dogs, -al in national, and –dis in dislike, cannot occur alone, they must appear with at least one other morpheme, so they are bound morphemes.
1.3 Classification of word
a. Variable vs. invariable words Variable words: words that have series of
grammatically different forms.
Eg. Follow follows following followed
All monomorphemic words are free morphemes, e.g. dog, nation, close, mouth, etc.
Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called compounds, such as baby-sit, sunflower, paymaster.
Lecture 3 Lexicon & Morphology
Lexicon
Lexicon：In its most general sense, lexicon is synonymous with vocabulary. In this sense, lexicon is the collection of all the words of a language.