机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)
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Unit 1 材料的种类(1)材料的分类方法很多。
科学家常用的典型的方法是根据它们的状态分类:固体,液态或气态。
材料也分为有机(可再生)和无机材料(不可再生)。
(2)工业上,材料划分为工程材料或非工程材料。
工程材料用于制造和加工成零件的材料。
非工程材料是化学药品,燃料,润滑剂和其它用于制造又不用来加工成零件的材料。
(3)工程材料可进一步细分为:金属,陶瓷,复合材料,聚合材料,等。
Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金金属和金属合(4)金属有好的导电好导热性,很多金属有高的强度,高硬度和高的延展性。
象铁,钴,镍这些金属有磁性。
在非常低的温度下,一些金属和金属互化物变成超导体。
(5)合金和纯金属有什么区别?纯金属在元素周期表的特殊区域。
例如用于制造电线的铜和做锅和饮料罐的铝。
合金含有两种以上的金属元素。
改变金属元素的比例可以改变合金的性质。
例如,合金金属的不锈钢,是由铁,镍,和铬组成。
而黄金珠宝含有金镍合金。
(6)为什么要使用金属和合金?很多金属和合金有很高密度并用在要求质量与体积比高的的场合。
一些金属合金,象铝基合金,密度低,用在航空领域可以节省燃料。
很多合金有断裂韧度,可以承受冲击,且耐用。
金属有哪些重要属性?(7)【密度】质量除以体积叫做密度。
很多金属有相对高的密度,特别的,象聚合体。
高密度的材料常是原子量很大,象金或铅。
然而一些金属,像铝或镁密度低,就常常用在要求有金属特性而又要求低质量的场合。
(8)【断裂韧性】断裂韧度用来描述金属抗断裂的能力,特别的,当有裂纹时。
金属通常都有无关紧要的刻痕和凹坑,且有耐冲击性。
足球队员关注这一点当他确信面罩不会被击碎的时候。
(9)【塑形变形】塑性变形表述的是材料在断裂之前弯曲变形的能力。
作为工程师,我们通常设计材料使得能够在正常情况下不变形。
你不会想要一阵强烈的西风就把你的车刮得往东倾斜。
然而,有时,我们可以利用塑性变形。
汽车的承受极限就是在彻底破坏之前靠塑形变形来吸收能量。
Unit 8 Flexible Manufacturing Systems What Is FMS?FMS是什么?Definitions of FMS, or Flexible Manufacturing Systems, are plentiful and in many respects are dependent on the ultimate user's point of view as to what the FMS consists of and how it will be used. However, the following represent a collection of FMS definitions, some traceable and some not traceable to their originating source.关于柔性制造系统,有很多不同的定义,多数情况下,如何对其定义依赖于其使用者对其组成部分和使用方法的个人看法。
然而,接下来的描述是对FMS 定义的概括,那就是有缘可循和无源可寻的资源。
1) United States Government. A series of automatic machine tools or items of fabrication equipment linked together with an automatic material handling system, a common hierarchical digital pre-programmed computer control, and provision for random fabrication of parts or assemblies that fall within predetermined families.美国政府,一系列自动机床或自动材料处理系统,一个共同的分层预先设定的数字电脑控制,并随机制造的零件或装配,在预定的家庭内的条文,一并与设备制造项目。
Gear Materials (Reading Material)齿轮材料(阅读材料)Gears are manufactured from a wide variety of materials, both metallic as well as nonmetallic.齿轮由多种种类的材料制造,包括金属材料和非金属材料。
As is the case with all materials used in design, the material chosen for a particular gear should be the cheapest available that will ensure satisfactory performance.在设计中可以使用多种材料的情况下,对于特定齿轮,应当做到选用满足使用要求下的最便宜的材料。
Before a choice is made, the designer must decide which of several criteria is most important to the problem at hand.在作出选择前,设计师必须决定在众多设计准则中哪个是当前最重要的。
If high strength is the prime consideration, a steel should usually be chosen rather than cast iron.如果高强度是第一要考虑的因素,通常就选择钢材而不选择铸铁。
If wear resistance is the most important consideration, a can be made, for problems involving noise reduction, nonmetallic. Materials perform better than metallic ones.如果耐磨性是最重要的因素,可以选用非金属材料要比金属材料更好,同时也可以解决降低噪声的问题。
•Types of Materials 材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。
科学家常根据状态将材料分为:固体、液体或气体。
他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。
那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。
Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。
Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为:①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等。
•Types of Materials材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。
科学家常根据状态将材料分为:固体、液体或气体。
他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。
那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。
Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。
Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc.工程材料还能进一步细分为:①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等。
2、应力和应变在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。
如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。
有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。
负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为:(a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。
(b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。
这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。
(c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。
振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。
(d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。
(e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。
上面已经提到,作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。
因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩,也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为应力==负载 P /压力 A,因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。
如果一个杆受到轴向载荷,即是应力,那么杆的长度会改变。
如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知,产生的应力定义如下:应力==改变长△L /初始长 L因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。
一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。
从某种意义上说,拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。
压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。
因此负应力使长度减小。
当负载移除时,如果材料回复到初始的,无负载时的尺寸时,我们就说它是具有弹性的。
Basic Concept in MechanicsThe branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions , time , and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts , statics and dynamics , Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems , i.e. , those in which time is not a factor , and dynamics deals with systems which change with time .对运动、时间和作用力做出科学分析的分支称为力学。
它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。
静力学对静止系统进行分析,即在其中不考虑时间这个因素,动力学对随时间而变化的系统进行分析。
When a number of bodies are connected together to form a group or system , the forces of action and reaction between any two of the connecting bodies are called constraint forces . These forces constrain the bodies to behave in a specific manner . Forces external to this system of bodies are called applied forces .当一些物体连接在一起形成一个组合体或者系统时,任何两个相连接的物体之间的作用力和反作用力被称为约束力。
这些力约束着各个物体,使其处于特定的状态。
从外部施加到这个物体的系统的力被称为外力。
Unit 8 Flexible Manufacturing Systems What Is FMS?FMS是什么?Definitions of FMS, or Flexible Manufacturing Systems, are plentiful and in many respects are dependent on the ultimate user's point of view as to what the FMS consists of and how it will be used. However, the following represent a collection of FMS definitions, some traceable and some not traceable to their originating source.关于柔性制造系统,有很多不同的定义,多数情况下,如何对其定义依赖于其使用者对其组成部分和使用方法的个人看法。
然而,接下来的描述是对FMS 定义的概括,那就是有缘可循和无源可寻的资源。
1) United States Government. A series of automatic machine tools or items of fabrication equipment linked together with an automatic material handling system, a common hierarchical digital pre-programmed computer control, and provision for random fabrication of parts or assemblies that fall within predetermined families.美国政府,一系列自动机床或自动材料处理系统,一个共同的分层预先设定的数字电脑控制,并随机制造的零件或装配,在预定的家庭内的条文,一并与设备制造项目。
机械工程英语第二版第二部分翻译Unit 1Introduction前言The central and essential ingredient of GAD/CAMis the digital computer.〔1〕Its inherent speed and storage capacity have made it possible to achieve the advances in image processing, real-time process control, and a multitude of other important functions that are simply too complex and time-consuming to perform manually. To understand CAD/CAM it is important to be familiar with the concepts and technology of the digital computer CAD/CAM的重要组成部分是数字计算机,它固有的速度以及存储能力似的它能够在图像处理,实时过程控制以及很多因太复杂太费时而人工无法完成的其他重要功能方面获得进步,要想懂得CAD/CAM,熟悉数字电脑的概念和技术是很重要的.The modern digital computer is an electronic machine that can perform mathematical and logical calculations and data processing functions in accordance with a predetermined program of instructions. The computer itself is referred to as hardware, whereas the various programs are referred to as software.现在数字计算机是一部能够根据预定的程序来完成数字和逻辑运算以及数据处理功能的电子设备,计算机本身称为硬件,而各种各样的程序称为软件There are three basic hardware components of a general-purpose digital computer;一般用途的数字计算机由三种基本硬件组成.Central processing unit (CPU) 微处理器.Memory存储器.Input/output ( I/0 )section输入/输出设备The relationship of these three components is illustrated in Fig. 1.1. The central processing unit is often considered to consist of two subsections; a control unit and an arithmetic-logic unit (ALU). 这三个组成部分的关系如图1.1所示,中央处理器通常被认为包含两部分:一个控制器和一个运算器.The control unit coordinates the operations of all the other components. 控制器控制所有其他组成部分的运输。
机械工程英语(第11单元)RapidPrototypingandManufacturingTechnologies快速原型制造和快速制造技术Introduction介绍Manufacturingcommunityisfacingtwoimportantchallengingtasks:(1)Substantialreductionofproductiondevelopmenttimes;and(2)Improvementonflexibili puter-aideddesig nandmanufacturing(CADandCam)havesignificantlyimprovedthetraditionalproducti ondesignandmanufacturing.However,thereareanumberofobstaclesintrueintegration ofcomputer-designwithcomputer-aidedmanufacturingforrapiddevelopmentofnewpr oducts.制造社会面临两个重要的艰巨任务:1大幅度减少产品开发时间,以及改善对弹性制造多品种,小批量大小的产品。
电脑辅助及制造大大改善了传统的生产设计和制造。
但是,有一个数字障碍计算机辅助设计与真正的一体化电脑辅助制造新产品的快速发展。
Tosubstantiallyshortenthetimefordevelopingpatterns,andprototypes,somemanuf acturingenterpriseshavestartedtouserapidprototypes(RP)methodsforcomplexpattern smakingandcomponentprototyping.Overthepastfewyears,Avarietyofnewrapidmanu facturingtheologies,generallycalledRapidPrototypingandManufacturing,haveemerg ed;thetechnologiesdevelopedincludestereolithography(SL),selectivelasersintering(S LS),fuseddepositionmodeling(FSM),laminatedobjectmanufacturing(LOM),andthre edimensionalprinting(3DPrinting)。
第十二单元钻削和钻头Drilling - its axis, against the workpiece.钻削就是通过迫使绕自身轴线旋转的切削刀具进入工件而在其上生成通孔或盲孔。
Consequently,-about the same axis are employed.因此,从旋转轴线开始的切削范围等于所需孔的半径实际上,使用的是两条围绕相同轴线旋转的对称切削刃。
Drilling -contrary to drilling on a lathe. 钻削作业既能采用手钻也能采用钻床来实现。
钻床在尺寸和结构上虽有差别,然而始终都是切削刀具围绕自身轴线旋转、工件稳固定位的形式。
这正好与在车床上钻孔相反。
Cutting -, which can be straight or helical.用于钻削作业的切削刀具在钻削作业中,要用到被称为钻头的圆柱形回转端切削刀具。
钻头可以有一条或多条直的或是螺旋状的切削刃以及相应的出屑槽。
The function - of the commonly used drills.出屑槽的功能是给钻削作业中产生的切屑提供排出通道,并允许润滑剂和冷却液到达切削刃和正在被加工的表面。
下面是常用钻头的概述。
Twist drill.-straight or tapered.麻花钻:麻花钻是最常用的钻头类型。
它有两条切削刃和两条沿钻头体全长连续的螺旋状出屑槽,如图12.1所示。
麻花钻还包括钻颈和钻柄,钻柄可以是直的也可以是锥形的。
In the latter case, - for transmitting rotation. 锥形钻柄通过楔入动作安装在主轴的锥形轴孔中,钻柄上还有柄舌插入主轴轴孔中的插槽,从而作为传递转动的可靠方法。
On the other hand, straight-shank- shank drills. 另一方面,直柄钻头用钻头卡盘夹住,接下来钻头卡盘则象锥形钻柄钻头一样安装在主轴轴孔内。
Spur GearsGears , defined as toothed members transmitting rotary motion from one shaft to another , are among the oldest devices and inventions of man . In about 2600 B.C. , the Chinese are known to have used a chariot incorporating a complex series of gears . Aristotle , in the fourth century B.C. , wrote of gears as if they were commonplace . In the fifteenth century A.D. , Leonardo da Vinci designed a multitude of devices incorporating many kinds of gears .齿轮,在最古老的设备和发明人中,被定义为通过轮齿将旋转运动从一根轴传递到另一根轴,大约在公元前2600年,中国人就知道用战车组成一系列复杂的齿轮系。
西元前四世纪,亚里士多德记述了齿轮就好像是他们司空见惯的一样。
在十五世纪,达芬奇设计了大量的包含各种各样齿轮的设备。
Among the various means of mechanical power transmission (including primarily gears , belts , and chains ) , gears are generally the most rugged and durable . Their power transmission efficiency is as high as 98 percent . On the other hand , gears are usually more costly than chains and belts . As would be expected , gear manufacturing costs increase sharply with increased precision -- as required for the combination of high speeds and heavy loads , and for low noise levels . ( Standard tolerances for various degrees of manufacturing precision have been established by the AGMA , American Gear Manufacturers Association. )在众多的机械传动方式中(包括齿轮传动,带传动,链传动),一般来说,齿轮是最经久耐用的,它的能量传递效率高达98%。
4 Overview of Engineering Mechanics(工程力学概况)(1) Ideally, however, every such item has been designed according to some set of “functional requirements” as perceived by the designers-that is, it has been designed so as to answer the question, “E xactly what function should it perform?” In the world of engineering, the major function frequently is to support some type of loading due to weight, inertia, pressure, etc. From the beams in our homes to the wings of an airplane, there must be an appropriate melding of materials, dimensions, and fastenings to produce structures that will perform their functions reliably for a reasonable cost over a reasonable lifetime.然而,在理想的情况下,每一件产品都是设计人员根据对某些“功能要求”的理解而设计出来的,也就是说,在设计过程中,应该回答这样的问题,即“它应该具有哪种确切的功能?”在工程领域,主要功能通常是承受由于重力,惯性力,压力等作用的一些类型的载荷。
从我们居住房屋的梁到飞机机翼,都必须有一个适当的材料,尺寸,在较合理地寿命基础上具有较合理地成本,并能可靠地完成其功能的产品结构连接的组合。
机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.(P5)用低能机器或传力工具,操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。
大多数情况,然而,用一个详细(复杂)的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。
2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of pressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The pressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)(P5)相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体,通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。
机电工程专业英语(第二版)CatalogChapter One Chapter TwoChapter Three Chapter FourChapter Five Chapter SixChapter Seven Chapter EightChapter One Fundamentals of Mechanical EngineeringLesson 1 Properties of MaterialsLesson 2 Classification of SteelsLesson 3 Heat TreatmentLesson 4 Types of GearLesson 5 Rolling-Typedensity [ 5densiti ]n.密度, 比重specific heat 比热coefficient [ kEui5fiFEnt ]n.系数conductivity [ 7kCndQk5tiviti ]n.传导性, 传导率Lesson 1-1melt [ melt ]v.使融化, 使熔化, 使软化ductility [ dQk5tiliti ]n.展延性, 柔软性toughness [ 5tQfnis ] n.韧性, 坚韧abrasion [ E5breiVEn ]n.磨损girder [ 5^E:dE ] n.桁架, 大,纵,横梁armor [ 5B:mE ]n.装甲bumper [ 5bQmpE ] n.缓冲器,减震器stamp [ stAmp ]n.邮票, 印, 图章 v. 压印, 冲压penetration [ peni5treiFEn ] n.穿过, 渗透, 突破fender [ 5fendE ]n.防卫物, 挡泥板mill [ mil ] n.磨粉机, 磨床,工厂vt.碾磨Lesson 1-11.be distinguished fromThe true is to be distinguished from the false 真假必须辨明。
5.1 IntroductionConventional machining is the group of machining operations that use single- or multi-point tools to remove material in the form of chips. Metal cutting involves removing metal through machining operations. Machining traditionally takes place on lathes, drill presses, and milling machines with the use of various cutting tools. Most machining has very low set-up cost compared with forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.5.1 译文传统机械加工是一组利用单刃或者多刃刀具以切屑形式去除材料的加工方式。
金属切削意味着通过机械加工去除金属。
传统的机械加工都是利用不同的刀具在车床、钻床和铣床上进行的。
与成型加工、锻压和铸造工艺相比,大多数机械加工的生产准备成本都较低,然而如果是大批量生产,其成本要高得多。
当对零件的尺寸公差和光洁度要求较高时,机械加工是很有必要的。
5.2 Turning and LatheTurning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away excess material and creating the desired cylindrical surface. Turning can occur on both external and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part. Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe.Apart from turning, several other operations can also be performed on lathe.axially ['æksiəli] adv.轴向地symmetrical [si'metrikəl] a. 对称的cylindrical [si'lindrikl] a.圆柱形的contoured ['kɔntuəd] a.显示轮廓的,与某种形体轮廓相吻合的译文:在金属切削加工操作中,车削是最常见的一种。
机械工程专业英语》参考译文高等学校机械设计制造及其自动化专业新编系列教材(供教师及学生使用)黄运尧黄威司徒忠李翠琼武汉理工大学出版社目录编译者的话………………………………第1章材料和热加工…………………第1课机械学的基本概念…………第2课塑性理论的基本假设………第3课有限元优化的应用…………第4课金属…………………………第5课金属和非金属材料…………第6课塑料和其他材料……………第7课模具的寿命和失效…………第8踩冷加工和热加工……………第9踩铸造…………………………第10课制造中的金属成形工艺…第11课缎选………………………第12课锻造的优点和工作原理…第13课焊接………………………第14课热处理……………………第二章机构和机器原理……………。
第15课机构介绍…………………。
第16课运动分析………………….第l7课运动的综合………………—第18课凸轮和齿轮………………—第19课螺纹件,紧固件和联接件—第20课减(耐)摩擦轴承…………*第2l课斜齿轮、蜗杆蜗轮和锥齿轮第22课轴、离合器和制动器……—第三章机床………第23课机床基础第24课车床……第25课牛头刨、钻床和铣床…………第36课磨床和特种金属加工工艺……第四章切削技术和液压“………………第27课加工基础………………………第28课基本的机械加工参数…………第29课切削参数的改变对温度的影响第30课刀具的磨损…………第31课表面稍整加工机理…第32课极限和公差…………“第33课尺寸控制和表面桔整”第34课自动央具设计………“第36课变速液压装置……………—…………—策37课电液伺服系统…………。
……………。
第五章机械电子技术………………………………第38课专家系统……。
…………………………第3D课建筑机器人………………………………第40课微机为基础的机器人模拟………………第41课机器人学的定义和机器入系统…………第42课微型计算机基础(1)……………………第43课微型计算机基础(x)……………………第44课可编程控制器……………………………第45课CAD/CAM计算机辅助设计与制造…第46课计算机数控和直接数控,CNC和DNC第47课加工过程的数控—………………………第48课柔性制造系统……………—……………第仍课交互式编程系统…………………………第50课在振动分析方面的计算机技术…………策51课压力传感器………………………………第52课反馈元件…………………—……………第53课现代按制理论概述………………………第54课管理上采取了新的措施—来自福持汽第六章英文科技文献和专利文献的查阅…………6.1 常见科技文献及其查阅………………………6.2 专利文献概述…………………………………第七章英文科拉论文写作…………………………7.1 标题与摘要写法………………………………7.2 正文(body)的组织与写法…………………7.3 致谢、附录及参考文献………………—……参考文献………………………………………………第1章材料和热加工机械学的基本概念功是力乘以该力作用在物体上佼物体移动的距离。
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(完整版)机械工程专业英语Lesson11、the branch of scientific analysis, which deals with motions, time, and forces, is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i。
e。
, those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems, which change with time。
对运动时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支成为力学。
他由静力学和动力学两部分组成。
静力学对静止系统进行分析,即在其中不考虑时间这个引述,动力学对事件而变化的系统进行分析.2、Any two such forces acting on a body constitute a couple. The arm of the couple is the perpendicular distance between their lines of action, and the plane of the couple is the plane containing the two lines of action.作用在一个刚体上的两个这样的的里构成一个力偶。
力偶臂是这两个条作用线之间的垂直距离,力偶面是包含着两条作用线的平面。
3、Mechanics deal with two kinds of quantities:scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated。
1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.(P5)用低能机器或传力工具,操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。
大多数情况,然而,用一个详细(复杂)的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。
2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)(P5)相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体,通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。
列车的所有车厢上的车轮同时动作。
压缩气体通过一个坚固的管道在由联轴器连接的车厢之间传输;工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立的闸块单元。
3.When the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder. The piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluid’s pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum. (Braking Systems)(P5)当踩下汽车刹车的踏板,在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一个力。
活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸,在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。
4.Machinery ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections and mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, plays a role in supporting the other functional units of the system and transmitting motion and power. Compared to purely mechanical products, the performance and functionality of integration technology in electrical and mechanical systems have been improved a lot, which requires mechanical ontology to adapt its new status in mechanical structure, materials, processing technology, as well as the areas of geometry. Accordingly, the new ontology is with high efficient, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, light-weighted and aesthetically pleasing characteristics. (Mechatronics System) (P7)机械体包括机架、机械联接和机械传动,它是机电一体化的基础,作用是支撑系统其他功能单元,传递运动和动力。
和纯机械产品相比,一体化技术的性能和功能在机电系统中大幅提高,它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中的几何学下的新环境。
相应的,新的一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻和美学的令人赏心悦目的特征。
5. Detecting sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the changes of relevant parameters in external environment and transmit the information to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit check the information and sends the corresponding control issues to the actuator. (Mechatronics System) (P7)检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路,它的功能是检测机电系统自身工作的工程,在外部环境下的相关参数的改变,将其信息传给电子控制单元。
电子控制单元通过检查信息,送出相应的指令到执行机构。
6. Electronic control unit, also known as ECU, is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the external commands and the signals output by sensors. It centralizes stores, computes and analyzes the information. Based on the results of information processing,instruction are issued according to a certain extent and pace to control the destination for the entire system. (Mechatronics System) (P7)电子控制单元,也被称为控制单元(ECU)控制,是机电系统的核心,负责外部命令和传感器的信号输出。
它集中、存储、计算并分析信息。
基于信息处理的结果,按照一定的范围和步调发出命令来实现控制整个系统的目标。
7. It is put into a fairly standard machine tool that has had position sensing and motors on thecontrol knobs installed. This is basically just a robot machinist. You use a rotating cutting tool to cut away all the metal that isn’t your crank. 3D metal etch-a-sketch, with the computer interpolating, so the circles come out to be pretty smooth. (CNC Machining) (P9)将数控系统装入一个非常标准的机床,它在控制手柄上有位置感应和马达。
这基本上是一个机械师。
你能使用一个旋转切削刀具切掉不是你设计的所有金属。
具有计算内插的三维金属蚀刻成型可以使得圆被加工得更光滑。
8. They (CNC machine) are complicated machines, full of servomechanisms, and measuring technology that can measure to 0.005mm (0.0001”) while covered in oil. A CNC machine has a minimum of 6 motors (including some to change tools, and one or more to pump oil and coolant various places). This translates to running costs that may be well over $1/minute. (The computer is not a significant part of the cost any more.) (CNC Machining) (P10)数控机床是复杂的机器,具有伺服机构和检测技术,它能在覆盖油膜状态下检测到0.005mm。
数控机床至少有6个马达(包括一些用来换刀具,一个或多个用来泵油和冷却液的各地方)。
这些化成运行成本可能大大超过1美元/分钟。
(电脑不再是成本的一个重要部分.)9. The smaller, denser chips can also provide speed benefits, because in high-speed devices, the length of time it takes a signal to travel a given distance can become a factor. (Integrated Circuit (IC)) (P57)小而密的芯片能提供速度优势,因为高速装置中,信号传输给定距离所需时间长度是一个因素。