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state n. 情形, 状态, 国家, 政府, 州vt.声明, 陈述, 规定
For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775 there had been concern
about the state of the English language.
statement n.声明, 陈述, 综述
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special adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的
especially adv.尤其，特别
specialization n.特殊化, 专门化
specialise v.专业化，专门研究
specialised adj. 专门的, 专科的
In the 19th century, new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and
publish in the new disciplines.
specialist n. 专家
speciality n.特性, 特质, 专业
specify vt.指定, 详细说明
specific adj.详细而精确的, 明确的
An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of
specific experiments.
specifically adv.特定的, 明确的
species n.种类
Extinct species are being replaced by new species.
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differ vi.不同
In both cases the critical day length differ s from species to species.
difference n.差异, 差别
different adj.不同的
Different groups of researchers attacked differen t problems, from speech recognition to
chess playing, in different ways.
differentiate v.区别, 区分
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appropriate adj.适当的
inappropriate adj.不适当的
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staff n. 全体职员
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contradict vt.同...矛盾
contradiction n.反驳, 矛盾
contrary adj.相反的, 逆的
contrast vt.使与...对比n.对比, 对照
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claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 主张vt.(根据权利)要求, 主张
claimant n.（根据权利）提出要求者
reclaim vt.要求归还，开垦
reclamation n.收回，开垦
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similar adj.相似的, 类似的
Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of
science.
similarly adv.同样地, 类似于
similarity n.类似, 类似处
assimilation n.同化
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evidence n.明显, 显著，证据
There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.
evident adj.明显的, 显然的
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major n. 主修课adj.主修的，主要的vi.主修
Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these
adaptations.
majority n.多数, 大半
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further adj.更远的, 更多的vt.促进, 增进, 助长
furthermore adv.此外, 而且
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involve t.包括,使陷于
Kant believed that a successful joke involve s the controlled release of nervous energy. involvement n.连累, 包含
revolve v.旋转
revolution n.革命，旋转
revolutionary adj.革命的，全新的n.革命者
revolutionise vt.使彻底改变
evolve vt. (使)进化, (使)发展
evolution n. 进化, 发展
evolutionary adj.进化的
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complete adj.全部的, 完全的vt.完成, 使完善
It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to
complete.
completely adv.十分, 完全地
completion n.完成
Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.
accomplish vt.完成，实现
accomplishment n.完成，成就
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suit v.适合n.一套衣服
suitable adj.适当的, 相配
Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a
socially wider, but more local, audience.
suitcase n.手提箱, 衣箱
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person n.人, 身体
personal adj.私人的, 个人的
Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.
personalize v.使成私人的, 人格化
personality n.个性, 人格
Researchers claim that the human personalit y is formed during the first two years of life. personnel n.人员, 职员
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