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Unit 1: P7Transaction 交易 customs area 关税区 in compliance with 遵从；遵照conversion 货币兑换 visible trade 有形贸易 resale 转售gross domestic product国内生产总值 invisible trade 无形贸易 for short 缩写为account for 占…比例 headquarters 总部 trap 陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资 stocks 股票 bonds 债券maturity （票据等）到期，到期日 certificate of deposit 大额存单 licensing许可经营franchising 特许经营 trademark 商标 advisable 可行的；适当的patent 专利 royalty 专利使用费；版税 copyright 版税licensor 给予许可的人 licensee 接受许可的人 franchiser 给予特许的人franchisee 接受特许的人 logo 标志；标记 management contract 管理合同expertise 专门知识 bonus 红利；津贴；奖金 flat 一律的，无变动的value chain 价值链 contract manufacturing 承包工程 turnkey project “交钥匙”工程BOT（Build，Operate，Transfer）建设、经营、移交stand for 代表；表示variant 变形/体Unit 2: P23potential 潜力 clue 线索 national income 国民收入GNP 国民生产总值 per capita income 人均收入 bulk 大量的；大宗的PPP 购买力平价 consumerism 消费，消费主义 income distribution 收入分布Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织infra structure 基础设施 Commonwealth of Independent States 独立国家联合体staple goods 大路货 tap 开发 hemisphere 半球observation（经观察而得到的）看法 haven 避风港；安全之地 spur 促进；刺激creditor country 债权国 proximity 临近 ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟Unit 3：P40witness 亲历，见证 economic integration 经济一体化 liberalize 使自由put up barriers 设置障碍 fall under分成几部分 free trade area自由贸易区tariff rates 关税税率 NAFTA北美自由贸易协定 customs union 关税同盟detour 迂回；绕行 common market 共同市场 adoption 使用，采用euro 欧元 erode 侵蚀；损害 autonomy 自治；自主sovereign state 主权国家 political entity 政治实体 set the stage of 为、、、做准备；促成monumental 重要的，有纪念意义的 landmark 地标；里程碑 signatory 签字国；签字人settlement 结算 banknotes 纸币；钞票 circulation货币流通executive body 行政机构，执行机构 European Commission欧盟委员会 veto 否决commissioner 委员，特派员，专员 council of ministers 部长理事会 empower 授予权力multi-polarization 多极化 tenet 原则；宗旨 Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议cartel 卡特尔，联盟 OPEC 石油输出国组织Unit4：P57globalization 全球化 frequency 频繁，频率 interactive 相互作用的element 要素；组成成分；元素 value 价值观 acclaim 欢呼；欢迎；喝彩adverse 不利的；反对的 controversial 引起争议的 instrumental 有作用的internationalization 国际化 facilities 设施；设备；工具 label 把称为；把归类employ 用；使用 assets 资产 incorporate 吸收；合并purport 声称；自称headquarters 总部international economic environment国际经济环境double digit 两位数字 survival 继续生存 embark（on）开始；从事gigantic 庞大的；巨大的 intervene 干预；干涉 technical improvements 技术进步derivation 获得 day-to-day running 日常管理 decentralize 分散；放下（权利）wield 操控；控制 jurisdiction 权利；管理范围 vehicle 工具；手段delegate power to…对、、、授权 affiliate 分支机构；附属机构 mover 原动力，推动力Unit5：P71define 下定义 services 劳务 distribution 分布natural resources 自然资源 abundant 丰富的 scarce缺少，缺乏primary commodities 初级产品 incentive 刺激 specialization 专业化constitute 构成，形成 remainder 剩余的，余数 hold 认为in terms of 在…方面 illustrate 说明 table 表格，图表assume 假设 efficient 有效的，效率高的 occur 发生，产生law 规则，法则 even if 即使 disadvantage 不利with respect to 关于 exploit 利用，开发 static 静止的endowment of nature 自然的赋予 up-to-date 现代的，新式的 intuitive 直觉的，直观的appeal 吸引力 absolute advantage 绝对利益 comparative advantage 比较利益Unit6：P84strategic 战略的 reduce 减少 bulky 笨重的，庞大的perishable 易碎的 protectionist 保护主义的 barrier障碍typical 典型的 tariffs 关税 quota 配额levy 征收，收取 coincide 巧合；偶合 customs union 关税联盟import duties 进口关税 export duties 出口关税 ad valorem 按价；从价specific 从量的 compound duties 复税，混合关税 drawback 退税refund 偿还；退还 most-favoured-nation（MFN）treatment 最惠国待遇signatory 签字国 concession让步 tariff schedule 税率表；税则non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒 impose 加强 unilaterally 单方面地label 标签，标记，标号 voluntary 自动的，主动的 forthcoming 即将到来的meaning of transport 运输工具 inland water vessels 内河船只 maritime 海洋的，与海有关的cargo compartment 货仓 charter租 fleet 舰队 insurance保险vulnerable 脆弱的 collision 碰撞 pilferage 偷窃 explosion 爆炸place of historical interest 古迹 accommodations 膳宿供应 immigrant 移民remittance 汇款 undertake 承担Unit7：P84climate 环境气氛；风气 degenerate 变坏；衰退 deal 交易draw up 制定；拟就 respective 各自的；分别的 subsequent 随后的，后来的interpretation 解释；说明 trade terms 贸易术语；交易条件 trading practices 贸易惯例litigation 诉讼，诉争 entail 使人承担；使成为必要 amendment 修正案；修正条款addition 增加部分 revise 修正；修改 unitization 使成为一个单位maritime 海的；海上的 consolidate 统一，合并 render使得；使成为negotiable 可转让的；可流通的 vital 极其重要的，必不可少的 whereby 凭借那个，借以premises 生产场所；经营场所 disposal 处理；解决 departure 离开，启程，出发quay 码头 substantive 实质性的Unit8：P116set forth 陈述；阐明 binding 有约束力的 enforceable可实施的sue起诉 trade fairs 商品交易会 trunk call 长途电话enquiry 询盘；询价 quotation 报价 voluntarily 主动地，自愿地indispensable 必不可少的 validity period 有效期 offer还盘unbinding 无约束力的 invalid 无效的 sales contract 销售合同sales （purchase） confirmation 售货（购货）确认书 setting up 构成，结构，格式consignment 寄售 contracting parties 缔约方 force majeure不可抗力arbitration 仲裁 cotton piece good 棉布 cotton yarns 棉纱hereby 于此 hereunder 于下 article number 货号yard 码 overleaf 反面 bleached 漂白的Unit9：P127counter trade 对销贸易；反对贸易 allegedly被说成；据说 phenomenon 现象terminology 术语 generic 总称的 net positions 实际寸头adduce 引证 empirical 以经验为根据的 reciprocal 互惠的；互相的hyperinflation极度通货膨胀 literally 照字地，逐字地 disarray 混乱conceptually 概念上地 European Payment Union 欧洲支付联盟competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值 pre-specify 预先说明 in essence 实质上的intertemporal 不同时的 be tied to 固定于 photocopying machine 复印机intriguing引起兴趣的，有迷惑力的 concurrently 同时发生的 a fraction of一点儿；一部分verify 一部分 sophisticated 经验丰富的 bypass 避开；置、、、于不顾expertise 专门知识 leverage 杠杆作用 tap 开发；开辟conceal 掩盖；隐藏 perpetuate 使永久存在 processing trade 加工贸易consignment 寄售 leasing 租赁 agency 代理Unit10：P141domestic 国内的 status 状况 remittance 汇款debtor 债务人 debit 借方；记入借方的款 financial standing 财务状况default 违约；不履行职责 ban禁止 fluctuation波动hesitant 犹豫，不情愿 dubious 可疑 integrity 正直；诚实periodic payment 分期付款 cash in advance 预付现金 draft 汇票（bill of exchange）drawer 出票人 drawee 受票人 payee受款人usance draft（tenor draft，term draft）远期汇票 documentary draft 跟单汇票clean draft 光票 bill of lading 提单 title to the goods 货物所有权insurance policy 保险单 documentary collection 跟单托收documents against payment （D/P）付款交单 documents against acceptance（D/A）承兑交单sound 健全；良好 with discretion 慎重地；审慎地Unit11：P154release 放开 gain control over 得到对…的控制 objective 目的，目标impeccable 无缺点的 bilateral 双边的 credit-worthiness 资信unique 独特的 security 安全，保障 presentation 呈交；提示undertaking 承担 applicant 开证申请人 opening bank 开证银行beneficiary 受益人 correspondent bank 往来行；关系行 advising bank 通知行amendment 修改 discrepancy 不符 confirming bank 保兑行reimburse 付款 nominate 指定 insufficient 不足的 submit提交stipulation 规定 expire 满期；到期 unit price 单价partial shipment 分批装运 transshipment 转船 seal 印章underlying作为基础的 obligation 责任，义务 ultimately 最终Unit12：P167category 种类 fall under 归为…类 mechanism 机制clean credit 光票信用证 non-trade settlement非贸易结算 revocable credit 可撤销信用证irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证 certainty 确定程度，肯定程度 alter 改变commitment 承担的责任 cancel 取消，作废 consult with 与、、、协商revoke 撤销 consent 同意 extensively 广泛地indication 指明，表明 confirmed credit 保兑信用证 leading bank 主要银行double assurance 双重保障 involve 牵涉；涉及 sight credit 即期信用证usance credit 远期信用证 impeccable 正确无误的 capital turnover 资金周转maturity 到期 discount 贴现 face value 面值transferable credit 可转让信用证 non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证 middleman 中间人non-draft credit 无汇票信用证 deferred payment 推迟付款 revolving credit 循环信用证renew 恢复 reinstate 使复原 contracting parties 合同各方，缔约各方sustain 遭受，蒙受 insolvent 无支付能力的 bankrupt 破产的Unit13：P180documents 单据 take delivery of 提（货） delay 延误，迟延discrepancy 不符 conformity 一致，相符 description 描述commission 佣金 discount 折扣 shipping marks 唛头seal 印章；图章 signature 签字 comply with 符合in general terms 用概括性的词语，用一般性词语表达 exceed 超过 memos 备忘录，便笺bill of lading 提单 carrier 承运人 shipper 货主，托运人carriage 运输 consignee 收货人 notify party 被通知人payable 应支付的，可支付的 devoid of 没有，缺少 liability 责任；义务airway bill 空运提单 cargo receipt 铁路运单，货运收据 insurance policy 保险单function 功能；作用 the insured 被保险人 currency 货币 settle 清算；结算Unit14：P193fundamental 极其重要的 efficiency 效率 primitive 原始的in a broad sense 从广义上讲 grocery 食品；杂货 distinct 与其他明显不同的；独特的natural product provinces 产品自然领域 urgency 紧迫；急迫 perform 执行；完成carrier 承运人。
05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结Lesson11.Customsarea关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visibletrade有形贸易: The form of modity trade,i.e.exportingand importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.(including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade) 4.Invisibletrade无形贸易: The form of transportation, munication, banking,insurance, consulting, information etc.is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FDI外国直接投资:Foreign direct investments.Returnsthrough controlling the enterprises or assetsinvested in a host country./P.256.Onecountry acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolioinvestment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.7.Stocks股票:Capital stocks or bonds.8.Bonds债券:The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.9.Maturity（票据等）到期10.Certificateof deposit大额存单11.Licensing许可经营:In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country.They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive ine in the form of royalty.12.Franchising特许经营:Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operatein the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.TradeMark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser特许方:A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand ,names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.20.Franchisee被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21.Managementcontract管理合同: Under a management contract, one pany offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment ora percentage of the relevant business volume.22.Valuechain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For aninternational turnkey project, a firm signs a contractwith a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon pletion.24.建设、经营和移交:Build,Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty 许可使用费28.Internationalinvestment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.29.Contractmanufacturing承包生产 30.GATT关贸总协定:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.Internationalbusiness国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimesbusiness across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.32.Intellectual property知识产权 33.Oildeposit: 石油储备 =oil reserves 34.thereserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personaladvancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
International Business EnglishLesson 1International Business/国际商务Business Knowledge:The major differences between international business and domestic businessA.Differences in legal systems 法律体系B.Differences in currencies 货币C.Differences in cultural backgroundD.Different in natural and economic conditionsThe major types of international businessA. Trademodity trade 商品贸易b.Service tradeB. Investmenta.Foreign direct investmentb.Portfolio investment 证券投资C. Other typesa.Licensing and franchising 许可经营和特许经营b.Management contract and contract manufacturing 管理合同和承包生产c.Turnkey project and BOTTrade Terms:1.Customs area关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goodsproduced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)4.Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance,consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises orassets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other thancontrolling.7.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.8.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the moneylent or invested together with interest.9.Maturity（票据等）到期10.Certificate of deposit大额存单11.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm inanother country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty（许可费）.12.Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another,franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.Trade Mark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos andoperating techniques for royalty.20.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21.Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerialor other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.22.Value chain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with aforeign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.24.BOT建设、经营和移交: Build, Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty 许可使用费28.International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.29.Contract manufacturing承包生产30.GATT关贸总协定: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.32.Intellectual property知识产权33.Oil deposit: 石油储备= oil reserves34.the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
1有形贸易 visible trade visible trade 2无形贸易 invisible tradeinvisible trade3证券投资 Portfolio Investment portfolio investment 4大额存单 Certificate of depositcertificate of deposit 5管理合同 management contract management contract 6价值链 value chainvalue chain7承包生产 contract manufacturing contract manufacturing 8交钥匙工程 turnkey project turnkey project 9国民收入 national income national income 10人均收入 per capita income per capita income 11基础设施 infra structureinfra structure1213收入分布 income distribution income distribution 14债权国 creditor countrycreditor country15经济一体化 economic integration economic integration 16自由贸易区 free trade area free trade area 17关税税率 tariff rates tariff rates 18关税同盟 custom union custom union 19关税联盟 customs union customs union 20共同市场 common market common market 21主权国家 sovereign state sovereign state 22政治实体 political entity political entity 23行政机构 executive bodyexecutive body24欧盟委员会 European commission European commission 25部长理事会 council of ministers council of ministers 26多极化 multi-polarization multi-polarization27双部长会议 dual-Ministerial meeting dual-Ministerial meeting 28分委员会 Sub-committeeSub-committee 2930技术进步 technical improvements technical improvements 31自然资源 natural resources natural resources 32初级产品 primary commodities primary commodities 33绝对利益 absolute advantage absolute advantage 34比较利益 comparative advantage comparative advantage 35进口关税 import duty import duty 36出口关税 export dutyexport duty 37混税,复合关税 compound dutycompound duty3839税率表,税则 tariff schedule tariff schedule 40关税壁垒 tariff barriertariff barrier41非关税壁垒 non-tariff barrier non-tariff barrier 42运输工具 means of transport means of transport43古迹 places of historical interest places of historical interest 44货仓 cargo compartment cargo compartment 45关税区 customs area customs area 46从价税 advalorem dutiesadvalorem duties独立国家联合体 commonwealth of independent 国际经济环境 international economic environment 最惠国待遇 most-favoured nation (MFN) treatment47贸易术语 trade terms trade terms48贸易惯例 trading practices trading practices49商品交易会 trade fairs trade fairs50长途电话 trunk call trunk call51有效期 validity period validity period52还盘 counter offer counter offer53销售合同 sales contract sales contract54销售确认书 sales (purchase) confirmation sales (purchase) confirmation55缔约方/合约各方 contracting parties contracting parties56不可抗力 force majeure force majeure57货号 article number article number58棉布 cotton piece goods cotton piece goods59棉纱 cotton yarns cotton yarns60对销贸易 counter trade counter trade61欧洲支付联盟 European payment union European payment union62竞争性贬值 competitive devaluation competitive devaluation63加工贸易 processing trade processing trade64清算系统 clearing system clearing system65实际头寸 net positions net positions66贸易信贷往来帐户 trade credit accounts trade credit accounts67反向购买 counter purchase counter purchase68回购交易 buyback buyback69租赁贸易 leasing trade leasing trade70财务状况 financial standing financial standing71资信可靠情况 credit worthiness credit worthiness72分阶段付款 periodic payments periodic payments73预付现金 cash in advance cash in advance74汇票 draft / bill of exchange draft/bill of exchange75远期汇票 usance draft usance draft76跟单汇票 documentary draft documentary draft77提单 bill of landing bill of landing78货物所有权 title to goods title to goods79保险单 insurance policy insurance policy80跟单托收 documentary collection documentary collection81付款交单 documents against payment (D/P)documents against payment (D/P) 82承兑交单 documents against acceptance (D/A)documents against acceptance (D/A) 83光票 clean draft clean draft84开证银行opening bank opening bank85往来行 correspondence bank correspondence bank86通知行 advising bank advising bank87保兑行 confirming bank confirming bank88分批装运 partial shipment partial shipment89保兑信用证 confirmed letter of credit confirmed letter of credit90价格条款 price term price term91光票信用证 clean credit clean credit92非贸易结算 non-trade settlement non-trade settlement93可撤销信用证 revocable credit revocable credit94不可撤销信用证 irrevocable credit irrevocable credit95双重保障 double assurance double assurance96即期信用证 sight credit sight credit97远期信用证 usance credit usance credit98面值 face value face value99可转让信用证 transferable credit transferable credit100不可转让信用证 non-transferable credit non-transferable credit101无汇票信用证 non-draft credit non-draft credit102推迟付款 deferred payment deferred payment103循环信用证 revolving credit revolving credit104唛头 shipping marks shipping marks105被通知人 notify party notify party106货运收据 cargo receipt cargo receipt107发运港 port of shipment port of shipment108海关发票 custom invoice custom invoice109领事发票 consular invoice consular invoice110装船通知 shipping advice shipping advice111产品自然领域 natural product provinces natural product provinces112公共承运人 common carrier common carrier113契约承运人 contract carrier contract carrier114自有承运人 private carrier private carrier115中间产品 intermediate product intermediate product116制成品 finished products finished products117最大诚信原则 utmost good faith utmost good faith118货物原产地港口 port of origin port of origin119交货费用 forwarding charges forwarding charges导致损失的直接原因 proximate cause of the loss120121汇率 exchange rate exchange rate122金本位制 gold standard gold standard123平价 par value par value124储备货币 reversed currency reversed currency125清洁浮动 clean float (free float-自由浮动)clean float 清洁浮动 (free float 自由浮动) 126肮脏浮动 dirt float (managed float-管理浮动)dirt float 肮脏浮动 (managed float 管理浮动) 127(汇率)直接标价 direct quote direct quote128(汇率)间接标价 indirect quote indirect quote129买入价 buying rate buying rate130卖出价 selling rate selling rate131中间价 medial rate medial rate132大萧条 Great Depression great depression133特别提款权 special drawing right special drawing right134国际收支赤字 BOP deficit BOP deficit135国际收支盈余 favorable balance of payment favorable balance of payment136贴现率 discount rate discount rate137外汇管制 foreign exchange control foreign exchange control138游资 idle funds (hot money)idle funds (hot money)139世界银行集团 word bank group word bank group140资本市场 capital market capital market141优惠期 grace period grace period142私营经济 private sector private sector143股权投资 equity investment equity investment144经济结构调整 economic restructuring economic restructuring145投票权 voting power voting power146黄金份额 gold tranche gold tranche147备用(信贷)安排 standby arrangement standby arrangement148客户流动 customer mobility customer mobility149免税期 tax holiday tax holiday150合资企业 joint venture joint venture151绿地战略 the greenfield strategy the greenfield strategy152战略联合 the strategic alliance the strategic alliance153知识产权 intellectual property intellectual property154常务委员会 standing committee standing committee155证券交易所 stock exchange stock exchange156长期资本 long-term capital long-term capital157二级资本市场 secondary capital market secondary capital market158交易场地 market floor (trading floor)market floor (trading floor)159挂牌证券交易市场 listed market listed market160所得税 income tax income tax161平衡帐目 balance the books balance the books 公共部门借贷需求 the public sector borrowing requirement162163金边证券 gilt-edged stocks / securities gilt-edged stocks/securities164事业机构投资商 institutional investors institutional investors165期权 options options166套期保值 hedge hedge167具体事场 particular market area particular market area168普惠制 generalized system of preferences generalized system of preferences 169关税减让 tariff concession tariff concession170制度力量 institutional strength institutional strength171反贴补措施 counter-veiling measures counter-veiling measures172反倾销 anti-dumping anti-dumping173国民待遇 national treatment national treatment174关税配额 tariff quota tariff quota175充分就业 full employment full employment176公平贸易 fair trade fair trade177贸易条款 term of trade term of trade178免责条款 escape clauses escape clauses179行动纲领 action programme action programme180联合国大会 united nations general assembly united nations general assembly 181较不发达国家 less-developed countries less-developed countries182无差别待遇 non-discrimination principle non-discrimination principle183差别待遇 differential treatment differential treatment184贸易条件 terms of trade terms of trade185186特惠税 preferential customs tariffs preferential customs tariffs 187技术转让 transfer of technology transfer of technology188金融市场 financial market financial market189中期贷款 extended fund facility extended fund facility190双边谈判 bilateral negotiation bilateral negotiation191特约条款 special clause special clause192董事会 board of directors board of directors193生产方式 production approach production approach194可保利益 insurable interest insurable interest195缓冲库存贷款 buffer stock financing facility buffer stock financing facility 196跨国公司母公司 parent MNC parent MNC197记帐交易 open credit open credit198滚装滚卸范畴运输 roll-on and roll-off traffic roll-on and roll-off traffic199规模经济 economies of scale economies of scale200有价保单 valued policy valued policy201从量税 specific duty specific duty202业务范围 business line business line203基础设施 capital infrastructure capital infrastructure204布雷顿森林会议 the Bretton woods convention the Bretton woods convention 205保证金 margin margin206统一关税制度 uniform tariff system uniform tariff system207208209210211212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224电子数据交换EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)国内生产总值GDP (Gross Domestic Product)国民生产总值GNP (Gross National Product)购买力平价PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)增值税VAT (value added tax)国际经济新秩序 new international economic order石油输出国组织OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)东南亚国家联盟ASEAN (Association of SouthEast Asian Nations)北美自由贸易协定NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)多边投资担保机构MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)经济及社会理事会ECOSOC (economic social council)国际开发协会IDA (International Development Association)国际货币基金组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)经济合作与发展组织OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)零库存 just-in-time delivery (JIT)自动出口限制VER (Voluntary Export Restriction)投资交易所RIE (Recognized Investment Exchange)国际复兴开发银行IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)国际金融公司IFC (International Finance Corporation)。
Aabide by the contract 遵守合同absolute advantage 绝对利益，绝对优势absolute contract 不附加条件的合同absolute inflation 绝对通货膨胀absolute priority 绝对优先absolute profit 绝对利润absolute quota 绝对配额absorb foreign capital/funds 吸收外资absorb idle fund 吸收游资accelerate growth 加速增长acceleration in money-circulation 货币流通的加快acceptance 承兑acceptance credit 承兑信用证account analysis 账目分析account balance 账户结余account of assets 资产账account of business 营业账account of cash 现金账户account of countries 国别账户accumulate funds 积累资金acting manager 代理经理acts of God 自然力actual total loss 实际全险additional tax 附加税adjustment调整，矫正ad valorem tax 从价税advancement 预付，垫付advertising 广告，广告业，广告学，广告法advertising war广告战advertising-media 广告媒介advising bank，notifying bank 通知行advisory service 咨询服务affiliated company 附属公司，联营公司affirmation of contract批准合同affix one’s signature to an agreement 在协议上签字after-sales service 售后服务after-tax income 纳税后收入agency abroad 国外代办处，国外代理agency agreement 代理协定，代理合同agent 代理人aggregate consumption/demand/efficiency 总消费/总需求/总效率aggregate GNP 国民生产总值aging-industry 落后工业，过时工业agreement 协议agreement between labor and management 劳资协议agreement on economical aid 经济援助协定agreement on scientific and technical cooperation 科学技术合作协定aid to trade贸易的四大辅助部门（指运输，银行，报销，会计或广告）aid without conditions attached 无附加条件的援助Air transport航空运输airway bill 航空运单all risks 一切险，全险，综合险allocate quota分配配额，国别配额allocation of expenditures 费用的分摊，支出分摊allocation of resources 资源分配allowance 折扣，减价，津贴，补助费already-issued bond已发行债券amount of export/import 出口额，输出额/进口额，输入额annual budget年度预算annual report 年度报告anticipatory L/C预支信用证ante-dated B/L 倒签提单anti-dumping tariff 反倾销关税税则anti-boycott law 反经济抵制法anti-subsidy duties 反补贴税anti-trust law 反托拉斯法applicant 申请人application for export/import license 进出口许可证申请applied economics 应用经济学appreciated currency 增值货币approval of export/import 批准出口/批准进口arbitration clause 仲裁条款arbitral decision /arbitral award 仲裁裁决arbitration committee仲裁委员会arbitration law 仲裁立法arbitration organization仲裁机构article prohibited for export 禁止出口物品Asiadollar 亚洲美元Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行assembling with imported components 来件装配assessment资产评估，税款评定，损失计算asset 资产asset liability ratio 资产负债比率associate company 联营公司，联号association of consumers 消费者协会attract funds 吸引资金auction 拍卖auctioneer 拍卖人auditing审计学，审核，查账Australian dollar 澳大利亚元average quality 平均质量Bback door dealing后门销售back to back credit 背对背信用证balance a budget 平衡预算balance amount 差额，余额balance between import and export 收支平衡balance of payment 国际收支平衡，国际收支差额表ban on export/import 禁止出口/禁止进口bank account 银行往来账户bank crisis 银行危机banker’s draft 银行汇票banking 银行业，金融，银行学barrier to trade 贸易壁垒barter 物物交换，以货易货basic commodities 基本商品basic industry基础工业basic law 基本法basic norms of the international order 国际秩序的基本准则be conducive to （peace）有益于（平和）bear expenses/risk 负担费用/承担风险bearer B/L不记名提单become debt-ridden 债台高筑Belgian Francs比利时法郎beneficiary受益人bid 递盘bidder 竞卖者bill of exchange（draft）汇单bill of lading提单bilateral trade/treaty 双边贸易/双边条约block and embargo 封销与禁运board of directors 董事会bond债券，公债，证券，契约，合约bonded warehouse 报税仓库bottleneck industry 薄弱环节产业brain drain 人才外流brand name 品牌breach of contract 违约Bretton Woods Agreement 布雷顿森林协定brokerage 经纪费business consolidated tax 工商统一税business correspondence 商业信函business law 商法business negotiation 洽谈业务business reputation 商业信誉business tax 商业税，营业税buyer’s credit 买方信贷CCanadian dollar 加拿大元capital 资本，股本，资方capital construction projects 基本建设项目cartel 卡特尔cease to be effective 停止生效census 人口普查，统计调查CIF(Cost，Insurance and Freight) 成本加保险费加运费CIF Ex Ship’s Hold 成本加保险费、运费、舱底交接CIF Landed 成本加保险费、运费、卸货费CIF Liner Terms成本加保险费、运费班轮条件CIP（Carriage Insurance Paid to）运费、保险费付至CFR(Cost and Freight) 成本加运费CFR landed 成本加运费、卸货费charter party B/L 租船提单CCPIT(China Council for the Promotion of International Trade)中国对外贸易促进委员会check（cheque）支票claim 索赔，债权，赔偿金额，要求权clean bill 光票clean B/L 清洁提单clean credit 光票信用证collecting bank 代收银行collective economy 集体经济collection 托收combat inflation 反通货膨胀combined transport 多式联运combined transport B/L 多式联运提单come into force/effect 生效commercial and industrial law and regulation 工商法规commercial counselor 商务参赞commercial credit 商业信用，商业信贷commercial invoice （commercial draft）商业发票commission 佣金Commodity Inspection Bureau 商检局common market 共同市场common progress and prosperity 共同进步，共同繁荣company credit 公司信贷company law 公司法comparative advantage 比价优势compatriot 同胞compensation agreement 补偿贸易协定compensation trade 补偿贸易comprehensive agreement全面协定concerted effort 共同努力conciliation commission 调解委员会，协调委员会conclude business 成交conditional acceptance 有条件的接受conditioned weight 公重confirmation 确认书confirming bank 保兑行confirmed letter of credit 保兑信用证congestion of port 港口拥挤consignment 寄售consignment note 寄售单，托运通知书consolidated industrial and commercial taxes 工商统一税consignee 收货人consignor，shipper托运人constructive total loss 推定全损consular invoice 领事发票consumer goods 消费品，生活资料container B/L 集装箱提单contract 合同contract responsibility system 承包责任制contract terms 合同条件，合同条款contracting parties 契约当事人，立约双方，立约各方contractor承包商，承造商，认约人contribution from member states 会员国缴纳的会费contributor 资助国，捐助人，纳税人cooperation and collaboration 合作与协作cooperative venture 合作企业counter offer 还盘counter sample对等样品，回样counter purchase 互购counter trade 对销贸易credit first 信誉第一creditor country 债权国C.T.D.（Combined Transport Documents）多式联运单据currency exchange 货币兑换currency regulation 外汇管理条例current market price 现时市价current price 现行价customary packing习惯包装customs barrier 关税壁垒customs duties关税customs invoice海关发票customs law 海关法，关税法律customs regulations 海关规章，海关条例customs seizures 海关扣押customs union 关税同盟cut throat competition你死我活的竞争，残酷竞争DDAF(Delivered At Frontier) 边境交货damage caused by heating and sweating 受热受潮险D/A（Documents against Acceptance）承兑交单D/D（Remittance by Banker’s Demand Draft）票汇D/P（Documents against Payment）付款交单D/P sight (Documents against Payment at Sight) 即期付款交单DDP(Delivered Duty Paid) 完税后交货DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid) 未完税交货DES(Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港传上交货DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay) 目的港码头交货debt 欠款，债务debt service ratio 还本付息比，偿债比率declaration for import/export 进口申报/出口申报defendant 被诉方Deferred Payment Credit 延期付款信用证deferred payment 延期付款demand over supply 供不应求，求过于供destabilizing factor不稳定因素developed country 发达国家developing country 发展中国家development of manpower/resources 人力开发，资源开发diplomatic immunities 外交豁免权diplomatic mission abroad 驻外使团direct B/L 直达提单discount 折扣，减价，体贴，铁水，贴现率dishonor 拒付disparity between the price of primary product and those of manufacture 初级产品与制成品价格之间的剪刀差distributor 分销商Documentary credit 跟单信用证donation country 捐赠国，援助国Dow Jones Average 道琼斯平均指数draft contract 合同草案，草约drain of foreign exchange 外汇消耗drain on supplies 脱销drastic reduction 大幅度削减drawee 受票人drawer 出票人drawing rights of IMF （国际货币基金的）特别提款权dual exchange market 两种外汇市场dual tariff system 双重关税率制dumping policy 倾销政策dumping price 倾销价格durable consumer goods耐用消费品dutiable 应缴税的，应征税的duty free goods 免税货物Eearning in foreign trade 外汇收入ease of credit 放款信贷，放款信用economic aid 经济援助economic complementarity 经济上互补economic order 经济秩序economic performance 经济成效economic planning 经济计划embargo and blockade 封锁禁运embezzlement and theft 贪污盗窃emerging nation 新兴国家employment rate 就业率EMP(European Main Ports) 欧洲主要口岸encourage investment 鼓励投资endorsement 背书enter into a contract签订合同enter into force 生效enterprise企业enterprise group 企业集团entrepot trade 转口贸易entrepreneur 企业家equality and mutual benefit 平等互利established international practice 公认的国际惯例established principle of international law 公认的国际法准则European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系European Union欧洲联盟，欧盟examination and approval 审批excessive growth 过度增长exclusive agent；sole agent 独家代理exclusive buyer 独家买主exclusive sales agreement 独家经销协定export permit 出口许可证export quota 出口配额export volume 出口量export-oriented 外向型，出口型EXW(Ex Works) 工厂交货Ffail to keep one’s promise 违约fair competition 公平竞争fake and inferior goods 伪劣产品F．A．Q.（Fair Average Quality）良好平均品质FAS(Free Alongside Ship) 装运港船边交货favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差favored treatment 优惠待遇FCA（Free Carrier）货交承运人final and binding on both parties 不可更改对双方均有约束力的finalize the business 成交financial center 金融中心Financial Times 英国《金融时报》firm offer 确盘，实盘FOB(Free On Board) 装运港船上交货FOB Liner Terms 装运港船上交货班轮条件FOB Under Tackle装运港吊钩下交货FOB Stowed 包括理仓费在内的装运港船上交货FOB Trimmed 包括平仓费在内的装运港船上交货FOBST(FOB Stowed and Trimmed)包括理仓费、平仓费在内的装运港船上交货First National City Bank 美国花旗银行first priority 第一优先项目Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 联合国粮农组织force majeure 不可抗力foreign currency外汇foreign exchange reserve 外汇储备foreign investment law 外资法，外国投资法foreign trade 对外贸易foreign trade law 外贸法formal agreement/clause正式协定/正式条款forward contract 远期交货合同Forty Eight Group 英国外贸48家集团framework 框架free trade zone 自由贸易区freight 运费freight prepaid 运费已付freight to collect；freight to be paid 运费待付French Francs 法国法郎futures commission merchant 期货佣金商futures exchanges 期货交易所futures trading；future transaction 期货交易Ggain and loss 损益gain profit 获利general agent 总代理general sanction 全面制裁Generalized System of Preference（GSP）普惠制generally accepted 公认的get into debt 负债give priority to 给……以优先government aid 政府援助government at all levels 各级政府government intervention 政府干预government loans政府贷款grade of goods 商品的等级grass-roots organization 基层组织gross domestic product（GDP）国内生产总值，国内总产值gross for net 以毛做净gross national product （GNP）国民生产总值gross weight 毛重HHague Rules 海牙规则half-finished goods 半成品handling capacity of ports 港口吞吐能力harbor facilities 港口设备hard currency 硬通货，硬货币hard times 萧条时期，不景气head office 总公司，总部hedging套期保值high commissioner 高级商务代表high-grade 品质优良的，第一流的high income country 高收入国家high standard of living 高生活水平hinterland 腹地，内地holdup in the sale of commodity 商品滞销home currency 本国货币home market 本国市场，国内市场Hong Kong dollar 港币，港元hook damage 钩损险host country 东道国human and non-human resources 人力物力资源Iill manage 管理不善illegal transaction 非法交易imbalance in the international economy 国际经济失调imbalance of trade 入超，贸易不平衡imitation brand 冒牌import license 进口许可improve the investment environment 改善投资环境in bulk 散装incorporated enterprise 法人企业indemnify 赔偿indent 订单independence and self-reliance 独立自主和自力更生indicative mark 指示性标志indirect trade 间接贸易individual enterprise 个人企业individual income tax 个人所得税individual international commodity agreement 单项商品协定industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税industrial property 工业产权industrialization 工业化industrialized country 工业化国家inflation通货膨胀inflation rate 通货膨胀率inflow of fund 资金流入infrastructure 基础设施infringement of trade mark 商标权的侵犯injured party 遭受损失方inland market 内地市场inland water transportation 内河航运inner packing 内包装inquiry 询价，询盘inquiry sheet 询价单input 投入insecure investment 不安全的投资inspection of import and export commodities 进出口商品检验installment 分期付款institutional reform 体质改革insurance 保险insurance broker 保险经纪人insurance policy 保险单insurance certificate 保险证书insurer 承保人integrated regional cooperation 一体化区域合作integration of industry and trade 工贸结合intellectual property 知识产权interest-free 无息的interest rate 利息率interested parties 当事人，有关方面International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD)国际复兴开发银行international banking 国际银行业务International Chamber of Commerce（ICC）国际商会International Standard Organization（ISO）国际标准局international convention 国际公约International Court of Justice 国际法庭International Customs Union 世界关税同盟International Development Association(IDA) 国际开发协会international economic order 国际经济秩序international finance 国际金融International Finance Corporation (IFC) 国际金融公司international investment 国际投资International Investment Bank 国际投资银行international market 国际市场International Monetary Fund (IMF) 国际货币基金组织International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms（Incoterms）国际贸易术语解释通则International Trade Center国际贸易中心international trust and investment 国际信托投资introduce foreign investment 引进外国投资investment 投资investment environment 投资环境investment in fixed assets 固定资产投资investor 投资者invisible export 无形出口，劳务出口invisible hand 无形之手invitation to bid 招标invitation to offer邀请发盘invitation to tender 招标invoice 发票issue bonds 发行债券issued stocks 已发行的股票Italian Lira意大利里拉Jjob creation 创造就业joint communique，joint declaration 联合公报，联合申明joint enterprise 合资企业joint venture 合资企业jointly operated by government and private individual 合资合营Klabor intensive 劳动密集型land bridge ，continental bridge 大陆桥large and medium-sized state-owned enterprise 国营大中型企业laws and regulations 法规lay time 装卸时间leading industries领先行业leasing 租赁least developed world 最不发达国家legal advisor 法律顾问lending country 贷款国length，capacity and weight 度量衡letter of guarantee 保函level of consumption 消费水平level of income 收入水平limited liability company 有限公司lift the embargo on 解禁liner bill of lading 班轮提单line of business 经营范围liner transport 班轮运输liner’s freight tariff 班轮运输表loan 贷款Lodge a claim 提出索赔Lome Convention 洛美协定long form bill of loading 全式提单long ton 长吨lose and gain 损益low income level 低收入水平low interest 低息legal weight 法定重量Mmacroeconomic policy 宏观经济政策mail transfer （M/T）信汇main business line 主要经营项目main currency 主要货币main industrial sectors 主要工业部门maintain good growth momentum 保持良好增长势头major items 大宗商品major project 重点工程make a bid 投标，递价make up each other’s dificiencies 取长补短make use of foreign funds 使用外资malignant inflation 恶性通货膨胀manufacturer’s invoice 厂商发票manufactured goods制成品market analysis 市场分析market control 市场管理marketing 销售学，营销学measurement ton 尺码吨measures of expediency 权益之计meet demand 满足需求member nation 成员国memorandum 备忘录，纪要，通知单merchandise trade 商品贸易metric ton 公吨Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation对外贸易经济合作部momentum of development 发展势头monetary and financial crisis 货币金融危机monopolize the market 垄断市场most favored nation （MFN）最惠国motive of international short-term capital国际短期资本流动multi-facet ，multi-channel cooperation 多层次，多渠道的合作multilateral agreement 多边协定multilateral trade 多边贸易multinational 多国的，跨国的，多国公司（的）mutually beneficial cooperation 互惠互利的合作mutually complementary 互补的mutual exchange of needed goods 互通有无municipalities with independent economic planning 计划单列市Nnational assets 国家资产national budget 国家预算national economy 国民经济national income 国民收入nationalization 国有化negotiating bank 议付银行net weight 净重neutral packing 中性包装new international economic order 国际经济新秩序newly added production capacity新增生产能力non-government trade agreement 民间贸易协定non-tariff measure/barrier 非关税措施/壁垒non-transferable L/C 不可转让信用证North America Free Trade Area （NAFTA）北美自由贸易区North-south trade 南北贸易nude packing 裸装Oobserve contractual obligation 遵守契约义务ocean and rail 海陆联运，海轮铁路联运ocean transport；marine transport 海洋运输offer 发盘office of commercial attache 商务专员处office of commercial counselor 商务参赞处office of commercial representative商务代表处official aid program 官方援助方案offshore trade transaction 境外贸易往来oil dollar 石油美元oil producing country 产油国old and unequal international economic order 旧的，不平等的国际经济秩序on board B/L；shipped B/L 已装船提单on deck B/L 舱面提单open a business 开业，开始营业open bidding 公开招标open coastal cities 沿海开放城市open negotiation credit 公开议付信用证opening bank，issuing bank 开证行opening wider to the outside world 进一步开放operate under capacity 开工不足operation and management 经营管理optional port 选择港order B/L 提示提单original B/L 正本提单original data原始数据overcapacity 开工不足overseas business 海外业务overseas investment 海外投资ownership system 所有权，所有制Ppackage deal 一揽子交易packing list 装箱单parcel post receipt 邮包收据parcel post transportation 邮包运输parent company 母公司，总公司，上级公司Paris House 巴黎证券交易所partial shipment 分批装运participating country参加国patent 专利patent law 专利法patent license 专利权，专利许可证pattern of trade 贸易格局，贸易方式payee 受款人payer 付款人paying bank 付款银行payment by installments 分期付款payment in advance 预付货款penalty 罚金People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行People’s Insurance Company of China（PICC）中国人民保险公司per capita income 人均收入permanent member of the Security Council 安理会常任理事国peso 比索（拉美一些国家主币）physical assets 有形资产physical delivery实际交货planned economy 计划经济political economics 政治经济学population explosion人口爆炸port of destination 目的港port of shipment 装运港potentialities in foreign trade 外贸潜力poverty-stricken area 贫困地区preferential system 特惠制度preferential treatment 优惠待遇premium 保险费presentation 提示primary，secondary and tertiary sectors in the economy 经济中初级、第二和第三产业部门primary exporting country 初级产品出口国principle of equal pay for equal work 同工同酬原则private business（enterprise）私营企业private sector of the economy 私有经济部门privatization私有化processing industry 加工工业processing trade 加工贸易product buyback产品回购prohibited goods禁运品prohibition and restricton禁运和限制promissory note本票protectionism保护主义protectionist measures 保护主义措施protective duty 保护性关税provisional treaty 临时条款public welfare 公共福利purchase contract（confirmation）购货合同（确认书）Qquality as per buyer’s sample 质量以买方样品为准quality as per seller’s sample 质量以卖方样品为准quality control 质量管理quality of labor force 劳动力素质quota 配额quotation 报价Rrail transport 铁路运输railway bill 铁路运单raise an embargo 解除禁运range of commodities 商品范围ratification of the budget 预算批准raw material 原料reach a compromise 达成妥协ready market 畅销real estate 房地产rebate 回扣received for shipment bill of lading 备运提单recipient country 受援国reciprocal agreement 互惠协定reciprocal credit 对开信用证rectification 调整，整顿rectify the economic order 治理经济秩序red figure 赤字reduction and exemption of taxes 税收减免reform of economic system 经济体制改革regional cooperation 区域合作regional development 区域发展regionalization 区域化registered trade mark 注册商标regulate the market 维持市场，整顿市场rely on one’s own efforts 自力更生remain in force 继续生效remittance 汇付remitting bank 汇出行renew a contract 续订合同research on markets 市场调查研究resort to arbitration 诉诸仲裁responsible for one’s own profits and losses 自负盈亏responsibility system 责任制restructure foreign trade 改革外贸体制retail price 零售价retaliatory tariff 报复性关税return of investment 投资收益率revise a contract 修改合同revocable letter of credit 可撤销信用证right of enterprise to independent action 企业独立自主权right of management 管理权right of recourse 追索权risk of clash & breakage 破损破碎险risk of leakage 渗漏险risk of odor 串味险risk of rust 锈损险risk of shortage 短量险road transport 公路运输round of negotiation 谈判回合Ssale by descriptions and illustrations 凭说明书和图样买卖sale by grade 凭等级买卖sale by specification 凭规格销售sale by sample 凭样销售sale by standard 凭标准买卖sales confirmation 销售确认书sales contract 销售合同sales volume 销售量sanction 制裁，批准，许可scissors difference 剪刀差scope of business 经营范围SDR（Special Drawing Right）特别提款权seaworthy packing 适合海运的包装seek a fair and reasonable solution 求得公平合理的解决seek common ground while reserving differences 求同存异self-employed person 个体经营者service business 服务性行业settlement of claim 理赔share-holder 股东，股票持有人shipping advice 装运通知shipping by chartering租船运输shipping mark 运输标志，唛头short from B/L 简式提单，略式提单short ton 短吨side-line business 副业Sight Credit 即期信用证sight draft 即期汇票signatory country 签约国Sino-foreign joint venture ，enterprises with Sino-foreign cooperation，and foreign enterprises中外合资企业，中外合营企业，外资企业（合称三资企业）small and medium-sized enterprises 中小型企业S/O（shipping order）装货单solely-owned enterprises 独资企业special economic zones 经济特区specification of goods 商品规格spot exchanges balance 现汇结存Standard International Trade Classification （联合国）标准国际贸易分类stale B/L 过期提单state treasury 国库券Standby Letter of Credit 备用信用证stock exchange 股票交易所storage and transportation 储运straight B/L记名提单strikes risk 罢工险submission to tender 投标supply over demand 供过于求surplus country 顺差国家sustained growth 持续增长symbolic delivery 象征性交货Swiss France 瑞士法郎Ttariff and non-tariff barrier 关税和非关税壁垒tariff custom union 关税同盟tax exemption 免费technological transfer 技术转让terms and conditions条款the metric system 公制theoretical weight 理论重量through B/L 联运提单time charter 期租船time draft（usance bill）远期汇票T. T.(telegraphic transfer) 电汇toll processing business with materials，sample or technical drawings supplied by buyers，and compensation trade 三来一补（来料、来样、来图加工和补偿贸易）total industrial output value 工业总产值total loss 全部损失，全损trade act 贸易法trade agreement 贸易协定trade embargo 禁止通商trade liberalization 贸易自由化trade mark 商标，商标专用权trade pattern 贸易格局trade protection 贸易保护trade terms 贸易术语，贸易条款trade volume 贸易额tramp 不定期租船transferable credit 可转让信用证transshipment 转船transshipment B/L 转船提单transit trade 过境贸易，转口贸易turnover 营业额two-way trade 双向贸易U unfavorable balance of trade 国际贸易逆差US dollar 美元unclean B/L; Foul B/L 不清洁提单unconfirmed letter of credit 不保兑信用证underwriter 保险公司usance letter of credit 远期信用证Vvalue-added tax 增值税volume of trade 贸易额，营业额voluntary offer 主动发盘voyage charter 程租船Wwar risk 战争险warning mark 警告性标志weak currency 弱币，软币weather working days 晴天工作日weight memo 重量单weight ton 重量吨wholesale price 批发价without recourse 无追索权World Bank 世界银行world monetary system世界货币制度world of industry and commerce工商界WPA(with particular average) 水渍险WTO(World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织W/W(warehouse to warehouse) 仓至仓条款Yyen 日元yield returns 利润收益yuan 元（中国货币）。
Transaction 交易customs area 关税区in compliance with 遵从conversion 货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale 转售gross domestic product国内生产总值invisible trade无形贸易for short 缩写为account for 占…比例headquarters 总部trap 陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks 股票bonds 债券maturity （票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单licensing许可经营franchising 特许经营trademark 商标advisable 可行的patent 专利royalty 专利使用费；copyright 版税licensor 给予许可的人licensee 接受许可的人franchiser 给予特许的人franchisee 接受特许的人logo 标志；标记management contract 管理合同expertise 专门知识bonus 红利；津贴；奖金flat 一律的，无变动的value chain 价值链contract manufacturing 承包工程turnkey project “交钥匙”工程clue 线索BOT（Build，Operate，Transfer）建设经营移交stand for 代表variant 变形/体potential 潜力national income 国民收入bulk 大量的；大宗的GNP 国民生产总值per capita income 人均收入PPP 购买力平价consumerism 消费，消费主义income distribution 收入分布Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织infra structure 基础设施Commonwealth of Independent States 独立国家联合体staple goods 大路货tap 开发hemisphere 半球observation（经观察而得到的）看法haven 避风港；安全之地spur 促进creditor country 债权国proximity 临近ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟witness 亲历economic integration 经济一体化liberalize 使自由put up barriers 设置障碍fall under分成几部分free trade area自由贸易区tariff rates 关税税率NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定customs union 关税同盟detour 迂回；绕行common market 共同市场adoption 使用，采用euro 欧元erode 侵蚀autonomy 自治sovereign state 主权国家political entity 政治实体set the stage of 为、、做准备；促成monumental 重要的，有纪念意义的landmark 地标；里程碑signatory 签字国；签字人settlement 结算banknotes 纸币；钞票circulation货币流通executive body 行政机构，执行机构European Commission欧盟委员会veto 否决commissioner 委员，特派员，专员council of ministers 部长理事会empower 授予权力globalization 全球化frequency 频繁，频率interactive 相互作用的element 要素；组成成分；元素value 价值观acclaim 欢呼；欢迎；喝彩adverse 不利的；反对的controversial 引起争议的instrumental 有作用的internationalization 国际化facilities 设施；设备；工具label 把称为；把归类employ 用；使用assets 资产incorporate 吸收；合并purpot 声称；自称headquarters 总部international economic environment国际经济环境double digit 两位数字survival 继续生存embark（on）开始；从事gigantic 庞大的；巨大的intervene 干预；干涉technical improvements 技术进步derivation 获得day-to-day running 日常管理decentralize 分散；放下（权利）wield 操控；控制jurisdiction 权利；管理范围vehicle 工具；手段delegate power to…对、、、授权affiliate 分支机构；附属机构mover 原动力，推动力define 下定义services 劳务distri natural resources 自然资源abundant 丰富的scarce缺少，缺乏primarycommodities 初级产品incentive 刺激specialization 专业化constitute 构成，形成remainder剩余的，余数hold 认为in terms of 在…方面illustrate 说明table 表格，图表assume 假设efficient 有效的，效率高的occur 发生，产生law 规则，法则even if 即使disadvantage 不利withrespect to 关exploit 利用，开发static 静止的endowment of nature 自然的赋予up-to-date 现代的，新式的intuitive 直觉的，直观的appeal 吸引力absolute adantage 绝对利益comparative advantage比较利益strategic 战略的reduce 减少bulky 笨重的，庞大的perishable 易碎的protectionist 保护主义的barrier障碍typical 典型的tariffs 关税quota 配额levy 征收，收取coincide 巧合；偶合customs union 关税联盟import duties 进口关税export duties 出口关税ad valorem 按价；从价specific 从量的compound duties 复税，混合关税drawback 退税refund 偿还；退还most-favoured-nation（MFN）treatment 最惠国待遇signatory 签字国concession让步tariff schedule 税率表；税则non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒impose 加强unilaterally 单方面地label 标签，标记，标号voluntary 自动的，主动的forthcoming 即将到来的meaning of transport 运输工具inland water vessels 内河船只maritime 海洋的cargo compartment 货仓charter租fleet 舰队insurance保险vulnerable 脆弱的collision 碰撞pilferage 偷窃explosion 爆炸place of historical interest 古迹deal 交易draw up 制定；拟就respective 各自的；分别的subsequent 随后的，后来的interpretation 解释；说明trade terms 贸易术语；交易条件trading practices 贸易惯例litigation 诉讼，诉争entail 使人承担；使成为必要amendment 修正案；修正条款addition 增加部分revise 修正；修改unitization 使成为一个单位maritime 海的；海上的consolidate 统一，合并render使得；使成为negotiable 可转让的；可流通的vital 极其重要的，必不可少的whereby 凭借那个，借以premises 生产场所；经营场所disposal 处理departure 离开，启程，出发quay 码头substantive 实质性的set forth 陈述；阐明binding 有约束力的enforceable可实施的sue起诉trade fairs 商品交易会trunk call 长途电话enquiry 询盘；询价quotation 报价voluntarily 主动地，自愿地indispensable 必不可少的validity period 有效期offer还盘unbinding 无约束力的invalid 无效的sales contract 销售合同sales （purchase）confirmation 售货（购货）确认书setting up 构成，结构，格式consignment 寄售contracting parties 缔约方force majeure不可抗力arbitration 仲裁cotton piece good 棉布cotton yarns 棉纱hereby 于此hereunder 于下article number 货号yard 码overleaf 反面bleached 漂白的counter trade 对销贸易；反对贸易allegedly被说成；据说phenomenon 现象terminology 术语generic 总称的net positions 实际寸头adduce 引证empirical 以经验为根据的reciprocal 互惠的；互相hyperinflation极度通货膨胀literally 照字地disarray 混乱conceptually 概念上地EuropeanPayment Union 欧洲支付联盟pre-specify 预先说明competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值in essence实质上的intertemporal 不同时的be tied to 固定于photocopying machine 复印机intriguing引起兴趣的，有迷惑力的concurrently 同时发生的 a fraction of一点儿；一部分verify 一部分sophisticated 经验丰富的bypass避开；置、、、于不顾expertise 专门知识leverage 杠杆作用tap 开发；开辟conceal 掩盖；隐藏perpetuate 使永久存在processing trade 加工贸易consignment 寄售赁agency 代理domestic 国内的status 状况remittance 汇款debtor 债务人debit 借方；记入借方的款financial standing 财务状况default 违约；不履行职责ban禁止documentary draft 跟单汇票clean draft 光票bill of lading 提单title to the goods 货物所有权insurance policy 保险单documentary collection 跟单托收documents against payment （D/P）付款交单documents against acceptance（D/A）承兑交单sound 健全；良好with discretion 慎重地；审慎地release 放开gain control over 得到对…的控制objective 目的，目标impeccable 无缺点的bilateral 双边的credit-worthiness 资信unique 独特的security 安全，保障presentation 呈交；提示undertaking 承担applicant 开证申请人opening bank 开证银行beneficiary 受益人correspondent bank 往来行；关系行advising bank 通知行amendment 修改discrepancy 不符confirming bank 保兑行reimburse 付款nominate 指定insufficient 不足的submit提交stipulation 规定expire 满期；到期unit price 单价partial shipment 分批装运transshipment 转船seal 印章underlying作为基础的obligation 责任，义务ultimately 最终category 种类fall under 归为…类mechanism 机制clean credit 光票信用证non-trade settlement非贸易结算revocable credit 可撤销信用证irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证certainty 确定程度，肯定程度alter 改变commitment 承担的责任cancel 取消，作废consult with 与、、、协商revoke 撤销consent 同意extensively 广泛地indication 指明，表明confirmed credit 保兑信用证leading bank 主要银行double assurance 双重保障involve 牵涉；涉及sight credit 即期信用证付款revolving credit 循环信用证renew 恢复reinstate 使复原contracting parties 合同各方，缔约各方sustain 遭受，蒙受insolvent 无支付能力的bankrupt 破产的documents 单据take delivery of 提（货）delay 延误，迟延discrepancy 不符conformity 一致，相符description 描述commission 佣金discount 折扣shipping marks 唛头seal 印章；图章signature 签字comply with 符合in general terms 用概括性的词语，用一般性词语表达exceed 超过memos 备忘录，便笺bill of lading 提单carrier 承运人shipper 货主，托运人carriage 运输consignee 收货人notify party 被通知人payable 应支付的，可支付的devoid of 没有，缺少liability 责任；义务airway bill 空运提单cargo receipt 铁路运单，货运收据insurance policy 保险单function 功能；作用the insured 被保险人currency 货币settle 清算；结算fundamental 极其重要的efficiency 效率primitive 原始的in a broad sense 从广义上讲grocery 食品；杂货distinct 与其他明显不同的；独特的natural product provinces 产品自然领域urgency 紧迫；急迫perform 执行；完成carrier 承运人。
商务术语1 ………………customs area关税区conversion货币兑换visible trade有形贸易invisible trade无形贸易gross domestic product国内生产总值FDI外国直接投资portfolio investment证券投资stocks股票bonds债券maturity到期certificate of deposit大额存单licensing许可经营franchising特许经营trade mark商标patent专利royalty专利利用费copyright版权management contract治理合同licenser给予许可的人licensee同意许可的人franchiser给予特许的人franchisee同意特许的人value chain价值链turnkey project交钥匙工程BOT建设、经营、移交（Build,Operate,Transfer）2 ………………gross national product (GNP)国民生产总值gross domestic product(GDP)国内生产总值national income国民收入per capita income人均收入per capita GDP人均GDPPPP购买力平价consumerism消费主义income distribution收入散布infrastructure基础设施staple goods大路货invoice开发票creditor country债权国3 ………………economic integration经济一体化free trade area自由贸易区customs union关税同盟tariff rates关税税率settlement结算North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)北美自由贸易协定common market一起市场banknotes circulation货币流通cartel联盟Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)亚太经贸合作组织European Commission欧盟委员会council of ministers部长理事会Dual-Ministerial Meeting双部长会议4 ………………share holders股东economic globalization经济全世界化board of directors董事会inputs投入economic environment经济环境parent company母公司affiliate附属机构day-to-day running日常治理multinational corporation (enterprise)跨国公司home country祖国host country东道国5 ………………services劳务primary commodities低级产品specialization专业化absolute advantage绝对利益comparative advantage比较利益capital资本land and labor土地和劳动6 ………………tariff关税quota配额customs area关税区customs union关税联盟import duties入口关税export duties出口关税ad valorem duty从价税specific duty从量税compound duties混合关税drawback退税most-favored-nation (MFN)最惠国tariff schedule税率表non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒visible trade有形贸易invisible trade无形贸易7 ………………deal交易trade terms贸易术语trading practices贸易老例negotiable可转让的EDI电子数据互换Electronic Data Interchange customs clearance结关dispatch发送发货International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)国际商会roll on-roll off traffic滚装滚卸的Incoterms国际贸易术语negotiable transport document可转让装运单据FOB装运港船上交货CFR本钱加运费CIF本钱、保险费加运费EXW工厂交货FCA货交承运人FAS装运港船边交货CPT运费付至CIP运费、保险费付至DAF边境交货DES目的港船上交货DEQ目的港码头交货DDU未完税后交货DDP完税后交货8 ………………inquiry询盘quotation报价validity period有效期offer出价counter offer还盘offeree收盘人sales (purchase) contract销售（购货）合同sales (purchase) confirmation售货（购货）确认书consignment寄售contracting parties缔约方force majeure不可抗力arbitration仲裁business line业务范围contract proper合同正文article number货号9 ………………counter trade对销贸易hyperinflation极度通货膨胀Reichsbank德国国家银行cross-border contract进出口合同protectionism贸易爱惜主义financial market金融市场clearing system清算系统net positions实际头寸compensation trade补偿贸易trade credit accounts贸易信贷往来账户barter易货贸易counter purchase反向购买，互购buyback贺岁交易vertical垂直centrally planned economies中央打算经济competitive devaluation竞争性贬值Volkswagen公共汽车公司Xerox Corporation施乐公司processing trade加工贸易consignment寄售leasing trade租赁贸易auction拍卖agency代理10 ………………debtor 债务人debit借方financial standing账务状况credit worthiness资信靠得住状况periodic payments分时期付款cash in advance预付现金open account记账交易draft (bill of exchange)汇票drawer 出票人drawee受票人payee受款人usance draft （tenor draft ,term draft）远期汇票documentary draft跟单汇票clean draft光票documentary collection跟单托收documents against payment (D/P)付款交单documents against acceptance (D/P)承兑交单11 ………………applicant开证申请人opening bank开证银行beneficiary受益人correspondent bank关系行，往来行advising bank通知行amendment修改confirming bank保况行reimburse付款unit price单价partial shipment分批装运transshipment 转船the uniform customs and practice of documentary credits跟单信誉证统一老例in favor of支持the carrying vessel装运船只12 ………………clean credit光票信誉证non-trade settlement非贸易结算revocable credit可撤销信誉证irrevocable credit不可撤销信誉证maturity到期confirmed credit保兑信誉证leading bank要紧银行sight credit即期信誉证usance credit远期信誉证capital turnover资金周转face value面值transferable credit可转让信誉证non-transferable credit不可转让信誉证non-draft credit无汇票信誉证discount贴现率deferred payment推延付款revolving credit循环信誉证insolvent无支付能力的13 ………………documents单据take delivery of提（货）commission佣金discount折扣shipping marks唛头bill of lading提单carrier 承运人shipper托运人，货主consignor托运人carriage运输consignee收货人notify party被通知人payable应支付的airway bill空运提单insurance policy (certificate)保险单cargo receipt铁路运单commercial invoice商业发票legal holder合法持有人insurance certificate保险凭证customs invoice海关发票consular invoice领事发票consular visa领事签证shipping advice装船通知certificate of quality品质证书certificate of weight重量证书certificate of quantity数量证书certificate of health健康证书certificate of disinfection消毒证书certificate of origin原产地证书veterinary certificate兽医证书14 ………………documentation文件finished products制成品deregulation解除操纵productivity生产率cost economies节约本钱intermediate products中间产品natural product province产品自然领域inventory存货，库存logistics物流just-in-time inventory system零库存common carrier公共承运人contract carrier 契约承运人private carrier自有承运人15 ………………insured 被保险人insurer承保人claim索赔client顾客margin保证金draw提取，支取jeopardy风险literature文学，高作underwriter保险公司known premium已知的保险费pool统筹的资金cargo insurance货物保险marine insurance海上保险16 ………………port of origin原产地口岸，始发港voidable能够取消的indemnity损失补偿ruin损坏，破坏insurable interest可保险权益terms of sale价钱条件all risks全险principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原那么subrogation取代contribution捐献proximate cause of the loss致使损失的直接缘故forwarding charges交货费用free from particular average单独海损不赔with particular average单独海损补偿17 ………………exchange rate汇率gold standard金本位制peg挂钩，钉住par value平价reserve currency储蓄货币clean float清洁浮动dirty float龌龊浮动discount贴现idle funds游资direct quote直接标价indirect quote间接标价buying rate买入价selling rate卖出价medial rate中间价18 ………………financial resources资金finance提供资金earnings收益private sector私营经济balance of payments国际收支equity investment股权投资grace period优惠期capital infrastructure大体设施资金World Bank Group世界银行集团International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)国际振兴开发银行International Development Association （IDA）国际开发协会International Finance Corporation (IFC)国际金融公司Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)多边投资担保机构19 ………………returns收益customer mobility客户流动inventory存货tax holiday免税期greenfield strategy绿地战略acquisition并购joint venture合伙企业20 ………………investor 投资者securities有价证券finance资金equities股票broker经纪人jobber股票生意经纪人hedge爱惜，防御shortfall亏空shock exchange证券交易所long-term capital长期资本secondary capital market二级资本市场primary capital raising对新发行的有价证券的筹措活动market floor交易场地market maker市场庄家listed market挂牌证券交易市场income tax所得税gilt-edged stocks/securities金边证券options期权cost-effective合算的public sector borrowing requirement公共部门融资缺口books预订value added tax (VAT)增值税institutional investors事业机构投资商21 ………………most-favored nation clause最惠国条款generalized system of preferences普惠制non-discriminate非歧视的contracting party缔约方tariff quota关税配额trade-related贸易相关standard of living生活水平full employment充分就业tariff concession关税减让Uruguay Round乌拉圭回合谈判counter-veiling measures反补助方法anti-dumping反倾销national treatment国民待遇22 ………………escape clauses免责条款United Nations General Assembly联合国大会invisibles无形的non-discrimination principle (principle of non-discrimination treatment)非歧视性原那么terms of trade贸易条件new international economic order国际经济新秩序differential treatment区别对待preferential customs tariffs特惠税transfer of technology技术转让。
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
International business: refer to transaction between parties from different countriesVisible trade:exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in anotherInternational investment: supplying capital by residents of one country to anotherFDI(foreign direct investments)is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment refers to purchase of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Franchising,a firm called the franchisee,is allowed to operate in the name of another,called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks,brand names,logos,and operating techniques for royalty.Turnkey project,a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build,O for operate and T for transfer.For a BOT project,a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company.Customs union:A customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs unionTrade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price, port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency.Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic market and industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns,controls and manages assets,in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated.Per capita GNP refers to the total value of the goods and services per man provided by all kinds of sectors during a certain period ( a year, a quarter, etc )Force majeure is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’default,but of the uncontrollable causes.One type of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause.Drawer: The person who draws the bill of exchange is called the drawer.Proximate cause of loss:When an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk,a claim becomes payable only if the risk occurred as the proximate cause of the loss suffered.The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Tariff concession list:It refers to the list of commodities on which the deduced tariff rate is stipulatedCompound duty:a type of tariff levied according both the amounts and the prices of the commodities.Customs cleance:as to customs clearance,for ordinary imported goods,the customs will sign on the shipping documents to release the goods.But for some particular duty–free goods or bonded goods,the customs still have control over it after the consignee acknowledged the receipt of shipmentInsurance is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provide a payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism. Those who transfer risk are called insured. Those who assume risk are called insurers.Standby arrangements:That’s the standby credit arrangement given by IMF to its member countries.Escape clause:It’s a clause of contemporary canceling of the preferential tariff when some domestic industries are damaged because in bilateral and multilateral negotiations and agreements there are excessive importing commodities that enjoy the deduction of tariff and other trade allowance for the contracting parties.Non-trade settlement mainly means the settlement which occurs not because of trade between the trading parties, but of the other reasons such as the government agreement.Intermediate products are products which are not the same as the raw materials or as the finished goods. They can called semi-finished products.Counter trade is the generic terms to describe a set of cross border contracts which link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer.Intra-MNE transfer refers to the transfer among the different units within the range and under the control of MNCFair trade refers to the trade conducted by two parties on the equal treatment.Beneficiary: The exporter in whose favour the credit is openedConsular visa is a visa signed by one country’s consul in another country when the visaed subject is about to go through the customs between these two countries.Incoterms are short for the international rules for interpretation of trade terms,the purpose of it is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.Thus,the uncertainties of different interpretation of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Contribution:A person can not be allowed to insure twice for the same risk,and claim compensation from both insurers.If two policies do cover the same event the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.The most favoured nation clause:It is most effective method to avoid the damage by bilateral talks to the world trade.Countries can automatically enjoy the favorable tariffs given by the relevant countries to the other countries.Consignment trade is a kind of trade in which the seller ships his goods abroad,and his agent in that country will sell the goods for him,and the title to the goods still belongs to the seller before the goods are sold.Productivity is a ratio figure which indicates how much inputs should be needed to produce the goods. It is a sensitive index to measure the economic growth of one industry or of one nationInsurable interest:No one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it,which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservationGroup of77:It’s a group initiated by some countries in Asia,Africa and Latin America in order to maintain their interests and protest the deprivation of the imperialist countries.At present,the group of 77 countries has expanded to include more than 100 countries and regionsIDA refers to the international Development association established in1960to provide financial assistance primarily in the poorer developing countries and on terms that would bear less heavily on their balance of payments.Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documentsTransportation deregulation has removed the shackles of control,both shippers and carriers are free to negotiate the best rate and service packages to meet the needs of both parties.Clearing system is a government agreement where the trade balance is finalized by accounting and offsetting the debts and credits between two countriesComparative advantage:Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.Clean credit,credits that only require clean draft,i.e.draft not accompanied with shipping documents for payment are clean credit.Known premium is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods.Hyperinflation is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly.The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical.The normal economic activities are out of the order,and finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.Parent MNC is the original investing multinational corporation.It is also the international headquarters of the MNE.Letter of credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Legal holder is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawTrading practices are widely-acknowledged customary deeds experienced from actual trade. Secondary capital market is the market where the issued securites are traded,it includes the stock exchange and the over-the –counter market.World Bank group,it is a complex institutions composed of IBRD,IDA,IFC and MIGA,with the main purpose of helping raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries.Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank.Freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effect of such movement as the development and advancement of businessClaims are activities for the insured to get compensation from the insurer according to the insurance policy for the insured, also damaged subject.Balance of payments:it is a statement of the total payments to the total receipts from foreitn countriesTransfer technology:it means the activity that technology suppliers transfer the technologies of production, management and marketing to the receivers in any proper way. The pure export of goods is not within this range.。
《国际商务英语》串讲Aabroad adv. 在国外，出国，广泛流传absence n. 缺席，离开absent adj. 不在，不参与absenteeism n. （经常性）旷工，旷职absorb v. 吸收，减轻（冲击、困难等）作用或影响abstract n. 摘要access n. 接近（或进入）的机会，享用权v. 获得使用计算机数据库的权利accommodation n. 设施，住宿account n. 会计帐目accountancy n. 会计工作accountant n. 会计accounts n. 往来帐目account for 解释，说明account executive n. （广告公司）客户经理*accruals n. 增值，应计achieve v. 获得或达到，实现，完成acknowledge v. 承认，告知已收到（某物），承认某人acquire v. 获得，得到*acquisition n. 收购，被收购的公司或股份acting adj. 代理的activity n. 业务类型actual adj. 实在的，实际的，确实的adapt v. 修改，适应adjust v. 整理，使适应administration n. 实施，经营，行政administer v. 管理，实施adopt v. 采纳，批准，挑选某人作候选人advertise v. 公布，做广告ad n. 做广告，登广告advertisement n. 出公告，做广告advertising n. 广告业after-sales service n. 售后服务agenda n. 议事日程agent n. 代理人，经纪人allocate v. 分配，配给amalgamation n. 合并，重组ambition n. 强烈的欲望，野心*amortise v. 摊还analyse v 分析，研究analysis n. 分析，分析结果的报告analyst n. 分析家，化验员annual adj. 每年的，按年度计算的annual general meeting （AGM）股东年会anticipate v. 期望anticipated adj. 期待的appeal n. 吸引力apply v. 申请，请求；应用，运用applicant n. 申请人application n. 申请，施用，实施appointee n. 被任命人appraisal n. 估量，估价appreciate v. 赏识，体谅，增值*appropriate v. 拨出（款项）approve v. 赞成，同意，批准aptitude n. 天资，才能*arbitrage n. 套利arbitration n. 仲裁*arrears n. 欠帐assemble v. 收集，集合assembly-line n. 装配线，流水作业线assess v. 评定，估价asset n. 资产current asset n. 流动资产fixed asset n. 固定资产frozen asset n. 冻结资产intangible assets n. 无形资产liquid assets n. 速动资产tangible assets n. 有形资产assist v. 援助，协助，出席audit n. 查账，审计automate v. 使某事物自动操作average n. 平均，平均水准awareness n. 意识；警觉Bbacking n. 财务支持，赞助backhander n. 贿赂*backlog n. 积压（工作或订货）bad debt 死账（无法收回的欠款）balance n. 收支差额，余额balance of payments n. 贸易支付差额balance sheet n. 资产负债表bankrupt adj. 破产的bankruptcy n. 破产bank statement n. 银行结算清单（给帐户的），银行对账单bar chart n. 条形图，柱状图bargain v. 谈判，讲价base n. 基地，根据地batch n. 一批，一组，一群batch production 批量生产bear market n. 熊市beat v. 超过，胜过behave v. 表现，运转behaviour n. 举止，行为，运转情况below-the-line advertising 线下广告，尚未被付款的广告benchmark n. 衡量标准benefit n. 利益，补助金，保险金得益fringe benefits n. 附加福利sickness benefit n. 疾病补助费bid n. 出价，投标takeover bid n. 盘进（一个公司）的出价bill n. 账单，票据billboard n. （路边）广告牌，招贴板black adj. 违法的in the black 有盈余，贷方black list 黑名单，禁止贸易的（货物、公司及个人）名单black Monday n. 黑色星期一，指1987年10月国际股票市场崩溃的日子blue chips n. 蓝筹股，绩优股blue-collar adj. 蓝领（工人）的Board of Directors n. 董事会Bond n. 债券bonus n. 津贴，红利books n. 公司帐目book value n. 账面价值，（公司或股票）净值bookkeeper n. 簿记员，记帐人boom n. 繁荣，暴涨boost v. 提高，增加，宣扬bottleneck n. 瓶颈，窄路，阻碍bottom adj. 最后的，根本的v. 到达底部，建立基础bounce v. 支票因签发人无钱而遭拒付并退回brainstorm n./v. 点子会议，献计献策，头脑风暴branch n. 分支，分部brand n. 商标，品牌brand leader n. 占市场最大份额的品牌，名牌brand loyalty n. （消费者）对品牌的忠实break even v. 收支相抵，不亏不盈break even point 收支相抵点，盈亏平衡点breakthrough n. 突破brief n. 摘要brochure n. 小册子broker n. 经纪人，代理人bull market 牛市budget n. 预算bulk n. 大量（货物）adj. 大量的bust adj. 破了产的buyout n. 买下全部产权CCAD（=Computer Aided Design）n. 计算机辅助设计call n. 打电话call on v. 呼吁，约请，拜访campaign n. 战役，运动candidate n. 求职者，候选人canteen n. 食堂canvass v. 征求意见，劝说capacity n. 生产额，（最大）产量caption n. 照片或图片下的简短说明capital n. 资本，资金capture v. 赢得cash n. 现金，现付款v. 兑现cash flow n. 现金流量case study n. 案例分析catalogue n. 目录，产品目录catastrophe n. 大灾难，大祸CEO n. Chief Executive Officer（美）总经理chain n. 连锁店challenger n. 挑战者channel n. （商品流通的）渠道charge n. 使承担，要（价），把……记入（账册等）chart n. 图表checkout n. 付款台chief adj. 主要的，首席的，总的CIF， c.i.f. 成本保险费加运费circular n. 传阅的小册子（传单等）circulate v. 传阅claim n./v. 要求，索赔client n. 委托人，顾客cold adj. 没人找上门来的，生意清淡的commercialise v. 使商品化commission n. 佣金*commitment n. 承诺commodity n. 商品，货物company n. 公司limited （liability）company （ltd.）股份有限公司public limited company （plc）n. 股票上市公司compensate v. 补偿，酬报compensation n. 补偿，酬金compete v. 比赛，竞争competition n. 比赛，竞争competitor n. 竞争者，对手competitive adj. 竞争性的component n. 机器元件、组件、部件，部分concentrated marketing n. 集中营销策略condition n. 条件，状况*configuration n. 设备的结构、组合conflict n. 冲突，争论*conglomerate n. 综合商社，多元化集团公司*consolidate v. 帐目合并*consortium n. 财团constant adj. 恒定的，不断的，经常的consultant n. 咨询人员，顾问，会诊医生consumables n. 消耗品consumer durables n. 耐用消费品（如：洗衣机）consumer goods n. 消费品，生活资料*contingency n. 意外事件continuum n. 连续时间contract n. 合同，契约contractor n. 承办商，承建人contribute v. 提供，捐献contribution n. 贡献，捐献，税conversion n. 改装，改造conveyor n. 运送，传递，转让core time n. （弹性工作制的）基本上班时间（员工于此段时间必须上班，弹性只对除此以外的时间有效）cost n. 成本fixed costs 固定成本running costs 日常管理费用variable costs 可变成本cost-effective adj. 合算的，有效益的costing n. 成本计算，成本会计credit n. 赊购，赊购制度credit control 赊销管理（检查顾客及时付款的体系）letter of credit 信用证credit limit 赊销限额credit rating 信贷的信用等级，信誉评价creditor n. 债权人，贷方*creditworthiness n. 信贷价值，信贷信用crisis n. 危机，转折点critical adj. 关键的*critical path analysis n. 关键途径分析法currency n. 货币，流通current adj. 通用的，现行的Current account 往来帐户，活期（存款）户current assets n. 流动资产current liabilities n. 流动负债customise v. 按顾客的具体要求制造（或改造等）；顾客化cut-throat adj. 残酷的，激烈的cut-price a. 削价（出售）的CV（=curriculum vitae）n. 简历，履历*cycle time n. 循环时间Ddamages n. 损害，损失deadline n. 最后期限deal n. 营业协议，数量v. 交易dealer n. 商人debit n. 借方，欠的钱v. 记入帐户的借方debt n. 欠款，债务to get into debt 负债to be out of debt 不欠债to pay off a debt 还清债务debtor n. 债务人aged debtors 长期债务人declare v. 申报，声明decline n./v. 衰退，缓慢，下降decrease v. 减少deduct v. 扣除，减去default n. 违约，未履行defect n. 缺陷defective adj. 有缺点的defer v. 推迟deferred payments n. 延期支付deficit n. 赤字delivery cycle n. 交货周期*demand management n. 需求规化demotivated adj. 消极的，冷谈的deposit n. 储蓄，预付（定金）depot n. 仓库depreciate v. 贬值，（对资产）折旧depressing adj. 令人沮丧的deputy n. 代理人，副职，代理devalue v. 货币贬值（相对于其它货币）diet n. 饮食，食物，特种饮食differentiation n. 区分，鉴别dimensions n. 尺寸，面积，规模direct v 管理，指导director n. 经理，主管Managing Director n. 总经理direct cost n. 直接成本direct mail n. （商店为招揽生意而向人们投寄的）直接邮件direct selling n. 直销，直接销售directory n. 指南，号码簿discount n. 折扣，贴现dismiss v. 让……离开，打发走dismissal n. 打发走dispatch n./v. 调遣display n./v. 展出，显示dispose v. 安排，处理（事务）dispose of 去掉，清除distribution n. 分配，分发，分送产品*diversify v. 从事多种经营；多样化divest v. 剥夺dividend n. 股息，红利，年息division n. 部门*dog n. 滞销品down-market a./ad. 低档商品的*down-time/downtime n. 设备闲置期DP（=Data Processing）n. 计算机数据处理，计算机数据处理部门dramatic adj. 戏剧性的drive n. 积极性，能动性due adj. 应付的，预期的dynamic adj. 有活力的Eearnings n. 工资efficiency n. 效率endorse v. 背书，接受engage v. 雇用entitle v. 授权entitlement n. 应得的权利holiday entitlement n. 休假权equity n. 股东权益equity capital n. 股本equities 普通股，股票estimated demand n. 估计需求evaluate v. 估价，评价eventual adj. 最终的exaggerate v. 夸张exceed v. 超过exhibit n. 展览，表现expenditure n. 花费，支出额expense n. 费用，支出expense account n. 费用帐户expenses n. 费用，业务津贴expertise n. 专长，专门知识和技能*exposure n. 公众对某一产品或公司的知悉；广告所达到的观众总数Ffacilities n. 用于生产的设备、器材facilities layout n. 设备的布局规化、计划facilities location n. 设备安置*factoring n. 折价购买债券*fail-safe system n. 安全系统feasibility study n. 可行性研究feedback n. 反馈，反馈的信息field n. 办公室外边，具体业务file n. 文件集，卷宗，档案，文件v. 把文件（或资料）归档fill v. 充任finance n. 资金，财政v. 提供资金financial adj. 财政的financing n. 提供资金，筹借资金finished goods n. 制成品firm n. 公司fire v. 解雇fix v. 确定，使固定在fix up v. 解决，商妥fiscal adj. 国库的，财政的*flagship n. 同类中最成功的商品，佼佼者flexible adj. 有弹性的，灵活的flextime n. 弹性工作时间制flier（=flyer）n. 促销传单float v. 发行股票flop n. 失败flow shop n. 车间fluctuate v. 波动，涨落，起伏FOB， f.o.b n. 离岸价*follow-up n. 细节落实，接连要做的事forecast v. 预测four P's 指产品PRODUCT、价格PRICE、地点PLACE、促销PROMOTIONframework n. 框架，结构*franchise n. 特许经销权v. 特许经销，给予特许经销权franchisee n. 特许经营人franchiser n. 授予特许经营权者fraud n. 欺骗*freebie n. （非正式的）赠品，免费促销的商品freelance n.& adj. 自由职业者（的）funds n. 资金，基金futures n. 期货交易Ggap n. 缺口，空隙*gearing n. 配称（即定息债务与股份资本之间的比率）*gimmick n. 好主意，好点子goal n. 目标going adj. 进行的，运转中的going rate n. 产品的市场价格goods n. 货物，商品goodwill n. 声誉*go public v. 首次公开发行股票grapple with v. 与……搏斗，尽力解决grievance n. 申诉，抱怨gross adj. 总的，毛的gross margin n. 毛利率gross profit n. 毛利gross yield n. 毛收益gradually adv. 逐渐地group n. （由若干公司联合而成的）集团grow v. 增长，扩大growth n. 增长，发展guarantee n. 保证，保单guidelines n. 指导方针，准则Hhand in v. 呈送hand in one's notice 递交辞呈handle v. 经营*hands on adj. 有直接经验的hard sell n. 强行推销hazard n. 危险，危害行为head n. 主管，负责health and safety n. 健康和安全*hedge n. 套期保值hidden adj. 隐藏的，不明显的hierarchy n. 等级制度，统治集团，领导层hire v. 雇用hire purchase n. 分期付款购物法hit v. 击中，到达holder n. 持有者holding company n. 控股公司hostile adj. 不友好的，恶意的HRD n. 人力资源发展部human resources n. 人力资源Iimpact n. 冲击，强烈影响implement v. 实施，执行implication n 隐含意义incentive n. 刺激；鼓励income n. 工资或薪金收入，经营或投资的收入earned income 劳动收入，劳动所得unearned income 非劳动收入，投资所得increment v. 定期增加incur v 招致，承担*indemnity n. 偿还，赔偿index n. 指数，索引retail price index 零售价格指数indirect costs n. 间接成本induction n. 就职industrial adj. 工业的industrial action n. （罢工、怠工等）劳工行动industrial relations n. 劳资关系inefficiency n. 低效率，不称职inflate v. 抬高（物价），使通货等）膨胀inflation n. 通货膨胀*infringe v. 违法，违章initial adj. 初步的innovate v. 革新input n. 投入insolvent adj. 无清偿力的installment n. 部分，分期付款insure v. 给……保险，投保insurance n. 保险interest n. 利息，兴趣interest rate n. 利率interim n. 中期，过渡期间intermittent production n. 阶段性生产interview n./v. 面试interviewee n. 被面试的人interviewer n. 主持面试的人，招聘者introduce v. 介绍，提出*inventory n. 库存buffer inventory n. 用于应付突发性需求的存货capacity inventory n. 用于将来某时使用的存货cycle inventory n. 循环盘存decoupling inventory n. 保险性存货（以应付万一）finished goods inventory n. 制成品存货（盘存）pipeline inventory n. 在途存货raw materials inventory n. 原材料存货work-in-progress inventory n. 在制品盘存（存货）invest v. 投资investment n. 投资investor n. 投资者invoice n. 发票v. 给（某人）开发票irrevocable adj. 不可撤消的，不能改变的issue n. 发行股票* rights issue n. 优先认股权IT=Information Technology 信息技术item n. 货物，条目，条款Jjob n. 工作job description 工作说明，职务说明*job lot n. 一次生产的部分或少数产品job mobility 工作流动job rotation 工作轮换job satisfaction 工作的满意感（自豪感）*job shop n. 专门车间jobbing n. 为一次性的或小的订货需求而特设的生产制度joint adj. 联合的joint bank account （几个人的）联合银行存款帐户journal n. 专业杂志*jurisdiction n. 管辖（权）junk bonds n. 低档（风险）债券，垃圾债券junk mail n. （未经收信人要求的）直接邮寄的广告宣传*just-in-time n. 无库存制度Kkey adj. 主要的，关键的knockdown adj. （价格）很低的know-how n. 专门技术Llabel n. 标签，标牌v. 加标签，加上标牌labour n. 劳动，工作，劳动力labour market 劳动力市场labour relations 劳资关系labour shortage 劳动力短缺*launch v. 在市场推出一种新产品n. 新产品的推出lay-off/layoff n./v. 临时解雇layout n. 工厂的布局lead v. 领先，领导lead time n. 完成某项活动所需的时间leaflet n. 广告印刷传单lease n. 租借，租赁物legal adj. 合法的lend v. 出借，贷款lessee n. 承租人lessor n. 出租人*ledger n. 分类帐nominal ledger n. 记名帐purchase ledger n. 进货sales ledger n. 销货帐*leverage n. 杠杆比率liability n. 负债liabilities n. 债务licence（US：license）n. 许可证license v. 许可，批准life cycle n. 寿命周期likely adj. 可能的*line process 流水线（组装）link n. 关系，联系，环liquid adj. 易转换成现款的liquidate v. 清算*liquidity n. 拥有变现力liquidation n. 清理（关闭公司），清算liquidator n. 清算人，公司资产清理人listed adj. 登记注册的listing n. 上市公司名录literature n. （产品说明书之类的）印刷品，宣传品litigate v. 提出诉讼loan n./v. 贷款，暂借logo n. 企业的特有标记lose v. 亏损loser n. 失败者loss n. 损失lot n. 批，量loyalty n. 忠诚，忠实Mmagazine n. 杂志，期刊mailshot n. 邮购maintain v. 维持，保持maintenance n. 维持，坚持major adj. 重大的，主要的，较大的majority shareholding 绝对控股make n. 产品的牌子或型号make-to-order adj. 根据订货而生产的产品make-to-stock adj. 指那些在未收到订货时就已生产了的产品management n. 管理，管理部门middle management n. 中层管理人员senior management n. 高层管理人员managerial adj. 管理人员的，管理方面的manager n. 经理plant manager n. 工厂负责人line manager n. 基层负责人staff manager n. 部门经理助理management accounts n. 管理帐目matrix management n. 矩阵管理*management information system（MIS）n. 管理信息系统manning n. 人员配备manpower n. 劳动力manpower resources n. 劳动力资源manual adj. 体力的，人工的，蓝领的manufacture v. （用机器）制造manufacturer n. 制造者（厂、商、公司）manufacturing adj. 制造的manufacturing industry 制造业margin n. 利润gross margin n. 毛利率net margin n. 净利润mark-up v. 标高售价，加价market n. 市场；产品可能的销量down market adv./adj. 低档商品/地的up market adj./adv. 高档商品的/地marketing mix n. 综合营销策略，指定价、促销、产品等策略的配合market leader n. 市场上的主导公司*market niche n. 小摊位，专业市场的一个小部分1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
国际商务英语复习题库unit one International businessI .Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.commercial risk 贸易风险opportunity cost 机会成本absolute advantage 绝对优势intellectual property 人才资源1.visible trade有形贸易2. credit inquiry信用调查3. letter of credit信用证4.balance of trade贸易顺差5.sales contract销售合同 6.bill of lading提单7.consular invoice领事发票8. draft汇票1.counter-offer 还盘2.firm-offer 实盘3.enquiry 询盘4.offeror 发盘人5. cooperative negotiation 合作谈判6.offer without engagement 虚盘7.acceptance 承兑1.insurance premium 保险费2.certificate of origin 原产地证书3.metric ton 公吨4. inland freight 内陆运费5. FOB Under T ackle FOB 吊钩下交货1. cost structure 费用结构2. cost of production 生产成本3.profit margin 利润率4. selling cost 销售费用1.liner transport 班轮运输2. sea waybill 海运提单3. shipper 托运人4. shipping marks 运输标志5. war risks 战争险6. natural calamity 自然灾害7.total loss 全损8. sue and labor expenses 施救费用1. promotion 促销2.international marketing 国内营销3.product differentiation 产品差异化4. sociocultural factors 社会文化因素5. market structure 市场结构1. financial instruments 金融工具2. crossing cheque 划线支票3. sight bill 即期票据4. commercial invoice 商业发票5. shipping documents 船运单据6. consular invoice 领事发票7. insurance policy 保单1.remitting bank 汇出行2. consignment 寄售3.D/P 即期付款交单4. D/A 承兑交单5. credit assessment 信用评估6. performance guarantee 履行合同保证金7. overdraft guarantee 账号透支保函1.export commodities fairs 出口商品交易会II. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.国际商务international business 商业借贷commercial credit 双重征税double taxation 世贸组9.trade barrier贸易壁垒10.tariff关税11.export trade出口贸易12.letter of credit信用证13. transit trade过境贸易14.entrepot trade转口贸易15.certificate of origin原产地证书8.询盘enquiry 9. 还盘counter-offer 10.受盘人offered 11.发盘人offeror 12.虚盘offer without engagement 13. 实盘firm-offer6. 技术转让technological transfer7.内河航运inland water transportation8. 贸易协定trade agreement5.支付货币money of payment6. 硬货币hard 6. 市场细分market segmentation7.营销战略marketing strategy8. 消费者行为customer behavior9. 营销组合marketing mix 10.营销环境marketing environment 11. 目标市场target market12.营销研究market research currency 7.汇率exchange rate 8. 折扣discount9.期货/现货市场spot market9. 物权凭证document of title 10. 清洁提单clean bill of lading 11. 投保人policy-holder 12. 共同海损general average 13. 水渍险WPA ( with particular average)8. 价格术语term of price 9. 本票promissory note 10. 背书endorsement 11. 承兑人acceptor12. 受票人drawee 13. 商业单据commercial documents 14.提单bill of lading 15. 原产地证明certificate of origin 16.海关发票customs invoice10. 保兑行confirming bank 11. 议付行negotiating bank 12. 国际保理international factoring13. 银行保函bank guarantee 14. 光票托收clean collection 15规格、明细单specificationIV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.AQSIQ is abbreviation for The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局（简称国家质检总局）p29（卷一）32. international trade, also known as world trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries.P1733 Balance of trade indicates the balance between the export value and the import value in a given period.P20（卷四）34.Incoterms is abbreviation for International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 国际贸易术语解释通则P21（卷二）35. A packing list is a document made out by the seller stating the detailed content of each individual shipment.P33 (卷三）IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.positional bargaining is based on fixed, opposing viewpoints and tends to result in compromise or no agreement at all 立场型谈判P46（卷一）32 Contract P65 A contract is an agreement that creates an obligation, which is a binding, legally enforceable agreement between two or more competent parties.33.offer with engagement P61 is the kind of offer, in which the offeror's intention of making a contract is definitely indicated, and under which the offeror cannot revoke or amend what he has offered during the validity of the offer.IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.FOB--- free on board (d port of shipment)CIF---P83 cost, insurance and freight (d port of destination) 成本加保险费加运费（指定目的港）CIP--- P89 carriage and insurance paid to (d place of destination)运费，保险费付至IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.customs duties P112 are taxes imposed by a government on the import or export of products or services, whose cost factors must be taken into account by the exporter when he prices his products.（卷一）marginal cost P115 is the variable costs per unit of the production 边际成本，是增加一单位（output) 随即而产生的成本增加，其等于总成本的变化量除以对应产量的变化量。
国际商务英语05844江苏自考汉译英国际商务英语05844江苏自考汉译英LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS国际商务1. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.2. 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3. 其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4. 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。
●国际商务英语短语总结●绝对利益absolute advantage●证券交易所stock exchange●共同X the common pool●关税区customs area●特惠税preferential customs tariff ●增值税VAT(Value Added T ax)●所得税income tax●从量税specific duty●从价税ad valorem tax●混合税，复合税compound duties●贸易壁垒trade barriers●统一关税制度uniform tariff system ●非关税壁垒non-tariff barrier●免责条款escape clauses●分批装运partial shipment●国际价格协议international price agreement ●结构调整贷款Structural Adjustment Facility ●有形贸易visible trade●分期付款periodic payments●产品的自然领域natural product provinces●最惠国条款the most-favored nation clause ●国际货币X组织international monetary fund●海关发票customs invoice●代位追偿subrogation●贸易争端trade disputes●无差异待遇non-discrimination principle ●农产品farm produce●清洁提单clean bill of lading●多式联运multimodal transport●滚装滚卸运输roll-on and roll-off traffic●货交承运人FCA(Free Carrier)●自有承运人private carrier●契约承运人contract carrier●〔公共〕承运人common carrier●发货人，托运人，货主consignor●运货船只carrying vessel●近海运输short-sea maritime transport ●起运港port of shipment ●头寸net position●X投资equity investment●无形贸易invisible trade●商业全球化globalization of business●电子数据交换EDI●保证金margin●国际经济环境international economic environment ●业务范围business line●清算系统clearing system●根底设施capital infrastructure●出口潜力export potential●布雷顿森林会议The Bretton Woods Convention●制成品finished goods●有效期the validity period●风险转移机制risk transfer mechanism●资金financial resources●有价保单valued policy●大额存单certificate of deposit●套期保值hedging●私营经济private business●国际经济新秩序new international economic order ●初级产品primary commodities●主要银行the leading bank●原材料raw materials●国际复兴开发银行IBRD●提单bill of lading ●规模经济economies of scales●经济增长economic growth●国际商品协定international commodity agreement ●游资〔又称热钱〕idle funds●记账交易open account●可保权益insurable interest●缓冲库存贷款Buffer Stock Financing Facility●贸易条件〔进出口比价〕terms of trade●跨国公司母公司parent MNC●销售合约sales contract●海上保险marine insurance●世界贸易组织WTO(World Trade Organization)●贸易伙伴trading partners●贸易洽谈会trade fairs●生产方法production approach●普惠制Generalized System of Preferences ●议付行negotiating bank●最大诚信utmost good faith●董事会board of directors●唛头shipping mark●净重net weight●中期贷款extended fund facility●双边谈判bilateral negotiation●特约条款special clause●互购贸易counter purchase●加工产品processed product ●还款counter offer●竞争性贬值competitive devaluation●年销售量annual sales●金融市场financial market●初级产品primary commodities●承兑交单documents against acceptance ●保险单insurance policy●对销贸易反向贸易counter trade●极度通货膨胀hyperinflation●欧洲支付联盟European Payment Union●寄售consignment●借方debit●受票人drawee●分批装运partial shipment●企业家entrepreneur●顾客client●肮脏浮动dirty float●中间价medial rate●汇率exchange rate●有价证券securities●国民待遇national treatment●反补贴措施counter-veiling-measures ●殖民地colony●领土territory●知识产权intellectual property●经济全球化economic globalization ●优惠期、宽限期grace period●〔汇率〕间接标价indirect quote●资本市场capital market●反倾销anti-dumping●中间产品intermediate product ●补偿贸易compensation trade ●有价证券securities●经济一体化economic integration ●母公司parent company●还盘counter offer●保兑行confirming bank●充分就业full employment●修改amendment●金本位制gold standard●金边债券gilt-edged stocks●贴现率折扣率discount rate●本钱节约，节约本钱cost economies●世界银行the World Bank●互利贸易mutually beneficial trade ●装船通知shipping advice●追溯到be traced back to●原产地港口port of origin●原产地证书certificate of origin●货物保险cargo insurance●商品交易会trade fairs●目的地destination ●以迂回的方法in a detour●竞争性贬值competitive devaluation ●客户流动customer mobility●股东、X持有人share holders●潜在损失potential loss●疏忽的negligent●债权国creditor country●国际合约international contract ●定期付款，分阶段付款periodic payments●被保险人the insured●人口方案population planning●根底设施工程infrastructure project ●破产go bankrupt●土地和劳动力land and labor●品质证书certificate of quality●贸易信贷往来账户trade credit account●信用证the letter of credit●跟单信用证documentary letter of credit ●跟单信用证documentary credit●循环信用证revolving credit●即期信用证sight credit●可撤销信用证revocable credit●保兑信用证confirmed letter of credit●远期信用证usance credit。
浙江大学国际贸易专业自考相关英语资料涉及《国际商务英语05844》、《基础英语0088》do a good job 干得好at this point 此时此刻default on a loan 拖欠贷款have jurisdiction over sb 对某人有司法裁判权make profits 赚钱the average person 一般人，普通人everyone concerned 有关人员consumer goods 消费品light industry 轻工业to lend money at high interest 高利息贷款be at work 在起作用to go into politics/business 从政/从商alternative forms of fuel 其他形式的燃料pay good money 付一大笔钱a commercial bank 商业银行trade in sth for sth else 以一物换一物checking accounts 活期存款savings accounts 定期存款out of fashion=to be out of date 过时lower the cost 降低成本in times of inflation 在通货膨胀的时候fallow the fashion=to be in the fashion 赶时髦in limited quantities 小批量better quality products at good values 物美价廉的产品an over-populated city 人口过度密集的城市the people of all income groups 各种不同收入阶层的人们environmental considerations 有关环境的考虑put on the market 投放市场mass production 批量生产medical device 医疗设备be of good quality 质量好a decimal coinage 十进币制harness solar power 利用太阳能make a big money赚大钱make both ends need 收支平衡follow certain practices 遵循一定的常规to grant a charter to the bank 发给银行执照a specified volume of assets 一定量的资产national banks 国家银行demand deposits 活期存款couple with the fractional reserve principle 加上部分准备制的原理fractional reserve 部分准备制a precaution against withdrawals 防备取款trace to the fractional reserve system 根据部分准备制度the required reserve 法定最低储备金excess reserves 额外储备金be used at the bank’s discretion 由银行任意支配the demand deposits placed in bank 银行可以周转的活期存款prospective buyers潜在的用户an industrialized country 工业化国家industrial production 工业生产lose one’s lead 失去领先地位in the red 赤字invisible exports无形出口change hands 易手a financial centre 金融中心international trade国际贸易a merchant fleet 商船船队invisible/visible trade 无形/有形贸易lead the world in industrial production 在工业生产方面占领先地位Demand began to exceed supply.需求开始大于供给。
英译汉1.Domestic business 国内商务国内商务2.economic 2.economic globalization 经济全球化球化3.host country 东道国东道国 intellectual4.property intellectual 4.property 知识产权知识产权5.non-tariff barriers 非关税壁垒非关税壁垒6.national product 国民产值国民产值7.per capita GDP人均国内生产总值8.Durable equipment耐用设备9.Staple goods大路货10.Creditor country债权国11.Customs union关税同盟12.Dual-Ministerial meetings 12.Dual-Ministerial meetings 双部长会议双部长会议13.European Commission 欧盟委员会anization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)石油输出国组织 15.North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)15.North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)北美自由贸易协北美自由贸易协定16.Board of directors 董事会17.day to day running 日常管理18.the parent MNE 18.the parent MNE 多国公司目公司多国公司目公司19.national economic welfare 国家经济利益20.the legal jurisdiction 法律经管范围21.self-sufficient 21.self-sufficient 自给自足的自给自足的22.farm produce 农农品23.the endowments of nature 自然禀赋24.perfect competition 完全竞争25.output per many-year of labour人均年产量26.production capability 生产能力27.consumption preference 消费偏好28.cost advantage 成本优势rge-scale production大规模生产30.tariff barrier关税壁垒31.International Chamber of Commerce国际商会32.customs clearance结关33.EDI电子数据交换34.Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则35.destination port目的港36.binding obligation有约束力的义务37.international trunk call国际长途38.the business line业务范围39.force majeure不可抗力40.cross-border contract进出口合同41.clearing system清算系统42.leverage杠杆作用43.trade credit account贸易信贷往来账户44.centrally planned economy中央计划经济45.financial status财务状况46.to open account开立账户47.Consignment transaction寄售交易48.a usance draft远期汇票49.documentary collection跟单托收50.impeccable documents正确无误单据51.correspondent bank往来行52.confirming bank保兑行53.transportation clause运输条款54.clean credit即期信用证55.deferred payment credit不可转让信用证56.freight prepaid运费预付57.prepare documents缮制单据58.consignor托运人59.consular invoice领事发票60.notify party被通知人61.contract carriers契约承运人62.intermediate product半成品63.ultimate consumers最终消费者64.natural product province产品自然领域65.time lag 时差66.claim on goods 对货物的索赔67.premium 保险费68.insurer 承保人69.insurable interest 可保利益70.settlement of a claim 理赔71.freight forwarder 货运代理行72.utmost good faith 最大诚信原则73.valued policies 有价保单74.exchange rate 买入价75.balance of payment 收支平衡76.direct quote 直接标价77.buying rate 买入价78.financial policies 金融政策79.financial policies 资金80.retained capital 预留资金81.grace period 优惠期82.a specialized mandate 特殊使命83.direct investment 直接投资84.tax holiday 免税期 85.greenfield strategy 绿地战略86.customer mobility 客户流动87.investment return 投资回报88.start from scratch 政府债券89.market maker 股票经营商90.standing committee 常务委员会91.underlying securities 基础证券92.global trade rules 世界贸易规则93.the reciprocal tariff concession list 互惠关税减让表94.a uniform tariff system 统一关税体系95.the non-discrimination principle 非歧视原则96.escape clause 豁免条款97.a new economic order 新经济秩序98.trade concession 贸易减让99.Special Drawing Rights 特别提款权100.maturity 100.maturity 到期日到期日101.certificate of deposit 101.certificate of deposit 大额大额102. cartel 102. cartel 卡特尔卡特尔汉译英1.1.国际商务国际商务international business2.2.无形贸易无形贸易invisible trade3.3.国内生产总值国内生产总值gross domestic products4.4.证券投资证券投资portfolio investment5.5.交钥匙工程交钥匙工程turnkey project6.6.国民生产总值国民生产总值Gross National product Gross National product（（GNP GNP））7.7.收入分配收入分配income distribution8.经济合作与发展组织the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development9.9.基础储备基础储备infrastructure10.10.外汇储备外汇储备foreign currency reserves11.11.区域经济一体化区域经济一体化regional economic integration12.12.自由贸易区自由贸易区free trade area13.13.欧盟欧盟European Union14.14.亚太经合组织亚太经合组织Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)16.16.部长理事会部长理事会Council of Ministers17.17.经济全球化经济全球化Economic Globalization 18.18.跨国企业跨国企业multinational economic environment19.19.生产设施生产设施manufacturing facilities20.20.自然资源分配自然资源分配the distribution of nature resources21.21.初级产品初级产品the primary commodities22.22.比较优势论比较优势论the theory of comparative advantage23.23.互利贸易互利贸易the mutual beneficial trade24.24.资源储备资源储备资源储备 the reserves of natural resources the reserves of natural resources25.25.技术创新技术创新technology innovation26.26.贸易方式贸易方式patterns of trade27.27.关税区关税区customs area28.28.自动出口限制自动出口限制voluntary export restraint29.29.名胜古迹名胜古迹places of historical interest30.30.贸易条款贸易条款trade terms31.31.修改信用证修改信用证amendment to the letter of credit32.32.集装箱运输集装箱运输container transport33.33.运费付至运费付至CPT34.34.报价报价quotation35.35.有效期有效期the validity period36.36.付款方式付款方式modeOf payment37.37.仲裁仲裁arbitration38.38.对销贸易对销贸易cunter trade39.39.实际头寸实际头寸net positions40.40.双边协议双边协议bilateral agreement41.41.易货贸易易货贸易barter42.42.垂直合并，纵向组合垂直合并，纵向组合vertical combination43.43.汇率浮动变化汇率浮动变化exchange rate fluctuation44.44.资信状况资信状况credit standing45.45.分期付款分期付款payment by installments46.46.即期汇票即期汇票sight draft47.47.付款交单付款交单document against payment document against payment（（D/P D/P））48.48.商业信用证商业信用证commercial letter of credit49.49.开证行开证行the opening bank50.50.受益人受益人the beneficiary51.51.统一惯例统一惯例the uniform customs and practice52.52.循环信用证循环信用证revolving credit 53.53.保兑信用证保兑信用证confirmed credit54.54.远期信用证远期信用证usance credit55.55.票面价值票面价值face value56.56.资金周转资金周转capital turnover57.57.空运提单空运提单airway bill58.58.产地证书产地证书certificate of origin59.59.运输标记运输标记shipping marks60.60.装运港装运港port of shipment61.61.原始的生产方式原始的生产方式primitive mode of production62.62.竞争机制竞争机制competition system63.63.运输体系运输体系transportation system64.64.公共承运人公共承运人common carriers65.65.保证金保证金margin66.66.股票投资股票投资investment in stocks67.67.货物保险货物保险cargo insurance68.68.外汇储备外汇储备foreign exchange services69.69.共同基金共同基金the common pool70.70.代位追偿代位追偿subrogation71.71.近因原则近因原则the doctrine of proximate cause72.72.预约保单预约保单open policy73.73.平安险平安险F.P.A74.74.水渍险水渍险W.P.A75.75.金本位制金本位制gold standard76.76.平价平价par value77.77.布雷顿森会议布雷顿森会议the Bretton Woods Conference78.78.间接标价间接标价indirect quote79.79.储备货币储备货币reserve currency80.80.世界资本市场世界资本市场World capital market81.81.借贷成本借贷成本the cost of borrowing82.82.产权产权产权((股票股票))投资equity investment83.83.经济结构调整经济结构调整economic restructuring84.84.合资公司合资公司joint venture85.85.并购并购acquisition86.86.生物遗传学生物遗传学biogenetics87.87.自动出口限制自动出口限制Voluntary Export Restriction Voluntary Export Restriction（（VER VER））88.88.证券交易所证券交易所the Stock Exchange Market 89.89.普通股普通股ordinary share90.90.补偿基金补偿基金compensation fund91.91.金边债券金边债券gilt92.92.期权期权option93.93.协商机制协商机制a consultative mechanism94.94.双边谈判双边谈判bilateral negotiation95.95.签约国签约国the signatory countries96.96.充分就业充分就业full employment97.97.多边贸易体制多边贸易体制multilateral trade system98.98.国际组织国际组织international organizations99.99.技术转让技术转让technology transfer100.100.商品协议商品协议commodity agreement101.101.国际货币体系国际货币体系international monetary system102.102.优惠关税优惠关税preferential preferential（（customs customs））tariff103.103.承包生产承包生产Contract manufacturing104. tariff rates 关税率105. settlement 105. settlement 协议协议106.Shareholders 股东股东107.board of directors 董事会 108.parent company 母公司 109.affiliate 子公司 110.day-to-day running 日常管理 101.multinational corporation 跨国公司跨国公司102.home country 母公司所在国母公司所在国103.host country 东道国 术语解释1.affiliate MNC: a MNC which is associated or controlled by its parent MNC without losing its own identity.2.Absolute advantage: an advantage possessed by a country engaged in international trade when, using a given resource input, it is able to produce more output than other countries possessing the same resource input.3.Arbitration: the setting of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a court of law.4.A correspondent bank: a bank which acts 4.A correspondent bank: a bank which acts as an as an as an agent agent for another bank.5.All 5.All risks: risks: risks: extensive extensive extensive insurance coverage insurance coverage insurance coverage of cargo, of cargo, of cargo, including including coverage due to external causes such as fire, collision, pilferage etc., but usually excluding ”special” risk such as those resulting from acts of war, labor strikes and the perishing of good, and from internal damage due to faulty packaging, decay or loss of market.Buyback: an agreement by an export of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Bill Bill of exchange: of exchange: of exchange: a a a signed signed signed document document document that that that orders orders orders a person a person a person or or or an an organization, such as a bank, to pay a fixed sum of money on demand or on a certain date to the person specified.Capital: the contribution to productive activity made by investment in physical capital and in human capital.Customs clearance: the formalities necessary to satisfy the customs officers before they will allow goods to the cleared from customs for dispatch or delay elsewhere.Banknotes circulation: movement of the printed paper money issued by a bank, usually the country’s central bank.Contract: a legally binding agreement made between two or more people.Clause: part of a legal document that deals with a particular item or condition in it.Confirmed credit: a letter of credit to which a number of other document such as shipping documents have been joined by the exporter to obtain payment from the bank.Commission: the amount paid to an agent, which may be an individual, a broker, or a financial institution, for consummating a transaction involving sale or purchase of assets or services.Commercial invoice: a document identifying numbers such as invoice number, date, shipping date, mode of transport, delivery and payment terms, and a complete listing and description of the goods or services being sold including prices, discounts and quantities.Common pool: a fund contributed by all insured parties in the name of premium against certain risk, outof which the claims if those suffering losses are paid.capital infrastructure: the basic physical requirements, without without which which which the the the industry industry industry cannot cannot cannot function effectively, function effectively, function effectively, water water and electricity installations, qualified and killed professionals in technology and administration.Capital market: markets where corporations and governments sell securities to investors in order to raise funds for long or short periods.Consumerism: considerable desire to make purchase for consumption.Distributor: a person who sends goods from those who produce them to them to those who use them.Documents against acceptance(D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will be paid on a laterdate.Documentary credit: a letter of credit to which a number of other documents such as shipping documents have been joined by the exporter to obtain payment from the bank.Devaluation: the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange exchange value value value of of of its currency its currency its currency in in in units of units of units of gold gold gold or as or as or as compared compared with other currencies.Envisage: picture in the mind as a future possibility; imagine Economic of scale: the long-run reduction in average costs that occurs as the scale of the firm’s output is increased./the reduction in unit cost and increase in profit obtained when goods are produced in large quantities.EDI: an electronic system that sends specially-prepared document direct from the computer of one company to that of another, so avoiding delays and improving services to customers.Equity investment :a type of investment by buying the ordinary shares of a company.Exchange rate: the ratio between one currency unit and the number of number of units units units of another of another of another currency at currency at currency at which which which it it it is possible is possible is possible to to exchange the two at a given time.Economic integration: economic integration is a term used to describe how different aspects between economic are integrated. As economic integration increase, the barriers of trade between markets diminishes. The most integration economy today, between independent nations, is the European Union and its euro zone.FOB FOB: in foreign trade contracts, the seller’s delivers the : in foreign trade contracts, the seller’s delivers the goods on board the ship named by the buyer at the named port of of shipment. shipment. shipment. From From From that that that point, point, point, all all all charges charges charges and and and risks risks risks have have have to to to be be borne by the buyer.Fair trade: in international trade, the principle that maintains that there should only be free trade with those countries which themselves extend free trade.Full employment: an economic situation in which all persons physically and mentally capable of doing some kind of work, canfind employment.Gold reserves: the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in country on the gold standard. GNP : refers refers to to the market market value value of goods and services produced by by the the property property and and and labor owned by labor owned by labor owned by the the the residents residents residents of of of an economy an economy GDP : refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Host country: in international trade, the country in which a multinational corporation is active, but which is not the home country of that corporation.Hyperinflation: an extreme form of inflation; the situation that exists in a Economy when the money supply is being increased very rapidly, resulting in an increase of over 20%in the annual growth of the money supply or of the price level. Infrastructure: large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communication,etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.Integration: combine into a whole.Inflation: a general rise in prices within an economy, accompanied by a reduction of the value of money.International trade: the exchange of goods and services between countries through exports and imports.Irrevocable credit: a letter of credit to which the paying bank has added its guarantee that payment will be made against presentation of certain documents.Intermediate products: goods that enter into the production of other goods. In the manufacturing process, goods and materials pass through various states of production, frequently requiring transfer from one plant to another or sale by one firm to another.Indemnity: a basic idea in all branches of insurance that the insured should be in the same position after a loss as he as be was before it, i.e. neither richer nor poorer as a result of loss.Intellectual property: certain non-tangible assets held,principally covering the areas of patent protection,registered trade marks and designs, and copy right.Joint venture: a commercial undertaking by two or more people,differing from a partnership in that it relates to thedisposition of a single lot of goods or the termination of aspecific project.just-in-time inventory: making or ordering only just enoughparts or materials for the factory’s immediat immediate e needs, soavoiding the expense of keeping stocks.Liberalize: of trade, the act of government in lifting controlover import and exports.Letter of credit: A written instruction by a bank or some otherfinancial institution. To its agent or another bank, eitherlocal local or or or aboard, to aboard, to aboard, to lend lend lend the bearer the bearer the bearer of of of the letter certain sums the letter certain sumsof money for a fixed period of time.Loan: a commercial transaction between two legal entitieswhereby one party, known as lender agrees to put at the disposalof another known as a borrower certain property, usually money ,for its temporary use, with am understanding by both partiesthat the property will be returned. Money circulation: money in the hands of the public and beingused to pa for goods and services.Most-favored nation Most-favored nation clause: clause: clause: an an an understanding principle understanding principle understanding principle of the of theWTO whereby each country undertakes to apply the same rate oftariff to all its trade partners.Negotiable transport document: transport document can betransferred from one person to another by endorsement.Non-tariff barriers: all public regulations and governmentpractices that introduce unequal treatment for domestic andforeign goods of the same or similar production.North American free trade agreement(NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定):NAFTA is a trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, theunited states, which entered into force on january1,1994. Itwas preceded in 1988 by a trade agreement covering Canada andthe U.S.U.S.——the Canada –U.S. free trade agreement, which servedas a negotiating framework for the expanded agreement.Option: a contractual agreement between a buyer and a sellerto buy or sell a particular security commodity or currency ata specific price within a pre-determined period of time.Partnership: a contractual Partnership: a contractual relationship relationship relationship undertaking by undertaking by undertaking by two or two ormore people, differing from a partnership in that it relatesto to the the disposition of disposition of a a a single single single lot lot lot of of of goods or the termination goods or the terminationof a specific project.PPP: purchasing power parity.Protectionism: the deliberate use or encouragement ofrestrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficientdomestic producers to compete successfully with foreignproducers.Productivity: the relation between the output or amountproduced in a given period and one unit of the factors ofproduction employed in producing that output.Preferential customs tariff: a lower (or zero) tariff on aproduct from one country than is applied to imports from mostcountries. This violation of the MFN principle is permitted inspecial cases.Per capita income : It is calculated by dividing its nationalincome by its populationQuota: a Quota: a limit limit limit placed by placed by placed by a a a government government government on the on the on the amount amount amount of imports of importsor commodity.Revenue: the money received by a firm from selling its outputof goods or services or money earned by government fromtaxation.Reserves: in a business, amount set aside from profits to meetcontingencies or for future investment.Specialization Specialization: : to restrict one’s economic activities tocertain particular field.Subrogation: the legal right of an insurer to receive any moneyobtained by the insured as a result of his making use of hisrights against third parties; this reduces the cost of the lossto the insurer and prevents the insured from obtaining more thanhis full indemnity.Stock exchange: a markets where stocks and shares are boughtand sold under fixed rules, but at princes controlled by supplyand demand.Settlement: a payment of money claimed.Tariff Tariff: a form of tax that occurs as the scale of the firm’s : a form of tax that occurs as the scale of the firm’soutput is increased./the reduction in unit cost and increasein profit obtained when goods are produced in large quantities.Terms of payment: the terms agree upon between a sellers anda buyer regarding a transaction with respect to the mode andtime-table of payment.Trade fair: a big exhibition where manufactures and sellers anda similar or related products display their goods, meetcustomers and each other.Transfer Transfer of technology: of technology: of technology: a a a complicated complicated complicated aspect of international aspect of internationalbusiness. Technology can be divided into two types: non-tacitand tacit. It can be transferred through various modes, eitherexport of products and goods or though service. The mostimportant feature of technology transfer is it is a transferof the right to use, not the right to ownership.Terms of trade: a measure of the trading success of a countryby comparing the prices of its imports with the prices of its exports.Triad and Quad : A . United StatesB. Western EuropeC. JapanD. CanadaW.P.A: a wider coverage than the F.P.A. partial loss of ordamage to damage to the insured goods the insured goods the insured goods is is is excluded only excluded only excluded only where where where the loss the loss the loss to tothe insurer and prevents the insured from obtaining more thanhis full indemnity.简答1.Major difference between international business anddomestic business: A . differences in legal system; B.differences in currencies;C . differences in culturalbackground; D . differences in natural and economic conditions.2.Major types of international business: A. tradea. Commodity tradeb. Service tradeB. investmenta. foreign direct investmentb. portfolio investmentC. other typesa. licensing and franchisingb. management contract and contract manufacturingc. turnkey project and BOT3.Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference. Can we use them interchangeably? GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP measure the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The difference between between GNP GNP GNP and and and GDP GDP GDP is that is that is that the the the former former former focuses om ownership focuses om ownership focuses om ownership of of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place. We can use them interchangeably.4. what is the free trade area? And what is Customs union? In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area. Free trade area is the first trade area is the first and loosest and loosest and loosest form of regional form of regional economic integration. Members of a free trade area area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. Custom Union is the second form of regional economic integration that goes a step farther by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outsides their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves . Since imports from other other countries countries are subject subject to to the same tariff no matter matter which which member they export export to, to, it is impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.5. Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.①they are usually enormous in size in terms of the amount of annual sales and of resources it controls.②they have a wide geographical spread, and ②they have a wide geographical spread, and seek to set up an seek to set up an integrated production and distribution network in the world. ③MNEs enjoy longevity and rapid growth. They have a long development history and rapid growth record.6. how are MNEs usually usually operated? operated? operated? And And how are important decision made?①the operation ofMNES is under the control of parent MNE at their home countries. ②the affiliate MNEs also have their own decisionmaking mechanism, however the major decision, such as those on corporate goals, new investment and their location are made by parent MNEs.8. Which theory makes more sense, absolute absolute advantage advantage advantage or or comparative advantage. Comparative advantage sound more plausible .As it is very difficult to find for a country a product with absolute advantage, and also, a country still gains from trade for its products with comparative advantages.9. What are the important factors that one has to take into account when talking about the possibility of international specialization?Whether the internationalization will happen or not is decided by trade patterns, economic of scale, innovation.The production capacity and conditions decide what a country can produce and trade, the economies of scale decides if a country has a cost advantage for the traded product, and the innovation decides if the traded product is competitive in the foreign market.10. Why is it necessary to have Incoterms? And what is the purpose of making amendments and additions to Incoterms? The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade term in foreign trade, thus, the uncertainties of different interpretation of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.And the purpose of making amendments and additions is in orderto bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.11. What contents should be included in a firm offer?A firm offer s a promise to sell goods at a stated price. The major terms include time of shipment, made of payment, description of goods and validity period.12.Give the major item of the contract proper.This includes four major parts: the full name and address of the buyer and seller; the description of the commodities; the terms and conditions for the transaction; indication of the number of original copies of the contract and other additional terms.13. Please Please define define define counter counter counter trade. trade. trade. What What are the possible reasons for its attraction. An umbrella term for several sorts of trade in which the seller is required to accept goods or other instruments or trade, in partial or whole payment for its products. Counter trade transactions include barter, buyback, or compensation, compensation, offset offset requirements, and clearing agreements. Counter trade is allegedly popular in less development countries and in planned economies, it attracted much interest in the past. Now as the landscape od landscape od economic system economic system economic system drastically drastically drastically changed changed changed recently, recently, recently, it it attracts much more attention.14.What is the difference between a clean draft anda documentary draft?For a clean draft, it is a draft without attached additional documents; for a documentary draft, it is a draft supported supported by by title documents, such as an invoice, bill of lading or insurance policy. In fact everything having a real commercial value is know as a documentary draft.15.How dose L/C offer security to the buyer and the seller? ①it enable exporters obtain, through a correspondent bank,duarantees that the invoice for goods sent by them will actually be paid by the buyer actually be paid by the buyer——the importer.②it also provides the buyer with a guarantee that goods will be received in good order, for L/Cs are subject to appropriate。
