Article 冠词

The police are looking for him.Chapter 1、Article冠词A. 不定冠词的意义：1.1)区别one 和a, a强调后面的名词，而one 强调本身个数:It will take us more than a year.It will take us more than one year.Can a boy do that? No, but a man can.Can one boy do that? No, but two boy can.2)不定冠词有时表the same/one and the sameThey are nearly of an age.Your shoes and mine anr a size.3) The indefinite article sometimes means “such a”(不定冠词有时表such a)He is a man that must be treated kindly.It was a sight that would attract a large number of visitors.2. The Repetition of Article:1)a black and a white doga black and white doga journalist and an authora journalist and authora German and an English Dictionarya German and English DictinaryHe became____husband and ____father before he was out of his teens.A. a, aB. a, /C. /, aD. /, /2)When we regard two things as a whole, we used only one article:a watch and chaina neeld and threada cup and saucera carriage and foura rod and lineGive me a knife and fork, please.a king and queen(一对夫妇)a king and a queen（可能是两个国家的，没有关系的两个人）I saw a gentlman and lady walking together.A doctor and nurse were provide for them.（当用were时，两个人有合作关系，所以可省略一个冠词，当用was时，就是一个人（医生兼护士）B. The use of ArticleA cat likes fish.The cat likes fish.Cats likes fish.A sleeping fox counts hens in his dreams.Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope.In winter, birds fly to the south.Man is the only creature that has developed the power of speech.The small shopkeeper is finding life in creasingly difficult.The wise look to the wiser for advice.（the+adj可指一类人，其中包括形容词的比较级）C.1. The use of the difinitive articleAnn is in the garden.（说话人与听话人都知道所指的…）Please pass me the wine.His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree.2.表方位的名词前用定冠词The sun rises in the east.I am going to the south.I am going south.To the north of the town, there is a lake.North of the town, there is a lake.3.序数词1)当在名词前作定语时,前加the :The third room is much brighter than the fifth(room).Does our class come out first in the game?2)当在V. 后作状语时,前不加the:There are six men in the room. One is blind; another(or second) is a deaf; a third is damb; a fourth is lame… the other(最后一个用)4.He was not in China in the fifties.I think he’s somewhere in the thirties.5. 强调部位时用the:He seized the child’s collar.He seized the child by the collar.The dog bit him in the leg.The dog licked his hand.The minister kissed____.A. the Queen’s handB. the Queen on the handHe kissed his son on the forehead.6.定冠词+普通名词,表抽象折概念The pen is mighter than the sword.(文胜于武)Peter is too fond of the bottle.He gave up the sword for the plough.(弃甲归田)He forgot the judge in the father.All the father rose in my heart.the headthe heartthe stage7.形容词最高级前加定冠词That is the deepest part of the river.The river is deepest at this point.She is the busiest of the family.She was busiest last week.8.世界上独一无二的东西前用thethe sunthe moonD. The Omission of Articles:1. Before abstract nouns:(usually)Chinese historyEnglish literatureJacob is a man of great strength.ExceptionA knowledge of language is always useful.After a swim, she had a rest.He spoke with an enthusiasm which inspired all of us.He had an exciting experience.(=an adventure) last night.2. before material nouns(usually)Raw robber looks like milk.There was a heavy rain last night.She served each of us a coffee.She has built a fire in the next room.When the sun or the moon is an the horizon, it looks bigger and more beautiful.A new moon is hanging high in the sky.Look? A big red sun is rising.3.He went to bed.He went to the bed.My son has gone to school.He comes to the school some times to speak to the head master.We returned from work/school/market/church.They are at sea.(=in a ship, but not necessarily as sailors)They are at the sea.(=at the seaside)He goes to work.He goes to the work.be in office = hold an official positionbe out of office = to be no longer in power4．without difinite article:1).home, town2).church, prison, school, college, university, court, market, hospital3).bed, work(exception: cathedral, office)5．with definite article:1). mass communication: the news, the radio, the press, the newspaper, the television etc. What’s in the paper(s)/on the radio/on (the) TV this evening?2). recreational places: the cinema, the theatre, the concert, the pictures etc.My sister goes to the theatre every month.3). Modern transport and communication: the bus, the train, the post(UK), the mail(US), the internet, the telephone etc.6. before names of meals:I was invited to dinner.(= at their house, in the ordinary way)I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassdor.The dinner given in honour of the quests was magnificent.She arrived before supper.The supper was cold.7.It’s very cold in winter.We play football in (the) winter.I went fishing during the summer.(When regarded as a part of the year, it used the definitive article)Morning is the best time for work.8.Now he is manager of a bank.Who is monitor of your class.As a politician, I cannot accept your argument.As a chairman of the committee, I am not free to express my personal views.Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong province, is a beautiful city.Foshan, a city of Guangdong province, is a beautiful city.9. before proper nouns（专有名词）:LuXun is the Groky（高尔基）of China.（比喻时+冠词）He is a(living) Leifeng.He’s a different John Smith form what he was ten years ago.The younger generation will find it hard to imagine a semi-feudal, semi-colonial China.两个或两个以上有关连的名词一起用时，往往不用冠词：from left to rightfrom beginning to endto live from hand to mouthfather and sondialogue between teacher and studentDoctor, nurse, and patients have become the best of friends.Chapter 2、Noun 名词gender词的性; number词的数; case词的格一、gender词的性1. youthHalf a dozed youths were standing at the street corner.(用做可数名词时指男青年，当指男女青年都有时用不可数形式)The youth today don’t know what they want.2. baby, infant, childThe baby was sleeping in its cot.(因baby较小，一般不用性别区分所以用it)Watch out! The baby is trying to put the toy watch into his mouth.(父母不愿意用it来指代baby，就用his or her)3.The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side.Scotland lost many of her bravest men in tow great rebellious.Death will come when he is least expected.Is this you sport bike? How much is it?Is that your sports bike? Yes, she’s lovely, isn’t she?(当把看某物成宠物或宝贝时可用she or he)The cat is a useful animal because it eats rats.The cat leaped onto my bed and coiled herself here.二、number词的数He caught five fish.The cat like fish. (不强调种类时不可数)three fishes (强调不同种类时可数)salmon沙纹鱼/鲑鱼/大麻哈鱼, trout鲑鱼, cod鳕鱼等单数复数一样sheep, deer, aircraft, craft单数复数一样Enemy aircraft have seen over Londen.Craft of all types are taking part in the race.4. 没有标志的复数名词的复数people, folk(人，人们), police, cattle, poultry（家禽）, livestock（牲畜）, vermin（害虫）, offspring （子孙，后代）police:The police are looking for him.There are a few police on guard at the gate.Several hundred police guarded the palace(不可用five police，不可具体，但可模糊)cattle:Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.He have 20 (head of) cattle on the farm. （head不+s）fruit:He doesn’t eat much fruit.(范指不可数)The potato is a vegetable not a fruit.(指一种时可数)Greece has some wonderful fruits.(表种类，几种时可数)I hope the old man lives to enjoy the fruits of his labour.(表劳动成果时可数)hair:His black hair was going grey.(范指一个人的头发时不可数)I found a hair(two hairs)in the soup.(用作一根根数时可数)Audience, staff, family, public, committee, enemy, sheepfamilyMy family is ver large.(看做整体用做单数)His family are waiting for him.(做家庭成员时用做复数)public:The public was convinced fo his innocence.(公共整体做单数)The public now know the story.The public is (are) requested no to leave litter in the park.committeeOur committee has considered your request.The committee are divided in their opinion.enemyThe enemy are in flight(逃跑). (逃跑时不是一个整体，所以用复数)The enemy is (are) retreating（撤退）. (撤退时通常为一个整体，所以用单数)sheepA flock of sheep was grazing in the field.A flock of sheep were straying all over the road and causing confusion among the traffic.总是用做单数的：a)抽象名词：advice, knowledge, informaitionb)集体名词：baggage, luggage, furniture, rubbish总是用做复数的：a)quarters（住处）, premises（房屋）b)clothes, pajamas（睡衣）, trousers, shorts（短裤）, pants, scissors, chopsticks, pliers（钳子）,etc cf: clothes-clothing, poem-poetry, novel-fiction三、case词的格1.a man’s jobthe horse’s mouthwomen’s chothesa girl s’ schoolthe student s’ hostelthe Smith s’ car*my aunts’ husbandsthe husbands of my aunts*my friends’ jewelsthe jewels of my friends2.Mr Jones’s (Mr Jones’)houseYeats’s (Yeats’) Poems3. with classical names we just add:Pythagora s’ TheoremArchimede s’ Lawfor goodnes s’ s akefor pea ce’s akefor consceien ce’s ake5. with compounds:放在最后my brother-in-loaw’s guitarHenry the Eighth’s wivesthe Prince of Wales’s helicopterin a year or two’s timeWe had an hour and a half’s talk.Adam and Eve’s children*Tom and his brother’s childrenTom’s and his borther’s childrenThe son of Pharaon’s daughter was the daughter of Pharaoh’s son4. use of the possessive case:所有格的用法1)Dr Arnold’s pupils were always diligent. （指所有的学生）We were pupils of Dr Arnold.（并不是全部的学生）this doctor’s young wife=the young wife of this doctorwith some cases we can only use of +noun, eg:The boys ran about obeying the directions of a man with a whistle. （因有with a whistle或+定从就无法用’s）I took the advice of a couple I met on the train and hired a car.2）History of England (common use)England’s historyNelson’s life（的一生）the life of Nelson（传记，书名）today’s（今天的）of today（当代的，当今的）the king’s praise（别人表扬国王或国王表扬别人，主动也可被动）He was pleased by the king’s praiseHe is always singing the king’s praise.Your service/support is valuable.Nobody will be at your service/support.Everybody was excited at the mrderer’s capture.Everybody was surprised at his arrest3）assifying possessive:起分类作用He has got a doctor’s degree.Have you a copy of the teacher’s book?（不可用of，有类别限制）men’s clothingchildren’s pictorial4）double possessive双重所有格a criticism of Show (=opinion about Show)look at that nice son of yours (contempt)that clever remark of your sit’sthis notorious scheme of the king’sChapter 3、Adjectives形容词A: Attributive Adjective and Predicative Adjectives一、Attributive Adjective1.Jane is very youngJane is a mere child.This expenditure was very wasteful.The expenditure was a sheer waste of money.a sheer fraudutter ignorancea perfect strangerperfect weather2.a certain man has three sonsHe was certain that he was right.We had a particular reason for abandoning the project.He is very particular (=fussy) about his clothes.the chief excusethe main ideathe principal objectionthe only reason3.He is a hard worker.a heavy smoker=one who smokes heavilyHe is a good thief.She is a bad liar.an old frienda new studenta live fishThe fish is alive.In other meaninga little houseThe house is small(*little)A small famer is a man who has a small farm.1.Adjective referin to health:How is your mother?She is ill/unwell/well.She’s feeling faint/poorly.He is healthy.He is a healthy man.(健康的人)She is sick. .(生病了)She is a sick woman.(老病号，长期有病的)He’s a very healthy/sick man.( It suggests a more permanent state)2.Adjective beginning with a:That child is afraid.It’s a frightened child.These problems are alike.They’re similar problems.This tree is alive.It’s a living tree.The dog is asleep.Let sleeping dogs lie.Exceptions: aloof, alert:an aloof character(孤僻的性格)an aloof building(孤零零的房子)an alert manner(机灵的举止)3. Adjectives with and:1)a tall, dark, handsom cowboyHe was tall, dark and handsome.a black and white capa red, white and blue flag2)If we say a beautiful big room, a lovely warm house, nice/fine thick steak, we imply that we like big room, warm house and thick steak.Fine strong coffee, a lovely quiet beach, a nice drydayWhen used predicatively, such pairs are separated by and:The coffee is fine and strong.The day was nice and dry.This room is nice and warm. (=warm to just the right degree)It was lovely and cool( comfortably cool) in there.He is good and strong.(他很强壮;美国用法)He is good and bad.(他好坏)That room is good and long.I hit him good and hard.B.parison of equality:1) as…as:I can’t drink as sweet as this. (coffee)I can’t drink coffee as sweet as this.(后为省略定语从句)I can’t drink as sweet coffee as this.John is as efficient as Jack.. (a worker)John is a worker as efficient as Jack..John is as efficient a worker as Jack..Man slaughter is not as/so bad as murder.parison of superiority:My botyher is three years older than I.George did more work than anyone else.He is more of a sportsman than his brother.parison of inferiority:He is less stupid than his brother. (not so common as not so…as)This is less suitable than the last house you showed me.4.He is cleverer than his brother.He is more (=rather)clever (*cleverer) than honest.He is more frightened than hurt.= He is frightened rather than hurt.He is more dead than alive.(半死不活)He is more good than bad.(=It is more accurate to say that he is good than that he is bad)I was more sorry (*sorrier) than angry at what happened.5.But with long, tall, wide, thick, high:The windows are much wider than they are high.The house is much taller than it is wide.(not: than wide)(从句不可省略主谓加强语气方法) 6.She was more than kind to all of us.I was more than surprised; I was astonished.It is more than probable than he will fail.He more than hesitated(=almost refused) to promise that.He is more than a father to her.7. comparison of superlative:1)This is the oldest theatre in London.(范围)He is the tallest of the three.This is the best beer(that) I have ever drunk.(1)最高级(2)范围(3) in, ofcf: I want a strong rope.Which is the stronger(coll, strongest)rope of the two?(如后面有限制性定语，前要加the) 2)She knew that she looked at her best in his attire. (at+one’s+-est)The river is deepest here.The river is at its deepest here.The steps are at their steepest just here.The peony was at its best.3)Everybody has been most kind.I owed her deepest(=very deep) gratitude.The letter met with the warmest reception.the best friends(最好的朋友)the best of friends(很好的朋友)the best of the friends(在这些朋友中最好的)We parted the best of friends.(我们分开时是很好的朋友)She had the sweetest of smiles.(她笑的很甜)8.Tom is the tallest student in the class.Tom is taller than any other student in the class.No other student in the class is so tall as Tom.John is leverer than Bob(is).Bob is not so clever as John.Bob is less clever than John.He is as good a student as any teacher could wish for.(=He is the best student and teacher could wish for)He is not more diligent than you are.(1.他和你一样2.他不及你)He is no more diligent than you are.(他和你一样懒惰)凡是用no more than有一个前提:后面部分一定要很清楚A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.He is no more wounded than you are.(=You are not wounded, nor is he)Chapter 4、Adverb副词1.a. Long and a long time(p.49):Long is mainly used in negative and interrogative:How long will it take to get there?It won’t take long.A long time is used in the affirmative:It would take a long time.(cf. It would take too long)如long用于肯定句中，前面一定有too,so,quite等词，否则long用于否定疑问句b. position（副词的位置）1.They secretly decided to leave the town.They decided to leave the town secretly.You know well that I can’t drive.You know that I can’t drive well.They can’t possibly leave now.（不可能）They possibly can’t leave now.（可能不）He answered the questions foolishly.(放在句后,方式状语)He foolishly answered the questions.(不应该回答的还回答,他很蠢,回答了这些问题.=He was foolish to)He completely denied it.（他极力否认，否认的态度，加强词）He denied it completely.（他全盘否认，否认的方式）Bitterly, he buried his children.(=he wes bitter to buried his children他内心的痛苦)He spoke bitterly about the treatment he received.(方式状语，因后面太长所以提前)He bitterly regretted their departure.(=very much加强语气，非常的)The expedition wes planned scientifically.(这次探险以科学的方式来计划,方式状语) Scientifically, the expedition was a success.(从…方面来看,角度状语)You may answer the next question generally.(你可以总的回答下面的问题,回答方式)You generally answer questions in too much detail.(频度副词,通常)Generally, I think you have done very well.(角度状语)2.1) Tom is here.(=he is in this room,etc. p54)Here is tome.(= He has just come.or=we’ve just found him)2)Tom comes here. (用一般现在时表习惯=It is his habit to come to this place))Here comes Tom.3. yet and still p.56Is your brother here yet? (来了没有=Has he arrived?)Is your brother still here?(走了没有=Hasn’t he left?)Have you already seen him?(that is quick)Have you seen him yet?Do you still see him?4. surly and certainly p.59That certainly/surly plain-clothes policeman.(他肯定是个…)Surely that’s a plain-clothes policeman?(=he thinks it is, but wants assurance不肯定,希望加以确认)Surlely you could pay $10?You could pay$10, surely?Surely can express surprise:Surely that’s Henry over there? I thought he was in Scotland!(哎呀,那不是…,我还以为…) “Tim failed his exam.” “Oh, no! Surely not!”(no在此处表惊讶,没有否定的意思, Surely not译为不会吧)5. only and just p.60a. He had only six apples.(只有6个)He only had ’ six apples.(口语中only放在动词前,然后重读所强调的词)b. He lent the car to me only.(仅,只)He only lent the car to ’ me.c. I believe only half of what he said.(只)I only believed ’ half of what he said.Just sign here.(=this is all you have to do)Sign just here.(=not in other place在这里签,别的地方不要签)6. fairly, rather, quite:a. used with adjectives and adverbs in favourable和褒义一起用:This film is fairly good.(还可以,如里以80分为标准,相当于60-70分)This film is quite good.(可以,还算好,72-78分之间)This film is rather good.(推荐值得一看,85分以上)He speaks english fairly well.(= He can communicate on everything subjects, but migh not able to take part in difficult discussion)b. When quite means somewhat, it strength on very, very much, according to the way it is stress: quite ’ good’quite ’ good’quite goodc. used with adjective: fast, slow, thin, thick, hot, cold, etc:This soup is fairly hot.(It suggests that the speaker likes hot soup)This soup is rather hot.(a little too hot for him)d. Tom is fairly clever, but Peter is rather stupid.You did fairly well in your exam, but Ann did rather badly.He is fairly rich, but she is rather poor.e. Rather can be used before comparatives, and before alike, like, and similar. It means “a little”, or “slightly”. Fairly can not be so used:Tom is rather like his uncle in some ways.The weather was rather worse than I had expected.The bottle is quite (=completely) empty.You are quite wrong.It’s quite extraordinary, I can’t understand it at all.f. quite means “completely”. When it is used with a word or phrase which can express the idea of completeness: all right, certain, determined, empty, full, finished, ready, tight, wrong, sure. And when is is used with a very strong adjective, adverb such as amazing, perfect, extraordinary, horrible. P.161Chapter 5、Indefinite Pronoun（不定代词）1.Everyone started raising his or her hand.(very formal)Everyone started raising his hand.(formal)Everyone started raising their hands.(informal)Has everyone got their book?Everyone enjoys it, don’t they?No one saw Tom go out, did they?Would anyone lend me their scissors?Has anyone left their luggage on the train?Everything is ready, isn’t it?Neither of them could make up his mind.(formal)Neither of them could make us their mind.(colloquial)Neither of them knew the way, did they?(colloquial)2. one:This chair is too low, I’ll sit in that(one).Which do you like? I like this(one).I like this blue one/these blue ones.*I like fresh water better than boiled one.(水不可数,所以不应用one)*This butter is better than the one we got last week.*The bed is my own one.(有own就不需用one了)*Pen became expesive if you lost many ones.(基数词后不用one)3. some:1) in affirmative sentences:They took some honey.2) when use in questions “yes” is expected:Can I have some coffee?3) in offers and requests:Would you like some wine?Will you buy some stamps?Will you lend me some money?Somebody close the door, please.Please someone close the door.(祈使句中someone属第二人称)Oh, please, someone, go in and tell her.And, bring out my hat, somebody, will you?4. either:There were roses on either side of the door.There is a door at either end of the room.If seem impossiblefor either of us to remain.(=Neither could remain)5. one another/each other p.70The tow men shook hands with one another.The three gentleman looked at each other with blank faces when those words wew uttered.Chapter 6、Interrogative疑问词1. what/howWhat is he?(什么职业)Who is he?(他是谁)How is he?(身体状况)*How much is the price of rice?*How much is his income?*How many is his telephone number?*How many is his age?*How many is the population of GZ?How much/What does it cost to get to BJ?How old is he?What is his age?What age is he?How high is your room? P.73What is the height of your room?What height is your room?What is the depth of the lake?At what depth is the wreck lying?2. which, what, whoWhat will you have to?We have gin,whisky and sherry. Which will your have?Who do you want to speak to?I want to speak to Mr Smith.We have two Smith here: John and Joe, which (of them) do you want?Teacher(to a class):Who knows the formula?Which of you knows the formula?(“of you” is essential. which不能单独做主语,后一定要有范围)Chapter 7、Personal Pronoun人称代词1.They say(=people say) a storm is coming up.They want to make this a one-way street(the authority concerned). P.79We’ll(the editorial we) now explain the next point.2. you, one as indefinite pronouns:A parent must be patient with his children.One must be patient with owns children.(more impersonal an less ofter used)You must be patient with a children.(more friendly and implies that the speaker can imagine himself in such a position)3. reflexive pronoun:1) Tom himself went to London.(colloquial口语)Tom went to London himself.(written书面语)2) I did it myself. ( =It was done by me and not by someone else.是我干的,不是别人)I did it by myself(= I did it without any help是我一个人做的,没有其它帮助)3) He ’washed himself.( 他洗澡,可能是小孩,别人帮他洗.himself做宾语. reflexive pronoun) He ’washed ’himself.( 他自己亲自,不用别人.himself做状语, emphatic pronoun)I washed and dressed and sat by the fire waiting for him.She got out of bed and began to dress herself.4) He proved to be innocent.(没有说是不是本人自己去证明的)He proved himself to be innocent.( 他个人努力去证明自己是清白的.himself做proved后置宾语.)Chapter 8、Relatival Pronoun 关系代词1.The girls who serve in he shop are the owner’s daughters.Everyone who/that know him liked him.(That is a possible alternative after all, everybod, everyone, noe one, nobody and those)The man who/whom/that I saw told me to come back today.The friend who/whom/that was travelling with could speak French.The friendwith whom I was travelling could speak French.The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.2.The stairs which/that lead to the cellar are rather slippery.The car which/that I hired borke down.All the apples that fall down are eaten by the pigs.All that glitters is not gold.There’s not much that can be done.This is the same watch (that) I lost yesterday.This is the best hotel (that) I know.There’s nothing (that) I can do for you.Is there anything in this book that is worth reading?(which is hardly ever used after all, everything, little, much, more, no and compounds of no, or after superlative)The ladder (which/that) I was standing on began to slip.The laddrer on which I was standing began to slip.(formal)3.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.(一部分特指)The boys, who wanted to play footbal, were disappointed when it rained.(全部,是男孩不是女孩) 4. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.She introduce me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before.(who is sometimes used in conversation)That block, which cost $10 million to build, has been empty for years.These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the informaion your need.The car, whose hand brake/(its hand brake) wasn’t very reliable, began to side back towards.The car, the hand brake of which, wasn’t very reliable, began to side back towards.(formal English)The car, of which the hand brake, wasn’t very reliable, began to side back towards. (formal English)Whoever gets home first starts cooking the supper.Whichever team gains the most points wins.All the book are here, you may borrow whchever you like.Whatever is to be doe must be done well.(they are both indefinite and emphatic)Chpater 9、Prepositions介词a. point点to at (away)from away from1.朝某一点去2.在某一点上3.离开某一点(动态)4.不在某个点上(静态)1.we went to Stratford/the hotel/the door.2.we stayed at home/the entrance.3.we came (away) from the theatre/ house/ bustop.4.we stayed away from home/England/the village.b. line线on/to on off off across,over along1.朝线去2.有接触3.离开4.未接触5.横过6.沿走1.The ball rolled on to the goal-line.2.Memphis is a town on the Mississippi.3.We turned off the main road.4.Zanzibar is an island off the coast of Africa.5.They drove across the frontier.6.we walked along the river bank.c. 平面on(to) on off off across,over1.去…2.在…里3. 离开…4.不在…5.横过…1.He fell on(to) the floor.2.There’s a green label on the bottle.3.He took the picture off the wall.4.That’s a place off the map.5.He took a walk across the fields.6.He looked through the window.onto = on tointo = in+tod. in type 范围in(to) in out of out of1.朝某个范围去2.在某个范围里3.离开某个范围4.在某个范围外5.穿过某个范围1.They crowded into the streets.2.I have a house in the city.3.They flew out of the country.4.He stayed out of the district.5.We went for a walk through the park.e. spacein(to) in out of out of1.朝某个范围去2.在某个范围里3.离开某个范围4.在某个范围外5.穿过某个范围1.He ran into the house.2.The food is in the cupboard.3.He climbed out of the water.4. He was out of room.5. The wind blew through the trees. f.·over1. The river is below the car.2. There are clouds above the car.3. The road is under(neath) the car.4. the roof frack is on top of the car.5. A bird hovered over us.6. A man is standing by/beside the car.out ofThe train sped towards/into/etc. the tunnel.1．I showed Bill the map.= I showed the map to Bill. I bought Janes a book.= I bought a book for Jane. We sent it to Georage.(*we sent Georage it) I sent it to him.(seldom used: I sent him it) 2．remind sb of sthHe reminded them that there were no trains after midnight.(如果一定要加的话，of the fact 放在 them 后. but,except 除外此句型)·above。

文章标题：article和chapter在英文区别第一部分：article的定义和用法1.1 article在英文中指的是“文章”或“论文”，通常用于描述一篇长篇的文字作品，可以是新闻报导、学术论文、专题报道等。

1.2 article还可以指“冠词”，即英文中的不定冠词“a”和“an”。

它们用来指代泛指的名词，而不是特指的某个名词。

1.3 article还可以用来指代在法律条文中的特定规定或条款。

第二部分：chapter的定义和用法2.1 chapter在英文中指的是“章节”或“章回”，通常用于书籍、小说、论文等文学作品中，用来划分不同主题或话题。

2.2 chapter还可以用来指代某个组织或机构的分部，或者某个较大的组织的下属部门。

第三部分：article和chapter的区别3.1 在使用上的区别3.1.1 article更多地用于描述一篇文字作品，如报导、论文等，而chapter更多地用于书籍、小说等作品的分章。

3.1.2 article还可以用来指代冠词或法律条文中的规定，而chapter通常不具有这样的用法。

3.2 在含义上的区别3.2.1 article强调的是某一具体的、完整的文字作品，而chapter强调的是作品中的一个具体的章节或分部。

第四部分：article和chapter的通联4.1 在某些情况下，article和chapter可能同时出现在同一个作品中，比如一本书的前言或概述部分可能会包含多个article，每个chapter还包含多篇article。

结论：通过对article和chapter的定义、用法、区别和通联的分析，我们可以更好地理解这两个词在英文中的具体含义和用法。

在写作或翻译中，我们需要根据具体的语境和用途来准确地使用这两个词语，以避免出现歧义或误解。

我们也可以更好地理解英文文学作品中的结构和组织方式，从而更好地欣赏和理解这些作品。

article和chapter在英文中有着不同的含义和用法，而在一些情况下，它们可能会同时出现在同一个作品中，例如在书籍、小说或者学术论文中。

冠词的定义是什么及其分类冠词的定义是什么及其分类大家除了掌握使用冠词的基本规则外，还应不拘泥于规则，注意冠词的活用。

下面是店铺给大家整理的冠词的简介，希望能帮到大家! 冠词的定义冠词(Article)是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，本身不能独立使用，只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物，它是词性中最小的一类，只有三个，一种是不定冠词(Indefinite Article)，一种是定冠词(Definite Article)。

此外也有些特定场合不用冠词，即通常所称的零冠词(Zero Article)。

其中冠词简称“art.”冠词有不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词。

冠词的分类冠词分为不定冠词"a，an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词"(/)"三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。

定冠词(例如英语中的the)用来限定这个冠词后面的名词是某个特定的事物;不定冠词(例如英语中的a/an)用来表示这个冠词后面的名词是指某一类特定事物中的一个，但具体是哪一个并不重要;部分冠词(例如法语中的du/de la)用来表示这个冠词后面的.名词的量是不确定的。

此外，在某些语言中(比如法语)，同一个名词的阳性与阴性形式，单数与复数形式的读音完全一样，通过前面不同的冠词的使用，可以让听话者区分出这个名词的不同形式。

不论这个限定性词放在被限定词或词组的前面还是后面，该限定性词总是像一顶帽子一样戴在被限定词的头上，因此这种词，诸如“the”，“a”，被称作“冠”词不定冠词表示泛指、类指，定冠词表示特指、专指、类指，零冠词表示泛指人或事物、类指。

a、an，仅用在单数可数名词前来表示“一”的意义，但不强调数目概念，只表示名词为不特定者。

定冠词the，表示名词的特定者，表示“这”·“那”·“这些”·“那些”，用在可数名词单数、复数，不可数名词前均可。

(/)则表示名词化的词或专有名词，因此单数复数均可。

高考英语语法填空冠词知识点与谓语动词表冠词(Article)是一种虚词，在句子中一般不重读，本身不能独立使用，只能与名词放在一起(一般用于名词之前 )帮助说明名词所指的人或事物，包含不定冠词(Indefinite Article)、定冠词(Definite Article)、否定冠词(Negative article)、部分冠词(Partitive article)和零冠词(Zero Article，即不用冠词)。

小编在这里整理了相关资料，希望能帮助到您。

冠词分不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种，一般无句子重音。

1)不定冠词 a，ana) a 和an 均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物中的"一个"，相当于汉语的"一"，但不强调数目观念。

b) a 用在辅音之前，an 用在元音之前。

如：a notebook 一个笔记本，a cigarette 一支香烟，an old man 一位老人，an English class 一堂英语课。

字母 u 读作[ju:]时，由于第一个音[j]是辅音，故前面用 a，不用 an。

如：a useful book 一本有用的书，a university 一所大学。

字母 h 如不发音，第一个音又是元音，前面用 an 而不用 a，如 an hour [ən'auə]一小时，an honest [ən' nist] person 一个诚实的人。

c) a 和 an 在句中分别弱读作[E]和[En]。

2)定冠词 thea)表示某一类人或事物中的"某一个"或"某一些"，相当于汉语的"这"或"那"。

b)不论单数名词或复数名词，也不论可数名词或不可数名词，前面都可以用 the。

c)在元音前读[Ti]，辅音前读[TE]。

a和the的用法区别口诀一级标题：A和The的定义与概述英语中，冠词（article）是指限定名词范围的语法元素，主要分为不定冠词a/an和定冠词the。

这两个冠词看似很简单，但在具体使用时却经常让人困惑。

本文将介绍如何准确运用a和the，并提供一个简便口诀帮助大家记住其用法。

二级标题1：不定冠词a/an的用法不定冠词a/an一般用于表示泛指或不特指的情况。

1. 单数可数名词首次出现时通常使用an，而不是a。

例如："I have an apple." 这里是使用an而不是a，因为apple以元音音素开头。

2. 单数可数名词遵循辅音音素的发音规则，在前述例子中若将apple改成banana，则应该写作"I have a banana." 因为banana以辅音音素/b/开头。

3. 大多数以元音字母开头的非计量单位（例如hour, honest, university）也使用an作为前缀。

4. 不可数名词通常不能使用不定冠词a/an修饰。

例如："I want to drink water" 而非 "I want to drink a water."5. 在表示"每一"的意思时，不定冠词可用于复数名词前。

例如："They go to the gym twice a week." 这里的a week表示每周两次。

二级标题2：定冠词the的用法定冠词the则用于特指或已提及过的事物，有以下几种情况：1. 特指某一具体事物或人。

例如："The book on the table is mine." 这里的the表明书籍是特指桌上那本。

2. 当名词刚刚被提及过，再次出现时则使用定冠词the。

例如："I saw a boy in the park. The boy was playing football." 第一次提到boy时使用了不定冠词a，而第二次出现则需使用the，表示这个特定的男孩。

限定词（二）：冠词与专有名词、普通名词的搭配及其它用法冠词（Article）是最典型的限定词。

1. 冠词与专有名词1) 由于专有名词带有确定特指的意义，通常不带冠词。

例如：Adam Smith，Abraham Lincoln，Russia，Europe (基本用法)2) 若在专有名词之前带有表示职业的词语（修饰限定），这种词组大多带定冠词。

例如：the poet Gray（诗人葛雷），the publisher Collins出版商科林斯李平：哪个李平？诗人李平，黑旋风李逵CF: “职业+人名”被视为永久荣誉的结合，便不带冠词（主要用法）。

如：Nurse Cavell，Guard Richardson家庭成员之间关系的称呼：Mum, Dad, Son,3) 专有名词前若带有限制性修饰语，通常带定冠词。

例如：the elder Pitt大皮特，the young Shakespeare年青莎士比亚the New China新中国，the earliest London最早期的伦敦若以上词语已成为一个新的专有名词，便不用冠词。

例如：Roman Britain罗马时期，Medieval England中世纪的英格兰，Tiny Tim小提姆（艺术家），Bloody Mary残忍的玛丽女王技巧：大多专有人名不带VS 专有名词前有修饰限定要带“职业+ 人名”永久结合不用带.若人名前有正式头衔titles，冠词的用法视情况而定：大多数英国头衔和外国头衔不带冠词。

（比较正式地谈及某人或为了表示尊敬，在姓前/全名前使用头衔）例如：Dr Johnson杰克逊博士，Earl Marshal(马歇尔伯爵)，King Edward爱德华国王，Queen Victoria维多利亚女王，Father Brown布朗神父，Captain Scott斯科特海军上校Monsieur Hercule Poirot波洛阁下，Madame Lee from Hong Kong香港的李夫人许多外国头衔和某些英国头衔带定冠词（即带同位语）。

冠词的用法小结冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。

英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。

an。

a是不定冠词，仅用在单数可数名词前面，表示“一”的意义，但不强调数目观念。

a用在以辅音（指辅音音素）开头的词前，an用在以元音（指元素音素）the是定冠词，如果泛指某物,用a,/an,开头的词前。

修饰特指名词翻译成“这个”。

具体指某物的话，用the.注意：（1）当我们使用an时，条件有三：①这个名词的读音必须是以元音音素开头--即它的音标的第一个音素是元音，而不是说它是以元音字母开头。

②它必须是个可数名词。

③它还必须是个单数名词。

我们经常见到这类用法：a university一所大学an hour一个小时an XXX一只桔子an engineer一名工程师an ordinary man一个通俗人an XXX一名诚笃的人a boy。

a city。

a girl。

a useful animal。

an old man。

an honest boy。

a bad apple。

a XXX。

auniversity(固然u是元音字母，但不读元音)。

XXX一个小时(固然h不是元音，但单词读音是元音开首)不定冠词有a和an两种：a用于子音音素开首的词前，an用于元音音素开首的词前。

比方：a boy。

a city。

a girl。

a useful animal。

an old man。

an honest boy。

a bad apple。

a XXX,auniversity(虽然u是元音字母，但不读元音),anhour一个小时(虽然h不是元音，但单词读音是元音开头)1．指某类人或事物中的任何一个。

XXX.A car runs faster than a XXX.2）指人或事物,用来表示“—”的意思，但不强调数的观念，只说明名词为不特定者。

冠词归纳总结大全冠词，是英语中常用的一类词汇，用于修饰名词或名词词组，起到限定或具体化名词义的作用。

在英语学习中，掌握冠词的正确用法对于语言的准确表达非常重要。

本文将对冠词的用法进行归纳总结，并给出具体的例子，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握冠词的用法。

一、定冠词（Definite Article）定冠词指的是“the”，表示特定、具体的人或物。

其用法如下：1. 指特定的人或物例如：I saw the girl who always sits in the front row.（我看到了那个总是坐在前排的女孩。

）2. 指上文或上下文中已经提到过的人或物例如：Did you eat the apple I left on the table?（你吃了我放在桌子上的那个苹果吗？）3. 表示一类事物（用于复数名词和泛指的单数名词）例如：The birds are singing in the trees.（鸟儿们正在树上唱歌。

）二、不定冠词（Indefinite Article）不定冠词有两个，分别是“a”和“an”，表示不特定、泛指的人或物。

其用法如下：1. a用于发音以辅音音素开头的词前，an用于发音以元音音素开头的词前例如：I bought an umbrella yesterday.（昨天我买了一把伞。

）2. 表示一类人或物例如：A doctor should treat patients with care.（医生应该对病人负责。

）3. 表示数目未知的人或物（用于单数可数名词前）例如：I need to buy a new computer.（我需要买一台新电脑。

）三、零冠词（Zero Article）某些情况下，名词前不使用任何冠词，被称为零冠词。

其用法如下：1. 表示一般、泛指的人或物例如：Dogs are loyal animals.（狗是忠诚的动物。

）2. 用于复数名词前表示泛指例如：I like playing sports.（我喜欢运动。

冠词的用法总结大全英语语法学习中,我们一定要掌握冠词的用法,下面是我为大家整理出的冠词用法总结,希望可以帮助到大家!冠词的定义冠词(Article)是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，本身不能独立使用，只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物，它是英语词性中最小的一类，只有三个，一种是不定冠词(Indefinite Article)，一种是定冠词(Definite Article)。

此外也有些特定场合不用冠词，即通常所称的零冠词(Zero Article)。

其中冠词简称art.冠词有不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词。

冠词用法冠词作为一种虚词，在英语中只能和名词一起使用。

英语中的冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词。

1.不定冠词的用法不定冠词有两个，a 和an。

a用在辅音开头的单词前面;an用于以元音开头的单词前。

如：a book, an apple。

1) 不定冠词用在但数可数名词前表示“某一个”。

如：There is a policeman at the door.门口有个警察。

2) 不定冠词用在单数可数名词之前，表示“任何，每个”。

如：A car must be insured.汽车一定要上保险。

A soldier must obey orders.军人必须服从命令。

3) 不定冠词用于头一次出现的单数名词之前。

如：There is a box in the room. The box is heavy.房间里有个箱子。

这个箱子很重。

4) 不定冠词和名词连用作表语或同位语，主要说明某个人或东西所属类别。

如：She is a teacher. 她是个老师。

We all thought him a suitable person for the job.我们都认为他是适合做这个项目的人。

5) 定冠词用在价格、速度、比率等短语中。

如：six kilometers an hour 每小时60公里3 times a day 每天三次6) 不定冠词用在专有名词前。

冠名词知识点总结冠名词（Article）是英语中的一类专有词汇，用来修饰名词，起到指明特指或泛指的作用。

在英语中，一共有三种冠名词，分别是定冠词（the）、不定冠词（a/an）和零冠词（zero article）。

掌握冠名词的使用规则和特点，对于理解和运用英语语法具有非常重要的意义。

本文将从定义、种类、用法和注意事项等方面对冠名词进行详细的总结。

一、定冠词定冠词（the）是英语中唯一的一种定冠词，在句子中可以用来指明特指的名词，也可以用来与特定名词连用。

1. 用法（1）与特指名词连用The是用来指明特指名词的，即说话者和听话者都知道这个名词是哪个，或者在上下文中有提及。

比如，The books on the desk are mine.（桌上的书是我的。

）（2）与特定名词连用The还可以用在特定名词前面，表示这个名词是上文所提到的某个具体事物。

比如，I met the girl who you mentioned yesterday.（我昨天见过你提到的那个女孩。

）2. 注意事项定冠词的用法相对较灵活，但是在使用的时候需要注意以下几个方面：（1）用在某些固定短语中比如，at the same time（同时）、in the end（最后）、on the whole（总的来说）等。

（2）用在单数名词复数名词前面比如，the news（新闻）、the Chinese（中国人）等。

（3）用在姓氏前面比如，the Smiths（史密斯一家）。

二、不定冠词不定冠词有两种形式，分别是a和an，用来指示泛指的名词。

1. 用法（1）用在单数可数名词前面不定冠词用在名词前面，表示这个名词代表的是泛指的一个东西。

比如，I want to buy a book.（我想买一本书。

）（2）用在以辅音音素开头的单词前面当名词以辅音音素（consonant sound）开头的时候，要使用a。

比如，a book（一本书）、a pen（一支笔）。

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冠词的用法一.冠词概述英语中，冠词（Article）是虚词,在句中不需要重读.本身不能单独使用,也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。

冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两种。

不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前面，表示“一”的意义，但不强调数目观念，只表示名词为不特定者。

定冠词则表示名词为特定者，表示“这”，“那”，“这些”，“那些”的意思，在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。

冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。

表示名词的数量或者特征。

二．冠词的分类冠词分为不定冠词"a，an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词"(/)"三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。

三．不定冠词的用法1.表示泛指，指某类人或事物中的“一个”。

以元音音素开头单词前用不定冠词an。

例：Can you lend me an umbrella？以辅音音素开头的单词前用不定冠词a。

例：His mother is a nurse.2.表示人或物的某一种类，强调整体，即以其中的一个代表一类例：A horse runs faster than an elephant.3.指某人或某物（不是指某一类），但不具体说明何人或何物（一般译为“一”）。

例：A girl is looking for you.4.表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有One强烈（一般译为“一”）例：I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.5.表示单位，相当于“每”的意思例：We have six classes a day.6.用在固定搭配中。

例：a lot of， a little of， a few，a bit等省略用法1．在不引起误会的情况下，两个并列名词中的后一个名词前的不定冠词可以省略：The noun is the name of a person or thing. 名词是人和物的名称。

冠词和不定冠词的用法区别冠词和不定冠词是英语中常见的语法现象。

它们在句子中扮演着重要的角色，帮助我们确定名词的具体含义和范围。

然而，对于很多学习者来说，区分两者的使用方式并不容易。

本文将详细介绍冠词和不定冠词的用法区别，并提供一些例句加以说明。

一、冠词（Definite Articles）1. 用法简介：冠词分为定冠词(definite article) 和不定冠词(indefinite article) 两种形式。

而在这两种形式中，我们首先讨论的是定冠词 ("the") 的用法。

- 定义或特指某个事物或人；- 泛指一类事物或人。

2. 特点：定冠词 "the" 区别于其他类型的冠词，它有以下几个特点：- "the" 只有一个形式，在单数与复数名词前都通用；- "the" 常常与特定名次搭配使用，表示特指某个事物或人；- "the" 还可以与某些固定短语中的名次连用。

3. 例句说明：下面通过例句来更好地理解定冠词的用法：a) "The cat is sitting on the roof."（这只猫坐在屋顶上。

）在这个例句中，我们使用了定冠词 "the" 来表示特指屋顶上的那只猫。

b) "I want to buy the book you recommended."（我想要买你推荐的书。

）在这个例句中，我们使用了定冠词 "the" 来特指所讨论的那本书。

二、不定冠词（Indefinite Articles）1. 用法简介：不定冠词是描述数量、身份或者属性等相对模糊的名词前常用的一种形式。

英语中唯一的不定冠词是 "a" 和 "an"。

- 指示单个事物或人；- 泛指某类事物或人；- 表示数字表达方式中一个事物。

冠词的用法总结大全英语语法学习中,我们一定要掌握冠词的用法,下面是我为大家整理出的冠词用法总结,希望可以帮助到大家!冠词的定义冠词(Article)是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，本身不能独立使用，只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物，它是英语词性中最小的一类，只有三个，一种是不定冠词(Indefinite Article)，一种是定冠词(Definite Article)。

此外也有些特定场合不用冠词，即通常所称的零冠词(Zero Article)。

其中冠词简称"art."冠词有不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词。

冠词用法冠词作为一种虚词，在英语中只能和名词一起使用。

英语中的冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词。

1.不定冠词的用法不定冠词有两个，a 和 an。

a用在辅音开头的单词前面;an用于以元音开头的单词前。

如：a book, an apple。

1) 不定冠词用在但数可数名词前表示“某一个”。

如：There is a policeman at the door.门口有个警察。

2) 不定冠词用在单数可数名词之前，表示“任何，每个”。

如：A car must be insured.汽车一定要上保险。

A soldier must obey orders.军人必须服从命令。

3) 不定冠词用于头一次出现的单数名词之前。

如：There is a box in the room. The box is heavy.房间里有个箱子。

这个箱子很重。

4) 不定冠词和名词连用作表语或同位语，主要说明某个人或东西所属类别。

如：She is a teacher. 她是个老师。

We all thought him a suitable person for the job.我们都认为他是适合做这个项目的人。

5) 定冠词用在价格、速度、比率等短语中。

如：six kilometers an hour 每小时60公里3 times a day 每天三次6) 不定冠词用在专有名词前。

art形容词和名词
art是冠词、名词、形容词、动词。

art是冠词article的缩写。

art本身还可做形容词、动词和名词。

art作形容词时意为“艺术的；艺术品的；具有艺术性的”。

艺术的
eg：我心中激起了一种对艺术的热爱。

A love of art was kindled in me.
艺术品的
eg：一件艺术品的象征意义。

The iconology of a work of art.
art作名词时意为“艺术；美术；艺术品；技术，技巧；人文学科”。

艺术;美术
eg：She teaches art history. 她教授艺术史。

艺术品;美术品
eg：There has never been an exhibition of African Art ever held in our small town. 在我们小镇上从没举办过非洲美术品展览。

技巧
Communicating with others is an art。

与他人交流是一技巧。

人文学科
Many girl students are good at arts。

许多女生擅长人文学科。

art作动词时意为“是（be的变体）”。

art是冠词article的缩写。