俄罗斯英文介绍 Russia

THE MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA
• 3. Additional Reforms • a. Local assemblies (zemstvos) were established. • b. The legal system was reformed. Independent courts were established. Equality before the law was declared.
THE MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA
• B. The "Great Reforms" • 1. The Crimean War (1853-56) sped up the modernization of Russia
– a. Russia's defeat showed how badly the country had fallen behind the industrializing West. – b. The war also created the need for reforms because its hardships led to the threat of peasant uprisings.
THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF RUSSIA
• 1. The assassination of Alexander II (1881) brought political reform to an end, but economic reform surged onward. • He is succeeded by his son Alexander III
THE REVOLUTION OF 1905
• Imperialist ambitions brought defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905 and political upheaval at home. • (Russo-Japanese War)
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THE MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA
• 2. Serfdom was still the basic social institution of agrarian 19th century Russia. It was abolished in 1861; collective ownership of the land was established.
RUSSIA
THE MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA
• A. Russia's rulers saw nationalism as a potential challenge to the Empire and realized that Russia's survival depended upon adoption of "modernization.''
THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF RUSSIA
• 2. Economic reform was carried out by Sergei Witte, the minister of finance from 1892 to 1903. • a. Railroad construction stimulated the economy and inspired nationalism and imperialism. The most-notable construction was the transSiberian line. • b. Protective tariffs were raised. • c. Foreign ideas and money were
THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF RUSSIA
• 3. Nicholas II (1894 – 1917)
– Became tsar at age 26 on the sudden death of his father, Alexander III. Not really ready for the job because most expected Alexander to live another 20 to 30 years. Left much of the economic reforms to Sergei Witte. Relied on his wife Alexandra of Hesse and was a devoted family man – Hated democracy and turned his back on political reforms. (He had seen his grandfather assassinated.) – More pogroms – Despised by most Russians
THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF RUSSIA
• Alexander III was second in line to the throne after his older brother Nicholas. On his deathbed in 1865, Nicholas asked Alexander to marry his fiancé, Dagmar of Denmark (sister of Alexandra, wife of Edward of England) – a happy marriage. • Became very reactionary after his father’s assassination. Tried to suppress the Nihilists. Also Alexander engaged in anti-semitism – supporting pogroms. Became the anti-reformer of politically liberal ideas.