论文中常用词汇和短语

中文写作中的常用词汇和短语中文写作是表达思想、交流信息的重要方式之一，词汇和短语的使用在文章中起着至关重要的作用。

本文将介绍一些常用的中文写作词汇和短语，帮助读者提升写作能力。

一、描写人物1. 形容外貌：清秀、英俊、高大、矮小、苗条、肥胖、白净、黝黑、五官端正、双眼明亮等。

2. 形容性格：善良、诚实、勇敢、忍耐、聪明、乐观、坚强、机智、幽默等。

3. 人物动作：走路轻盈、笑容满面、眉头紧锁、眼睛闪烁、迈着坚定的步伐等。

二、描述地点1. 形容城市：繁华、拥挤、喧闹、充满活力、现代化、美丽、宜居等。

2. 形容自然景观：高山峻岭、清澈的湖水、细腻的沙滩、飘扬的麦浪、郁郁葱葱的森林等。

3. 描述室内环境：温馨、整洁、宽敞、明亮、装饰典雅、舒适等。

三、叙述事件1. 时间先后顺序：首先、然后、接着、最后、期间、随后、之后、现在、过去等。

2. 表达转折：然而、但是、不过、尽管、虽然、却、反而、与此同时等。

3. 引起结果和原因：因此、所以、以致、因为、由于、由此可见、毫无疑问等。

四、列举事物1. 类别：例如、比如、列举、包括、其中等。

2. 分类：分为、主要有、分别是、属于等。

3. 总结：总的来说、总而言之、综上所述、简而言之等。

五、论述观点1. 表达观点：我认为、在我看来、据我所知、可以肯定地说等。

2. 强调重要性：非常重要、十分必要、不可或缺、关键因素等。

3. 表示转变：逐渐地、渐渐地、从……到……、另一方面等。

六、总结文章1. 总结全文：总的来说、综上所述、归纳起来、总而言之等。

2. 提出建议：我建议、我们可以、应该、希望等。

3. 祝福或希望：祝福、期望、希望、祝愿等。

以上只是常用词汇和短语的一部分，在中文写作中的使用还取决于具体的文章内容和表达方式。

通过熟练掌握这些词汇和短语，并找到合适的场景进行运用，可以让文章更加流畅、准确、生动。

希望本文对提升中文写作能力有所帮助。

英语作文单词在英语作文中，使用恰当的词汇是非常重要的。

以下是一些常用的英语作文单词，可以帮助你提高写作水平：1. Academic Vocabulary (学术词汇)- Analyze (分析)- Hypothesize (假设)- Synthesize (综合)- Evaluate (评估)2. Descriptive Adjectives (描述性形容词)- Spectacular (壮观的)- Serene (宁静的)- Ambiguous (模糊的)- Exquisite (精致的)3. Linking Words (连接词)- Furthermore (此外)- However (然而)- Therefore (因此)- Consequently (结果)4. Transition Words (过渡词)- Additionally (另外)- Nonetheless (尽管如此)- Meanwhile (与此同时)- Alternatively (或者)5. Adverbs of Degree (程度副词)- Significantly (显著地)- Gradually (逐渐地)- Largely (大部分)- Partially (部分地)6. Nouns for Writing (写作名词)- Perspective (视角)- Argument (论点)- Narrative (叙述)- Conclusion (结论)7. Verbs for Essays (论文动词)- Illustrate (说明)- Assert (断言)- Propose (提议)- Elaborate (详细说明)8. Common Collocations (常用搭配)- Make a difference (产生影响)- Come to a conclusion (得出结论) - Deal with (处理)- Focus on (集中于)9. Phrasal Verbs (短语动词)- Look into (调查)- Come across (偶遇)- Carry out (执行)- Break down (分解)10. Idiomatic Expressions (习语表达)- Break the ice (打破沉默)- Bite the bullet (硬着头皮)- The ball is in your court (球在你的场地，即由你决定)使用这些单词时，注意它们在句子中的恰当位置和语法结构。

英语论文中常用词汇和短语[精品] 英语论文中常用词汇和短语差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup differenceNo statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. AlthoughMMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalenceIn contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrumdid not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize,clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate,illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal,display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply,disclose，report,describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening，isolation改变change, alteration,高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,广泛的in an extensive survey进行conducte， perform, carry out,降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression,deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completelyabsent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous andweaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable ordramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barelydetectable, no expression was found,角色，起作用role, part (limited, potential, early, possible role)，serve antiapoptotic functions可能性feasibility密切地intimately难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,缩写abbreviations识别，辨别discernment事件Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.a putative tumor initiating eventa (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesa common event associated with the mechanisms ofa common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapya common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicantsa common event (that occurs) during apoptosis is……acommon event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastictransformation that directly or indirectly involves activation ofspecific tyrosine kinase signaling pathways a common event through whicha common event in vivoa rather common event of unknown biological significancea common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrationsa common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significancea common event contributing toarare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient,initiation,stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory,early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward,upstream, irreversible, very frequent event提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in 调节(失调，上调，下调)dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,推测 presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong,striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential,prevalence, prevalent,相关性related, more relevant with ，the relevance ofno intergroup difference，irrespective ofThere was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.wedid not find any correlation between bax expression and anyclinicopathologic parameters(sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade,histological type).相同，同等并列The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the statusof FOXO3a itselfwith a similar pattern to协同，加强synergize with研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial,observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigationinto, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine,test, assess, evaluate, explore,一致which is in accord with the resultswhich corroborated the resultswhich supported the results优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental异常aberration, abnormality重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反On the contrary,In contrary,but quite on the contraryin sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expected Contrary to the expectation that Contrary to previous beliefs, Contrary to the hypothesis,Contrary to current popular truisms Contrary to current cognitive theories, However, contrary to expectation,…….Contrary to predictions,…in contrast to previous observations…Contrary to prediction,……Contrary to most previous claims, 与一起in combination with, coupled with 由于、鉴于In light ofIn view that常用翻译技巧转自[译天下]英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

一些英文sci论文常用的句式和短语Introducing your workThe study will begin by outlining...This study addresses a number of issues...Chapters X and X concentrate on...The following section sets out......to examine the research problem in detail...to shed light on a number of problem areas in current theoryThe paper presented here is based in part on an earlier study Defining the scope of your studyThe focus of the study is...The central question to be examined in this paper is...The study is important for a number of reasons:Present understanding of...is limited.Many authors would agree that...Previous studies have shown or suggested that...The problem has been much discussed in recent literature.This approach has a number of advantages: firstly,...The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that...A fuller discussion of...will appear in a later publication.Arguing for and againstThis point is particularly relevant to...This becomes clear when one examines...This lends weight to the argument that...Support for this interpretation comes from...To put it another way,...This raises the question whether...While it may well be valid that..., this study argues the importance of... This begs the question why...A serious drawback of this approach is...One of the prime failings of this theory or explanation is...Reviewing other workX's study is a textbook example of...X's work has had a profound influence on...The study contains a number of new and important insights:X makes a strong case for...X takes little or no account of...There is little evidence to suggest that...It is very much an oversimplification to...The study offers only cursory examination of...X gives a detailed if not always tenable analysis of...The authors' claim that...is not well founded.X's explanation is not implausible, if not entirely satisfactory.Analysis and explanationOne tentative proposal might be that...If, for the sake of argument, we assume...One of the most obvious consequences of...is...This would appear to be supported by...There is some evidence to suggest that...The importance of...is demonstrated clearly by...Although it may well be true that..., it is important not to overlook...It is important to distinguish carefully between...It is not necessarily the case that...The extent to which this reflects...is unclear.A more plausible explanation for or of...would...The reason for...is unknown, but...has been suggested by X as a possible factor. Summary and conclusionsConcluding this section, we can say that...Chapter X draws together the main findings of the paper.The study has gone some way towards understanding...A number of key issues have been addressed in this study.The results lend strong support to...This study has highlighted a number of problem areas in existing theory. While the initial findings are promising, further research is necessary.This raises a number of questions for future research.The results of this study suggest a number of new avenues for research.英文文章常用表达和写法1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by…2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are …3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristicsof xx…4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上… 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原则也5.已经采用了：have adopted …6.近年来：in recent years7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。

高考英语议论文写作常用词汇短语高考英语议论文写作常用词汇短语导语：高考英语的.学习不仅需要知识的积累与运用，同时也需要掌握一定的技巧和方法。

高考英语议论文写作，开头提出问题，主体陈述不同的观点及其理由，结尾说明自己观点。

以下是店铺为大家精心整理的高考英语议论文写作常用词汇短语，欢迎大家参考！高考英语议论文写作常用连接词表递进moreover, in addition, what is more，furthermore, also, then, besides, etc. 表转折however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc. 表层次on the one hand, ... on the other hand; first, ... second, ... finally; 表强调firstly, ... secondly, ... finally ...; first, ... then ... etc.表强调in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently, 表结果evidently, first of all, undoubtedly, without any shadow of doubt, etc. 表结尾therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc. 表例举in a word, in conclusion, therefore, in short, to sum up, etc.表强调still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also,above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly.表比较like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表对比by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but,conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表列举for example, for instance, such as, take ...for example. Except (for), to illustrate.高考英语议论文写作常用词汇短语总起:Different people hold different opinions.Opinions are divided.People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards …People have different opinions on this problem.People take different views on this question.表达不同观点:…of them hold the opinion that ….…of them are in favor of the idea that…People who are for/against the idea think …Some people believe that…. Others argue that …不同观点之间的衔接:However, …of them hold a different view. / …of them hold the opposite opinion.People who are against it don’t think so.However, each coin has two sides.Different from those…., …people think ….On the other hand, … people object that ….下载全文。

公文材料常用词汇、短语一览1、“以、为XX”：为基础（基点）、为核心（中心）、为根本、为重点、为举措（手段）、为载体（平台）、为保障（保证\后盾）、为契机、为总揽、为抓手、为目标、为动力、为依托、为突破、为目的、为关键、为先导、为宗旨、为支撑、为指导、为导向、为方向、为驱动、为主体、为补充、为标准、为主线、为主题。

2、三字“为”：为立足点、为出发点、为切入点、突破口、为落脚点、闪光点、结合点、根本点、增长点、着力点、动力点、关键点。

3、三字“于”：立足于、着眼于、贯穿于、4、“渐进类” 词语：日益、日趋、日惭、日臻、不断、逐步、稳步、深化、深入、推进、推动、促进、5、“建立类及程度类”词语：探索、实行、建立、健全、构建、打造、争创、创建、规范、完善、创新、强化、加大、加强、加快、加速、加紧、严格、突出。

6、“四导” ：宣传倡导、服务指导、示范引导、监管督导。

7、“新XXX”：新机制、新路子、新模式、新环境、新载体、新途径、新突破、新优势、新方向、新跨越、新发展、新趋势、新期待、新局面、新格局、新成就、新变化、新面貌、新8、吹响集结号、齐奏交响乐、共谱和谐曲。

9、念好联字经、架起连心桥、铺就致富路、奏响和谐曲。

10、组合类：探索新路子、创新新模式、实现新突破、推动新跨越、促进新发展、11、建立工作新机制、明确发展新方向、拓展增收新途径、积聚建设新优势、探索试点新路子。

12、启示类：两字类：是前提、是基础、是关键、是核心、是保证。

四字类：前提条件、基础保证、关键环节、核心所在、有效举措、重要手段、有效载体、13、时期类：关键时期、重要时期、攻坚时期、14、重要类：重要源泉、重要支撑、重要因素、重要阶段、重要力量、重点途径15、战略机遇期、发展加速期、结构转型期、攻坚爬坡期机关公文常用词句大全常用之“ 新“：新水平、新境界、新举措、新发展、新突破、新成绩、新成效、新方法、新成果、新形势、新要求、新期待、新关系、新体制、新机制、新知识、新本领、新进展、新实践、新风貌、新事物、新高度。

初中生作文常用词汇和短语积累作文是学生在学习过程中经常要写的一种文字表达形式，它能够锻炼学生的语言表达能力和思维逻辑能力。

在初中阶段，学生们需要掌握一些常用的词汇和短语，以便能够用更加准确丰富的语言表达自己的观点和思想。

以下是初中生作文常用词汇和短语的积累。

一、表示观点和意见1.我认为……2.在我看来……3.依我之见……4.我坚信……5.据我所知……6.对我来说……7.我觉得……8.据我观察……9.以我个人经验来看……10.我深信……二、表示转折和对立1.然而……3.相反地……4.与此相反……5.尽管如此……6.事实上……7.到底……8.然而，与此同时……9.不过……10.尽管如此，但……三、表示因果关系和结果1.因此……2.所以……3.因而……4.由此可见……5.因为……所以……6.由于……7.结果……9.导致了……10.由此引起了……四、表示时间和顺序1.首先……2.然后……3.接着……4.最后……5.之后……6.同时……7.在此之前……8.随着时间的推移……9.过了一会儿……10.最初……五、表示比较和对比1.与……相比……2.与……相对而言……4.与之相反……5.与……相似的是……6.与之不同的是……7.就……而言……8.不同于……9.虽然……但是……六、表示举例和递进1.例如……2.比如说……3.以……为例……4.具体来说……5.进一步说……6.更重要的是……7.再举一个例子……8.此外……9.最为重要的是……10.更进一步地说……七、表示总结和结论1.总之……2.总而言之……3.综上所述……4.在总体上……5.总的来说……6.因此，可以得出……7.由此可见……8.带着这些观点，我可以说……八、表示感叹和惊讶1.真是太棒了！2.真是令人惊叹！3.太神奇了！4.这简直是太不可思议了！5.太不可思议了！6.这让我感到惊讶！7.真是意想不到！8.太奇妙了！以上是初中生作文常用词汇和短语的积累。

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先保证五、领导名言*＊务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄、不躁昀作风，务必使同志们继续地保持艰苦奋斗的作风科技是第一生产力人才是科学发展的第一资源人人都可以成才不拘一格选用人才*＊创新是一个民族进步的灵魂,是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力＊＊各级领导干部要做到权为民所用、情为民所系、利为民所谋＊＊胡锦涛在昆明中铁大型养路机械集团公司考察时,向公司的干部职工提出:希望你们大力推动技术进步、大力开发新型产品、大力开拓国际市场、大力降低经营成本，打造世界一流的铁路养护装备制造企业，努力开辟企业发展新天地＊*各级党委政府要树立强烈的人才意识，各级领导干部要有思贤若渴的爱才之心、伯乐相马的识才之智、海纳百川的容才之量、知人善任的用才之艺，切实把人才工作放到更加突出的战略位置,摆上重要的议事日程，千方百计做好发现、培养、凝聚人才的工作。

evidence的用法及短语evidence是英语中一个常用的词汇，代表着证据、证明物或迹象。

它在各个领域都有广泛应用，包括法律领域、科学研究、学术论文以及日常生活中。

本文将探讨evidence的用法和一些常见的相关短语。

一、evidence的含义与用法1. 含义Evidence指的是可被用来支持某个观点、结论或论证的任何事实材料。

它可以是直接观察得出的，也可以通过推理间接得出。

2. 在法律领域中的应用在法庭上，提供充分和可信的证据对于辩护方和控方都至关重要。

例如，在刑事案件中，检察官需要提交足够的证据来证明被告人犯罪；而辩护律师则需要提供证据来证明被告人无罪。

3. 在科学研究中的应用在科学研究中，往往需要经过严格的实验证明或数据分析才能支持某个假设或理论。

科学家使用实验结果作为他们工作有效性和准确性的依据，并通过发布研究论文来传播这些证据。

4. 在学术写作中的应用在学术写作中，evidence是支持和加强你的观点或论证的关键。

它可以通过引用他人的研究结果、使用统计数据或举例等方式来提供。

5. 在日常生活中的应用除了专业领域外，evidence也在我们日常生活中起着重要作用。

比如，在做决策时，我们往往需要根据现有的证据来做出判断。

而且，evidence也帮助我们在面对争议时更好地理解问题，并为自己提供就此表达意见的理由。

二、一些常见的与evidence相关的短语1. Present evidence (提交证据/呈现证据)在法庭上，当双方律师进行辩论时，他们必须准备并提交充分的证据来支持各自立场。

"Present evidence"指代递交证明材料供法庭审查。

2. Supporting evidence (支撑性证据)Supporting evidence是指通过实验证明或数据分析所得出的与研究目标一致和相关联的证据。

它有助于增加一个主张、观点或结论被接受和相信的可信度。

3. Strong evidence (强有力的证据)Strong evidence指的是那些非常具有说服力、能够清晰地支持某个观点或论断的证据。

论文写作中的常用词汇和表达方式在学术界和研究领域，论文写作是孜孜以求的一项重要技能。

不仅需具备深厚的学术素养，还要掌握合适的词汇和表达方式，以确保准确传达研究思想和结论。

本文将探讨论文写作中常用的词汇和表达方式，帮助读者提高学术写作的能力。

1. 引言部分在论文的引言部分，需要明确指出研究的目的和背景，同时提供一个准确而吸引人的导语，以吸引读者的兴趣。

以下是一些可以用来描述目的和背景的常用词汇和表达方式：- 为了解决/探索/分析…问题（To address/examine/analyze the problem of...）- 近年来，对于...的兴趣日益增加（In recent years, there has been a growing interest in...）- 鉴于...的重要性，有必要...（Given the importance of..., it is necessary to...）- 该研究旨在提供深入的了解...（This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of...）2. 文献综述部分在文献综述部分，需要对已有研究进行评述和比较，展示自己的研究与已有研究之间的联系和差异。

以下是一些可以用来进行评述和比较的常用词汇和表达方式：- 许多研究已经表明...（Numerous studies have shown that...）- 与之前的研究相比，本研究的主要贡献在于...（Compared to previous studies, the main contribution of this research lies in...） - 虽然已经有研究探讨了...，但对于...的了解仍然有限（Although research has been conducted on..., our understanding of... remains limited） - 大部分研究侧重于...，而本研究将重点放在...上（Most studies have focused on..., whereas this research focuses on...）3. 方法部分在方法部分，需要准确描述用于研究的方法和实验设计。

英语写作常用词汇和短语转换：merit/benefitdemerit/drawbacksput forwardplay an important/a significant role in…have a profound influence/effect onhave positive/negative effectsalong/together with the development of science and technology，as the development of science and technology accelerates，a good/large/growing/an increasing number of peopleexploreenlarge/expand one‘s knowledgewiden one‘s horizonscultivate/fosterone‘s ability/capability/competencepersonalityprovide sb. with sth.convenient = of conveniencesignificant = of significancenevertheless，/nonetheless，/ on the other handfor instance，take sth. as an exampleaccelerate globalizationInternet provides a convenient platform. for people to communicate directly.working efficiencyimpair/damage people‘s healthdo damage toincurto sum up/in general/on the whole/in this sense/in conclusionenter an era/age of information/technologyserious/pressing/prominent/acute problemconfront/face sb./sth.There are also/also exist some pressing problems confronting us/which confront us.=However，we are also confronted/faced with some serious problems，one of which is traffic problem.realize/be aware/conscious of the seriousness of the issueIn this essay，I will concentrate on/focus on/dwell on/explore the causes of this problem and find out effective solutions to it.cause/factor ofsolution/suggestioncontribute toThe rapid increase of vehicles contributes mainly to the traffic issue.account for占据/解释…的原因environmentjuvenile delinquencypay sufficient/adequate attention to/lay emphasis on/ pay heed tolaw/regulationprohibit/forbid/ban/restraininfluence/affect effecthave negative/positive effects onraise/enhance/promote the awareness ofcrack down on/upon(对…严加处置或限制) crimesjoin hands in doing=join hands to domake joint efforts to do/do one‘s utmost to do…put emphasis on sth.=give priority toeliminate/eradicate/get rid of illiteracy/povertysolve/handle/tackle/deal with/cope withexplore the issue from diverse perspectiveseffective/ efficient/ constructive countermeasurecity dwellers = citizenscollege graduatesin the colleges = on college campusesproper = appropriatelackHe lacks experience.For lack of experience， he was fired.as = since = now that = in thatso = as such， = consequently， = as a result，Every metal has its reverse.pros and consadvocatebelieve = assert = argue = contend = insist = demonstrate = illustrate = hold = hold the opinion that… = be of the opinion that…be popular = be pervasive = gain the popularityon one hand，…… on the other hand.= for one thing，…… for another，to begin with，= in the first place，= first and foremostwhat‘s else，= what’s more，= in addition，= at the second thought，last but not least，frankly speaking，= generally speaking，= directly speaking，directly or indirectly，= ，one way or another，I will，directly or indirectly，explore the issue.hold waterdirection = compassa hard issue to solve = a hard nut to crack。

学术论文常用词汇学术论文的语言表达一、时态时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时需要注意的语法In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.二、数词数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数单数复数criterion criteria 依据phenomenon phenomena 现象medium media 介质radius radii 半径index indices 指数appendix appendices 附录stimulus stimuli 刺激basis bases 基础2synthesis syntheses 合成matrix matrices 基体Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词data, kinetics 通常作复数名词research, work: 不可数名词The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些结构的数<主谓的统一>one of 复数名词单数none of 复数名词复数none of 单数名词/不可数名词单数no 复数名词复数no 单数名词/不可数名词单数a kind of 单数名词单数this/that kind of 单数名词单数these kinds of 复数名词复数复数名词of this/that kind 复数sort 与kind 类似a type of 单数名词单数a series of 复数名词复数a class of 复数名词复数the number of 复数名词单数a number of 复数名词复数Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents, especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial. 3 Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text. The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 复数名词: 整个做主语时谓语应为单数; 但此句的动词have 是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如: One of the mechanisms which have been……A series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.The most important class of poly(amides) for controlled release are the poly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydrides) are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言various differentmost all many severalone of many ofkinds ofa number of the number ofa (wide) variety of a class ofa series of a wide range ofDozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.4In a number of special applications (e.g. contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additional requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane proteins are receptors.Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing, while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers, both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可数名词的量词a few many a number of形容不可数名词的量词a great/small/certain amount of a great/good deal of形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词a lot of lots ofAlthough a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPN have been synthesized with different compositions.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers. 以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as……由较靠近谓语动词的决定not only……but also……either……or……neither……nor……三、冠词冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠词最普通的规则如下单数名词前一般要加冠您身边的论文好秘书：您的原始资料与构思,我按您的意思整理成优秀论文论著,并安排出版发表，企鹅1550116010 、766085044自信我会是您人生路上不可或缺的论文好秘书词 a , the 等但有些情况可不加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the, these, those.5The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationshipK = A e -E/RTWhere A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energy, and T the Kelvin temperature. A plot of lnK versus 1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slopeand intercept, respectively.When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fraction dissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interior hydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomer droplets.被修饰的名词前要加the:There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis of new polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available.The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them become heterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 . 四从句分词不定式这些是写作时常用且必须用到的结构一定要掌握在学术论文中从句分词不定式通常用来作修饰Applications in the relatively new field of tissue engineering, where polymers are used to assist regeneration of three-dimensional tissue structures, are more and more integrated with biological demands.There are three general synthetic approaches that have been used to produce polymers with increased thermal stability.If certain symmetry requirements are met, the molecules are able to pack into an ordered, lattice arrangement and crystallization occurs. The temperature at which this occurs is Tm. There are at least two mechanisms through which the infectivity of a vector can be blocked.Biodegradable polymers containing ˋhydrolysable ˊgroups in their chains, which are susceptible to biodegradation to low molecular weight, nontoxic products, have also been considered for controlled drug delivery systems.Polymers possessing high strength, solvent and chemical resistance, and serviceability at high temperatures would find a variety of uses.6The challenge facing cell and molecular biologists is to decipher how cellular events occur.A general problem encountered in many of the polymerization systems has been a difficulty in obtaining polymers of sufficiently high enough molecular weight to have reasonable strength properties.Another approach to obtain rigid polymer chains is by the synthesis of spiro polymers. 五标点英文中一句话结束要用句号注意避免过长的句子这点与汉语中常用逗号的习惯不同请注意以下结构的标点…… such as A and B ………… such as A, B and C ………… , such as A, ………… , for example, ………… , for example ………… ,e.g., ………… ,i.e., …………, respectively.四、掌握一些学术论文常用的短语结构可大大降低写作的难度In order to meet all of these criteria, the vector must deliver the gene accurately. To overcome this problem, it would be advantageous to pseudotype lentiviral vectors withtargeted MLV envelopes.Besides identifying suitable proteases for targeting, the success of thisprotease-targetingstrategy relies on the accessibility of the linker to protease cleavage.We have focused our investigations on the in vitro and in vivo biological response of a mousecell line.On the contrary, the homotelomer derivative 11 exhibits no substantial loss of cytotoxicity compared to free Ara-C.After more than three decades of development, in which numerous polymers have been used to replace body parts, clinical success is still relatively rare.7In some cases, polymeric materials for drug delivery must satisfy additional requirements, such as environmental responsiveness (e.g. pH- or temperature dependent phase or volume transformations.)Owing to the nature of these interactions, surface modification strategies have been used to。

公文写作中的常用词汇与惯用语公文是指国家机关、团体或企事业单位为了沟通信息、传达决策、执行工作任务所使用的正式文书。

公文写作的目的是准确、清晰地传达信息，因此，在公文写作中使用常用词汇和惯用语显得尤为重要。

本文将介绍公文写作中常见的词汇和惯用语，以帮助读者更好地理解和撰写公文。

一、公文写作常用词汇1. 发文单位或个人：指发起公文的机关单位或个人，如“中华人民共和国国务院”、“某公司总经理”。

2. 收文单位或个人：指接收公文的机关单位或个人，如“人力资源和社会保障部”、“某市市长”。

3. 主题：公文的核心内容，一般以简明扼要的词语或短语来概括，如“关于组织开展庆祝活动的通知”。

4. 事由：公文发出的原因、目的或背景，一般以一句话来表述，如“为了庆祝国庆节，组织开展一系列庆祝活动”。

5. 正文：公文的主体部分，具体内容的详细阐述，一般采用分段书写，段落之间通过空行分隔。

6. 命令性词汇：用于表达责令、命令、要求等含义的词汇，如“请务必完成”、“应当配合”、“必须执行”。

7. 建议性词汇：用于表达建议、提醒、劝告等含义的词汇，如“建议各部门加强协作”、“提醒大家注意安全”。

8. 表格：公文中常用的一种呈现信息的形式，用于整理、梳理数据、统计结果等。

二、公文写作惯用语1. 根据／鉴于：用于引出公文的理由、事实依据等，如“根据国家相关政策，现提出以下要求”。

2. 各位领导／各位同事：用于称呼公文的接收方，根据具体的工作场景和身份来确定称谓。

3. 遵照／按照：用于表示公文发出方对公文接收方的要求、指示和规定，如“请各部门遵照相关法规执行”。

4. 经过／陈述：用于对某一事实、情况进行叙述和说明，如“经过多次研究，我们得出以下结论”。

5. 核实／审核：用于对公文内容进行核对和审查，确保其准确性和合法性。

6. 敬请／恳请：用于表达公文发出方的请求、希望，如“敬请各位领导审阅并指导”。

7. 特此通知／特此声明：用于在公文结尾处表明发出方的意图和态度，如“特此通知，请各单位按照要求开展工作”。

数学论文中常用的英文缩写词杨　巍　纳(河南大学数学季刊编辑部,475001,河南开封)摘　要　参照《2000数学主题分类表》,将数学论文中常用的数学英文缩写词列表予以说明,表中并附有常用的与数学密切相关的英文缩写词,以期对书刊编辑处理数学稿件时有所裨益。

关键词　数学论文;英文缩写词;数学英文缩写词中图分类号　G237.5;H313.6E nglish abbreviations in common use for mathematical papers∥Y ang WeinaAbstract　This paper enumerates some English abbreviations in common use for mathematical papers in a form with a reference to The Classif ication Forms on M athem atical S ubject,2000.This form includes some English abbreviation words in common use for mathematics,in order to help the editors deal with mathematical manuscripts.K ey w ords　mathematical papers;English abbreviation; mathematical English abbreviationAuthor’s address　Editorial Board of Chinese Quarterly Journal of Mathematics,475001,K aifeng,Henan,China数学词汇的英文缩写词及那些与数学密切相关的英文缩写词(以下简称为数学英文缩写词)在数学论文中,特别是在英文数学论文中出现的频次相当高,而往往作者稿件中数学英文缩写词使用混乱,疏误较多或书写不规范,给编辑的审、编造成诸多困难。

公文写作常用词汇短语等【公文写作常用词汇短语等】公文写作是公务员和企事业单位工作人员经常要面对的任务之一，合理运用常用词汇和短语是写作中的关键要素。

下面，本文将介绍一些公文写作中常用的词汇和短语，希望能对您的写作有所帮助。

一、开头常用词汇短语1. 尊敬的 + 职位/称呼：用于称呼公文写作对象，表达尊重之意。

2. 关于/就……一事，特此：用于引出公文写作的主题和目的。

3. 根据/依据：用于引用文件、规定、法律等作为依据。

4. 经充分讨论/充分研究和审核：用于说明某个决策经过了充分的讨论和研究。

5. 经过实地考察/考核：用于说明某个决策或建议是在实地考察或考核的基础上提出的。

二、正文常用词汇短语1. 建议/提议：用于提出具体的意见、建议或提案。

2. 重要性/紧迫性：用于强调某个问题的重要性或紧迫性。

3. 优先考虑/优先解决：用于表达对某个问题优先处理的意见或建议。

4. 原因/由于：用于说明某个事物发生的原因或导致某个结果的原因。

5. 通过/审议/讨论：用于说明某个事项已经通过、审议或讨论的情况。

三、结尾常用词汇短语1. 此致：用于书写结尾问题。

2. 敬礼：用于表达书面公文中的礼节。

3. 请按照执行：用于要求读者按照公文内容执行。

4. 如有需要/问题/意见，请随时与我们联系：用于表达愿意为读者提供进一步帮助或解答问题的意愿。

四、其他常用词汇短语1. 鉴于：用于引出某个问题的原因或依据。

2. 属于/涉及：用于说明某个事项所属的范围或涉及的领域。

3. 综上所述：用于总结刚才所说的内容。

4. 另行通知/安排：用于说明某个事项需要另行通知或安排。

5. 希望/期待：用于表达对某个事物的期望或希望。

以上只是公文写作中常用的一些词汇和短语，具体的使用情况还需要根据实际情况和公文的要求来灵活运用。

希望对您的公文写作有所帮助，祝您写作顺利。

SCI论文常用表达和写法1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by…2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are …3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristicsof xx…4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原则也5.已经采用了： have adopted …6.近年来： in recent years7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。

8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition10.即： “…, namely …”11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of …12.谈及，关于：In terms of…13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from…14.为了让：In order for xx to …15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on …16.基于 … is based on…17.不是…而是… not …, but rather …18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …”19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：besubject to the restrictions.20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from …[Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽，论文写作常用词汇和短语1.差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup differenceNo statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalenceIn contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation改变change, alteration,高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,广泛的in an extensive survey进行conducte， perform, carry out,降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable or dramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barely detectable, no expression was found,角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic functions可能性feasibility密切地intimately难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,缩写abbreviations识别，辨别discernment事件Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.a putative tumor initiating eventa (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesa common event associated with the mechanisms ofa common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapya common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicantsa common event （that occurs） during apoptosis is……a common event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectly involves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathwaysa common event through whicha common event in vivoa rather common event of unknown biological significancea common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrationsa common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significancea common event contributing toa rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory, early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream, irreversible, very frequent event提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,推测 presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,相关性related, more relevant with ，the relevance ofno intergroup difference，irrespective ofThere was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status,TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).相同，同等并列The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itself with a similar pattern to协同，加强synergize with研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,一致which is in accord with the resultswhich corroborated the resultswhich supported the results优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental异常aberration, abnormality重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反On the contrary,In contrary,but quite on the contraryin sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expectedContrary to the expectation thatContrary to previous beliefs,Contrary to the hypothesis,Contrary to current popular truismsContrary to current cognitive theories,However, contrary to expectation,…….Contrary to predictions,…in contrast to previous observations…Contrary to prediction,……Contrary to most previous claims,与一起in combination with, coupled with由于、鉴于 In light of In view that。

1常用排比最常用的三字词：可概括为性、感、多、点，不、化、新、力。

A、XX性：重要性、紧迫性、自觉性、主动性、坚定性、民族性、时代性、实践性、针对性、全局性、前瞻性、战略性、积极性、创造性、长期性、复杂性、艰巨性、可讲性、鼓动性、计划性、敏锐性、有效性；B 、XX感：责任感、紧迫感、危机感、认同感、荣誉感、成就感；C、多XX：多层次、多方面、多途径、多渠道、多措施、多力量、多元素。

D、XX点：出发点、切入点、突破点、落脚点、着眼点、结合点、关键点、着重点、着力点、根本点、支撑点;E、不XX：不松劲、不懈怠、不退缩、不畏难、不罢手、不动摇、不放弃、不改变、不妥协;F、XX化：法制化、规范化、制度化、程序化、集约化、正常化、有序化、智能化、优质化、常态化、科学化、年轻化、知识化、专业化；G、新XX:新水平、新境界、新举措、新发展、新突破、新成绩、新成效、新方法、新成果、新形势、新要求、新期待、新关系、新体制、新机制、新知识、新本领、新进展、新实践、新风貌、新事物、新高度;H、XX力：活动力、控制力、影响力、创造力、凝聚力、战斗力、感染力、亲活力；热心、耐心、诚心、决心、核心、内心、外心、中心、甘心、攻心，进取心、责任心、上进心、公仆心;政治意识、组织意识、大局意识、忧患意识、责任意识、法律意识、廉洁意识、学习意识、上进意识、管理意识;找准出发点、把握切入点、明确落脚点、找准落脚点、抓住切入点、把握着重点、找准切入点、把握着力点、抓好落脚点；激发巨大热情，凝聚无穷力量，催生丰硕成果,展现全新魅力.当前工作要有新水平、队伍建设要有新面貌、廉政建设要有新举措、自身建设要有新发展、内部管理要有新突破。

政治认同、理论认同、感情认同;历史的必然、现实的选择、未来的方向。

2常用短语立足当前,着眼长远,自觉按规律办事抓住机遇，应对挑战，勇敢顺潮流而为突出重点，分步实施,找准切入点实施全面推进，统筹兼顾，综合治理，融入其中，贯穿始终，切实抓好,扎实推进，加快发展,持续增收,积极稳妥，狠抓落实，从严控制，严格执行，坚决制止,明确职责，高举旗帜，坚定不移，牢牢把握，积极争取，深入开展,注重强化,规范程序,改进作风，积极发展，努力建设，依法实行,良性互动,优势互补，率先发展，互惠互利，做深、做细、做实、全面分析，全面贯彻，持续推进，全面落实、全面实施,逐步扭转,基本形成，普遍增加,基本建立,更加完备，逐步完善,明显提高，逐渐好转，逐步形成，不断加强，持续增效，巩固深化，大幅提高，显著改善，不断增强，日趋完善，比较圆满.3常用动词推进,推动,健全，统领，协调，统筹,转变，提高，实现，适应，改革，创新，扩大，加强,促进，巩固,保障，完善，加快，振兴，崛起，分工,扶持，改善，调整，优化，解决,宣传,教育,发挥，支持，带动，帮助，深化，规范，强化，统筹，指导,服务，健全，确保，维护，优先，贯彻，实施，深化，保证，鼓励，引导,坚持，深化，强化，监督,管理,开展，规划,整合，理顺，推行,纠正，严格，满足，推广，遏制，整治，保护，健全，丰富,夯实,树立，尊重，制约，适应,发扬，拓宽，拓展，规范，改进，形成，逐步，实现，规范，坚持,调节,取缔，调控，把握，弘扬，借鉴，倡导，培育，打牢，武装,凝聚,激发，说服，感召，尊重，包容,树立，培育，发扬，提倡，营造，促进，唱响，主张,弘扬，通达，引导,疏导，着眼，吸引,塑造,搞好，履行，倾斜，惠及，简化,衔接,调处，关切,汇集，分析,排查，协商，化解，动员，联动,激发，增进，汲取,检验，保护，鼓励，完善，宽容，增强，融洽，凝聚，汇集，筑牢，考验，进取，凝聚，设置,吸纳，造就，给力，聚焦，支撑，展现，体现……4常用名词关系,力度，速度，反映,诉求，形势，任务，本质属性，重要保证，总体布局，战略任务，内在要求，重要进展，决策部署，结合点，突出地位,最大限度，指导思想，科学性，协调性，体制机制，基本方略，理念意识，基本路线，基本纲领，秩序，基本经验,出发点，落脚点，要务，核心，主体,积极因素，水平，方针，结构，增量,比重，规模,标准，办法，主体，作用,特色，差距，渠道,方式，主导,纽带,主体,载体，制度,需求，能力，负担，体系，重点,资源,职能，倾向，秩序，途径，活力，项目,工程，政策，项目,竞争力，环境，素质，权利，利益，权威，氛围，职能，作用，事权，需要，能力，基础，比重，长效机制，举措，要素，精神,根本，地位，成果，核心，精神，力量，纽带，思想，理想，活力,信念，信心，风尚，意识,主旋律，正气,热点，情绪，内涵，管理，格局,准则,网络，稳定，安全，支撑，局面,环境，关键,保证，本领,突出，位置,敏锐性,针对性,有效性，覆盖面，特点，规律,阵地，政策，措施，制度保障,水平,紧迫,任务，合力。

雅思小作文常用词汇与短语1.表示“主语”1)图表本身： table、 line(bar/pie) chart(graph/diagram)02) 数据形式： figures、statistics、 information 、 data3)It 形式主语、 There be 句型2.表示“上升”和“下降”1)rise (to)2)increase (to)3)go up (to)4)an upward trend (in)5)fall (to)6)decline (to)7)drop (to)8) a downward trend (in)09) with a rise/drop(etc.) of⋯10)surge from ⋯ to ：⋯猛增11)be on the rise12)be in decline13)down⋯(幅度 ) from...( 高) to...( 低)14)up⋯(幅度 ) from...( 低 ) to...(高 )15)rise/increase/drop(etc.) further from...to.../to...16) a rise/drop(etc.) of + 百分数 /数字 = a 百分数 /数字 rise/drop(etc.)17) rise/drop(etc.) + 数字 /百分数 /倍数 = rise/drop(etc.) + a record of + 数字 /百分数3.表示“平稳”01) remain stable (at)02) stay constant (at)3)maintain the same level (at)4)remain around that figure05) reach a plateau：到达（上升后的）平稳期06) no change (in)07) be flat at：平稳在⋯8)level out at ：平稳在⋯4.表示“波动”、“最高值”和“最低值”1)hover around：在⋯徘徊02) fluctuate around/at：在⋯波动（点）03) fluctuate between...and...：在⋯波动（范围）04) rise and drop (between⋯and：起⋯)伏（在⋯ 之间）5)peak at：在⋯达到最大值06) hit a peak(of ⋯)07) reach the highest point at：在⋯达到最大值08) reach a bottom at：在⋯达到最低值9)reach the lowest point at：在⋯达到最低值5.表示“变化程度”1)dramatic → dramatically：巨大02) significant → significantly ：巨大03) moderate→ moderately：适度04) slight→ slightly：微小5)minimal → minimally：极其微小6.表示“变化速度”1)sudden → suddenly：忽然02) rapid→ rapidly：快速03) steady→ steadily：平稳4)gradual → gradually：逐渐7.表示“说明”1)show2)illustrate3)describe4)unfold5)reveal8.表示“大约”1)about2)nearly3)around4)approximately9.表示“占据”1)make up2)take up3)account for4)be composed of5)constitute6)comprise7)have/be/reach/hit10.表示“关于”1)about2)regarding3)concerning4)related to05) with regard to = as to：关于，就⋯而论（做状语）11.表示“时间”1)between the year 1995 and 20002)since then3)from now/then on4)over/during the period from 1995 to 20005)by the end of 20056)from the 1970s onwards/from 1994 onwards07) for ten years or so/at least8)in those/the given years/period(s)9)aged + 岁数10) aged between ⋯ and⋯ = aged from⋯to⋯11)in the following three years/ period12)over the course of the last century13) a 100-year period14)throughout the five years from 1995 to 200015) a ten-year high = a new high in the ten-year period16) a new high/low12.表示“比较”1)倍数 + as + 形容词 (+ 名词 + 动词 ) as2)more than + 倍数 + as + 形容词 + as...3)数字 /百分数 /倍数 + 比较级 + than4)数字 /百分数 /倍数 more + 名词 + than...5)数字 + more +名词 e.g. 1000 more dogs：一百多只狗06)A is + 倍数 + as likely to do sth. as B07)A is + 百分数 + up/down + on B ： A 比 B 高/低 x%08)more than + 数字 /百分数 = over ⋯ = above ⋯09)less than + 数字 /百分数 = under ⋯10)outgrow( 比⋯快 )、 outweigh(比⋯重要 ) 、 outnumber(比⋯多)、 outpace(追过 )、overtake(赶上 )11) 表名次： first(place) 、second(place)、third(place)、⋯number 1、number 2、number3⋯12)slip to + 名次：滑到⋯13)plummet to + 名次：快速落到⋯14)lead + 名词 (+in the race of) = be ahead of + 名词：领先于⋯15)be at ahead16)followed by + 名词 (当状语 )：后面紧接的是⋯17)following + 名词 (当状语 ) = behind + 名词：落后于⋯18)follow behind (+in/sb.) ：落后19)rank first(etc.) (on the list)/top five20) a fourth lowest on record21)come + 名次 = come in at + 名次22)next comes + 名词：接着是⋯23) A beat B into + 名次： A 打败 B，使 B 成为⋯24)rise two places to + 名次：提高 2 个名次成为⋯25)100 in 1998 versus 98 in 2000：做状语26)in (marked) contrast to ：与⋯对比起来，与⋯形成对比27)by comparison：相比之下28)in contrast：相反13.描述扇形图1)the percentage of02) the proportion of3)the portion of4)the quantity of5)the number of6)the amount of7)the majority of8)the minority of9)the entire body of10)the bulk of11) a (big/small) share of + 百分数14.表示流程图的“步骤”1)to begin (with)2)first of all3)secondly4)then/next5)after that6)finally/at last7)in addition/furthermore8)meanwhile/at the same time9)in the next stage/following this10)in the subsequent stage15.表示流程图“首阶段”1)the process starts from (+名词 or 动名词 )02)at the first/initial stage03)at the beginning of the cycle04)during the initial phase05)⋯ is the first step in⋯16.表示流程图“次阶段”01) the second stage is2)the next step in the process is17.表示流程图“末阶段”1)⋯ is the last step in the procedure2)The final phase of the procedure is about3)In the final phase4)Entering the final phase18.有用的句式01)⋯ provide/give/present an overall view/overview of⋯02)To summarise/In summary/Overall/As suggested above03)It can be seen from⋯ that⋯04)In ⋯ , it is another picture.05)It is clearly evident from the⋯ that ⋯06)Through the information that is p rovided in the⋯ we can learn that⋯07)By briefly glancing at⋯ it is apparent that⋯08)The information in the⋯ concludes that⋯09)What is notable is that（值得注意的是）⋯10)What remains truly remarkable is that （引人注目的是）⋯11)It is evident when comparing⋯12)⋯ shows the changesin the number of...over the period from...to...13)⋯ lead us to the conclusion that...14)As can be seen from the ⋯, great changes have taken place in...15)⋯ shows the changing proportion of a and b（a 和 b 的比例关系）16)The percentage of...is slightly larger/smaller than that of...17)There is not a great deal of difference between...and...18)There are a lot similarities between...and...19) A has something in common with B.。

课文中的常用词汇总结一、引言课文是学习语言的重要素材之一。

在课文中，常用词汇的掌握对于学习者来说至关重要。

本文将对课文中的常用词汇进行总结，并提供相应的例句和用法说明，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些词汇。

二、分类汇总1. 名词在课文中，出现最频繁的词汇之一就是名词。

名词用来指称人、事、物、地方等具体的事物。

以下是一些常见的名词：- 学生(xuéshēng)：指正在学习知识的人。

- 教师(jiàoshī)：指从事教学工作的人。

- 家庭(jiātíng)：指由父母和子女组成的小集体。

- 文化 (wénhuà)：指社会上的思想、知识、艺术等方面的东西。

- 食物 (shíwù)：指人们用来充饥或获得营养的东西。

2. 动词动词是描述行为和状态的词汇。

在课文中，我们常常见到以下常用的动词：- 学习 (xuéxí)：指通过特定的方法和过程获取知识。

- 教育 (jiàoyù)：指通过各种机构或途径的知识传授和人类发展的方式。

- 生活(shēnghuó)：指人类日常活动的各个方面。

- 工作(gōngzuò)：指为了生活而从事的劳动活动。

- 了解(liǎojiě)：指通过观察、研究等方式获取信息或知识。

3. 形容词形容词用来描述名词的性质、特征或状态。

以下是一些常见的形容词：- 美丽(měilì)：指外表或内在具有美感。

- 聪明(cōngmíng)：指智慧敏捷。

- 高兴(gāoxìng)：指心情愉快，情绪愉悦。

- 幸福 (xìngfú)：指感到心情愉悦和满足。

- 重要 (zhòngyào)：指具有重大影响或意义。

4. 副词副词用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示程度、时间、方式、地点等。

以下是一些常见的副词：- 很(hěn)：用来修饰形容词或副词，表示程度。