学术论文常用词汇
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学术论文归纳概括常用词100个本文列举了常用的学术论文归纳概括词汇,旨在帮助研究者在撰写学术论文时更准确、更简洁地表达观点和总结研究结果。
以下是100个常用词:1. 研究(Reseach)2. 分析(Analyze)3. 讨论(Discuss)4. 说明(Explain)5. 描述(Describe)6. 提供(Provide)7. 探讨(Explore)8. 评估(Evaluate)9. 证明(Prove)11. 解释(Interpret)12. 建议(Suggest)13. 评价(Assess)14. 发现(Discover)15. 阐述(Elaborate)16. 界定(Delineate)17. 指出(Indicate)18. 归纳(Summarize)19. 总结(Synthesize)20. 说明(Specify)21. 强调(Emphasize)22. 深入(In-depth)23. 数据(Data)24. 理论(Theory)25. 方法(Method)26. 结果(Results)27. 案例(Case)28. 访谈(Interview)29. 调查(Survey)30. 统计(Statistics)31. 措施(Measures)32. 影响(Impact)33. 关键因素(Key factors)34. 障碍(Obstacles)35. 挑战(Challenges)36. 优点(Advantages)37. 缺点(Disadvantages)38. 动态(Trends)39. 模型(Model)40. 概念(Concept)41. 规律(Patterns)42. 发展(Development)43. 趋势(Tendencies)44. 局限性(Limitations)45. 原因(Reasons)46. 作用(Role)47. 重要性(Importance)48. 目标(Objectives)49. 策略(Strategies)50. 意义(Significance)51. 视角(Perspective)52. 母体(Population)53. 样本(Sample)54. 误差(Error)55. 可靠性(Reliability)56. 有效性(Validity)57. 可行性(Feasibility)58. 测试(Testing)59. 验证(Validation)60. 规模(Scale)61. 预测(Forecast)62. 影响因素(Factors)63. 目标(Target)64. 概念(Concept)65. 特征(Features)66. 趋势(Trend)67. 应用(Application)68. 分类(Classification)69. 范围(Scope)70. 分布(Distribution)71. 影响(Effect)72. 指标(Indicator)73. 评价(Evaluation)74. 稳定性(Stability)75. 进展(Progress)76. 层次(Hierarchy)77. 结构(Structure)78. 创新(Innovation)79. 机制(Mechanism)80. 方法论(Methodology)81. 大众(Mass)82. 系统(System)83. 随机性(Randomness)84. 超越(Above and beyond)85. 问题(Question)86. 背景(Background)87. 前景(Prospects)88. 展望(Outlook)89. 启示(Inspiration)90. 分析框架(Framework)91. 重大意义(Relevance)92. 现象(Phenomenon)93. 过程(Process)94. 动力(Dynamics)95. 系列(Series)96. 逻辑(Logic)97. 策略(Strategy)98. 数据收集(Data collection)99. 错误(Error)100. 结论(Conclusion)以上是学术论文中常用的归纳概括词汇,你可以根据具体情况选择适合的词汇来描述和总结你的研究。
2023年研究论文常用词汇和套句汇总引言研究论文是学术研究中常见的写作形式。
在写作过程中,使用合适的词汇和套句能够增强文章的表达力和说服力。
本文将汇总一些2023年研究论文常用的词汇和套句,以帮助读者在写作过程中有效地表达自己的观点。
词汇以下是一些常用的词汇,可以帮助研究论文作者在表达观点时准确地描述事实、分析数据和引用其他研究成果。
1. 证明:证实、验证、论证、实验证明、得出结论2. 分析:分析、探讨、评估、解释、评估影响3. 描述:描述、表明、说明、显示、呈现4. 比较:比较、对照、类比、区分、相似之处5. 解决:解决、解决方案、应对、解决问题、改善6. 探索:探索、研究、发现、探究、探索原因7. 影响:影响、影响因素、对...产生影响、对...有重要意义8. 提出观点:认为、主张、指出、提出、强调套句下面是一些常用的套句,可以帮助作者在研究论文中有条理地陈述自己的观点和结论。
1. 就...而言,... (e.g. 就教育而言,研究环境对学生成绩有重要影响。
)2. 对于...来说,... (e.g. 对于公司管理层来说,有效的沟通是提高团队合作的关键。
)3. 从...的角度来看,... (e.g. 从经济角度来看,促进消费可以刺激经济增长。
)4. 从...来看,... (e.g. 从历史数据来看,这种趋势具有长期持续性。
)5. 根据最新的研究,... (e.g. 根据最新的研究,环境污染对人类健康有严重影响。
)6. 面临着...的挑战,... (e.g. 面临着全球变暖的挑战,需要采取有效的气候变化措施。
)7. 这一发现表明,... (e.g. 这一发现表明,物理锻炼可以提高认知能力。
)8. 综上所述,... (e.g. 综上所述,这项研究证明了新药对疾病的治疗效果。
)结论通过使用以上常用的词汇和套句,研究论文作者可以更准确地表达自己的观点和结论。
这些工具可以增强论文的严密性和可读性,提高读者对研究成果的理解和接受程度。
论文写作中的词汇和措辞选择技巧在学术界,写作是学者们最常用的表达方式之一。
无论是撰写论文、研究报告还是学术文章,选择合适的词汇和措辞都是至关重要的。
本文将探讨论文写作中的词汇和措辞选择技巧,帮助读者提升自己的写作水平。
一、准确性与简洁性的平衡在写作过程中,准确性和简洁性是两个重要的因素。
准确性意味着用词要准确表达自己的观点和意思,而简洁性则要求用最少的词语来传达信息。
因此,在选择词汇和措辞时,需要在准确性和简洁性之间寻找平衡点。
例如,在描述研究结果时,可以使用"表明"、"暗示"、"证明"等词汇来准确地传达研究的发现。
而在对观点进行解释时,可以使用"因此"、"因而"、"所以"等词汇来简洁地表达逻辑关系。
二、避免主观性和情感色彩学术写作应该保持客观和中立,避免主观性和情感色彩的表达。
在选择词汇和措辞时,应该尽量使用中性的词语来表达观点和论证。
避免使用带有情感色彩的词汇,以免给读者留下主观和片面的印象。
例如,可以使用"研究显示"、"数据表明"等中性的词汇来引用研究结果,而不是使用"明显"、"显著"等带有主观色彩的词汇。
在描述观点时,可以使用"一方面"、"另一方面"等中性的词汇来表达不同的观点,而不是使用"正确"、"错误"等有情感色彩的词汇。
三、使用学术化的词汇和措辞学术写作需要使用学术化的词汇和措辞,以展示作者的专业知识和学术素养。
在选择词汇和措辞时,应该避免使用口语化、俚语化的词汇,而是使用正式、专业的词汇。
例如,在描述研究方法时,可以使用"实施"、"采用"等学术化的词汇来表达。
在引用前人研究时,可以使用"据报道"、"研究表明"等学术化的措辞来引用。
学术论文常用词汇公司内部档案编码:[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]学术论文常用词汇学术论文的语言表达一、时态时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时需要注意的语法In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationicpolymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.二、数词数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数单数复数criterion criteria 依据phenomenon phenomena 现象medium media 介质radius radii 半径index indices 指数appendix appendices 附录stimulus stimuli 刺激basis bases 基础2synthesis syntheses 合成matrix matrices 基体Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词data, kinetics 通常作复数名词research, work: 不可数名词The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions atdifferent temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些结构的数<主谓的统一>one of 复数名词单数none of 复数名词复数none of 单数名词/不可数名词单数no 复数名词复数no 单数名词/不可数名词单数a kind of 单数名词单数this/that kind of 单数名词单数these kinds of 复数名词复数复数名词of this/that kind 复数sort 与kind 类似a type of 单数名词单数a series of 复数名词复数a class of 复数名词复数the number of 复数名词单数a number of 复数名词复数Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents, especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is oneof the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial. 3Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text. The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 复数名词: 整个做主语时谓语应为单数; 但此句的动词have 是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如: One of the mechanisms which have been……A series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.The most important class of poly(amides) for controlled release are thepoly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydrides) are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言various differentmost all many severalone of many ofkinds ofa number of the number ofa (wide) variety of a class ofa series of a wide range ofDozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.4In a number of special applications . contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additional requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane proteins are receptors.Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing, while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers, both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可数名词的量词a few many a number of形容不可数名词的量词a great/small/certain amount of a great/good deal of形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词a lot of lots ofAlthough a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPN have been synthesized with different compositions.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers.以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as……由较靠近谓语动词的决定not only……but also……either……or……neither……nor……三、冠词冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠词最普通的规则如下单数名词前一般要加冠您身边的论文好秘书:您的原始资料与构思,我按您的意思整理成优秀论文论着,并安排出版发表,、4自信我会是您人生路上不可或缺的论文好秘书词 a , the 等但有些情况可不加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the, these, those.5The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationshipK = A e -E/RTWhere A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energy, and T the Kelvintemperature. A plot of lnK versus 1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slopeand intercept, respectively.When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fractiondissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interiorhydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomerdroplets.被修饰的名词前要加 the:There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis ofnew polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available.The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them becomeheterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 . 四从句分词不定式这些是写作时常用且必须用到的结构一定要掌握在学术论文中从句分词不定式通常用来作修饰Applications in the relatively new field of tissue engineering, where polymers are used to assistregeneration of three-dimensional tissue structures, are more and more integrated with biological demands.There are three general synthetic approaches that have been used to produce polymers withincreased thermal stability.If certain symmetry requirements are met, the molecules are able to pack into an ordered, latticearrangement and crystallization occurs. The temperature at which this occurs is Tm. There are at least two mechanisms through which the infectivity of a vector can be blocked. Biodegradable polymers containing ˋhydrolysable ˊgroups in their chains, which are susceptible to biodegradation to low molecular weight, nontoxic products, have also beenconsidered for controlled drug delivery systems.Polymers possessing high strength, solvent and chemical resistance, and serviceability at hightemperatures would find a variety of uses.6The challenge facing cell and molecular biologists is to decipher how cellular events occur.A general problem encountered in many of the polymerization systems has been a difficulty inobtaining polymers of sufficiently high enough molecular weight to have reasonable strengthproperties.Another approach to obtain rigid polymer chains is by the synthesis of spiro polymers. 五标点英文中一句话结束要用句号注意避免过长的句子这点与汉语中常用逗号的习惯不同请注意以下结构的标点…… such as A and B ………… such as A, B and C ………… , such as A, ………… , for example, ………… , for example ………… ,., ………… ,., …………, respectively.四、掌握一些学术论文常用的短语结构可大大降低写作的难度In order to meet all of these criteria, the vector must deliver the gene accurately. To overcome this problem, it would be advantageous to pseudotype lentiviral vectors withtargeted MLV envelopes.Besides identifying suitable proteases for targeting, the success of thisprotease-targetingstrategy relies on the accessibility of the linker to protease cleavage.We have focused our investigations on the in vitro and in vivo biological response of a mousecell line.On the contrary, the homotelomer derivative 11 exhibits no substantial loss of cytotoxicitycompared to free Ara-C.After more than three decades of development, in which numerous polymers have been used toreplace body parts, clinical success is still relatively rare.7In some cases, polymeric materials for drug delivery must satisfy additional requirements, suchas environmental responsiveness . pH- or temperature dependent phase or volume transformations.)Owing to the nature of these interactions, surface modification strategies have been used to。
快速掌握学术论文中常用的科技词汇学术论文是科研工作者交流研究成果、展示科学观点和方法的重要方式之一。
在学术论文中,科技词汇的使用是必不可少的。
掌握并正确运用常用的科技词汇,不仅可以提高论文的专业性和可读性,还能够增强与其他学者交流的能力。
本文将介绍一些常见的科技词汇,以帮助读者快速掌握学术论文中常用的科技词汇。
一、实验方法与技术(Experimental Methods and Techniques)在学术研究中,实验方法和技术的选择对于研究结果的可靠性至关重要。
以下是一些常见的实验方法和技术:1. 定量分析方法(Quantitative Analysis Methods)定量分析方法是用于测量和计量物质数量的方法,例如质谱法(Mass Spectrometry)和光谱法(Spectroscopy)等。
2. 定性分析方法(Qualitative Analysis Methods)定性分析方法主要用于检测和鉴定物质的特性,例如X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)等。
3. 电化学技术(Electrochemical Techniques)电化学技术是一种研究电化学过程的方法,包括电化学反应(Electrochemical Reactions)、电化学分析(Electrochemical Analysis)和电化学合成(Electrochemical Synthesis)等。
4. 分子生物学技术(Molecular Biology Techniques)分子生物学技术用于研究和操作生物分子,例如聚合酶链反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction)和蛋白质电泳(Protein Electrophoresis)等。
二、研究领域和学科名词(Research Fields and Disciplinary Terms)学术论文通常涉及特定的研究领域和学科,以下是一些常见的研究领域和学科名词:1. 生物技术(Biotechnology)生物技术是利用生物学原理和技术手段来解决生物学问题和开发生物制品的学科。
SCI论文准备写作投稿技巧常用英文词汇1. Introduction:- Present study: 本研究- In this paper: 在本文中- The objective of this study: 本研究的目标- To investigate: 研究- Background: 背景- Previous research: 先前的研究- Research gap: 研究空白- Methodology: 方法论- Data analysis: 数据分析- Findings: 研究结果- Conclusion: 结论2. Literature Review:- Literature review: 文献综述- Scholarly articles: 学术文章- Theoretical framework: 理论框架- Empirical evidence: 实证证据- Research methods: 研究方法- Key findings: 主要发现- Implications: 启示3. Methods:- Study design: 研究设计- Data collection: 数据收集- Sample size: 样本量- Research instruments: 研究工具- Data analysis techniques: 数据分析技术- Statistical analysis: 统计分析- Control variables: 控制变量4. Results:- Descriptive statistics: 描述性统计- Correlation analysis: 相关分析- Regression analysis: 回归分析- Significant findings: 显著性发现- Patterns and trends: 模式和趋势5. Discussion:- Implications: 启示- Limitations: 限制- Future research directions: 未来研究方向- Theoretical contributions: 理论贡献- Practical implications: 实践意义6. Conclusion:- Summary: 总结- Contributions: 贡献- Future research: 未来研究- Practical implications: 实践意义。
学术写作中的常用词汇与学科术语解释学术写作是一种特殊的写作形式,它要求准确、严谨、清晰地传达学术观点和研究成果。
在学术写作中,我们经常会遇到一些特定的词汇和术语,这些词汇和术语对于理解和撰写学术论文非常重要。
本文将为你解释一些学术写作中常用的词汇和学科术语。
一、引言部分常用词汇与学科术语解释1.研究目的 (Research objective): 指研究的目的或目标,即研究要解决的问题或取得的成果。
2.研究背景 (Research background): 介绍研究课题的相关背景和相关研究已有的研究结果。
3.文献综述 (Literature review): 对已有文献进行综合评述和分析,以阐述当前研究的基础和研究的重要性。
4.问题陈述 (Problem statement): 阐述研究中要解决的问题或假设,明确研究的重点和目标。
二、方法部分常用词汇与学科术语解释1.研究设计 (Research design): 指研究所采用的方法和步骤,以达到研究目的。
2.样本 (Sample): 指研究中被调查或观察的对象,具有代表性的一部分。
3.数据收集 (Data collection): 指获取研究所需的数据,可以通过问卷调查、实验观察等方式进行。
4.数据分析 (Data analysis): 对收集到的数据进行整理、统计和分析的过程,以获得研究结果。
三、结果部分常用词汇与学科术语解释1.实验结果 (Experimental results): 指通过实验方法获得的数据和观察到的现象。
2.统计分析 (Statistical analysis): 对实验数据进行统计处理和分析,以求得结论的科学性和可靠性。
3.图表 (Figures and Tables): 以可视化的方式呈现实验结果或数据分析结果,便于读者理解和比较。
四、讨论部分常用词汇与学科术语解释1.解释和分析 (Interpretation and analysis): 对实验结果或数据进行解释、分析和讨论,以理解现象和发现规律。
Academic Word ListSublist1analyze[ˈænəlaiz]vt.〈美〉分析,分解,解释constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t]vt.构成,组成建立,制定选定,任命establish[isˈtæbliʃ]vt.建立,成立安置确定,证实indicate[ˈindikeit]vt.标示,指示,指出象征;表明或暗示…的可能性occur[əˈkə:]vi.发生;举行;存在被发现;想到[起]role[rəul]n.作用,职责角色approach[əˈprəutʃ]n.靠近,接近,临近通路,入口,途径方式,方法vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理vt.&vi.接近,走近,靠近context[ˈkɔntekst]n.背景,环境上下文,语境estimate[ˈestimeit]n.估计,估价报价判断vt.&vi.估计;评价,评估individual[ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl]adj.个别的,单独的,个人的独特的n.个人人percent[pəˈsent]n.百分比,百分数section[ˈsekʃən]n.章节部分部门,科截面,剖面地区,区area[ˈɛəriə]n.面积区域,地区领域,方面contract[kənˈtrækt]n.契约,合同vt.缔结;订契约vt.&vi.染上(恶习,疾病等)缩小;紧缩evident[ˈevidənt]adj.明显的,明白的interpret[inˈtə:prit]vt.解释;说明vt.&vi.口译;翻译period[ˈpiəriəd]n.(一段)时间时期,时代学时,课时句号,句点sector[ˈsektə]n.部门;领域防御地区,防卫区域扇形,扇形面assess[əˈses]vt.估价,估计评定,核定create[kriˈeit]vt.创造,创作,创建引起,产生export[eksˈpɔ:t]n.输出,出口输出[出口]物vt.&vi.出口,输出involve[inˈvɔlv]vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要使参与,牵涉policy[ˈpɔləsi]n.政策,方针策略,精明的行为,上策保险单significant[siɡˈnifikənt]adj.重要的,重大的,可观的有意义的,有用意的意味深长的assume[əˈsju:m]vt.假设,臆断,猜想假装承担,担任,就职呈现,采取data[ˈdeitə]n.资料,材料factor[ˈfæktə]n.因素,要素〈数〉因子,因数issue[ˈisju:]n.问题,议题;争论点发行物放出,流出;发出,发行〈正〉结果,结局vi.冒出,流出;传出vt.出版,发行发表,发布分配,发给principle[ˈprinsəpl]n.原则,原理准则,规范操守,道义工作原理similar[ˈsimilə]adj.类似的;同类的;相似的;同样的authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti]n.权力,职权官方,当局权威,专家define[diˈfain]vt.精确地解释;界定规定,确定finance[faiˈnæns]n.财政,金融财源,资金,财务情况vt.为…供给资金,从事金融活动labour[ˈleibə]n.劳动,努力;工作劳工,工人分娩,(分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动;努力艰难行进proceed[prəˈsi:d]vi.前进;行进进行;继续下去source[sɔ:s]n.河流的源头,发源地来源,出处原因提供资料者,资料来源available[əˈveiləbl]adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的,可与之交谈的derive[diˈraiv]vt.&vi.得到源于formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə]n.准则,原则公式,方程式配方legal[ˈli:ɡəl]adj.法律上的;合法的;法定的process[ˈprəuses]n.过程,进程工序,制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工;处理specific[spiˈsifik]adj.明确的,确切的,详尽的具体的,特有的,特定的仅限于…的;只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面,细节benefit[ˈbenifit]n.益处,好处救济金,保险金vt.&vi.有益于,得益distribute[disˈtribju:t]vt.分配,分给散发;散播;分布function[ˈfʌŋkʃən]n.功能;作用;职责函数;与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作,运行,起作用legislate[ˈledʒisleit]vt.&vi.立法;制定法律require[riˈkwaiə]vt.有赖于…;需要命令,指示要求,规定想要structure[ˈstrʌktʃə]n.结构,构造有结构的事物;复杂的整体;建筑物vt.组织;安排;构造;制定concept[ˈkɔnsept]n.概念;观念;想法economy[iˈkɔnəmi]n.节约,节省经济体制,经济状况identify[aiˈdentifai]vt.认出,识别支持,同情vt.&vi.等同于;有关联major[ˈmeidʒə]adj.较大的;主要的;严重的n.少校专业;主修科目vi.〈美〉主修,专攻research[riˈsə:tʃ]n.研究;探讨vi.做研究,探究,研究,探讨vt.从事…的研究,为…而做研究theory[ˈθiəri]n.学说理论,原理意见,看法consist[kənˈsist]vi.组成,构成在于,存在于environment[inˈvaiərənmənt]n.环境,周围状况,自然环境income[ˈinkəm]n.收入,所得,收益method[ˈmeθəd]n.方法,办法秩序,条理respond[riˈspɔnd]vi.有反应;有效果;有影响vt.&vi.回答;回报;响应vary[ˈvɛəri]vi.呈现不同vt.&vi.(使)变化,改变Sublist2achieve[əˈtʃi:v]vt.取得,获得实现,达到,完成community[kəˈmju:niti]n.社区,社会,团体大众,公众共有,共享design[diˈzain]n.图样,设计图设计,布局目的,打算vt.计划,筹划vt.&vi.设计,绘制institute[ˈinstitju:t]n.协会,学会;学院,研究院vt.建立,制定;开始,着手potential[pəˈtenʃəl]adj.潜在的,有可能的n.潜力,潜势,可能性restrict[risˈtrikt]vt.限制;约束acquire[əˈkwaiə]vt.获得,得到,养成complex[ˈkɔmpleks]adj.由许多部分组成的,复合的复杂的,难懂的n.综合体,集合体〈心〉情结,夸大的情绪反应distinct[disˈtiŋkt]adj.截然不同的,完全分开的清晰的,明白的,明显的invest[inˈvest]vt.授予vt.&vi.投资;花费previous[ˈpri:viəs]adj.先前的,以前的过早的,过急的secure[siˈkjuə]adj.牢固的;可靠的有把握的;确切的vt.握紧;关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手administer[ədˈministə]vt.管理,支配给予执行,实施compute[kəmˈpju:t]vt.计算,估算element[ˈelimənt]n.(化学)元素成分,要素,原件一伙人基础,纲要,原理item[ˈaitəm]n.一项,一件,一条;项目primary[ˈpraiməri]adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最初的;初级的seek[si:k]vi.企图;试图vt.请求,征求;求教vt.&vi.寻找;探寻affect[əˈfekt]vt.影响感动假装conclude[kənˈklu:d]vt.得出结论;断定决定vt.&vi.结束equate[iˈkweit]vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿journal[ˈdʒə:nl]n.杂志,期刊日志,日记purchase[ˈpə:tʃəs]n.购买,购置买到的东西vt.购买select[siˈlekt]adj.精选的,挑选出来的限制性的,选择严格的vt.选择;挑选appropriate[əˈprəupriit]adj.适当的,恰当的vt.挪用;占用;盗用拨出(款项)conduct[kənˈdʌkt]n.举止,行为管理(方式),实施(方式)vt.&vi.引导,带领,担任指挥控制,管理传导evaluate[iˈvæljueit]vt.评价,估计,估价maintain[meinˈtein]vt.保持;继续保养,维护坚持;主张供给;赡养range[reindʒ]n.一系列变化幅度,范围射程,距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列site[sait]n.位置,场所,地点vt.使坐落在;设置aspect[ˈæspekt]n.方面方位,朝向面貌,模样,神态consequent[ˈkɔnsikwənt]adj.作为结果的,随之发生的feature[ˈfi:tʃə]n.特征,特色面貌,相貌特写,专题节目(电影的)正片,故事片normal[ˈnɔ:məl]adj.正常的,平常的正规的;标准的region[ˈri:dʒən]n.地区;地带;区域;范围strategy[ˈstrætidʒi]n.战略学,兵法战略,策略策略,计谋assist[əˈsist]vt.&vi.帮助,促进construct[kənˈstrʌkt]vt.修建,建立构成,组成final[ˈfainəl]adj.最后的,最终的决定性的,确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试obtain[əbˈtein]vi.通行;流行vt.获得,得到;买到regulate[ˈreɡjuleit]vt.控制,管理调整;调节survey[səˈvei]n.调查vt.眺望;纵览测量;勘察检查,鉴定通盘考虑,回顾category[ˈkætiɡəri]n.种类,类别consume[kənˈsju:m]vt.消耗,消费,耗尽大吃,大喝烧毁,毁灭focus[ˈfəukəs]n.焦点,焦距;中心vt.&vi.(使)集中,(使)聚集调整(镜头,眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清participate[pɑ:ˈtisipeit]vt.&vi.参加,参与relevant[ˈreləvənt]adj.有关的,切题的text[tekst]n.正文,本文原文,全文教科书,课本chapter[ˈtʃæptə]n.章,回,篇credit[ˈkredit]n.赊购;赊购制度存款;存款数额借款;贷款赞扬,荣誉,功劳信任,相信学分vt.相信,信任把…记入贷方,存入(账户)impact[ˈimpækt]n.影响,作用冲击(力),碰撞vt.&vi.对某事物有影响perceive[pəˈsi:v]vt.感觉,察觉,理解reside[riˈzaid]vi.居住;定居tradition[trəˈdiʃən]n.传统惯例commission[kəˈmiʃən]n.授权,委托委员会佣金,回扣vt.委任,委托culture[ˈkʌltʃə]n.文化休养,教养,精神文明养殖,培养,栽培vt.培植,培养injure[ˈindʒə]vt.伤害,损害positive[ˈpɔzitiv]adj.确实的,明确的积极的;肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的,确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的,阳性的完全的;纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实;正量,正数正片resource[riˈsɔ:s]n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智;机敏;创造精神transfer[trænsˈfə:]n.转移;转让;转录中转,换乘,改变路线vt.转让vt.&vi.转移;迁移Sublist3alternative[ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv]adj.两者择一的,供替代的不寻常的,非传统性的非正统的n.取舍,抉择,可供选择的事物选择的余地,可供选择的机会convene[kənˈvi:n]vt.&vi.召开,召集emphasis[ˈemfəsis]n.强调,重点interact[ˌɪntərˈækt]vi.相互作用[影响],互相配合philosophy[fiˈlɔsəfi]n.哲学人生哲学,人生观达观sex[seks]n.性别;性男性;女性性关系性活动,性行为circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns]n.环境,条件,情况境遇,经济状况coordinate[kəuˈɔ:dineit]adj.同等的,并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调;使调和ensure[inˈʃuə]vt.确保,担保担保获得[避免]justify[ˈdʒʌstifai]vt.证明…有理;为…辩护physical[ˈfizikəl]adj.身体的,肉体的物质的自然规律的,按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查,体格检查shift[ʃift]n.转换,转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋,手段切换键vi.快速行进vt.&vi.改变,变换,转移,移动去掉;摆脱掉换挡comment[ˈkɔment]n.评论,意见,解释,批评vt.&vi.评论;谈论core[kɔ:]n.果核核心,精髓,要点exclude[iksˈklu:d]vt.排除;不包括在内layer[ˈleiə]n.层,层次proportion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən]n.均衡;相称,协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系;比例部分;份儿specify[ˈspesifai]vt.详述指定compensate[ˈkɔmpenseit]vt.&vi.补偿,报酬corporate[ˈkɔ:pərit]adj.社团的,法人的framework[ˈfreimwə:k]n.构架;结构link[liŋk]n.环,联系,纽带vt.&vi.连接,联系publish[ˈpʌbliʃ]vt.&vi.出版公布sufficient[səˈfiʃənt]adj.足够的;充足的component[kəmˈpəunənt]n.成分,组成部分,部件,元件correspond[ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd]vi.相符合,相一致相当,相类似通信fund[fʌnd]n.基金,专款现款;资金储备,蕴藏vt.为…提供资金,给…拨款locate[ləuˈkeit]vt.找出,指出(地点或位置)vt.&vi.(在…)设置,坐落于react[riˈækt]vi.起反应;有影响反对;对抗task[tɑ:sk]n.工作;任务;差事consent[kənˈsent]n.准许,同意,赞成vi.同意;赞成criteria[kraɪˈtɪərɪə]n.标准illustrate[ˈiləstreit]vt.给…加插图说明,阐明;表明maximise[ˈmæksimaiz]vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物) register[ˈredʒistə]n.登记(表),注册(簿)记录器暖气,调风器vt.&vi.记录;登记;注册显出注意到,记住technical[ˈteknikəl]adj.技术的;应用科学的艺术的,工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的,使用术语的,专业的considerable[kənˈsidərəbl]adj.相当大(或多)的deduce[diˈdju:s]vt.推论,演绎immigrate[ˈimiɡreit]vi.移入minor[ˈmainə]adj.较小的,较少的,低级的,次要的n.未成年人副修科目rely[riˈlai]vi.信任;信赖;依赖,依靠technique[tekˈni:k]n.技巧,手法,技术技能constant[ˈkɔnstənt]adj.始终如一的,恒久不变的不断的,连续发生的忠实的,忠诚的demonstrate[ˈdemənstreit]vi.举行示威游行(或集会)vt.说明,演示论证,证明显示,表露imply[imˈplai]vt.暗示,暗指必然包含negate[niˈɡeit]vt.取消,使无效否定;否认remove[riˈmu:v]vi.迁移;移居vt.移走;排除开除technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi]n.科技(总称);工艺;应用科学工业技术constrain[kənˈstrein]vt.强迫,强使;限制,约束document[ˈdɔkjumənt]n.公文,文件,文献vt.证明记录,记载initial[iˈniʃəl]adj.最初的,开头的outcome[ˈautkʌm]n.结果scheme[ski:m]n.阴谋,诡计计划,方案vt.&vi.策划;图谋valid[ˈvælid]adj.正当的,有充分根据的,符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute[kənˈtribjut]vi.起促成作用vt.&vi.捐献,捐助,贡献出撰稿,投稿dominate[ˈdɔmineit]vt.耸立于,俯临vt.&vi.控制,支配,统治在…中占首要地位instance[ˈinstəns]n.例子,实例partner[ˈpɑ:tnə]n.伙伴,同伙,合伙人,股东同伴,搭档配偶,情人vt.做…的搭档sequence[ˈsi:kwəns]n.有关联的一组事物,一连串先后次序,顺序,连续volume[ˈvɔlju:m]n.卷,册,书卷体积;容积,容量音量,响度Sublist4access[ˈækses]n.通道,入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等]vt.存取(计算机文件) communicate[kəˈmju:nikeit]vi.通讯;交际,交流相连;相通vt.&vi.传达;表达error[ˈerə]n.错误过失,失误internal[inˈtə:nəl]adj.内部的国内的,内政的体内的parallel[ˈpærəlel]adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的;相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点),相似(之处)比较纬线,纬圈vt.与…平行;与…相当resolve[riˈzɔlv]vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解,解析(某物)vt.&vi.决定;决心adequate[ˈædikwit]adj.充分的,足够的适当的,胜任的concentrate[ˈkɔnsəntreit]vt.浓缩vt.&vi.专心于;注意集中,聚集ethnic[ˈeθnik]adj.种族的,部落的某文化群体的investigate[inˈvestiɡeit]vt.调查;审查parameter[pəˈræmitə]n.(限定性的)因素,特性,界限〈物〉〈数〉参量,参数retain[riˈtein]vt.保持;保留止住;容纳annual[ˈænjuəl]adj.每年的,年度的,一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊,年报,年鉴confer[kənˈfə:]vi.〈拉〉商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予goal[ɡəul]n.球门进球得的分努力的对象,目标job[dʒɔb]n.职业,职位(一件)工作职责,责任phase[feiz]n.阶段,时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]series[ˈsiəri:z]n.连续的同类事物,系列串联apparent[əˈpærənt]adj.显然的,明白的,清晰可见的表面上的,貌似(真实)的contrast[ˈkɔntræst]n.对比,对照差异,差别对照物,明显的对比物vt.&vi.对比,对照grant[ɡrɑ:nt]n.补助金,助学金,津贴vt.准许;答应给予承认label[ˈleibəl]n.标签,标记称号;符号;标示vt.贴标签于把…列为predict[priˈdikt]vt.&vi.预言;预测;预示statistic[stəˈtistik]adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量approximate[əˈprɔksimit]adj.近似的,大约的vt.&vi.近似,接近cycle[ˈsaikl]n.循环,周期自行车,摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车hence[hens]adv.从此时起,从此处因此,所以mechanism[ˈmekənizəm]n.机械装置构造,机制办法,技巧,途径principal[ˈprinsəpəl]adj.最重要的;主要的n.负责人,校长资本,本金被代理人,委托人status[ˈsteitəs]n.身份,地位情形,状况attitude[ˈætitju:d]n.态度,看法姿态,姿势debate[diˈbeit]n.讨论,辩论vt.&vi.辩论,争论hypothesis[haiˈpɔθisis]n.假说,假设,前提obvious[ˈɔbviəs]adj.明显的;显而易见的prior[ˈpraiə]adj.优先的;在前的;较早的stress[stres]n.压力,紧张强调,重要性重力重音vt.重读强调attribute[əˈtribju:t]n.属性,特性vt.认为…是;归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]despite[disˈpait]prep.不管,尽管implement[ˈimplimənt]n.工具,器具,用具vt.使生效,贯彻,执行occupy[ˈɔkjupai]vt.占领;占有使从事;使忙于professional[prəˈfeʃənəl]adj.职业的,专业的内行的,有经验的有意的,故意的n.具有某专业资格的人,专业人士内行,专家专门职业者,职业选手subsequent[ˈsʌbsikwənt]adj.随后的,继…之后的civil[ˈsivl]adj.公民的,平民的;非军职的,非宗教的;国民间的,民用的民事的,民法的文明的,有教养的dimension[diˈmenʃən]n.尺寸,度量方面,部分规模,程度implicate[ˈimplikeit]vt.牵连,涉及option[ˈɔpʃən]n.选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件,配件买卖选择权,期权project[prəˈdʒekt]n.项目,计划,方案,课题vt.规划抛;投;射vt.&vi.伸出,突出;表达特点sum[sʌm]n.总数,总和金额算术vt.&vi.合计总结,归纳code[kəud]n.法典,法规,章程密码,电码代号,编码vt.将…译成电码domestic[dəˈmestik]adj.本国的,国内的家庭的,家用的驯养的impose[imˈpəuz]vi.利用,占便宜;欺骗vt.强迫,强加课税,惩罚output[ˈautput]n.产量输出,输出功率promote[prəˈməut]vt.提升,提拔筹划,发起,创立推销〈正〉促进;推动;增进summary[ˈsʌməri]adj.即刻的,立即的匆忙的,草率的概括的;简要的n.摘要,概要commit[kəˈmit]vt.犯罪;犯错承诺;使自己受约束托付;交付emerge[iˈmə:dʒ]vi.出现;显出;暴露integrate[ˈintiɡreit]vt.使结合成为整体vt.&vi.(使)融入overall[ˈəuvərɔ:l]adj.总体的;全面的;综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上,总的来说一切包括在内,全部的n.长罩衣工装裤;工作裤regime[reiˈʒi:m]n.政治制度,政权,政体undertake[ˌʌndəˈteik]vt.担任,承揽;保证着手,开始Sublist5academy[əˈkædəmi]n.专科学校研究院,学会consult[kənˈsʌlt]vt.请教,咨询;找(医生)诊治翻阅,查阅顾及,考虑vt.&vi.商议,商量evolve[iˈvɔlv]vt.&vi.演变;进化licence[ˈlaisəns]n.许可证,执照许可,特许放纵,放肆orient[ˈɔ:riənt]n.东方,亚洲vt.使熟悉,使适应使朝向;使确定位置style[stail]n.风格,格调;文体行为方式,作风种类,类型;流行式样;款式风度;格调;气派adjust[əˈdʒʌst]vt.&vi.(改变…以)适应;调整;校正contact[ˈkɔntækt]n.接触联系,联络,交往社会关系,熟人,门路触点,接头vt.&vi.联系expand[iksˈpænd]vt.&vi.使…变大,扩大,扩张伸展,伸开,张开,展开logic[ˈlɔdʒik]n.逻辑(学),逻辑性推理方法合理的想法perspective[pəˈspektiv]n.远景,景前途;希望透视透视图观点,想法substitute[ˈsʌbstitju:t]vt.&vi.代替,替换,代用alter[ˈɔ:ltə]vt.&vi.改变,更改decline[diˈklain]n.下降,减少,衰退vi.(太阳)落下vt.&vi.辞谢;谢绝(邀请等) expose[iksˈpəuz]vt.曝光暴露;显露揭露,袒露margin[ˈmɑ:dʒin]n.页边空白边,边缘差数,差额;余地precise[priˈsais]adj.精确的,准确的恰好的;正是的周密的,细密的,精细的sustain[səˈstein]vt.承受,支撑维持长期保持;使继续经受,遭受amend[əˈmend]vt.&vi.改良;修改,修订discrete[disˈkri:t]adj.分离的,不相关联的external[eksˈtə:nl]adj.外面的,外部的外观的,表面的外国的medical[ˈmedikəl]adj.医学的,医疗的,医术的内科的prime[praim]adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最好的,第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好,使完成准备工作事先指导,事先向…提供情况symbol[ˈsimbəl]n.象征,标志符号,记号aware[əˈwɛə]adj.意识到的,知道的draft[drɑ:ft]n.草稿,草案,草图汇票应召入伍者;特遣队vt.起草,画草图,草拟选派,抽调征募,征召…入伍facilitate[fəˈsiliteit]vt.使便利,减轻…的困难mental[ˈmentl]adj.精神的,头脑的,心理的,智力的精神病的psychology[saiˈkɔlədʒi]n.心理学心理;心理特点target[ˈtɑ:ɡit]n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象;(攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物capacity[kəˈpæsiti]n.容量,容积才能,能力身份,职位enable[iˈneibl]vt.使能够;提供做…的权利[措施]使可能fundamental[ˌfʌndəˈmentəl]adj.基本的;重要的,必要的n.基本原则,基本法则modify[ˈmɔdifai]vt.修饰vt.&vi.修改,更改pursue[pəˈsju:]vt.追捕,追击追求继续;从事,经营transit[ˈtrænsit]n.搬运;载运;运输challenge[ˈtʃælindʒ]n.挑战,邀请比赛怀疑,质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验energy[ˈenədʒi]n.活力,干劲,能力精力〈物〉能,能量,能源generate[ˈdʒenəreit]vt.生成,产生引起,导致monitor[ˈmɔnitə]n.监视器,监听器;检测器(学校)班长;纠察员vt.监听,监视监测,检测ratio[ˈreiʃiəu]n.比,比率trend[trend]n.趋势,倾向流行clause[klɔ:z]n.从句(法律文件等的)条款enforce[inˈfɔ:s]vt.实施,执行强迫,迫使generation[ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən]n.同时代的人,一代人,一代产生,发生network[ˈnetwə:k]n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络,网状系统广播网,电视网reject[riˈdʒekt]n.被拒货品,不合格产品vt.拒绝,谢绝;驳回舍弃,排斥,退掉version[ˈvə:ʃən]n.(个人对事件的)描述,说法,看法版本,形式译本,剧本compound[ˈkɔmpaund]n.复合物,化合物(筑有围墙的)院子,(围起来的)场地vt.使混合,使合成使严重;使恶化entity[ˈentiti]n.实体,独立存在体,实际存在物image[ˈimidʒ]n.形象,概念镜像,影像,图像印象酷似的人[物],翻版比喻,引喻,明喻外形,外表,模样notion[ˈnəuʃən]n.概念,观念,看法突然的念头,奇想;意图,打算revenue[ˈrevənju:]n.收入,收益;财政收入,税收welfare[ˈwelfɛə]n.健康,幸福,繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)conflict[ˈkɔnflikt]n.战斗,斗争冲突,抵触,争论vi.抵触,冲突equivalent[iˈkwivələnt]adj.相等的,相当的liberal[ˈlibərəl]adj.心胸宽阔的,无偏见的慷慨的,大方的开放的;主张变革的自由的,不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者objective[əbˈdʒektiv]adj.客观的;不带偏见的n.目标;目的stable[ˈsteibl]adj.稳定的;安定的沉稳[持重]的whereas[hwɛərˈæz]conj.但是,而Sublist6abstract[ˈæbstrækt]adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象,抽象概念,抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要,梗概vt.提取,抽取做…的摘要capable[ˈkeipəbl]adj.有能力的,有技能的exceed[ikˈsi:d]vi.(在数量、质量上)突出,领先vt.超过;超越incidence[ˈinsidəns]n.发生率,影响范围migrate[maiˈɡreit]vi.迁移;移往recover[riˈkʌvə]vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等)vt.恢复;重新获得,找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)accurate[ˈækjurit]adj.精确的,准确的正确无误的cite[sait]vt.引用,举例表彰,嘉奖传唤,传讯expert[ˈekspə:t]adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的n.专家,能手incorporate[inˈkɔ:pəreit]vt.包含,加上,吸收把…合并,使并入组成公司minimum[ˈminiməm]adj.最低的,最小的n.最低限度,最小量reveal[riˈvi:l]vt.显示;露出泄露;透露acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ]vt.承认,供认告知已收到鸣谢,感谢cooperate[kəuˈɔpəreit]vi.合作;配合,协助explicit[iksˈplisit]adj.详述的,明确的,明晰的直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的index[ˈindeks]n.索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幂vt.给…编索引,指示出ministry[ˈministri]n.(政府的)部scope[skəup]n.余地,机会(处理、研究事务的)范围aggregate[ˈæɡriɡit]n.〈正〉数,总计vt.总计达…vt.&vi.(使)聚集discriminate[disˈkrimineit]vi.歧视,有差别地对待vt.&vi.分别,辨别,区分federal[ˈfedərəl]adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的inhibit[inˈhibit]vt.阻止;抑制motive[ˈməutiv]n.动机,目的subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi]n.补贴,津贴,补助金allocate[ˈæləkeit]vt.分配,分派把…拨给display[disˈplei]n.陈列,展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列,展览显示,显露fee[fi:]n.费,酬金initiate[iˈniʃieit]vt.开始,着手传授;使初步了解接纳新成员,让…加入neutral[ˈnju:trəl]adj.中立的,不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的;非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士;中立国tape[teip]n.带子录音磁带;录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt.&vi.录音assign[əˈsain]vt.分配;交给指派,选派指定,订出diverse[daiˈvəs]adj.不同的,多种多样的flexible[ˈfleksəbl]adj.易弯曲的,柔韧的灵活的,可变通的input[ˈinput]n.输入,投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑nevertheless[ˌnevəðəˈles]adv.仍然,然而,不过conj.尽管如此,然而trace[treis]n.踪迹;痕迹;形迹极微的量vt.追踪;追溯发现;找到描绘;标出vt.&vi.缓慢而困难地书写attach[əˈtætʃ]vt.&vi.贴上;系;附上domain[dəuˈmein]n.范围,领域版图,领土地产,产业furthermore[ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:]adv.而且,此外instruct[inˈstrʌkt]vt.命令,指示教,指导通知overseas[ˌəuvəˈsi:z]adj.(在)海外的,(在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向]国外transform[trænsˈfɔ:m]vt.&vi.改变author[ˈɔ:θə]n.著作家,作者创造者,创始人;发起人edit[ˈedit]vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等)vt.&vi.编辑gender[ˈdʒendə]n.〈语〉性intelligent[inˈtelidʒənt]adj.聪明的;理解力强的precede[ˌpriˈsi:d]vt.&vi.在…之前,先于transport[trænsˈpɔ:t]vt.运送;流放使万分激动bond[bɔnd]n.联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同,契约,票据vt.使粘结,使结合enhance[inˈhɑ:ns]vt.提高,增加,加强ignorant[ˈiɡnərənt]adj.无知的,愚昧的interval[ˈintəvəl]n.间隔时间幕间休息presume[priˈzju:m]vi.冒昧地做某事;错用自作主张,放肆vt.以为;假定underlie[ˌʌndəˈlai]vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因);引起brief[bri:f]adj.短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的n.概要,摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况,作…的摘要estate[isˈteit]n.土地,地区庄园,种植园地产,财产;遗产incentive[inˈsentiv]n.激励某人做某事的事物;刺激;诱因,动机lecture[ˈlektʃə]n.演讲;讲课冗长的训斥[谴责]vt.责备,教训,训斥vt.&vi.(向…)演讲;(给…)讲课rational[ˈræʃənl]adj.神智清楚的理性的;理智的;合理的;出于理性的utilize[ˈju:tilaiz]vt.利用,使用Sublist7adapt[əˈdæpt]vt.改编,改写vt.&vi.(使)适应,(使)适合contrary[ˈkɔntrəri]adj.相反的,相违的n.相反,反面,对立面empirical[emˈpirikəl]adj.以观察或实验为依据的identical[aiˈdentikəl]adj.同一的phenomenon[fiˈnɔminən]n.现象特殊的人[事物]submit[səbˈmit]vi.屈服,认输vt.提交,呈递〈正〉建议,主张,申辩adult[ˈædʌlt]adj.成熟的成年人的,适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物convert[kənˈvə:t]vt.&vi.(使)转变,(使)转化皈依,改变(信仰)equip[iˈkwip]vt.装备,配备使有能力,使胜任ideology[ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi]n.思想(体系),思想意识priority[praiˈɔriti]n.优先权,重点优先考虑的事successor[səkˈsesə]n.接替的人或事物,继任者,继承人advocate[ˈædvəkeit]n.提倡者,拥护者辩护律师,辩护人vt.提倡,主张couple[ˈkʌpl]n.一对,一双一些,几个夫妻,情侣vt.连接,联结,联系extract[iksˈtrækt]n.摘录,引用提炼物,浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出,抽出提取,榨出infer[inˈfə:]vt.推断,推知prohibit[prəˈhibit]vt.禁止;阻止survive[səˈvaiv]vi.幸存,活下来vt.比…活得长,经历…之后还存在aid[eid]n.帮助,援助,救助助手,辅助物,辅助手段vt.帮助,援助decade[ˈdekeid]n.十年,十年间file[fail]n.文件夹,公文箱卷宗,文件;计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等),呈递用锉锉innovate[ˈinəuveit]vi.改革,创新publication[ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən]n.发表,公布出版,刊行,发行出版物,书刊thesis[ˈθi:sis]n.论题,命题,论点论文,毕业(或学位)论文channel[ˈtʃænl]n.海峡通道;水沟,水渠渠道,途径频道definite[ˈdefinit]adj.明确的,确切的一定的,肯定的finite[ˈfainait]adj.有限的,有限度的〈语〉限定的insert[inˈsə:t]n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图)vt.插入,嵌入quote[kwəut]vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价);开(价)vt.&vi.引用,援引topic[ˈtɔpik]n.题目,论题,话题chemical[ˈkemikəl]adj.化学的n.化学药品deny[diˈnai]vt.否认知情拒绝foundation[faunˈdeiʃən]n.建立,设立,创办基础,基本原理,根据地基基金(会) intervene[ˌɪntəˈvi:n]vi.干涉,干预;调解干扰,阻碍release[riˈli:s]n.释放,排放,解除释放令公映的新影片,发布的新闻[消息]vt.释放;放开发布;发行;发售transmit[trænzˈmit]vt.传播,传染传导vt.&vi.发射,播送,广播classic[ˈklæsik]adj.(著作,赛事等)最优秀的,(可作)典范的(病例等)典型的,标准的(衣服,设计等)传统式样的,典雅的(因为时已久)著名的;传统的n.文豪,大艺术家;文学名著,经典作品,杰作优秀的典范differentiate[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit]vi.区别对待vt.&vi.区分,区别,辨别globe[ɡləub]n.地球,世界球体;球状物地球仪isolate[ˈaisəleit]vt.使隔离,使孤立,使脱离reverse[riˈvə:s]adj.相反的,颠倒的,反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败,挫败vt.&vi.(使)反转;(使)颠倒;(使)翻转推翻,取消使倒退,逆转ultimate[ˈʌltimit]adj.最后的,最终的基本的,根本的最大的,极限程度的comprehensive[ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv]adj.广泛的,综合的dispose[disˈpəuz]vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt.&vi.处理;处置grade[ɡreid]n.(官阶、质量)等级,品级,阶段,程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数,评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级;(按年级划分的)小学生media[ˈmi:djə]n.媒体simulate[ˈsimjuleit]vt.假装模仿,模拟unique[ju:ˈni:k]adj.独一无二的,仅有的,惟一的异常的,特有的,少见的comprise[kəmˈpraiz]vt.包含,包括,由…组成组成,构成dynamic[daiˈnæmik]adj.有活力的,强有力的不断变化的动力的,动态的guarantee[ˌɡærənˈti:]n.保证,保障;保证书;保用期担保,担保人担保品,抵押品vt.保证;担保使(事情)可能发生mode[məud]n.方式,样式样式,风格sole[səul]adj.单独的,惟一的专有的,独占的visible[ˈvizəbl]adj.看得见的,可见的,有形的明显的,可察觉到的confirm[kənˈfə:m]vt.证实,证明;肯定,确认使巩固,加强批准;认可eliminate[iˈlimineit]vt.消除,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉hierarchy[ˈhaiərɑ:ki]n.等级制度统治集团,领导层paradigm[ˈpærədaim]n.(一词的)词形变化表范例;样式;模范somewhat[ˈsʌmhwɔt]adv.稍微,有点,达到某种程度voluntary[ˈvɔləntəri]adj.自愿的,志愿的义务的,无偿的Sublist8abandon[əˈbændən]n.放任;纵情vt.离弃,丢弃遗弃,抛弃放弃clarify[ˈklærifai]vt.&vi.使清楚;澄清deviate[ˈdi:vieit]vi.偏离;越轨induce[inˈdju:s]vt.引诱,劝导〈正〉引起,导致plus[plʌs]adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的,称心的,有利的n.加号,正号prep.(表示包容)外加;另有(表示运算)加,加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上,正tense[tens]adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张accompany[əˈkʌmpəni]vt.陪伴,陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏commodity[kəˈmɔditi]n.商品,货物有用的东西displace[disˈpleis]vt.替换,取代移走inevitable[inˈevitəbl]adj.不可避免的,必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的,照例必有的,惯常的practitioner[prækˈtiʃənə]n.习艺者,实习者从业者(尤指医师)terminate[ˈtə:mineit]vt.&vi.结束;使终结accumulate[əˈkju:mjuleit]vt.&vi.堆积;积累complement[ˈkɔmplimənt]n.补充,互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足,补充drama[ˈdrɑ:mə]n.戏剧,剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面] infrastructure[ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə]n.基础设施;基础结构predominant[priˈdɔminənt]adj.占主导地位的,显著的theme[θi:m]n.主题,主旨,题目ambiguous[æmˈbiɡjuəs]adj.引起歧义的;模棱两可的,含糊不清的conform[kənˈfɔ:m]vi.遵守,符合顺应,一致eventual[iˈventjuəl]adj.(事件)最终发生的;结果的inspect[inˈspekt]vt.检查,检验视察prospect[ˈprɔspekt]n.景象,景色前景;前途可能成为主顾的人;有希望的候选人vi.勘探;勘察thereby[ˈðɛəbai]adv.由此;因而append[əˈpend]vt.附加contemporary[kənˈtempərəri]adj.当代的同时代的,同属一个时期的n.同代人,同龄人exhibit[iɡˈzibit]n.展览品,陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt.显示,显出vt.&vi.陈列;展览intense[inˈtens]adj.强烈的,剧烈的;极端的热情的,热切的紧张的,认真的radical[ˈrædikəl]adj.根本的,基本的;彻底的,完全的激进的,激进派的uniform[ˈju:nifɔ:m]adj.全都相同的,一律的,清一色的n.制服appreciate[əˈpri:ʃieit]vt.感激,感谢欣赏,赏识,重视意识到,体会vt.&vi.(使)增值,涨价contradict[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt]vt.与…发生矛盾,与…抵触vt.&vi.反驳,否认…的真实性exploit[iksˈplɔit]n.业绩,功绩,功勋,事迹vt.开采;开发剥削manipulate[məˈnipjuleit]vt.熟练控制[操作]random[ˈrændəm]adj.任意的;无计划的(统计)随机的vehicle[ˈvi:ɪkl]n.交通工具,车辆传播媒介,手段arbitrary[ˈɑ:bitrəri]adj.随意的,主观的专横的,独断专行的crucial[ˈkru:ʃəl]adj.决定性的,紧要关头的fluctuate[ˈflʌktjueit]vi.波动,涨落,起伏minimise[ˈminimaiz]vt.把…减至最低数量[程度]对(某事物)作最低估计;极力贬低(某事物)的价值[重要性]reinforce[ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:s]vt.增强;加强via[ˈvaiə]prep.(表示方式)通过(某人),凭借(某种手段)(表示关涉)经由,经过automate[ˈɔ:təmeit]vt.&vi.(使)自动化currency[ˈkʌrənsi]n.通货,货币流通,通用,流行guideline[ˈɡaidlain]n.指导方针,准则nuclear[ˈnju:kliə]adj.核的,原子核的使用或生产核能的restore[riˈstɔ:]vt.归还;交还使恢复修复;重建virtual[ˈvə:tjuəl]adj.实质上的,事实上的,实际上的bias[ˈbaiəs]n.偏见,偏心,偏袒vt.使倾向于denote[diˈnəut]vt.为…的符号;为…的名称指示;指出highlight[ˈhailait]n.最精彩的部分,最重要的事情vt.强调,突出,使显著。
学术词汇大全四级中常见学科词汇一览学术领域中的各个学科都有其独特的词汇,这些词汇是理解和交流学术知识的基础。
对于准备考取四级英语的学生来说,掌握常见的学科词汇是非常重要的。
本文将为大家提供学术词汇大全四级中常见学科词汇一览,希望能帮助大家在考试中取得好成绩。
1. 数学(Mathematics)- algebra 代数- calculus 微积分- geometry 几何学- trigonometry 三角学- statistics 统计学- probability 概率论- equation 方程- derivative 导数- integral 积分- matrix 矩阵2. 物理学(Physics)- mechanics 力学- thermodynamics 热力学- electromagnetism 电磁学- optics 光学- quantum mechanics 量子力学- relativity 相对论- nuclear physics 核物理学- particle physics 粒子物理学- astrophysics 天体物理学- acoustics 声学3. 化学(Chemistry)- organic chemistry 有机化学- inorganic chemistry 无机化学- physical chemistry 物理化学- analytical chemistry 分析化学- biochemistry 生物化学- polymer chemistry 高分子化学- environmental chemistry 环境化学- pharmaceutical chemistry 制药化学 - theoretical chemistry 理论化学- industrial chemistry 工业化学4. 生物学(Biology)- molecular biology 分子生物学- cell biology 细胞生物学- genetics 遗传学- ecology 生态学- evolution 进化论- microbiology 微生物学- zoology 动物学- botany 植物学- anatomy 解剖学- physiology 生理学5. 地球科学(Earth Science)- geology 地质学- meteorology 气象学- oceanography 海洋学- climatology 气候学- seismology 地震学- hydrology 水文学- geomorphology 地貌学- paleontology 古生物学- geophysics 地球物理学- planetary science 行星科学6. 计算机科学(Computer Science) - programming 编程- algorithm 算法- data structure 数据结构- artificial intelligence 人工智能- computer network 计算机网络- operating system 操作系统- database 数据库- software engineering 软件工程- computer graphics 计算机图形学- computer security 计算机安全7. 经济学(Economics)- microeconomics 微观经济学- macroeconomics 宏观经济学- econometrics 计量经济学- international economics 国际经济学 - finance 金融学- labor economics 劳动经济学- economic development 经济发展学- game theory 博弈论- econometric models 计量经济模型- economic policy 经济政策8. 心理学(Psychology)- cognitive psychology 认知心理学- developmental psychology 发展心理学 - social psychology 社会心理学- personality psychology 人格心理学- abnormal psychology 异常心理学- educational psychology 教育心理学- industrial-organizational psychology 工业组织心理学- clinical psychology 临床心理学- counseling psychology 咨询心理学- positive psychology 积极心理学通过掌握以上学科词汇,同学们可以在英语四级考试中更好地理解并回答与学术知识相关的问题。
英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型1.与时间相关的①no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days②at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)③for a given exposure time④…increased with age.⑤for different time span.⑥After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.⑦…throughout the entire test period.⑧It will decrease as time passes.2. 表示增加或下降的①An increase in the FA content decreased the…②…decrease with increase in…③…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.④As …is lowered.⑤augment⑥The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to …⑦…develop at an increasing rate with time3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定①probably due to…② A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is③This might be attributed to…④…depends on the two main mechanisms⑤…is a common cause of⑥…is the essential parameter governing the…⑦…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism.⑧the cause of this resides in …⑨Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.4. 表示展示。
论文写作常用词汇一、导论部分在论文的导论部分,我们通常需要概述研究领域的背景,介绍研究目的和意义,并列举相关的研究现状和研究方法。
下面是一些常用于导论部分的词汇:1. 研究背景和研究领域:- Previous studies(以前的研究)- Existing research(现有研究)- Research gap(研究空白)- Research field(研究领域)- Theoretical framework(理论框架)- Research questions(研究问题)2. 研究目的和意义:- The purpose of this study(本研究的目的)- The significance of this research(本研究的意义)- Contribute to the existing literature(对现有文献做出贡献)- Fill the research gap(填补研究空白)3. 研究现状和研究方法:- A literature review(文献综述)- Empirical research(实证研究)- Qualitative analysis(定性分析)- Quantitative analysis(定量分析)- Data collection(数据收集)- Research methodology(研究方法)二、理论框架与文献综述在论文的理论框架与文献综述部分,我们通常需要介绍相关的理论框架,回顾已有的研究和文献。
下面是一些常用于该部分的词汇:1. 理论框架:- Theoretical framework(理论框架)- Conceptual framework(概念框架)- Hypothesis(假设)- Model(模型)- Variables(变量)2. 文献综述:- Review the literature(回顾文献)- Research studies(研究研究)- Scholarly articles(学术文章)- Empirical studies(实证研究)- Theoretical perspectives(理论观点)- Research findings(研究发现)- Research gaps(研究空白)三、研究方法与数据分析在论文的研究方法与数据分析部分,我们通常需要介绍研究的方法和技术,并进行数据分析和讨论。
1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.rosy ;adj. 蔷薇色的,玫瑰红色的;美好的;乐观的;涨红脸的3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad(如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive 替换。
)Adverse;adj. 不利的;相反的;敌对的(名词adverseness,副词adversely)4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.if not most:即使不是大多数5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some.a slice of:一片,一份6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。
harbor v/n庇护;怀有7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。
学术论文常用词汇学术论文的语言表达一、时态时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时需要注意的语法In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.二、数词数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数单数复数criterion criteria 依据phenomenon phenomena 现象medium media 介质radius radii 半径index indices 指数appendix appendices 附录stimulus stimuli 刺激basis bases 基础2synthesis syntheses 合成matrix matrices 基体Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词data, kinetics 通常作复数名词research, work: 不可数名词The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些结构的数<主谓的统一>one of 复数名词单数none of 复数名词复数none of 单数名词/不可数名词单数no 复数名词复数no 单数名词/不可数名词单数a kind of 单数名词单数this/that kind of 单数名词单数these kinds of 复数名词复数复数名词of this/that kind 复数sort 与kind 类似a type of 单数名词单数a series of 复数名词复数a class of 复数名词复数the number of 复数名词单数a number of 复数名词复数Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents, especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial. 3 Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text. The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 复数名词: 整个做主语时谓语应为单数; 但此句的动词have 是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如: One of the mechanisms which have been……A series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.The most important class of poly(amides) for controlled release are the poly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydrides) are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言various differentmost all many severalone of many ofkinds ofa number of the number ofa (wide) variety of a class ofa series of a wide range ofDozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.4In a number of special applications (e.g. contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additional requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane proteins are receptors.Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing, while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers, both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可数名词的量词a few many a number of形容不可数名词的量词a great/small/certain amount of a great/good deal of形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词a lot of lots ofAlthough a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPN have been synthesized with different compositions.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers. 以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as……由较靠近谓语动词的决定not only……but also……either……or……neither……nor……三、冠词冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠词最普通的规则如下单数名词前一般要加冠您身边的论文好秘书:您的原始资料与构思,我按您的意思整理成优秀论文论著,并安排出版发表,企鹅1550116010 、766085044自信我会是您人生路上不可或缺的论文好秘书词 a , the 等但有些情况可不加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the, these, those.5The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationshipK = A e -E/RTWhere A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energy, and T the Kelvin temperature. A plot of lnK versus 1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slopeand intercept, respectively.When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fraction dissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interior hydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomer droplets.被修饰的名词前要加the:There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis of new polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available.The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them become heterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 . 四从句分词不定式这些是写作时常用且必须用到的结构一定要掌握在学术论文中从句分词不定式通常用来作修饰Applications in the relatively new field of tissue engineering, where polymers are used to assist regeneration of three-dimensional tissue structures, are more and more integrated with biological demands.There are three general synthetic approaches that have been used to produce polymers with increased thermal stability.If certain symmetry requirements are met, the molecules are able to pack into an ordered, lattice arrangement and crystallization occurs. The temperature at which this occurs is Tm. There are at least two mechanisms through which the infectivity of a vector can be blocked.Biodegradable polymers containing ˋhydrolysable ˊgroups in their chains, which are susceptible to biodegradation to low molecular weight, nontoxic products, have also been considered for controlled drug delivery systems.Polymers possessing high strength, solvent and chemical resistance, and serviceability at high temperatures would find a variety of uses.6The challenge facing cell and molecular biologists is to decipher how cellular events occur.A general problem encountered in many of the polymerization systems has been a difficulty in obtaining polymers of sufficiently high enough molecular weight to have reasonable strength properties.Another approach to obtain rigid polymer chains is by the synthesis of spiro polymers. 五标点英文中一句话结束要用句号注意避免过长的句子这点与汉语中常用逗号的习惯不同请注意以下结构的标点…… such as A and B ………… such as A, B and C ………… , such as A, ………… , for example, ………… , for example ………… ,e.g., ………… ,i.e., …………, respectively.四、掌握一些学术论文常用的短语结构可大大降低写作的难度In order to meet all of these criteria, the vector must deliver the gene accurately. To overcome this problem, it would be advantageous to pseudotype lentiviral vectors withtargeted MLV envelopes.Besides identifying suitable proteases for targeting, the success of thisprotease-targetingstrategy relies on the accessibility of the linker to protease cleavage.We have focused our investigations on the in vitro and in vivo biological response of a mousecell line.On the contrary, the homotelomer derivative 11 exhibits no substantial loss of cytotoxicity compared to free Ara-C.After more than three decades of development, in which numerous polymers have been used to replace body parts, clinical success is still relatively rare.7In some cases, polymeric materials for drug delivery must satisfy additional requirements, such as environmental responsiveness (e.g. pH- or temperature dependent phase or volume transformations.)Owing to the nature of these interactions, surface modification strategies have been used to。
2023年研究论文常用词汇和套句汇总一、学术研究论文常用词汇1. 研究目的 (Research objectives)2. 研究方法 (Research methods)3. 数据分析 (Data analysis)4. 结果讨论 (Results and discussion)5. 结论 (Conclusion)6. 文献综述 (Literature review)7. 实证研究 (Empirical study)8. 调查问卷 (Questionnaire)9. 样本选择 (Sample selection)10. 回归分析 (Regression analysis)11. 文献引用 (Literature citation)12. 研究限制 (Research limitations)13. 研究贡献 (Research contributions)14. 研究领域 (Research field)15. 数据收集 (Data collection)二、常用套句1. 本文旨在探讨... (This paper aims to explore...)2. 通过分析...得出以下结论 (By analyzing..., the following conclusions can be drawn)3. 结果表明...对...有显著影响 (The results indicate that... has a significant impact on...)4. 根据文献综述可知 (According to the literature review)5. 为了解答研究问题 (In order to answer the research questions)6. 本研究的主要贡献在于... (The main contribution of this study is...)7. 通过实证研究发现 (Through empirical research, it was found that)8. 研究发现存在一定限制 (The study findings have certain limitations)9. 进一步研究应考虑... (Further research should consider...)10. 该研究对于未来的研究具有重要意义 (This study has important implications for future research)以上是一些常用的词汇和套句,希望对您的研究论文写作有所帮助。
学位英语知识点复习资料【优秀4篇】一、词汇与语法篇1. 常用词汇积累(1)学术相关词汇:thesis(论文)、research(研究)、analysis(分析)、conclusion(结论)等。
(2)日常交流词汇:benefit(好处)、challenge(挑战)、solution(解决方案)、opportunity(机会)等。
(3)动词短语:account for(解释)、contribute to(贡献)、cope with(应对)等。
2. 关键语法点巩固(1)时态:熟练运用一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时等。
(2)语态:区分主动语态和被动语态,并能在句子中正确运用。
(3)非谓语动词:了解并掌握动名词、分词和不定式等非谓语动词的用法。
二、阅读理解篇1. 提高阅读速度(1)跳读:快速浏览文章,抓住主题和关键信息。
(2)精读:针对重要段落和细节,仔细阅读,理解文章内涵。
2. 策略性解题(1)事实细节题:直接在文章中寻找答案。
(2)推理判断题:根据文章内容和背景知识,进行合理推断。
(3)主旨大意题:把握文章结构,概括文章主题。
三、完形填空篇1. 培养语感2. 注意上下文联系在解题过程中,关注上下文之间的联系,尤其是代词、转折词等。
四、写作篇1. 提高写作能力(1)积累素材:多阅读优秀文章,学习写作技巧。
(2)模拟练习:针对不同题型,进行模拟练习。
2. 熟悉写作模板学位英语知识点复习资料【优秀4篇】三、听力理解篇1. 提升听力技巧(1)预测能力:在听前根据题目和选项预测对话或短文的内容。
(2)关键词定位:在听的过程中,关注关键词,如数字、专有名词等,以便抓住关键信息。
2. 培养日常听力习惯(1)多听英语广播、新闻、电影等,提高对不同口音和语速的适应能力。
四、翻译篇1. 掌握翻译技巧(1)直译与意译相结合:根据语境灵活运用直译和意译。
(2)词汇准确:确保翻译的词汇准确无误,符合原文含义。
.增补(Addition)in addition另外, furthermore此外, again, also, besides, moreover此外, similarly, finally最后2.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as同样地3.对照(Contrast)whereas然而, in contrast与此相反, on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless 然而, unlike, even though即使, on the contrary, while4.因果(Cause and effect)because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus5.强调(Emphasis)certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, pr imarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant6.让步(Concession)although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illust ration.8.总结(Conclusion)to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary9.推断(Inference)therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise10.时间和空间(Time and space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of11.启承转合1)、启A proverb says...... At present.......As the proverb says.... Currently.....Generally speaking, .... Now,....In general, ..... On the Whole....It is clear that.... Recently.....It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......2)、承First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....In the first place, .........To begin with, ......... Of course, .........Also, ....... Similarly,.........At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......In addition,..... What`s more, ..........In fact........ It can be easily proved that...Meanwhile......3)、转But... Still, ......But the problem is not so simple...There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However,....... To our surprise,..........Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......On the other hand, .......Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....4)、合Above all, In brief, ........Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........All in all, .......In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........As a consequence, ......... In short, .........As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........To conclude, ...... Finally, ........To sum up, ..... In a word, ......To summarize, ......1.individuals,characters替换(people ,persons)2.positive, favorable, rosy (美好的),promising(有希望的),perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstan ding, superior替换good3。
学术论文常用词汇学术论文的语言表达一、时态时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时需要注意的语法In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.二、数词数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数单数复数criterion criteria 依据phenomenon phenomena 现象medium media 介质radius radii 半径index indices 指数appendix appendices 附录stimulus stimuli 刺激basis bases 基础2synthesis syntheses 合成matrix matrices 基体Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词data, kinetics 通常作复数名词research, work: 不可数名词The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些结构的数<主谓的统一>one of 复数名词单数none of 复数名词复数none of 单数名词/不可数名词单数no 复数名词复数no 单数名词/不可数名词单数a kind of 单数名词单数this/that kind of 单数名词单数these kinds of 复数名词复数复数名词of this/that kind 复数sort 与kind 类似a type of 单数名词单数a series of 复数名词复数a class of 复数名词复数the number of 复数名词单数a number of 复数名词复数Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents, especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial. 3 Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text. The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 复数名词: 整个做主语时谓语应为单数; 但此句的动词have 是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如: One of the mechanisms w hich have been……A series of telomers reported in table 1 were then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.The most important class of poly(amides) for controlled release are the poly(amino acids). The majority of poly(anhydrides) are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言various differentmost all many severalone of many ofkinds ofa number of the number ofa (wide) variety of a class ofa series of a wide range ofDozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.4In a number of special applications (e.g. contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additional requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane proteins are receptors.Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing, while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers, both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可数名词的量词a few many a number of形容不可数名词的量词a great/small/certain amount of a great/good deal of形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词a lot of lots ofAlthough a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPN have been synthesized with different compositions.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers. 以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定, as well as……由较靠近谓语动词的决定not only……but also……either……or……neither……nor……三、冠词冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠词最普通的规则如下单数名词前一般要加冠您身边的论文好秘书:您的原始资料与构思,我按您的意思整理成优秀论文论著,并安排出版发表,企鹅1550116010 、766085044自信我会是您人生路上不可或缺的论文好秘书词 a , the 等但有些情况可不加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the, these, those.5The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationshipK = A e -E/RTWhere A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energy, and T the Kelvin temperature. A plot of lnK versus 1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slopeand intercept, respectively.When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fraction dissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interior hydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomer droplets.被修饰的名词前要加the:There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis of new polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available.The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them become heterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 . 四从句分词不定式这些是写作时常用且必须用到的结构一定要掌握在学术论文中从句分词不定式通常用来作修饰Applications in the relatively new field of tissue engineering, where polymers are used to assist regeneration of three-dimensional tissue structures, are more and more integrated with biological demands.There are three general synthetic approaches that have been used to produce polymers with increased thermal stability.If certain symmetry requirements are met, the molecules are able to pack into an ordered, lattice arrangement and crystallization occurs. The temperature at which this occurs is Tm. There are at least two mechanisms through which the infectivity of a vector can be blocked.Biodegradable polymers containing ˋhydrolysable ˊgroups in their chains, which are susceptible to biodegradation to low molecular weight, nontoxic products, have also been considered for controlled drug delivery systems.Polymers possessing high strength, solvent and chemical resistance, and serviceability at high temperatures would find a variety of uses.6The challenge facing cell and molecular biologists is to decipher how cellular events occur.A general problem encountered in many of the polymerization systems has been a difficulty in obtaining polymers of sufficiently high enough molecular weight to have reasonable strength properties.Another approach to obtain rigid polymer chains is by the synthesis of spiro polymers. 五标点英文中一句话结束要用句号注意避免过长的句子这点与汉语中常用逗号的习惯不同请注意以下结构的标点…… such as A and B ………… such as A, B and C ………… , such as A, ………… , for example, ………… , for example ………… ,e.g., ………… ,i.e., …………, respectively.四、掌握一些学术论文常用的短语结构可大大降低写作的难度In order to meet all of these criteria, the vector must deliver the gene accurately. To overcome this problem, it would be advantageous to pseudotype lentiviral vectors withtargeted MLV envelopes.Besides identifying suitable proteases for targeting, the success of thisprotease-targetingstrategy relies on the accessibility of the linker to protease cleavage.We have focused our investigations on the in vitro and in vivo biological response of a mousecell line.On the contrary, the homotelomer derivative 11 exhibits no substantial loss of cytotoxicity compared to free Ara-C.After more than three decades of development, in which numerous polymers have been used to replace body parts, clinical success is still relatively rare.7In some cases, polymeric materials for drug delivery must satisfy additional requirements, such as environmental responsiveness (e.g. pH- or temperature dependent phase or volume transformations.)Owing to the nature of these interactions, surface modification strategies have been used to。