1. 实称、代称与重复
（1）复习笔记
★代词
①英语和汉语中代词使用的区别
a. 英语代词用得多，汉语代词用得少，尤其在文学作品中关于生活细节的描述时。
b. 英语有时在句子里先出代词，然后再出它所指的人或物。汉语一般总是先出实词，然后才用代词。例如：
【英语】Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was ...
【汉语】朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十几岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调说明自己的身份……
评析：英语中先出现了代词him，然后再出现其指代的具体人物Chu Teh，汉语中先出现的是实词“朱德”，后出现的代词“他”和“自己”。
②翻译注意事项
a. 英译汉有些代词可以不译。例如：
【原文】Permit me first to thank our Chinese hosts for your extraordinary arrangements and hospitality. My wife and I, as well as our entire party, are deeply grateful.
【译文】首先，请允许我对中国主人十分出色的安排和款待表示感谢。我的夫人和我以及全体随行人员都深为感激。
评析：原文中的代词your，our都没有译。
b. 汉译英时则要在适当的地方增加代词，特别是物主代词。例如：
【原文】有一年的冬初，四叔家里要换女工，做中人的卫老婆子带她进来了，头上扎着白头绳，乌裙，蓝夹袄，月白背心，年纪大约二十六七，脸色青黄，但两颊却还是红的。卫老婆子叫她祥林嫂，说是自己母家的邻舍，死了当家人，所以出来做工了。四叔皱了皱眉，四婶已经知道了他的意思，是在讨厌她是一个寡妇。但看她模样还周正，手脚都壮大，又只是顺着眼，不开一句口，很像一个安分耐劳的人，便不管四叔的皱眉，将她留下了。试工期内，她整天的做，似乎闲着就无聊，又有力，简直抵得过一个男子。所以第三天就定局。每月工钱五百文。
【译文】Early one winter, when my uncle’s family wanted a new maid, Old Mrs. Wei the go-between brought her along. She had a white mourning band round her hair and was wearing a black skirt, blue jacket, and pale green bodice. Her age was about twenty-six, and though her face was sallow her cheeks were red. Old Mrs. Wei introduced her as Xianglin’s Wife, a neighbour of her mother’s family, who wanted to go out to work now that her husband had died. My uncle frowned at this, and my aunt knew that he disapproved of taking on a widow. She looked just the person for them, though, with her big strong hands and feet; and, judging by her downcast eyes and silence, she was a good worker who would know her place. So my aunt ignored my uncle’s frown and kept her. During her trial period she worked from morning till night as if she found resting irksome, and proved strong enough to do the work of a man; so on the third day she was taken on for five hundred cash a month.
评析：这段话中原文用了6个“她”，指祥林嫂，1个“他”，指四叔，1个“自己”，指卫老婆子。译文却增加了15个代词，有my，her和she，还增加了一个代词them。
c.有些代词可以进行一定的灵活翻译。例如：
【原文】Chu Teh remembered his age. He was thirty-six ...
【译文】朱德想起自己的年龄，他已36岁……
评析：代词his如果要译，也不一定译作“他的”，而可译作“自己的”。
d. 在英语里，用代词来指国家和船只时，是可以用she和her的。例如：
As a major developing country with a long coastline, China, therefore, must take exploitation and protection of the ocean as a long-term strategic task before it can achieve the sustainable development of its national economy. (it指代China) China has basically achieved self-sufficiency in grain at the present stage, and there are many favorable objective factors for her to maintain such achievement by her own efforts in the course of future development. (her指代China)
★名词的重复与代称
①英语不喜欢重复，一句话里需要重复某个词语时会使用其他方法来避免重复。常用的方法如下：
a. 使用代词。例如：
It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions.
评析：第二句中的they指代了前面提到的an industrial revolution and two political revolutions。
