宾语从句详细讲解
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宾语从句的用法:
一.宾语从句的定义:在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
(每年中招考试单选题第15题必是宾语从句)
二、宾语从句的语序:
宾语从句的语序是陈述语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。
特别强调:它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序,而不是疑问句的倒装结构。
Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?(╳) Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( √)
陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。
Eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” → She said she would leave a message on the desk.
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。
Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him. → I asked him where the tickets are.
1)连接词在从句中作主语。
连接词+谓语常见的连接词有:who,what,which等。
如:
Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?
The small children don't know what is in their stockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西?
2)连接词在从句中作主语的定语。
连接词+名词+谓语。
常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。
如:
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老师问我们房间里有多少人。
3)连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。
连接词+主语+谓语。
常见的连接词有:who (m),what,which,how many,how much,when,why,how,where,if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。
如:
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?
4)连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。
连接词+名词+主语+谓语。
常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。
如:
Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗?
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
三.连接词
1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,只起连接作用,在从句中不作成分,也无词义,常被省略。
如:
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
I believe ( that ) you are right. He said ( that ) the fastest way to travel was by plane.
引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略(八种宾语从句不省略that )
1. 宾语从句前有插入语。
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。
2. 有间接宾语时。
He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。
3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.
他说那本书很有趣,所有小孩都喜欢读。
4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。
5. that从句单独回答问题时。
—What did he hear? 他听说了什么事?
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。
6.在except等介词后。
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。
7. 位于句首时。
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。
8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。
2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。
如:
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
但在下列情况下只能用whether:
①在具有选择意义,又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether (if…or not也可以使用)。
如:
Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whether or not he will come)让我知道他是否能来。
I don't know whether /if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.我不知道我们是去还是留。
②在介词之后用whether。
如:
I'm interested in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。
③在不定式前用whether。
如:
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。
④whether置于句首时,不能换用if。
如:
Whether this is true or not,I can't say.这是否真的我说不上来。
⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。
如:
Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能来还是个问题。
The question is whether we can catch the bus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。
3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。
如:
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗?
三、宾语从句的时态:
含宾语从句的复合句,主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容:
1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要,选用相应的任何时态。
如:
I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。
如:
①The children didn't know who he was.孩子们不知道他是谁。
②He asked his father how it happened.他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。
3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。
如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。
四、其他需要说明的问题:
1、标点由主句决定,如主句是陈述句、祈使句,则用句号;是疑问句则用问号。
eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?
2、要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。
3、宾语从句的附加疑问句
宾语从句的复合句在变成反意疑问句时,如果主句的谓语动词为think, guess, believe, suppose 等且主语为第一人称时,附加部分要由从句决定;如果主句不是think 等上述动词或谓语动词是这些词且主语不是第一人称时,附加部分由主句决定。
I think that he is right, isn't he? I don't believe he is a student, is
he?
He supposes that she will come tonight, doesn't he? He never said he was a good student, did he?
五、宾语从句和状语从句的区分:
eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine. 2) I don’t know if the train has arrived.
句1中if引导的是状语从句。
这个从句表示“条件”,修饰主句。
整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好,我就出去。
句2中if引导的是宾语从句,充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。
整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。
判断方法:
1、可以从整个句式看。
状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面(个别除外),宾语从句
只能放在主句谓语动词之后。
2、从引导词看。
if充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether,词义为“是否”,充当状语
从句的连接词时,词义为“如果”。
when充当宾语从句的连接词时,意为“什么时候”,充当状语从句的连接词时,意为“当……的时候”。
3、从时态看。
if和when作连接词时,引导宾语从句要注意:从句的谓语动词的时态应根
据主句的时态作相应的变化。
if和when充当从属连词时,引导条件和时间状语从句,若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时,则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?
—Sorry,I don't know.When he comes back,I'll tell you.对不起,不知道。
当他回来了,我将告诉你。
—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。
—He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨,他会来的。
【重难点例题启发与方法总结】
(1)I hope ________ it will snow this winter.
A.when
B.if
C.whether
D./
【解析】答案:D hope 后面应该接that引导的宾语从句,that 在句中没有任何意义,可以省略。
(2)—I don’t know ________ Mr.Green will come to see us.
—He will help us with our English.
A.why
B.when
C.how
D.where
【解析】答案:A从下文的答语看,上文不知道的应该是“来看我们的原因”。
(3)I can’t remember ________ I have seen him before.
A.whether
B.why
C.what
D.how
【解析】答案:A本句表达一种不确定的概念,用whether或if。
(4)—Do you know ________?I’m going to see him.
—Sorry,I don’t know.
A.where does Mr.Li live
B.where did Mr.Li live
C.where Mr.Li lives
D.where Mr.Li lived
【解析】答案:C宾语从句要用陈述语气,排除A、B两项。
从句意判断问的是“现在住哪儿?”。
(5)—Where do you think ________ he ________ the computer?
—Sorry,I have no idea.
A./;bought
B.has;bought
C.did;buy
D.does;buy 【解析】答案:A do you think是插入语,可以把它去掉,分析句意应该用应用过去时态
和陈述语序。
(6)I can’t understand ________ he likes computer games so much.
A.that
B.whether
C.why
D.where
【解析】答案:C句意为“我不理解为什么他那么喜欢电脑游戏”。
(7)(2010北京中考大纲卷)—Do you know ________ the MP3 player last week?
—Sorry,I have no idea.
A.how much did she pay for
B.how much will she pay for
C.how much she paid for
D.how much she will pay for
【解析】答案:C宾语从句要用陈述语序,由此排除A、B两项,由last week判断应该用过去时态。
(8)(2010北京中考大纲卷)I don’t k now ________ tomorrow.Can you tell me?
A.when we started
B.when did we start
C.when we will start
D.when will we start
【解析】答案:C由tomorrow判断,应该用将来时态表示。
(9)In the bookshop,a reader asked the shop keeper ________ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.
A.that
B.how
C.what
D.if
【解析】注意本句中斜体部分是一本书的名字《谁动了我的奶酪》,本句含义是“一个读者问书店管理员这本书是不是有趣”。
所以答案是D项。
答案:D本题的主要陷阱是书名Who Moved My Cheese,它本身含有一个who,容易给人造成误解。
在英语中,注意书名一般都是斜体的,且书名的首字母是大写的,注意把它看成一个独立的完整的东西。
(10)I was told ________ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers.
A.that how
B.how that
C.when that
D.that when
【解析】注意后面从句的含义是“比尔·盖茨十三岁的时候开始玩电脑”,应该用when表示“当……时”,本句中的that是宾语从句的引导词。
所以选D项。
答案:D 。
本句结构复杂,主要陷阱设置在when 上,它在本句中起到引导后面的时间状语的作用。
做此类题,要慢
慢理顺思路,不要钻牛角尖,当一种含义说不通时,从另一个角度或另一个含义考虑。
(11)(2010江苏苏州中考)—I wonder ________. —Zebras.
A.what do they call these animals
B.how they call these animals
C.what they call these animals
D.how do they call these animals
【解析】本句含义是“我想知道他们叫这些动物什么”,排除B、D两项。
另外宾语从句要用陈述语序。
所以选C项。
答案:C 本句容易译成“他们怎样称呼这些动物”而错选how,注意本句中隐含句型call sb. sth.含义是“称呼某人……”。
解答本类题首先分析句意,确定引导词,然后看好语序和时态。
(12)(2010北京中考)I’m different from my twin sister.I love dancing,________ she is interested in reading.
A.so
B.or
C.but
D.and
【解析】本句是转折关系,选择C项。
答案:C 本句陷阱在于选项前后都是肯定句形式,不细读题而误选D项。
并列句主要是根据句意来判断前后两句的逻辑关系,所以一定要把题读完再作判断。
(13)(2010重庆中考)Work hard,____ you may catch up with your classmates soon.
A.or
B.but
C.and
D.yet
【解析】本句是“祈使句+and”的句型,句意为“努力学习,你会很快赶上其他同学的”,and 在句中表示承接关系,所以选C项。
答案:C 。
本题的陷阱是句型,本句型区别于“祈使句+or”,这个句型的含义是“……,不然的话/否则……”。
祈使句后面既可以加and,也可以加or,所以要全面分析句意,再作决定。
14.What time will Mr Brown be back to China? (2009年)
Sorry, I don’t know
A.when did he go abroad
B.why he is going abroad
C.how soon will he be back
D.how long he will stay abroad
答案:D 由题可知,选项是做Know 的宾语,而宾语从句要用陈诉句语序,所以答案选D
15. Some of my friends are interested in science,but none of them can tell (2010年)
A when UFOs will appear next time
B why do horses know the way
C where was this kind of plant found
D how do elephants communicate
答案:A 由题可知,选项做tell的宾语,宾语从句用陈诉句语序,所以答案选A
16.I didn’t see Laura at the party last night. Do you know (2011年)
A. why didn’t she come
B. what happened
C. when would she arrive
D.where she has been
答案:B 宾语从句用陈述句语序
17. My pen pal from America is coming to visit me. I’m thinking about_____.(2012年)
A:what present did give her B:how I will give her a surprise
C: where will we have a big meal D:whether I planned a trip for her
答案:B 宾语从句用陈诉句语序
18.----Miss Lee,Idid n’t catch what you said,Could you tell me ____ again?(2013年)
----OK!
A. what should we take
B.where shall we meet
C.when we would start
D.how we will get there
答案: D 宾语从句用陈诉句语序
19.The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.
A. took
B. take
C. takes
D. will take
答案:A 宾语从句中,如果主句为过去时态,宾语从句的谓语动词必须根据需要选择过去时态的某一种形式
20..Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.
A. has never gone
B. had never gone
C. has never been
D. had never been
答案:D
(1)宾语从句中,如果主句为过去时态,宾语从句的谓语动词必须根据需要选择过去时态的某一种形式,故排除A和C
( 2 )have gone to 到某地去....... 说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一人称,第二人称代词做句子的主语
如:-----where is Jim?
-----He has gone to England 他去英国了(尚未回来)
如:Mr Wang isn’t here. He has gone to Qingdao
王先生不在这里,他去青岛了
Have been to 曾经去过某地(现在已回来了,后可接次数, 如:once twice three times 等,表示去过某地几次,也可和just, never, ever等连用)
如:I have never been to the Great Wall
My father has been to Beijing twice 我父亲去过北京两次
Have been in表示在某地呆了多少时间,常与时间状语连用
如:I have been in Shanghai for three years
我到上海已有3年
21.The students want to know whether they___ dictation today.
A. had
B. has .
C. will have
D. Are
答案:C 主句为一般现在时,从句可根据需要,选用相适应的任何时态,根据题意及时间状语today,可知应用将来时,故选C
22.She asked Linda if___ go and get some.
A. could she
B. she could
C. she can
D. she may
答案:在宾语从句中(1)从句用陈诉句语序,故排除A
(2)如果主句是过去时态,宾语从句的谓语动词必须根据需要选择过去时态的某一种形式,故排除CD.
23..Linda said the moon___ round the earth.
A. travelled
B. has travelled
C. travells
D. had travelled
答案:C 从句为客观真理,无论主句是什么时态,从句均用一般现在时,故选C。