summary writing(原文及范文)

英文summary撰写指导（精选5篇）第一篇：英文summary撰写指导怎么写ＳＵＭＭＡＲＹ摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。

它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。

摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。

另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。

这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。

因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。

下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。

1）细读原文。

首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。

2）弄清要求。

搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。

3）列出原文要点。

分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。

在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。

4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。

将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。

在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。

（2）安排好篇幅的比例。

摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。

（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。

要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。

（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。

（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。

专八summary范文(必备12篇)Last but not least, lifting bans on private cars will stimulate the automobile industry, which provides jobs for a large team of workers. Known as a sunrise industry, Chinese automobile industry needs strong and continuous fueling from domestic demand. If more people buy cars, the industry will embrace continued growth, thus contributing more to the national economy. Moreover, its growth will trigger the boom of related industries like iron and steel production and energy.In conclusion, the advantages of private cars convince us that we should not put a limit on the number of private cars. What we should do at the moment is to perfect the transport infrastructure to ensure private cars to go faster and more safely.There are several of all，there is power in illusion. The illusion can lead people to thepath they want to go on and it gives us passion. We need to live each moment wholeheartedly，with all our senses so that we can find pleasure in the fragrance of backyard garden， the crayoned picture of a si某-year-old，and the enchanting beauty of a illusion can be enthusiastic love of life that puts sparkle in our eyes，a lilt in our steps and smoothes the wrinkles from our souls.Secondly，we are born with wide-eyed，enthusiastic wonder as anyon e knows who has ever seen an infant’s delight at thejingle of keys or the scurrying of a is this childlike wonderand illusion that gives enthusiastic people such a youthful air，no matter how old they are. For e某ample，the famous cellist Pablo Casals would start his day by playing the music flowed through his fingers，his stooped shouldrs would straighten andjoy would reappear in his ，for him，was an eli某ir that madelife a never-ending author and poet Samuel Ullman once wrote，“Years wrinkle the skin，but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.”To sum up，God gives each bird its food，but he does not throw it into its you want to go，just cherish your precious illusion and let your dream be realized.The twentieth century has brought with it manyadvances. With those advances, human lives havechanged dramatically. In some ways life is worse, butmostly it is better. Changes in food preparationmethods, for e某ample, have improved our lives greatly.People attend college or university for manydifferentreasons (for e某ample, newe某periences, career preparation, increasedknowledge). Why do you think people attendcollege or university? Use specific reasons ande某amples to support your answer.Besides looking for self-knowledge, people also attend a university or college to e某pand theirknowledge in subjects they find interesting. For many, this will be ...Teachers bring with them varied and useful backgrounds. They’ve been trained to teach individuals in different ways depending on their style. For instance, omen students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. Teachers can help students learn in the way that’s best of each student. A te某tbook or a manual can only give you one way of learning something. Plus they’re only as helpful as your ability to understand them. A good teacher can adapt her teaching to your needs.Learning a subject on your own is a very narrow way of learning. You can only use the information you get from the te某tbook. With a teacher, you get the information in the written materials as well as the teacher’s own knowledge of the topic. Teachers can also provide e某tra materials to broaden the scope of what you’re learning.There’s nothing wrong with studying on your own, and a learner can always benefit from some quiet study. For the best possible learning, though, a good teacher is the biggest help you can have.As a student having received many years of education, I’m both nicely surprised and gratified by the term“class rights”.This educational concept challenges the traditional education rules, and can be considered as a revolution in classroom teaching. And my favor goes to the abandoning of previous rigid disciplines.First of all, class rights actually cater to natural physiological needs and basic legal rights of l earners. Students’ drinking water and going to bathroom during class used to be denied due to class disciplines previously adopted. And this practice is against human rights, according to western educators. It can be regarded as an improvement that we have taken care of these basic human needs. Schools and teachers used to stress students’ obligations to observe school regulations, but tendto ignore their class rights. Students, though young in age, are inalienable part of human, it was unreasonable for them to have obligations but no rights.Is it helpful to build an honest and clean government by a fund for incorruptible civil servants? Such an issue has aroused controversy among the public. Proponents believe the innovative move will help to fight against corruption and build a clean government. Opponents say that being clean is an official’s obligation and duty and there is therefore no need to rewardthem with additional funds. Personally, I’d like to e某pressmy disapproval on this question.First of all, to establish an accumulation fund for clean officials is in fact a challenge to social justice. Public servants should work diligently in an honest and clean way and abide by laws and regulations when performing their duties. That is the basic requirement for them. Any official who fails inthis sense does not deserve the position of a public servant. E 某tra pay for clean public servants will naturally damage the image of public servants in the eyes of ordinary people. In addition, it will play a negative role in their professional work ethics. When public servants are rewarded for what they should do, what about clean doctors, teachers, lawyers, policemen? Obviously such a policy is not well-grounded.Relatively speaking, public servants are well paid for their service, so it is not rational to raise such a fund of reward. What we can do is to strengthen supervision mechanisms, so as to effectively track down and punish corrupted officials and let them pay higher costs for their behavior. In addition, to fundamentally minimizing the corruption phenomenon in the government, we should take effective measures to put a limit on their power in an attempt to provide fewer opportunities to abuse power.Is a sound social environment necessary for people to be good to othersHelping others has always been a virtue in traditional Chinese culture, but nowadays many people dare not offer help to those in need, for fear of getting into trouble. The issue has aroused public debate over the climate of morality and credibility, and many people sigh over the moral degeneration.In my opinion, while social environment is necessary for people to be good to others, each individual should try his or her best to do good deeds and be sympathetic with others, instead of waiting for the environment to improve.In sum, I contend the idea that while social environment is necessary for people to be good to others, it is each individual’s responsibility to offer help to those in need, and together we build up a more harmonious society.In the first place，it is important to have a correct understanding about are now in a world where the fittest will survive，and it’s better to ensure survival than being to individuals， the social environment will not have to realize both the positive and negative aspects of is like a double-edged sword，which may be used by us，or may hurt key point is whether you hold the blade or the handle. We can take it as a motive force for us to make progress，ma_ll use of it and avoid being hurt by it.To sum up，the stress in our life is inevitable，and we must learn to handle it effectively. We must have a rightunderstanding about it，try our best to adjust our own mentality and use practical ways to reduce it.In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Should We Put a Limit on Private Cars?什么是summary柯林斯英汉双解大辞典A summary of something is a short account of it, which gives the main points but not the details.注意该定义中的黑体字部分，summary中只写原文的主要要点，不写细节!不写细节!不写细节!summary的主要特点1. A summary begins with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense.In the te某t "Rethinking Skyscrapers", the author, Jerkily Watson, writes about various issues related to the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings and aspects of the construction of skyscrapers.2. A summary should contain all the major points of the original te某t.必须包含原文的所有主要要点。

Exercise 1Water is very important for living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. Almost everyone knows that water covers three- fourths of the earth5s surface. Most of it, however, is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also, some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact, less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life.All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel, petrol, paper, rubber and so on.Meanwhile, water problem is becoming more serious and more complex. Our increasing population tremendously increases urban wastes, primarily polluted water. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting(稀释）wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. Scientists estimate that the problem of water shortage will become severe. Thus it is apparent that effective steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem and to find new ways of saving and producing fresh water as well. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug, and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another, they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.参考范文：Water is essential for all the living things on the earth.(要点1) With the worldwide increase ofpopulation，more water is needed.(要点2) Meanwhile，water sources are getting polluted by poisonous chemical wastes produced by human beings in one way or another.(要点3) Thus measures are being taken to solve this problem, hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs.分析过程1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文分为四段。

Exercise 1With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to £ 240 (3.360 yuan) compared to the slightly lower average of £ 233 (3,262 yuan) for men.In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers.One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only £197. 70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online.参考范文：This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leave their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.(要点1) With increasing popularity of online shopping, women spend more than men.(要点2) Although safety is a major concern for shopping online,still more and more people choose to shop online.(要点3) With the pressure from widespread online shopping, traditional shops in the UK high street began their sales promotion earlier this Christmas.(要点4)分析过程：一、试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文,共分五段。

summary写作范文80字英文回答：Summary: The article discusses the importance ofsetting goals and how it can lead to personal growth and success. It emphasizes the need to have a clear vision, create actionable steps, and stay motivated throughout the process. The article also highlights the role of perseverance and adaptability in achieving goals.Setting goals is crucial for personal growth and success. It gives us direction and purpose in life. Without goals, we may feel lost and aimless. For example, when I was in college, I set a goal to graduate with honors. This goal motivated me to work hard, stay focused, and excel in my studies.Having a clear vision is essential when setting goals. It helps us visualize what we want to achieve and keeps us motivated. For instance, if someone wants to start theirown business, they should have a clear vision of what the business will look like and how it will operate. Thisvision will guide them in making decisions and takingaction towards their goal.Creating actionable steps is another important aspectof goal setting. It involves breaking down the goal into smaller, manageable tasks. This allows us to track our progress and stay motivated. For instance, if someone wants to run a marathon, they can start by setting smaller goals such as running a certain distance each day orparticipating in shorter races. These small steps will eventually lead them to their ultimate goal.Perseverance is key when working towards our goals. We may face obstacles and setbacks along the way, but it's important to stay determined and never give up. For example, when I started learning a new language, I faceddifficulties and felt frustrated at times. However, I persevered and kept practicing, which eventually led to fluency.Adaptability is also crucial in goal setting. Sometimes, our initial plans may not work out as expected, and we need to be flexible and open to change. For instance, if someone's goal is to get a promotion at work, but they face unexpected challenges, they may need to adapt their strategies or explore alternative opportunities. Being adaptable allows us to overcome obstacles and continue moving forward.In conclusion, setting goals is essential for personal growth and success. It provides us with direction, motivation, and a sense of purpose. By having a clear vision, creating actionable steps, and staying motivated,we can achieve our goals. Perseverance and adaptability are also important traits that help us overcome challenges and achieve success.中文回答：Summary: 本文讨论了设定目标的重要性，以及它如何促进个人成长和成功。

学术英语写作summary范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: A study on the impact of social media on adolescents' mental healthSummary:This study aimed to explore the impact of social media on adolescents' mental health. With the increasing popularity and prevalence of social media platforms among adolescents, concerns have been raised about the potential negative effects on their mental health. The study conducted a literature review to investigate the relationship between social media use and adolescents' mental health outcomes.The findings of the study suggested that excessive use of social media has been associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and loneliness among adolescents. The constant comparison to others' seemingly perfect lives depicted on social media has been shown to contribute to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Furthermore, cyberbullying and onlineharassment have emerged as serious threats to adolescents' mental well-being.On a positive note, the study also highlighted the potential benefits of social media use for adolescents, such as enhanced social connections and support networks. However, the negative impacts seem to outweigh the positive ones, indicating the need for parents, educators, and policymakers to take proactive steps in promoting healthy social media habits among adolescents.In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between social media use and adolescents' mental health. It stresses the importance of promoting digital literacy and responsible social media use among adolescents to mitigate the negative effects on their mental well-being. Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term consequences of social media use on adolescents' mental health.篇2Summary writing is an essential skill for academic English writing. It involves distilling and condensing the main ideas and arguments of a text into a concise and coherent summary. In this article, I will discuss the key elements of a good summary andprovide some tips on how to improve your summary writing skills.A good summary should capture the main points of the original text without going into unnecessary detail. It should be clear, concise, and well-organized, presenting the information in a logical and coherent manner. To achieve this, it is important to first understand the main ideas and arguments of the text you are summarizing. This may involve reading the text multiple times and taking notes on the key points.When writing a summary, it is important to use your own words and avoid copying verbatim from the original text. This not only helps to demonstrate your understanding of the material but also ensures that your summary is original and plagiarism-free. Additionally, paraphrasing the original text can help you to internalize the information and retain it better.In terms of structure, a good summary should include an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide a brief overview of the main topic and purpose of the original text. The body of the summary should present the main points and arguments in a clear and organized manner, using bullet points or numbered lists to help break down the information. The conclusion should summarize the key findingsand insights of the text, as well as provide any recommendations or implications.To improve your summary writing skills, it is helpful to practice regularly and seek feedback from peers or instructors. Reading and summarizing a variety of texts from different disciplines can also help you to develop a better understanding of academic writing conventions and styles. Additionally, paying attention to language and style, such as using formal language and avoiding slang or colloquial expressions, can help to enhance the quality of your summaries.In conclusion, summary writing is an important skill for academic English writing. By understanding the key elements of a good summary and practicing regularly, you can improve your ability to distill complex information into concise and coherent summaries. With practice and dedication, you can become a more effective and confident summary writer.篇3Title: Summary of Academic English WritingIntroduction:Academic writing is a crucial skill for any student or researcher in today's academic world. It requires a specific styleand format that differs from other forms of writing. In this summary, we will highlight the key points and strategies to improve your academic English writing.Key Points:1. Clear and Concise Language: Academic writing should be clear, precise, and to the point. Avoid using unnecessary words or jargon that may confuse the reader. Use simple and straightforward language to convey your ideas effectively.2. Structure and Organization: A well-structured academic paper should have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on a single main idea and should be logically connected to the next. Use transitional phrases to guide the reader through your arguments smoothly.3. Citations and References: Academic writing requires proper citation of sources to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism. Use a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, and include a list of references at the end of your paper.4. Critical Thinking: Academic writing involves analyzing and evaluating information from various sources. Use critical thinking skills to question and challenge existing ideas, theories, andarguments. Present your own arguments and support them with evidence and examples.5. Proofreading and Editing: To enhance the quality of your academic writing, always proofread and edit your work before submission. Check for spelling and grammar errors, clarity of language, and coherence of arguments. It is also helpful to have someone else read your paper to provide feedback.Conclusion:Improving your academic English writing skills takes time and practice. By following these key points and strategies, you can enhance the quality and effectiveness of your academic writing. Remember to seek feedback from peers and professors to further refine your writing skills. Academic writing is a valuable skill that will benefit you in your academic and professional career.。

Summary WritingThe best way to demonstrate your comprehension of the information and the ideas in any piece of writing - from a single paragraph to an entire book - is to compose an accurate, clearly organized, and clearly written summary of that piece. By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage. This restatement should focus on the passage's central idea. It should indicate all the main points in the passage that support this central idea and the relationships between them, including their order and their emphasis. In the case of longer pieces, it should also include a very few important illustrations or examples from the passage. And it should indicate the slant, bias, and possibly even the tone of the piece, if these are important. But the summary should not contain any of your own ideas, opinions, or conclusions.When you fail to pick up the meaning and the implications of a sentence or two, there's no real harm done. Rather, it is over the longer stretches of reading - the paragraph, the section, the article, or the chapter - that inattentive（疏忽）or haphazard（偶然的）reading creates problems. Over these longer stretches, you have to try not only to catch every word, but also to perceive the shape of the argument.You have to grasp the central idea, to distinguish the main points that comprise it, to relate the parts to the whole, and to note key examples. This kind of reading, of course, takes a lot more energy and determination thancasual reading. But in the long run, it's an energy-saving method because it enables you to retain the content of the material and to use that content as a basis for your own responses. In other words, it allows you to develop an accurate and coherent written commentary that goes beyond a summary.Writing summaries is an excellent way of encouraging the essential habit of close, accurate, thoughtful reading. It is also an excellent way of encouraging your writing habits in general, since a good summary exhibits almost all of the qualities of any other piece of good writing: unity, clarity, coherence, accuracy, tightness, stylistic maturity, and of course grammatical correctness.How long should a summary be? This depends both on the length of the original passage and on the purpose of the summary. But a good rule of thumb is that a summary should be no longer than one quarter the length of the original passage. Of course, if you were summarizing an entire chapter or even an entire book, it would have to be much shorter than that. This particular summary is about a third of the length of the original passage; and while it should not be longer, it could very well be shorter.1 Qualities of a Summary：Objectivity Completeness BalanceThe qualities of a summary are as follows:Objectivity: No idea that is not the author's should be included in the summary, and no opinion of the summary writer should be in the summary. No judgments are permitted in a summary.Completeness: Depending on the assignment, the summary should contain every main idea in the article. Stating only the first main idea oronly one main idea and details to support it will not give the reader a complete idea of what the article was about.Balance: Giving equal attention to each main idea and stressing ideas that the author stresses will result in an accurate summary.After finishing writing a summary, how do you judge or check it? Questions to judge a valid summary are as follows:1) Did I include all the important ideas?2) Did I omit all unnecessary words and phrases?3) Does the summary read smoothly?4) Would a reader of my summary who had not read the article get a clear idea of the article?2 How to Write SummariesYOU should bear in mind the following requirements: your summary should not be longer than a third of the original passage; it should be faithful to the original, with no change in facts or views, and no important points left out; and it should be written in continuous prose, not in the form of an outline.Here is a five-step process for writing summaries:1. Read the article carefully, try to understand it accurately and look for main ideas.2. Write a list of points in note form while reading the passage or the article.3. Connect your points to write a rough draft of the summary in your own words. Refer to the passage or the article only when you want to make sureof some points. Do not count the number of words until you have finished your rough draft.4. Revise the rough draft, inserting transitional words and phrases5. Write a fair copy of the summary within the word limit after checkingfor grammatical corrections, punctuation and spelling.Sample 1When he stopped at a village, the motorist was told that a queen bee must be hidden in his car as there were thousands of bees nearby. On learning this, the man realized that the only way to escape would be to drive away as quickly as possible. After an hour's hard driving, he arrived in London where he parked his car outside a hotel and went in to have a drink. It was not long before a customer, who had seen him arrive, hurried in to inform him that his car was covered with bees. The poor motorist telephoned the police and explained what had happened. The police decided that the best way to deal with the situation would be to call a bee-keeper. In a short time, the beekeeper arrived. He found the unwelcome passenger hidden near the wheels at the back of the car. Very grateful to the motorist for this unexpected gift, the keeper took the queen and her thousands of followers home in a large box. Equally grateful, the motorist drove away in peace, at last free from the "black cloud" which had hung over his car. (192 words)◆Making a list of main points: 1. Drove quickly to avoid bees2. Arrived in London3. Parked car - hotel - drink4. Customer told him: bees - car5.Telephoned police6. Sent beekeeper7. Found queen bee near wheels8.Took her and bees home - box9. Drove away.◆Writing a rough draft:Because he wanted to escape the bees, the driver drove away quickly. After he traveled for some time, the driver arrived in London. After he had parked his car outside a hotel he went in to have a drink. When a customer told him that his car was covered with bees, the driver telephoned the police. And then the police asked for a beekeeper. The beekeeper found the queen been hidden near the wheels. Since the keeper took the queen and the bees home in a box, the driver drove away in peace. (93 words)◆Making a fair copy:In order to escape the bees, the driver drove away quickly and after some time arrived in London. Parking his car outside a hotel, he went in to have a drink. When he was told that his car was covered with bees, the driver telephoned the police. A bee-keeper was sent for and soon found the queen bee near the wheels. He took the queen and the bees home in a box and the driver then drove away in peace. (80 words)Sample 2At noon, just as I was leaving my friend's office, it suddenly struck me that I had no idea where I had parked my car. I could hardly go up to apoliceman and tell him that I had lost a small green car somewhere. I would simply have to look for it myself. Walking down street after street, I examined each car closely and was greatly relieved to see a small green car just behind an old cart. But how disappointed I was to discover that though the car was exactly like my own, it belonged to someone else. Feeling quite tired now, I gave up the search and went off for lunch. Some time later, I left the restaurant and walked idly down the street. Turning the corner, I nearly jumped for joy: my car was right in front of me - and there was no mistaking it this time. I could not help smiling as I drew near. Pasted on the wind-screen was a little ticket which informed me that the car had been visited by a policeman in my absence. To add to it all, I was now guilty of a parking offense. ( 196 words)◆Making a list of main points:1. Could not remember2. Walked down street after street3. Examined each car4. Saw small green one5. Same - but someone else's6. Gave up search7. Went for lunch8. Left restaurant9.Turned corner - found car10.Saw ticket - windscreen – police◆Writing a rough draft:Because the writer could not remember where he had left his car; hewalked down street after street looking carefully at all the parked cars. At last, he saw a small green one which was just the same as his but which belonged to someone else. He now gave up the search and went to a restaurant for lunch. He left the restaurant some time later and walked down the street. When he turned the corner; he suddenly found his car. As he went closer; he noticed that there was a police ticket on the wind-screen.(96 words)◆Making a fair copy:Unable to remember where he had parked the car; the writer went down street after street looking carefully at each car. At last, he saw a small green one which looked like his own but belonged to someone else. He now gave up the search and went for lunch. On leaving the restaurant some time later; he walked down the street and suddenly found his car just around the corner. As he drew near; he noticed a police ticket on the wind-screen. (82 words)Sample 3The guard went through carriage after carriage inquiring whether there was a doctor on the train. He found one at last and quickly led the doctor to the luggage-van where a tall man was lying on the floor stretched out among heaps of mail-bags with a cushion under his head .The guard explained that he had discovered the man in the passage and, finding that the man was seriously ill, he had dragged him into the luggage-van. The doctor loosened the man's collar and after examining him thoroughly, he told the guard that the man was unconscious and would have to be taken toa hospital. When he heard this, the guard answered that the express train could not be stopped without first informing the station-master of the main-line station which was nearly fifty miles away. Meanwhile, the man's condition gradually got worse.There seemed to be no way of sending a message until the guard had the idea of throwing a note onto the platform of a small village station as the train flashed past. Fortunately, someone picked the note up and telephoned the main-line station. This was a strange way of sending a message, but it worked. Shortly afterwards, the train was stopped for a few minutes at a small village station several miles further on so that the sick man could be taken to a hospital. (230 words)◆Making a list of main points:I. Found a doctor, explained what happened2. Examined him and needed to go to a hospital3. Express train, not stopped until the mainline station informed4. A note thrown onto platform, and picked up5. Express train stopped, the man sent to hospital◆Writing a rough draftAs soon as he found the doctor, the guard led him to the luggage-vanand explained what happened to the tall man. After loosening his collar and examining him, the doctor realized that the man was unconscious and had to be taken to a hospital. However, the express train could not stop unless the main-line station was informed. As the train passed a village station, the guard threw a note onto the platform. This note was picked up and sent tothe main-line station. A little later, the train was stopped at a village station and the sick man was taken to a hospital. ( I 04 words)◆Making a fair copy:On finding a doctor on the train, the guard led him to the luggage-van, explaining what happened to the sick man. After examining him thoroughly, the doctor realized he should be sent to a hospital. However, the express train could not stop unless the mainline station was informed The train passed a small station and the guard threw onto the platform a note, which was soon sent to the mainline station. Later, the train was stopped and the man was taken to a hospital (85 words)Sample 4As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and although the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly thrown forward. At that moment, the air-hostess appeared. She looked very pale, but was quite calm. Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she informed everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines - or at least how to drive a car. After a moment's hesitation, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin.Moving the pilot aside, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the urgent instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport below. The plane was now dangerously close to the ground, but to everyone's relief, it soon began to climb. The man had to circle the airport several times in order to become familiar with the controls. But the danger had not yetpassed. The terrible moment came when he had to land. Following instructions the man guided the plane towards the airfield. It shook violently as it touched the ground and then moved rapidly across the field, but after a long run it stopped safely. Outside, a crowd of people who had been watching anxiously, rushed forward to congratulate the "pilot" on a perfect landing. (230 words)◆Making a list of main points:I. Pilot fainted2. Air-hostess found a person3. Moved the pilot aside and listened to instructions4. Plane flew low, climbed and circled the airport5.The man guided the plane - airport6. Touching ground, moved rapidly, stopped safely7. People rushed to congratulate◆Writing a rough draft:As there was something wrong with the plane, the passengers were thrown forward. At that moment, the airhostess appeared and she looked for someone who could drive a car. Then, a passenger was led into the pilot's cabin. When he moved the pilot aside, he sat down and listened to the urgent instructions which were being sent by radio from the airport below. Though the plane flew dangerously low, the plane soon climbed, and rounded the airport several times. Then, acting on instructions, the man guided the plane towards the airfield. On touching the ground, the plane moved rapidly until it stopped safely. After this, anxious people rushedforward to congratulate the "pilot" on perfect landing. (117 words)- -◆Making a fair copy:Since the pilot fainted, the airhostess managed to find a passenger to fly the plane. On entering the cabin, the man moved the pilot aside and followed the radio instructions from below. The plane flew dangerously low, but soon climbed and circled the airport. Acting on instructions, the man guided the plane toward the airfield. After touching the ground, the plane moved rapidly and stopped safely. People rushed to congratulate the "pilot" on landing. (75 words)3 Suggestions on Writing SummariesThere are many ways to make a summary brief and clear.l. Consider the following:. ▲Omitting the details.Only the important points should be included in the summary; all the details that explain the main points can be left out.▲Reducing the examples.Out of five or six examples given in the original passage, one or two may be chosen for the summary; the rest are omitted.▲Simplifying the descriptions.If in the passage there are ten sentences describing a person or an object, it will be enough to keep just one or two in the summary.▲Eliminating all repetitions.Sometimes a statement is repeated for emphasis. This is not necessary in a summary.▲Using phrases instead of clauses or sentences.▲Using general words instead of specific words.▲Using the shortest possible transitions.For example, but, then, thus, yet, and for, can be used in place of longer transitions such as, at the same time, on the other hand, etc. Often the semicolon can take the place of a transitional word or ph rase.▲Avoiding figurative language.In a summary, plain prose is required; unnecessary figures of speech should be avoided.▲Putting the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech. This is advisable because indirect speech can be made very brief while it is difficult to abridge dialogues.In short, the summary writer has to omit what is unnecessary and condense what should be reproduced. Suppression and compression, therefore, are two most useful tools.。

Exercise 1A father’s relationship to his child’s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “life with father” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school.A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992，from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial expenses increases, the father’s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family，a father’s active participation in the child’s development made a definite difference in the child’s progress.The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child’s level in math and reading, a father’s employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child’s academic progress. The information evaluating the level of the father’s parenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.参考答案：A recent study discovered that a father^ influence played a significant role in the level of the child’s academic progress.(要点1) As is suggested, the father’s involvement with children was affected by the size of the family and its financial expenses.(要点2) So children who tended to progress academically were those only children.(要点3) Moreover, a father’s frequent overnight absence had a bad effect on the child’s progress.(要点4)分析过程：试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，共四段。

【上海高考概要写作】summarywriting3（10篇,有解析）Exercise 1概要写作。

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps；for there is a companionship of books as well as of men；and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness；amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.Men often discover their affinity(关系）to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog. ” But there is more wisdom in this:“Love me ，love m y book. ” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds，ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out(筛选）the badproducts; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens.参考范文：People should choose the best men and books to be their companion (要点1). And a good book could not only be one of their best friends who is usually a man(要点2)，but also be the bridge of friendships among people(要点3) . Besides，books are considered to be immortal in essence, especially good books(要点4) . Therefore, good books are really important and helpful to all the people(要点5) .分析过程：试题详解1，核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。

Exercise 1A father’s relationship to his child’s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “life with father” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school.A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992，from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial expenses increases, the father’s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family，a father’s active participation in the child’s development made a definite difference in the child’s progress.The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child’s level in math and reading, a father’s employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child’s academic progress. The information evaluating the level of the father’s parenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.参考答案：A recent study discovered that a father^ influence played a significant role in the level of the child’s academic progress.(要点1) As is suggested, the father’s involvement with children was affected by the size of the family and its financial expenses.(要点2) So children who tended to progress academically were those only children.(要点3) Moreover, a father’s frequent overnight absence had a bad effect on the child’s progress.(要点4)分析过程：试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，共四段。

Exercise 1概要写作。

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps；for there is a companionship of books as well as of men；and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness；amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.Men often discover their affinity(关系）to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog. ” But there is more wisdom in this:“Love me ，love my book. ” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds，ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out(筛选）the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens.参考范文：People should choose the best men and books to be their companion (要点1). And a good book could not only be one of their best friends who is usually a man(要点2)，but also be the bridge of friendships among people(要点3) . Besides，books are considered to be immortal in essence, especially good books(要点4) . Therefore, good books are really important and helpful to all the people(要点5) .分析过程：试题详解1，核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。

summary writing(原文及范文）WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth, less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continuedexistence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclear weapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that if the weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been the complete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species."The web of our life is of a mingled (混William Shakespeare said:合的) yarn, good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand of human activities— science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to be so Must ill always accompany good deeds Are we biologically programmed for aggression and warI am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a processof natural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with its awesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still a recognized social institutionThe preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning process has been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harsh conditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.&We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in the different areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics are immutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well as everywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of ofone, by accelerating the rate of progress science Two ways come to mind:in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirementof every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientists understand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinctthat man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)】China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on the Tibetan plateau, whichfeed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the world’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC（China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gas company, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-efficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “lo w-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.，More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” explains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Franc isco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-open field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology inno vator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. Chinahas relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” says Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only % of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government can be persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave（坚持）to this policy; and the leadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has hugeadvantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every four years. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a strongerleadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。

Exercise 1College pays off financially. A wide range of statistics shows the economic advantage of a four- year college education. Over a lifetime, students who graduate from college can expect to make about 60% more than those who do not, well over a million dollars more than they would otherwise. But what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure? They are equally significant and add up to a lot of value over the course of a lifetime：College takes students to places they 've never been to before. College is a passport to diffe places, different times, and different ways of thinking —from learning new languages to considering the development of human history to diving deep into the building blocks of matter.It gives students a chance to understand themselves differently, seeing how their lives are both like and unlike those who populated other eras时（代））and other lands.College introduces students to people they've never met before. One of the most important ways in which students learn, at colleges and universities everywhere, is by interacting with people who are different from themselves both inside and outside the classroom. Students learn more at a place full of engaging people with a wide range of viewpoints.In these ways and in so many others, college helps students see themselves differently, giving them the room and the license to imagine new possibilities. Yes, it opens opportunities reflected in earning and employment statistics. But, perhaps even more valuable, it opens minds and worlds in ways that are beyond measurement. The value of higher education is symbolized by people who dream bigger and achieve more, who create their own futures and shape their own futures.参考答案：According to statistics，college makes a great difference to students ' 要ea1rn） iwngh ipleo iwt er,（also contributes to other valuable aspects beyond assessmenti n life.（要点2） Firstly, college motivates students s'el f-realization through various learning activities.（要点3） Secondly, it shapes students d'iv erse perspectives by encouraging them to communicate with different people.（要点4） In short, not only does college provide financial opportunities ，but it opens up new possibilities.（要点5）分析过程：试题详解：1，核心内容——本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段。

Summary writingI. overviewThe abstract is a concise summary of the main content of the article. Americans refer to the abstract as "Abstract", while the British prefer to call it "Summary"".In general, international publications require the number of articles to be published, including a summary portion of not more than 1 words. However, the number of words required in the abstract is less. Therefore, when writing abstracts, the most succinct language is used to express the essence of the thesis. The emphasis of the thesis should be on the results and conclusions of the study.International conferences require abstracts of words ranging from 200 words to -500 words. International journals require that the words used in the abstracts are usually 100 words -200 words. The position of the abstract is usually at the head of an article, covering the whole text and pointing out the whole purpose. Language requires refining as much as possible. Abstracts are commonly used in third person writing.Scientific books, papers, and academic reports are usually accompanied by a summary of content, which saves time for readers and enables them to understand the main content without having to read the full article. The books are placed on the inside front cover, or abstract; papers and academic reports, generally placed in front of the body. Abstract should be concise and to the point, to be able to stand alone, so that readers can accurately understand the meaning of books. Whenwriting a summary, it is better to use third person complete declarative sentences, which are generally not more than 200 words long.Abstracts are classified into two categories: declarative (Descriptive) and informative (Informational). A declarative Abstract stating only the subject of a book or article, without introducing content. In addition to the introduction of the theme, informative abstract should also introduce the main points of the article and the main content of each point.It can consist of three componentsThe purpose or purpose of analysing an article or a book;Introduction of the main content, so that readers can quickly understand the general situation of articles or books;Put forward conclusions or suggestions for your readers' reference.Two, common sentence patternThe common abstract sentence patterns are:1) This, paper, deals, with...()) This, article, focuses, on, the, topics, of (that, having, etc,)...()) This, eassy, presents, knowledge, that...4) This, thesis, discusses...5) This, thesis, analyzes...()) This, paper, provides, an, overview, of...7) This, paper, elaborates, on...()) This, article, gives, an, overview, of...()) This, article, compares... And, summarizes, key, findings.,()) This, paper, includes, discussions, concerning...()) This, paper, presents, up, to, date,, information, on...()) This, article, covers, the, role, of,, chemicals, in...()) This, paper, addresses, important, topics, including...14) This, paper, touches, upon...15) This, paper, strongly, emphasizes...()) This, eassy, represents, the, Preceedings, of...()) This, article, not, only, describes... But, also, suggests...18) This, paper, considers...()) This, paper, provides, a, method, of...()) This, paper, introduces, an, applicable, procedure,, to, analyze..()) This, paper, offers, the, latest, information,, regarding...()) This, paper, is, devoted, to, examining,, the, role, of...23) This, article, explores...()) This, paper, expresses, views, on...()) This, paper, reflects, the, state, of,, the, art, in...()) This, paper, explains, the, procedures, for...()) This, paper, develops, the, theory, of...28) ThisHow to write English summaryStep 1: readA. first read and read the original. Read the given text carefully. If you don't understand it again, read it two more times. The more you read, the more you understand the sourcetext.B. draws up a title. The topic reflects the author's understanding of the original. The topic of the outline should be clear. The main content or subject of the original text can be known at first reading, and no obstacles should be set up, such as no 5 W problems (When, What, Where, Who, Why) and a H problem (How). The form of a topic can be written in sentences or phrases.Use the words, phrases, or short sentences that summarize the theme of the article as the title. You can also use the subject sentence in the text as the title. Topic sentences usually appear at the beginning or end of an article. A good title helps to define the main idea of the article. As the title of an article should be eye-catching and attractive, can arouse the readers to think about the question. But as an outline of the subject, must be concise and clear, clear theme, there is no mystery.C. make a good outline (outline). In the author's writing, there is usually an outline of writing, so that the writing will be complex and informal. The reading process is a sort of original framework, decoding process understanding and the thorough understanding of the original text. In this process, we must make a rough outline, the outline of great help to the understanding of the original, especially in the outline of the newspaper is more obvious. Because the newspaper from the sequence, the layout to the main argument of this way are different from Chinese works: Chinese argument is more concentrated in foreign; interpretative reports are explainedand fine. The finer the article, the more complicated and messy the impression is. Therefore, a small outline (if only a few words or phrases) is used to write an outline, and the articles will be in good order and will not miss the main points in the original. Because the summary should also be meaning coherence, text cohesion of a paragraph or paragraphs of text.D. fast batted. Draw up the outline, writing the same as far as possible, once written. Once the first draft is drawn, the tree has branches, and the writing is half done. Then read the text, compare, modify and polish to see if you have missed any important information or main content. In addition, the word used to see whether appropriate collocation, convey ideas. Modifications in this process are important because each word in the outline is useful. What may be available may be deleted. Let others read the outline, basic need not understand the original text, enough.E. pay attention to writing details. First, examples and data problems. The example data in the summary should not be used. One or two illustrative questions can be used; second, the question. Try to use your own words when writing summaries, and of course not exclude references. Newspapers in some phrases, sentences are very wonderful. If the reference properly, will play an important role (writing outline of the newspaper is even more so). Conversely, improper citation is superfluous. It's important to note that references are not copied, but used instead. Add more polish to the language. Pay attention to the proper adjustment of parts of speech, tenses, voices, etc.. Third, the rewritten sentences, according to the needs of the text, change the verbs into nouns, and change the person, tenseand voice. This is what I used.The second step: hands-on writingA. abstracts should be only 1/3 or 1/4 long of the original text. So the first count the number of words, and then divided by three to get a digital. The number of words in an abstract can be less than this number, but never exceed this number.The B. summary should be done in its own words. Don't quote sentences from the original.The C. should follow the logical order of the original text. So you don't have to reorganize your opinions and facts.D. abstract must be comprehensive and clear to show the information contained in the original text so that your readers can master the original meaning of the material without looking through the original text.E. can use several of the following techniques when writing abstracts:1) delete details, leaving only the main points.2) select one to two examples. The text may contain 5 or more examples, and you only need to choose between one and two examples.3) turn a long description into a short, simple sentence. If there are ten sentences used to describe someone or somethingin the material, then you just have to turn them into one or two sentences.4) avoid repetition. In the original text, the argument may be repeated in order to emphasize a topic. But this is not available in the abstract. The stressed restatement should be deleted.5) compress long sentences. For the following two cases:"His, courage, in, battle, might, without, exaggeration, be, called, lion-like..""Can be summarized as: "He, was, very, brave, in, battle.."""He, was, hard, up, for, money, and, was, being, pressed,, by, his, creditor..""Can be summarized as: "He, was, in, financial, difficulties..""6) you can also use the phrase instead of sentence or clause. See the examples below:"Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago"可以概括为：“美丽的山和泰山一样，只有少数的人曾经去过，是许多访问的今天，由于更好的工资、带薪休假，新的酒店和更好的运输服务。