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The Rise of Russia
பைடு நூலகம்
C18
EQs: What factors led to the emergence of the Russian Empire? Who led efforts to Westernize Russia?
Introduction
• The Rise of Russia involved very limited commercial exchange (unlike Europe) • Mongol rule fostered a new level of independence in the 15th century and Russia pushed eastward conquering central and eventually Eastern Asia all the way to the Pacific • Russia experienced limited interaction with the West early on until the early 18th century • Russia was rivaled by regional states like Poland and the Baltics • Russia was still dominated by an air of Byzantine culture and influence (though the empire was long since gone)
Early Western Contact and Romanov Policy
•The Ivans began a limited contact with the West, establishing diplomatic relations in an effort to improve Russia’s economy –British merchants traded manufactured goods for furs and raw materials –Italian artists and architects brought in •However, Ivan IV died without an heir and the Time of Troubles (20-30 year civil war) ensued where boyars attempted to gain control of Russia •In 1613, Michael Romanov was chosen by the boyars as tsar and the Time of Troubles ended, with Romanov restoring internal order, expelling foreign invaders (fought war w/Poland) and interests •Romanov’s son Alexis abolished the boyar assemblies and instituted state control of the Orthodox Church…began the infamous pattern of exiling people to Siberia
Revival and Expansion
•Moscow took the lead to liberate Russia from the Mongols in the late 15th century •Mongol occupation did not change Russian culture but it weakened it and changed Russian economy into strictly agrarian (no trade)…even weakened literacy •Ivan III (the Great) developed a military government/influence coupled with nationalism and Orthodox religious fervor to create a Russian “manifest destiny” •Ivan III dreamed to turn Russia into the third Rome and took the title Tsar (Caesar) •His son, Ivan IV (the Terrible) continued this policy…he killed off nobles (boyars) to consolidate his power
Revival and Expansion
• The tsars focused on taking lands away from their former Mongol masters in Central Asia • Both Ivans recruited peasant pioneers (cossacks) to conquer and settle this territory in Central & Eastern Asia…most of this territory was vast open and fertile plains which would be used to expand Russia’s agricultural economy • Acquisition of territory gave the tsars the ability to gain noble loyalty by offering land grants, however, nobility continued the institute of serfdom to level that it was slavery • Expansion into the east created cultural interaction, though the Russians allowed these people to retain cultural identity under Russian rule (much like the Mongols did)
