语篇型语法填空题
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语篇型语法填空题
《课程标准》中明确规定:高中学生应该学习和掌握的英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五个方面的内容。为贯彻《课程标准》的精神和发挥高考对中学英语教学的反拨作用,试卷中需保留语法知识运用的内容;为提高考试的科学性,应该引进能从语篇层次考查考生对所学语法知识运用情况的题型。
一、语篇型语法填空题的优点
1.任务真实性强
任何一个语篇中都存在大量可用于学习、研究的语法知识,以这样的语篇作为考查语法的材料更符合语言学习的真实情景,而且语篇丰富的上下文内容也能够更有效地考查考生对语法知识的运用情况。
2.能够对中学语法教学产生良好的反拨作用
将对语法的考查提高到语篇层次,且考查类型由选择型变为填空型,能够引导中学英语教学加强对学生精细阅读能力和语法知识运用能力的培养。
3.有助于高考英语试卷继续保持较高的信度
信度是大规模的高利害考试非常重视的一个指标。该题型的答案虽有开放度,但可控性较强,属于半客观性试题,评分误差很小,能够使高考英语科仍保持较高的信度。
4.可以增加试卷中题型的多样性
标准化考试采取多种方式和多种题型往往更为公平,这是因为某些考生在某种题型上的表现比在其它题型上的表现更好。因此,在对重要能力进行评价时可以尝试采用多种方式和多种题型。
二、语篇型语法填空题的形式
在一篇200词左右的语篇(短文或对话)中留出10处空白,部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式,要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式,所填写词语不得多于3个单词。考生须灵活运用语法知识,如单词词性、动词时态、名词单复数、连接词、代词、冠词等判断各空白处应填写的内容。
三、对语篇型语法填空题的研究
1. 研究方案与实施过程
将两篇语篇型语法填空题(一篇为短文,另一篇为对话)分别编入两套试卷。两套试卷中设计若干共用试题,包括一篇以考查词汇知识为主的完形填空、两篇阅读理解和一篇书面表达,这有助于命题者了解语篇型语法填空题与现有考查内容之间的关系,并在一定程度上核实该题型的考查内容。将两套试题分发给4个省份、8所中学的2375名刚进入高三年级的学生。这些学生在完成测试后还填写了调查问卷,回答有关试题难度、答题时间等方面的问题。
试测中使用的两个语篇及答案
(1)短文体
One of my father’s favorite 1 (say) as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldn’t say I didn’t like something, 2 it might be, until after I tried it. Over the years I’ve come to realize how much of my success I owe to my 3 (accept) of those words as one of my values. My first job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I determined what I wanted to do as a career (职业). 4 (actual) I believed I would work for a few years, get 5 (marry), stay home and raise a family, so I didn’t think the job I took mattered that much. I couldn’t 6 more mistaken. I mastered the skills of that 7 (begin) level positions and I was given the opportunity (机会) to move up through the company into 8 (differ) positions. I accepted each new opportunity with the thought, ”well, I’ll try it; 9 I don’t like it I can always go back
to my 10 (early) position.” But I was with the same company for the past 28 years.
短文中设有10个空,其中7个给出了提示词,考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空,且词性和词形要正确;另外3个空没有给出任何提示,考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空;填入的单词数量不得多于3个。
(2)对话体
Mum: (putting on her coat) I’m going to have to go down to the shop for more bread.
Alan: Why?
Mum: I’m not sure what 1 (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table 2 I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them because they’re 3 (go).
Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I’m sure he was in the kitchen 4 (early).
Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished 5 (make) them, so he couldn’t have done it. 6 , he couldn’t carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so I’m sure 7 wasn’t him.
Alan: (opening the fridge door) Well, it wasn’t me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of 8 fridge?
Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I 9 (put) them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my 10 . Now, why did I put on my coat?
对话中设有10个空,其中5个给出了提示词,考生需要根据句意使用恰当的词填空;另外5个没有给出任何提示,考生需要根据语篇逻辑填空;填入的单词数不得多于3个。各
2.研究内容及结果
(1)试卷的信度和效度
正式评卷前,评卷教师需要对所有需人工评阅的试题进行试评,即先行评阅几百份试卷,以对已确定的答案进行审核,并找出其他可接受的答案。正式考试评分时则采取客观评分法,严格按照试评后确定的答案进行评阅,出现任何错误(如拼写、大小写、词性)都不给分。因此本题在评阅过程中评分误差很小,具有较高的考试信度。
相关分析表明,语篇型语法填空与阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达呈中度相关,都不到0.6,换言之,重合的方差均不足36%。当试题之间呈中度相关时,题目所考查的能力是不同的,但又互有联系。这说明语法填空题与其他三种试题,特别是与完形填空题考查的内容不同。试卷设计者的设想得到了证实,语法填空题考查的是在阅读理解的基础上对语法知识的运用能力。问卷调查发现,75%以上的学生表示,读懂文段才能做语法填空题,试卷设计者的设想也得到了考试使用者的认可。
(2)试题难度
短文和对话两个语篇型语法填空题的难度分别为0.4255和0.4686,难度较高,几乎居现行高考英语试题题型之首。问卷调查发现,68%的学生认为语篇型语法填空题比单句型语言知识运用题难。
本题难度较高的原因,一是题型较新,学生不熟悉;二是现行的中学英语教学忽视了对