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【考试内容概述】第一节词类（冠词、名词、代词、数词）【冠词内容讲解】1.不定冠词a/an用法2.定冠词the的用法3.零冠词1.不定冠词 a / an用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。
表示个别或泛指的用法：【例1】How about taking _____ short break? I want to make _____call.A.the; aB.a; theC.the; theD.a; a『正确答案』D『答案解析』take a short break“休息一会儿”，make a call“打一个电话”。
【例2】Christmas is _____ special holiday when _____ whole family are supposed to get together.A.the; theB.a; aC.the; aD.a; the『正确答案』D『答案解析』a special holiday指“某一个特别的节日”；the whole family为特指。
注意：不定冠词还可用于固定短语中，在这些固定短语中，a 是不可缺少的一部分。
例如：have a seat 坐下in a hurry匆忙地have a good time 玩得开心have a cold /fever 感冒/发烧不定冠词还可以用在具体化的抽象名词前【例题】—How about _____ Christmas evening party?—I should say it was _____ success.A.a; aB.the; aC.a; 不填D.the; 不填『正确答案』B『答案解析』the Christmas evening party为特指刚结束的圣诞晚会；a success考查抽象名词具体化时的不定冠词用法。
success原为抽象名词，不可数，但在此处已经完全具体化而变为可数名词。
题中a success意为“一次成功的晚会”。
语法部分第一讲虚拟语气I. 考点分析：虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。
虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。
考察历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。
虚拟语气的考查要点有：1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主句、从句所使用的动词形式十分重要，因此我2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。
例如：If I were invited, I would come.If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如：Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad.Could I do it, I would surely do it.Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如：I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.);A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)6. 注意介词短语without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
高一英语语法讲义一、句子成分及简单句五种基本句型一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become mo re and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Sm oking does harm to the health.（动名词）The ri ch should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。
专升本英语语法知识点精讲对于许多想要通过专升本来提升自己学历的同学来说，英语语法是必须要攻克的难关之一。
掌握好英语语法不仅能够帮助我们在考试中取得好成绩，更能为今后的英语学习打下坚实的基础。
接下来，就让我们一起深入了解一些专升本英语语法的重要知识点。
一、动词时态动词时态是英语语法中的核心内容。
在专升本考试中，常见的时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
1、一般现在时表示经常发生的动作、客观事实或真理。
例如：“The earth revolves s around the sun”（地球绕着太阳转。
）其构成是主语＋动词原形（当主语是第三人称单数时，动词要加“s”或“es”）。
2、一般过去时用于描述过去发生的动作或状态。
比如：“I played basketball yesterday”（我昨天打篮球了。
）构成是主语＋动词的过去式。
3、一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作，常见的表达有“will ＋动词原形”和“be going to ＋动词原形”。
例如：“I will go to Beijing next week” （我下周要去北京。
）4、现在进行时表示正在进行的动作，结构为“be ＋现在分词”。
如：“She is reading a book now”（她现在正在读书。
）5、过去进行时强调过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，“was/were ＋现在分词”是其构成形式。
像：“I was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night” （昨晚八点我正在看电视。
）6、现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作。
“have/has ＋过去分词”为其结构。
例如：“I have learned English for five years”（我学英语已经五年了。
）7、过去完成时在过去某个时间点之前已经完成的动作，由“had ＋过去分词”构成。
大学英语语法精讲与练习1．名词前的单位词（1. 3）a piece ofadvice/bread/cake/chalk/work/furniture/cloth/paper/ne ws/information/evidence/luggage/luck/businessan item of news/informationa drop of oil/water/whiskeyan article of clothing/lu ggage/furniturea bar of chocolate/soap/iron/goldan ear of wheat/ricea loaf of breada lump of coal/sugar/claya slice of bread/bacon/meat/cake表示成群的单位词a flock of birds/geese/pigeons/visitors/customersa herd of bees/ants/ starsa pack of thieves/wolves/hounds(猎狗)a bunch of keys/bananas/grapes/rosesa bundle of clothes/letters/firewooda crowd of robbers2. 主语与谓语的一致主语与谓语一致的原则：1）语法一致2）概念一致：谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志。
The crowd were fighting for their lives.Three years in a strange land seems like a long time. 3）就近原则Here is a dictionary and a few books.Only one out of five were present.符合语法一致的几种情况（4）1）当主语为单数，虽后续with, along with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, like, besides, but, except, in addition to引导的短语，谓语用单数。
英语语法精讲动词的——ed形式（过去分词）一、构成和用法1、过去分词是动词非谓语形式的一种（V—ed）在句中作、、、、。
例如：1）作状语Interested in the stories , they gave Tom 5000 dollars advance.可转换为：As they were interested in the stories ,they gave Tom 5000 dollars advance. The boy sat at the table buried in his lessons可转换为：The boy sat at the table and he was buried in his lessons2）作定语The first bridge built in 1980 is beautiful可转换为：The first bridge that/which was built in 1980 is beautifulThe homework being done is hard可转换为：The homework which / that is being done is hard3）作表语We were surprised to find that the window was broken4)作宾语补足语He found it hard to make himself understood问题：由上例（斜体部分）你能看出过去分词有什么特点？结论：a)过去分词（常常）表示“”含义。
b)作状语和定语时，多数由相应的而来2、下面的例子中的过去分司不表示被动a、The ground is covered with fallen leavesb、At present china is still less developed countryc、Eating boiled eggs will do you good吃煮鸡蛋对你的身体有好处问题：斜体部分的动词有什么共同点结论：fall(掉落下)，develop（发展），boil（煮）等动词在上例中是不及物动词，不及物动词是不能表示被动的，它们的过去分词只表、3、运去分词的否定（not 或never等）要放在过去分词前面Not given enough time, I had to give up halfway4、修饰分词的副词一般置于分词的前面Greatly encouraged by the story , we are determined to do our best for the country.在这个故事的鼓舞下，我们决心全心全意为祖国服务总结：图解分词（分词各种形式的比较）大多数情况下，现在分词表示、的含义；过去分司表示“、”的含义如果是“被动”但又是“进行”，那么就用“现在”分词的被动式“即”现在分词的“被动式”一般用作定语。
英语语法精讲（名词性从句和定语从句）英语语言的基本句式就四种---主谓句式，主谓宾句式，主系表句式和There be...句式。
一个无论结构多么复杂的英语语句，也不过是主句中附带了多个不同类型的从句。
主句和所有的从句都是上边的四种句式。
要准确地理解语句的意义，就要将主句及所有的从句的相互修饰关系整理清楚。
英语的从句是不可能单独使用的，它必须附属于主句。
英语的从句有以下几种类型：名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句。
名词性从句顾名思义，名词性从句是在语句中作为名词功能使用的。
名词可以作主语，宾语，表语，同位语以及定语，因此，名词性从句可以在语句中作主语，称为主语从句；作宾语，称之为宾语从句；作同位语，称之为同位语从句。
很显然，这是依照名词性从句的功能来划分的，但名词性从句不能作定语，定语从句是另外一个类别的从句。
✬主语从句✬主语从句的位置可以在句首，也可以在句首使用形式主语‘It’，然后将过于厚重的主语从句置于句尾，让语句不至于头重脚轻，例句：What is the priority in life is troublesome to every one of us.Where and how he can rest his restless heart has long been troubling himself. Who will be elected as chairman of the board draws lots of attention.That seek for ease and comfort at our young age shrinks our lifelong happiness is a lesson to learn.以上例句可以使用形式主语，肯好地表述为：It is troublesome to every one of us what is the priority in life.It has long been troubling himself where and how he can rest his restless heart. It draws lots of attention who will be elected as chairman of the board.It is a lesson to learn that seek for ease and comfort at our young age shrinks our lifelong happiness.✬宾语从句✬在句子中作谓语动词的宾语，例句：He dares to question what is taught in books and lessons.He follows whoever takes the leading position in the company.We are looking forward to what is to come next.They don’t doubt that Chinese national power and strength is growing at a fantastic speed.✬表语从句✬在主系表句式句子中作表语，例句：The top concern in our life has been how we should explore ourselves,sometimes but not always,to strengthen our ability to expand wealth.Our question is why we have to go to our greatest length at our young age to studyand learn and avoid some of the pleasure life has been offering us.特别提示：带有表语从句的特殊句式‘It seems that...’和‘It looks/seems as though/if...’，例句：It seems that he covers a larger range of books in his reading than those of his age.It looks as if we are gaining our leading position in the fierce competition. ✬同位语从句✬同位语是紧跟在名词或者代词之后，补充说明这个被修饰对象的一些信息，它就是这个对象本身。
同位语从句即是解释被修饰对象本身的信息内容，可以为了英语句子结构的紧凑性，不直接跟在被修饰对象后边。
例句：The concern is bothering most people in western countries whether the Covid-19 health crisis will be put under control sometime soon.He is losing his patience to seek for an answer to the question what has been the working measure to expand his own range of reputation in the materialistic world. They have chosen to ignore the fact that their move to reopen working places in such a widespread severe infectious disease is costing more citizens’ lives.以上是名词性从句按照功能的分类，它还可以按照从句的构成分为两类：由‘that’构成的名词性从句和由疑问词构成的名词性从句。
▲‘that’构成的名词性从句：‘that’在从句中没有表达任何意义，也不担任任何句子成分，构成主语从句和同位语从句的‘that’不能省略。
当然美式英语中，尤其是非正式语言场景中，这条规则被忽略。
跟在谓语动词之后的‘that’构成的宾语从句中的‘that’可以省掉，但是，如果一个谓语动词后边跟两个以上的‘that’构成的宾语从句，从第二个从句开始，‘that’不能省掉。
▲疑问词构成的名词性从句：这类名词性从句中要特别注意，从句虽然表达的是疑问意义，但从句本身不是独立的句子，不能使用疑问句式，例句：Where and when an effective cure to the Covid-19 will come out is still vague. 为了更好的语句工整性，表述为：It is still unclear where and when an effective cure to the Covid-19 will come out.He raised a question at the conference whether the funding for the project would be accomplished on their own.✬定语从句✬在汉语和英语语言中，做定语的既可以是形容词，也可以是名词，但是英语语言的定语从句是独立于名词性从句的另外一个类别的从句，定语从句是个形容词性的语言结构。
定语从句的构成要借助于关系代词或者关系副词。
关系代词是指代定语从句所修饰的先行词的，关系代词有：who/whom,which,that.关系代词在语句中起到连接定语从句和主句中的先行词的作用，也在定语从句中担任句子成分，作从句中的主语，宾语或者表语。
例句：We are looking for someone who is well able enough to settle the existing problem. (who是定语从句的主语，只能用主格形式且不能省略，不能用宾格whom。
关系代词的人称及单复数取决于先行词，定语从句中的主谓一致表达要当心，不能出错。
)The other day,I bumped into a superstar(who/whom)many followers are pursuing at the airport. (关系代词作定语从句的宾语，对主格或者宾格形式没有严格要求，还可以省略。
)Our city is no longer the one that it used to be ten years ago.Ann can’t be the innocent girl girl who she used to be.(关系代词作定语从句的表语的语言场景很少见。
先行词是物时，关系代词只能使用that，且不能被省略；先行词是人时，关系代词用who,不能省略。
)当先行词是人或者物时，关系代词可以使用that；先行词是人时，关系代词还可以使用who/whom；先行词是物时，关系代词也可以使用which,关系代词which没有主格和宾格的区分。
定语从句分为两个种类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
▲限定性定语从句一个句式单位的语句结构在句子中作为定语使用，以表述被修饰对象的属性特征，归属的群体或者类别，或者将修饰对象指定在具体的谈论目标上。
限定性定语从句是主句必不可少的一个附属部分，没有了它，语句不能表述明确的信息，直接用于句子中，不能被逗号间隔开。
例句：Our team which has been joined in by a couple of top players is heavily expected to come out first in this season.(句子中的team是参加竞技的队伍，视为物且是单数，故关系代词用which；先行词和关系代词分别作主句和从句的主语，谓语都是第三人称单数。
)The team who are now at their highest spirit are planning a celebration event for their first championship.（句子中的team是全体队员，是复数意义，先行词和关系代词都是主语，主句和从句都是第三人称复数。
）特殊的关系代词as的用法：如果先行词前带有such，定语从句的关系代词必须使用as，且无论as在定语从句中作主语还是宾语，都不能省略；如果先行词前出现的了修饰词the same，定语从句的关系代词可以是as，也可以用that，但表达的意义有所区别。
