初三数学下册知识点总结(最新整理)
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第26章二次函数
1. 二次函数的一般形式:y=ax2+bx+c (a≠0)。
2.求二次函数的解析式:已知二次函数图象上三点的坐标,可设解析式y=ax2+bx+c,并把这三点的坐标代入,解关于a、b、c的三元一次方程组,求出a、b、c的值,从而求出解析式---待定系数法。
3.二次函数的顶点式: y=a(x-h)2+k (a≠0);由顶点式可直接得出二次函数的顶点坐标(h, k),对称轴方程 x=h和函数的最值 y最值= k。
4.求二次函数的解析式:已知二次函数的顶点坐标(h,k)和图象上的另一点的坐标,可设解析式为y=a(x -h)2+ k,再代入另一点的坐标求a,从而求出解析式。
5. 二次函数y=ax2+bx+c (a≠0)的图象及几个重要点的公式:
6. 二次函数y=ax2+bx+c (a≠0)中,a、b、c与Δ的符号与图象的关系:
(1) a>0 <=> 抛物线开口向上; a<0 <=> 抛物线开口向下。
(2) c>0 <=> 抛物线从原点上方通过; c=0 <=> 抛物线从原点通过;
c<0 <=> 抛物线从原点下方通过。
(3) a, b异号 <=> 对称轴在y轴的右侧;
a, b同号 <=> 对称轴在y轴的左侧;
b=0 <=> 对称轴是y轴。
(4) b2-4ac>0 <=> 抛物线与x轴有两个交点;
b2-4ac =0 <=> 抛物线与x轴有一个交点(即相切);
b2-4ac<0 <=> 抛物线与x轴无交点。
7.二次函数图象的对称性:已知二次函数图象上的点与对称轴,可利用图象的对称性求出已知点的对称点,这个对称点也一定在图象上。
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