从接受美学观点看翻译中译者的作用
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湖南师范大学
硕士学位论文
从接受美学观点看翻译中译者的作用
姓名:吴驰
申请学位级别:硕士
专业:英语语言文学
指导教师:黄振定
20050501
中文摘要
翻译是人类进化史上最复杂的活动之一,它是原作者、原文、原文读者、译者和译文读者之间动态作用的统~体。
伴随着翻译实践的发展,翻译研究已经有了几千年的历史。
从最初的只言片语式的经验之谈到现在层出不穷的各种翻译观点,人们对翻译活动这一认识越来越深刻,研究的范围也越来越广,并且翻译学作为一门学科的观点也逐渐为人们所接受。
但是,纵观中西翻译史,传统的翻译研究在“对等”、“忠实”观念的束缚下,着重于语言层面的转换分析,是一种静态的文本研究,几乎完全忽视了翻译活动中译者的重要作用。
然而真正系统的对翻译活动中译者的主体性研究却是出现在上世纪末,在翻译研究的文化转向中,译者在翻译过程中的能动性作用逐渐凸显。
对于如此复杂多变的翻译活动,我们可以从不同的角度对其过程中译者的作用加以专门的研究。
因此,本文主要以接受美学理论为依据,探讨了翻译过程中译者的作用。
全文共分为四大章。
众所周知,接受美学理论是20世纪60年代以姚斯和伊塞尔为代表的康斯坦次学派提出来的,它基于阐释学和现象学,完成了文学研究的中心以文本到读者的转变,完善了对“作者一作品一读者”体系的研究。
因此,第一章主要介绍了接受理论的基本概念以及翻译过程中的接受美学观。
按照接受理论的观点,翻译过程中译者面临两次接受过程,第一次接受过程是译者本身与原作之间的交流,译文读者与译文的交流和对话是第二次接受活动,这只有在翻译完成之后才能实现。
但是译者在翻译过程中必须考虑读者的存在,预测读者的接受水平和审美情趣。
因为翻译的最终目的是给读者阅读,让读者接受。
因此,在整个翻译过程中,译者的作用是明显的,他不仅充当原作的特殊读者,而且还要考虑目的语读者以及关注他们的需求以及接受能力。
有关翻译与译者之间的关系在第二章中得到论述。
由于中西翻译实践都是从宗教作品的翻译开始的,出于对宗教作品的敬仰,从一开
始翻译理论就强调对原文的绝对忠实。
这就将原文以及原文作者推到了至高无上的地位,从而忽略了译者在翻译过程中的重要作用,译者被形象地比喻为仆人,影子或叛逆者。
近代翻译理论运用语言学研究的新成果,对原文文本与译文文本之间的转换进行了精密的分析与描述,但还是几乎不考虑译者的作用。
而机器翻译的不尽人意使人们意识到译者的作用是不可替代的。
接受美学理论强调读者的主观能动性,而译者作为原作的第一读者,必然会受到他自身阅读经验,先在知识的影响。
因此在第三章中,笔者具体分析了构成译者理解活动的三大因素,即译者不同的文化观,译者的文学能力以及译者的审美综合能力,并通过对具体的例子分析,详细论述了上述各因素分别对译者理解原作的影响。
然而,尽管译者有一定的理解原文的权利,但还是对原文进行理解,必然受原文的制约,并不是说他町以随意理解。
所以第四章论述了译者理解原作的局限性。
译者的解读权利受到原文文本、上下文语境以及特别是对译语读者的考虑这些因素所影响。
因此,译者解读并不是天马行空的自由发挥。
在结论部分,文章再一一次强调在翻译过程中译者作用不能被忽视。
尽管接受美学理沦充分体现了读者的主观能动性,并且极其强调了读者在整个翻译过程中的重要地位,但是我们也不能忽略译者这位特殊读者的重要性及其重要作用。
关键词:接受理论,译者,美学,解读活动,理解活动
Ⅱ
Abstract
Translationisprobablythemostcomplext),peofeVentinthehistoryofthecosmos.Itisanintegratedmanifestaionofthedynamicimeractionbet、veentheauthor,thesourcelanguagetext(SLT),meS【Treader,me仃anslator,metargetlanguagetext(TLT)andTLTreader~ongwimmelongdevelopmentoftransla“onprac“ce,translationstudyhasalsoexperiencedahistoryofthousandsofyearsbominChinaandintheW宅stHistorically'thetraditionaltransIationstudyfocusedmainbonthe
analysisoflinguisticst啪sfbnnationand
puttheprincipleof
“faithfuInesstotheo“ginar’onthefirstplace.1nthestatIctext·centeredstudies,theimportanceofthetranslatorIlasbeenalmostcompletelyneglected.Thesystematicstudyofthe打anslator印pearedattheendoflastcentuIyThecuituraln啪of缸nslaCionstudyhasbnoughtthetranslationsubjectiVitytosurfaceinwhichthe仃anslatoristhemostinitiativesubjec““tyintranslatingprocess.TraIlslation,suchaneventwithitsmultiplephases,canbelookedat疗omdi髓rentangles.Thispaperwhichhasf-ourchaptersmamlydiscussestheroleofthe虹anslatorintranslationonthebasisofReceptionAest}崛tics.
AsisbowntoaU,Recepti傩Aesthet汛orReceptionTheory印pearedinl960swithHansRobertJaussandWbI龟angIserastwoofitsrepresentatives.ItisbasedontheHermeneuticsandPhenomen0109yandcompletesmetransfIerofthecenteroftheJitef甜ystudy自omthetexttomereaders,aIldperf色ctsthestudyoftheprocessofauthor_text—readersystem.Thus,ch印teronemainlyin仃oducestlletheoryofReceptionAestheticsandhis印plicationin仃觚slation.AccordingtoReceptionTheory,thetranslatorwillcon厅onttwoprocessesofreception,oneistheprocessofthecommunicationbenⅣeenⅡletmnslatorandtheoriginaltextandt11eomerref矗stothepfocesSofthecommunicationbetweenmereaderaIldverslons.Thelattercanberealizedonlv世ermetransIation
hasbeen矗nished.ButthetraⅡslatofmustminkabouttllereaders.andanticipatemereaders’receptivityaIldaestlleticstandardsbecausethepurposeofhistranslationistomakemereadersaccepthisversion.Inthewholeprocess,theimportanceof仃anslatorisobvious.Henotonlyactsasareaderoftheoriginalbutalsoshouldconsidermetargetreadersandpaymoreattentiontotllereader’sdemandsandmeirrec印tivity.Therclationshipbetweenthe仃anslatorandthetmnslationistalkedaboutinchaptertwo.Ihditionally;bothinChinaandinthewest,translatingpracticestartswithme仃anslatingofrel培iousworks.Becauseofthesacrednessofreligiousworks,absolutefaithfuInesstotheSLl’isrequired.Theo姆nalauthorandthesLTareregardedasmeauthenticjudge.Therefore,tlleroleofthetraIlslatorwassomewhatneglected.HeisfigurativelydescribedasseⅣaIlt,shadow,ortraitor,TheachieVementsofmodemlinguisticsare叩pliedintraIlslationstudytoaIlalyzeanddescribeaccuratelythe仃ansferbetweenmesourcelanguageandthetargetlaIlguage,butpaylittleattentiontotheroleofmetranslatorHowever,theinadequacyofmachinetransIationproVesthattheroleofthe扛anslatorisnotreplaceable.
ReceptionAesftleticsstressesontheacdVepartlcipationof£hereader.Butasmefirstreaderoftheoriginaltext,thetranslatormustbea丘'ectedbyhisreadingexpel‘ienceandpre—knowiedgewiththeunderstandingtomeoriginalteXt.Thus,chapterthreespeciallyanalyzesmethreeconstituentsofthetraIlsIator’sunderstandingactivitles:thetranslator’sdiH’erentcultureconcept,thetranslator’sliterarycompetenceaIldtranslator’saestheticcomprehension.Byusingmeconcreteexamples,uleauthorexplainshowatranslator’sunderstandingactivitieswillbeaffectedbythesefactorsrespectively
However,thou曲t王1e打ansla幻rhasce妇jnrightStointe巾rettheSLl:hecaImottranslateitcasuallyfortheboundsandlimitsoftheoriginal
t11e的nsIatof’sm汜币re£adontext.So,chapterfourdiscussesmelim打of
Thep印efdiscussesmephenomenathatthetranslator’sinterpretationwmbeaf!【bctedbythecontextandtextoft11eoriginal,andthefactoroftheconsiderationforthereadershipespeciallyandgivesthedetailedexamples.
Inconclusion.themesisstatesthattheroleofthe打anslatorin仃anslationisnotneglected.AIthoughReceptionAestheticsoveremphasizesmestatusofthereadeLweaIsomustrealizemeimDortanceofmetranslator
KeyWords:ReceptionAesthetics,aesthetics,translator,
interpretation,understalldingacti“tIes
Introduction
Tr孤slation,asabridgeacrossthediveIgenceSofdif£brentculturesforbetterunderstalldingamongpe叩lesoftlleworld,involvespracnccinanumberofareasandspecialsHHs.Theac虹vityoftranslationbothinChinaandinmeWbsthasalonghistoryofabout2000years.111ee盯liesttranslationfoundiIlChinaisthat0ftheBuddhistscriptures.IntheWbst,thctranslationofGreekdassicsisidcntifiedasthebeginningoftr姐slationactiVity柚dlateristhetr柚slationoftheBible舶mHebrcw:Intheproccssoftranslating,imerpreterplaysanimportantroleandiIltcrferesintr锄slationwithhisorhersubjectiVeacHVities.ButthepoSitionof也etfanslatoriIltheoryismuchlessimponantthanthatinpractice.Manytheories(suchas,mosewhicharebasedontext-orientedorreader-orientcd)holdthatthetranslat叫’sroleisf奴ed赫dmadeinvisible.B哦_iIlreal啵contrarytomese-theories,theimport加tr01eoftr锄slatorca矗notbene酎ectedintheprocessoftranslaling.Thisthesisistostresstheimpon蛐ceofthetr粗slator丘omtheViewofRecep廿∞AesthelicsTheorywhichgreaⅡyer印h捌zesthereader.
ReceptionAesmeticsorReceptionTheorywasdevelopedbysomescholarsattheUniversityofConst孤ceinGe加孤yduringmelate1960sandeany1970s诚thHaIlsR()benJauss锄dWbl垮angIseras俩o0fitsreprescntatiVes,姐ds00nsweptacrossmewrholeEur叩e锄alldAmer池mliter栅ecirdes.MaIlypeoplethiIll【that
c锄be
ReceptionAesthetics
印pliedtotr锄slation.Inviewofthistheo珊alite删呵workisprimarily
1
destinedfortheaddressee;likewiseatrallslationisdesignedfor
acertainkindofreaders。
Inthetrian91eoftheoriginaltext,£hetfallslationandthereader,amongwhichthelastoneisnotpassiveaIldunimponaIlt.Ifnot,thetfanslationissenselessandcouldnotplayther01eofbridgillgtheautllorandthereadeLThistheorycentersontheconversationbetweenthereaderandthetext,emphasizingthemeaningofthetargettextwhichcomes盘Dmtwoparts:oneismetext“selfaIldtheotheristhatbeinggiVenbythereader.TheReceptionTheorystrcssesmoretlleimport翘ceofthereadersthanthatoft啪slator-AccordingtoReception皿eo砩“thetr蛆slatof丽lIcon丘ont觚opfocessesofreception:oneistheprocesSofcommunicationbetweenmetranslator孤dtheoriginaltext,船dtheotllerreferstothe
be锕eenthereaderandthctargettext.”proccssofthecommunication
(PengJu柚,2002:I)Inthefi憋tprocess,tllet删nslatorinterpretsthe阱培illaltextwimhisownpre—understallding.So,metr蚰slatornotonlyacceptstlle
author锄d£extasthereaderbutatthesametimepossesseshisororigillal
herdwnsubjectivities,’wllichmeallsthatthetfanslator’susuaI
di雎rentunderstandingtotheoriginaltextis甜bctedbysuchfactorSasme
beliefs,outlooksand1【Ilowle电e.7功esecondprocesscanbefealized011lyafteTnletranslatio玎hasbeenfinjsbed.
2
1[hnslatiOnChapter0咀eRecep廿OnAestheticsin
Inthepasttrallsla廿onhiStof)r,theauthoraIldthetextareregardedassacredandinVi01a_blebutthetranslatorandthercaderareregardedaspassiveandunimponantreceptors.Withthedevelopmentoftranslationstudies,Ⅱletendencythatauthor_centeredtheories加dtext-centercdtheoriesdominatetr妯slationstIldiesisdeclininginsteadmatofthereaderandthetraIlslatorarereceivedmoIeandmoreattentions仃omtranslationscholalls.AndmeGermanAestheticsofReceptioncomesintobeingatthattime.
1.1TheTheoryofReceptionAesthe吐cs
ReceptionAestheticsisakindofartisticaesthcticschoolwhlch
R0bert锄dWblfg{u培Iseras柳oofitsappearedin1960swithHalls
Hemeneuticsandrepresentatives.Theb弱ictheoryfoundationis
Phenomenolo弘nefeatIlresofRec印tionAesthetics唧nlat:ontheonh卸d,itconsiderstheliterarytextsarerealiZedinreadcr’sreadi】唱;ontheotherh卸d,itregardsmelit钳attlferec印tionillpeIspcctiVeoftheliteratllre
Htera眦initshisto珊especiallydiscllssiIlgtheconstaIltchangesofthe
di£ferenthistoricalstages.
RIeceptionAestheti岱viewsthat“‘Thelitcl.aryworkmustbeunderst00dascreatillgadialogIle’be咐eenthetextandthereader(J孤ss).Here‘The1iterar),workmustbeunderStoodascreatillgadialogue’means
beMeenⅡ1efeader姐dthetext·Tllereadillgisdonelhrol培hthedialogIIe
3
te衄sofme‘horizon’(Gad锄er)ortheeventofunderstandiIlgisseenin
‘pre—understanding’(Heidejgger)ofthewDIkandlhatoftbereader,nlustheactofreading,understandingisdes嘶bedbyGadameras‘aftlsionofhorizons’.77(YuJianqing,2001:7—19)
ScholarsofReceptionAesmeticsareagaillsttheopinionthatthereaderisneitheressentialnorimportantfactormthewholesystemof“author-text·reader,’.onthecontrary,f而mitsbaSicmeaning,磕elitefafywordsaredeemedtobeproducedforthercader.11leyinsisttllatthereaderistheactiVeprinIciplepartiIlliteraryactivities.Jausssays:“Readersthemse】VeSarea】【indofbothhistoricalandcreativepawer.Thehistoriclivesofliteraryworkscannotbech如gedwithouttheact:beparticipationandinterl’efenceofreceptors.Becauseonlythroughthepmcessofthereader’sreading,theyc吼entefintoacenainconstaIltch弛ge0feXperiencedhorizons".∞uJinZhj,wangYuechuall,1994:338).IIlhi8opillion,li沁ral’ywo出sdono£mealltheobje&iveexistencewi出ou£rela£主ontoread.ers.Insteadtheyareeagertobereadbyreadersandbecommunicatedwimreaders.FromtheviewpointofReceptionAesthetics,theaestheticvalueof1itefa巧worksisnotdbjectivebutco加ectingwiththereader’sexperienceofValue.田ms,the1iteraryworksmustawaketllepastreadingmemoriesofreadersaIldleadmemtoaparticularexperienceforevo】(ingmeirexpectations.Soread目scorrespondentlymakereactionsiIltheseexpectationssuchasarousing,chaIlgiIlgandrealizing.
‘‘缸a秘oss勘ngllageactivity,毫fansl旋on,白St0f枷,fequiresatranslatortolulderst锄dthesourcetext.1沁a砒瞎也esourcetext,thetrallslatorasareadermustfirstofall,openadialogue丽ththesourcetext,
4
inwhich,asrec印tiontheoristshold,hehastodraw丘omhispre—underst髓ding,aIld时tofllsehishorizonwi恤thatinthesourcctextandgomrouglldif£erentiatioⅡofhorizon.In拄a璐latillg,morcover,thetr锄slatorstillneedstoconsiderhista娼etreader,shorizon,whichisi11VolVedinano戗lerprocessofreadingandisInorecomplicatedthanthef!irstone.”(YuFengping,2004:29~30)
1.2’I融ePmcessofmmnslation①
What’sthetraIlslation?Mostofpeople谢UnotdoubtmissiInplequestion.Inmeiropinions,trallslationmeans扛anslatingtheorigiIlaltextjustlikeFigure1shows:
or蛐altextthat也e“InFigure1,pe叩1ethinkthattheTextisthe
tr锄slalionbaseson,锄dmetafgettextisthe扛anslatedwo瓜natis,thetargettextisreproducedfromthcTbxtdirectly.Sope叩lealwaysncglecttheactivepanicipationofthetmnslator龃daree弱ytoidealizethepmcessoftranslation.Intr蛐slation,the打翘shtorwilltryhisbesttomakethe
缸dsuchconceptjustl溉tafgcttextequaltotheoriginalone,
‘equivalence’,‘faithfulness,exprcssivencss,掣aceflIlness’印pe盯sinthetranslationtheories.So。
the仃anslatorsometimesfeelsembarrassedf(1rhis
tr弛slation."
attendingtoonemingbutlosingano廿lerintheproccssof
④In1.2and1.3ofmypaper,theideasofFigure1,Figure2andFigure3andthecontentsoftheirrespectiveanaIyses8re姐inlyquotedfro衄t们thesis:“文学翻译的接受美学观”wfittenbyMaxiaoinchineseTranslationJournal(2000(2):47—49);LhB札stet恤ensLossofcUitUfailnfomtioninTranshtion—anapjproac矗ofAeception^es拍effcswrittenbyPengjuan(2002:3—6).
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“But,iIlfact,ifwethinkabouttheprocessoftranslationcarefLIuy,wewin五ndoutmatthe‘origina】text’thetmnslatorbasesonisnotthefealoriginaltext(11ext)b砒theteXtpmducedinthetranslator’sbrailliIlmeprocessofmetrallslator名communicatingw矗hmeTbxt,anditiSappro】【imatetotheText.”wecoulduseTextXtosbow,justasFigI】∞2shows:
(Figure2)
FromRgllre2,“llletargcltextobviouslycomes自DmTextXdirectlyinstead0fthe11ext(o啦姬a1).Thatistosay,theTextxistheactllaloriginaltextwhichistheresunofcommuIlicationwithTcxtandisthefeSult0f‘meltjngho出on’.TextXisaVariableanditchangeswimthechangeofmetranslator,tiInes蛆dspacc.”
Hefe,theroleofmet劂JatorisdeScfjbedbymany呦slationtheorists.Inhis勋眦喇口Sci鲫妇盯T抛凇纭拄嬲,Nidawrites:“Sincethetrallslatorhimsejfist}le南cal暑Iemen£intrans王aling……KsroleiscentraltomebasicprinciplesandpmcedIIresof仃anslating.,,(Nida,1964:15)了锄ess.Holmessaysintlis张口肠m口口拜d胁缸陀可加黜矗晌厅:“Process—ofientedD7I_s(desc却tiVetrallslationstudies)concemsitselfwiththeprocessonactoftraIlslationitself.皿lepIoblemofwhatexactlytakespIaceinthe‘liftIeblackbox’ofthetransIator,smindashec犯anesanew,morcor1essmatchiⅡgtextinanother1越guageh舔beenthesubjectof肌lchspeculationonthcp缓of仃ansjation,sm铀rists……”(venuti,2000:176)InH01mes’sopinion,“atraIl订atorfl娼tlyshouldmaketIlllundeIstandi】略of也eori咖a1workallddecodeitsmessageintoh王s
6
mentalconception,aIldthenencodetlle咖售ettextfromthisconception.
舢thougll
itisoversilnplifiedtoⅡlodelthetraIlsla6ngprocessasdccodingofthesLT(source【丑IlgIlageText)and
encodingofthe1IT(TargetLanguage
Text),fortranslationisaconsecutiVeandintegr种edactivity,wecanundefstandfllllythet镐kof
n峙trallslator."(YuFengping,2004:8)Benj踟indefinesinhis砀口础D,舭彻厅砌细,“the
taskoftlletrallslatorconSiStsiIlfindingthatmtendedefcect(Intention)upontllelangllagei11towhichheis
t姗sla吐ngwhichproducesinittheechooftheoriginal."(venuti,2000:19-20)HepoiIltsoutthatat舢slatormustbegoodat妞olanguages蛆dt踟}cultu】『es.Atranslatofplays姗o
dif£efentfolesinthecomplicatedⅡ锄slating
process.Firstly,thetranslatorisregardedasareaderoftheor追inaltext.Inordertoconstmct
amentalconceptionofmeofiginaltext,thetranslatorshouJdhaveacomprehensiveandproper
consideringofthe
ori西naltext.sothetranSlatormustrcsearchsuchfactorscarefInlyastheauthor’shistorical柚dculnlralbackgrouⅡd,thestyleoftheoriginaltextandtheiⅡlplicationoftheoriginalwords.Secondly,the
tra五slatorisregardedasare—creativewriter.BasiIlgontheunderst如dingof
theorigillaltext,the打anslatorwillbegintoproducethetranslationVersion.“WhentraIlslathlg,thetr蛐slatorusesthematerialsabstracted舶mhisunders【andingwhichcomes丘Dm也eorigiIlaltext.ThatisthepreSentationandcrystallizationoftheauthor’sthoughtandemotion.Sohemustkeepbalancebetween也epositionoftheaumorandthatofhiso、Ⅳn.”mFengping,2004:10)
1.3ReceptionAestheticsintlIePI佻essofmnsIaHon
Translationis
acomplexprocess柚dnotassiI印leastheprocessshowedinF遮ure1.AndfromFigure2,weknowthat
com咖nication7
be船eenthetranslatorandme
originaltextwillinnuencetheforInationof
theta唱ettext.AtsaInetime,thetranslatoralsomust
e)叩ectmereadef’sreccptionoftheta堰ettextwhichalsoinnuencesitsformation.So,intranslatillg,thetranslatorwillbein日uencedby铆oprocessesofrec印tionwrhichcanbedescribedasFigIlre3showingbelow:
(F逸ure3)
Here,inFigIlre3,“translationactivityisaVerycomplicatedprocessnotasimple1illearprocess.InthefirStpfocessofrec印tion,theText(originaltext)isthestartingpointofthetranslation.Therefofe,、ⅣhereisnoText.thereisnotranslation,Butthem疆tiSnotfixedandthercarcsti儿somevacanciesneededtobefilledbythetraIlslat∞SothecomprehensionofmeTcxtisaprocessofconcretization.’rhisprocessofcomprehendiIlgmeTextisnotpassiveillsteadisaf£bctedbymetranslator’spreviousreadingexperienccalldpre—comprchension.Tosomeextent,the‘讲噜inalte)【t’(heremeallstheresuhofmelting、risionafterthetranslat舛co衄unicatingwiththeText,itismarkI记byTextxintheFigure2)ofthetranslationisthedialecticalunityoftheTextandthetranslator’scomprehending.Meallwhile,thetransJatof’sunderstanding甜pre—comprehensionoftheTextisnotlimitless,Becausehis龇ptionareconstrainedbytheText,whichmal【essurethatthetrallslatorcannot
8
comprehendtheTextcasuallyordeviate仃omtheintentionoftheTextaIldtheauthor.netr柚slatorcorrc蛙)ondiI瞄ytrieshisbesttomal【etheTextxapproximatetotheTexttothel鹕eextent.1herefofe,thequalityofthetaEgettextmostlydependsontheⅡaIlslator’sreceptiVity.Thetra璐latortriestomakehisexpectedVisionaccordwiththeta唱ettextwithimprovinghiSreceptivitywhenhec0如衄micateswiththe711ext.”
Therefore,intheproccssoftr姐slation,theimport锄ceofthetranslatorisobVious.Henotonlyactsasareaderoftlle,11extbutalsoshouldthillkaboutthereaders;not011lypaysmoreatt%tiontotllereaders’dcmandsandtheirreceptiVi哆butalsotriestomaketheVersioncomInunicatewiththepfesupposedreaders.
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ChapterlI、voIIhnsJatorandTh矗sJ矗£ion
Everyoneacc印fStbisopinionnotranslalor,n0tra王lsjation.ButWhatisthetranslatoI?Itisnecessaryt0mkeacleaIid髓tityofthetranslator.Bellsays“触lcommunicatorS,asreceivers…一whetherⅡstenersorreaders,
monOl血gualsorbili她pals…一faceessentianythes锄e
problem;lhey
receiVesigIlals(inspeechandin丽tin曲contaillingmessagesencodcdinacom础n玉cationSysfem
w矗ich招not,byde丘nftion,ident五calwiththeifown.,’(Ben,2001:14)AtthBearlystagcsofthetr柚sla如nhisto吼peopleusedtofbcustheirattcntiononthefaithfIllnessofthetraIlsla£幻nandVi叫∞dlhetmnslatofassen,anl.D哆dendescribesthel瑚sla刍口riS‘‘danc主z】唔0nIopeswithfettercdlegs”(MarySnell-Hornby'1988:11)Hethinksofthe仃;mslatorastheslaveoftheaumororadown.G0etlle代gardsthetranslatorassqualidprofessionalmatchmakerDraparodist(Goeme,2001:272)1mer01eofmenanslatorisalmosttot缸;yne舀ected.with£11edevelopmentof抒ansla娃0nsfudyjnthemodemtime,peopIcbeg细toIealizetheimpoItantroleofthe眦吣slatorwhom舒aduaUy把ceiVesmo他attention丘ommanvscholarsintheirtranslationstudies.
2.1mditionaIⅥewson1hnslator’sStatus
Asweknown,t啪smionpract妇st孤swiththet豫璐latingoffeligi叫sworkswhicharetakent0besacrcd,Insu曲蛔脚l撕on,卸ychangcofmew甜d优d盯∞phr弱e0f也e
oI谵i枷w砌dbeac血ne.sDattheearlystagesof
t舢sIationhjstory;peopIeusedtofolcI塔theirattentionSonthe“faithfulness"or“unfaithfulness"ofthetraIlslationalldregarded
11
thetranslatoras“seⅣant”.AbsolutefaithtotheoriginalisthedominaIltstandardoftfanslati彻regulatedbytrall幽【tiontheorists.So,the
tranSlator’sroleisfixedand
ne酉ected.2.1.1TheNe—ectoftheThnslator’sRoleinC址na
GenerallyspeakiIlg,thetranslator’sroleiSneglectedinChinesetrallslationtheoriesinwh01ehistorv.neintfoductionofBuddhistSc邱turesintoChinabegillsthefirstclima】【of仃anslationinChmaand
manytranslatorsandsch01arsgiveustheirdifcerentviev叩ointson
trallslation,amongwhichismeideathatforthesacrednessoftllereli酉ouss酬ptm
atfanslatorShouldbe舢施1to£he吲gillaltext。
111his,锄眦sontranslation,ShiDao’an,oneofthewell-l【110wnmonksoftlleQianQinState,adVocatesstrictliteraltfanslationoftheBuddllistscriptures.Hesaysthat“translationshouldfoUowthesoufcecloselywithout戚ssingasill91ewrord,alldchangenomingexceptforinvertedwordorder”.Inhisopinion,hebeIieVesthatth钳earefiVewaysinwhichtranslatorsmaydeViatefrom
the
original.Heeallsthem“五失本”(“矗vecasesinwhichthei11eanillgoftheor谤nalislost”),being:‘‘First,tlletranslatorstendedtoreVersetheordefDflheseDtencesmtheforei重皿textinordertoconfbrmtoChiIleseusage.Second,to
attracttheattentionofmeChinesereadership,theypreferredapolishedliterarystyleinthetraIlsIationto
thesimple,unadomedsubst锄ceoftheoriginal.Third,meyshortened
oromittedthe10ngexpositionsorrecurringchantedVefsesoftheo堍iIlal.Founh,meydektedtheexplanations锄dc0瞄姗taries
in出edded诬theofiginaltext……Fiflh,theyleftoutthosewoldsintheor埝malwhichf11ndionas
s硼】maries.’’口hZai】【i,2000:322)“所谓‘五失本’是:一、经文乃外
语,其词序由汉人看来是颠倒的,汉译时被改从汉语语法;二、经文质朴,汉人喜欢文采,为适合广大读者,译文作有一定修饰;三:经内论述,往往不厌其烦,尤其颂文更是反复再三,翻译时被删减;四:经文在长行之后,另有偈颂复述,称为‘义说’,类似汉人韵文最后总结的‘乱辞’,内容重复,译时删去:五:经文中讲完一事,告一段落,要转说他事时,又将前话重提,然后再往下说,这些话也被删除。
”(chenFukang,2000:n)zIliQi她,the协noustra硒latorofBuddhistSc啦'tllresiIlthetime0frI_hIeeStates,putsforwardhisVi州巾oiⅡt0ntramslation,thatis,seel【ingforthe虮lIh丽thoutanyexpfessivemodif!ication,、Ⅳhichisfeg盯ded船tllefirststatementof“literaltr蛐slation”byLuoⅪnzh卸g(Luo)(iI垤rh觚g,1984:32)Amotherleamedmonkandfamous仃anslatorofBuddhistScri讲ures,Xu姐zhaⅡg,emphasizestheaccuracyoftranslation,sayingthat“translationshollldseek咖m”(alenFuk柚g,2000:42)Hesuggeststhatatranslationsh砌dbe“understand矗ble"and“tnletotheodginal,notaddordeleteanyinfo咖ationcasnallytomod坶theori西nal.”(chenFIll【粕g,2000:32)MaJianzhongadVocatesinhisI[堍l^e五沁钯6巍譬而册P拧fo,Z}犍ns缸【l如n4似咖(《拟设翻译书院议》)that“theta玛etl柚gIlagetextshollld
or∞less,龃dwhattherepresentmesourcelanguagetextexactly,nomore
s锄e船meoriginalta培etreaderbenefits丘Dmthetr孤slationshouldbethe
readerdoes.T11atiswhatwecallagoodtr蛆slation.”(Luo)(inzh如g,1984:126)Acc舛dillgtohis0pinion,fDfge‰gaperfccttranslation,“the仃anslatorshollldnotonlyconsiderandweiglltheoriginalme孤ing,butalsoimitateitsstyle.”(zllou)(iaoling,2002:5)QuQiubai
fIl】胁eLHeholdsthat“thetr蛐slationshouldbeabs01utelygoeseven
correctandnomistakcisallorv岭d.”(LuoⅪnzhaIlg,1984:279)Actually,this虹anSlationthattheauthoradvocatesisanextreme,anditcannotbeachieved.ThefamousChillesesch01arGuoMomoadvocatest11att11ereshouldbeer印athybet、№enthetranslatorandtheauthor,whichme柚sthe
fo肋efmeldingintothelatter’srole.Hesays,“……totranslate
Shelley’spoem,IshouldmakemyselfShelleyandShelleymyself”(Luo
ⅪIlzhang,1984:333)Luo碰垴Iangsllmmarizesthet瑚【Ilslationtheoryi11China粕dpointsoutthat“theChinesetranslationdcvelopedinali鹏arway”,i.e.beingtmetomeori西nal…-faithflllness…一spiritllalfesemblance…一t咖smi掣ation(Luo)(inzhang,1984:19)“Beingtmetot11eori醇nalmeansabsohltefaimflllnesstomeoriginal.ThespiritualresenlblanceandtraIlsmigrationarerealizedonthebasisoffaimfIll∞ss.”(zhou)(iaoling,2002:5)BeiIlgfaithfultot11esoⅥce∞extisthefirstp血ciplethatatr孤slatorshouldobey.ⅦlFu,0neofme莎eatesttransIatorSin1ateQingDynasty,advocates“(信)failh凡jness,(达)
comeS肋m’theodginaleXpressivenesgaIld(雅)gracefIllness”,which
words“译事之难,信、达、雅。
顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。
"“ForthetaskoftraIlslation,therearenlreed删culties:)(in(fa曲眦ness),Da(expressiveness)蛐dYa妞accfukss).鼢st,itisagrcatdi伍cIlltytobefaitllful.ButfaithfIllncsswithoutbeingexpressivemeansthatthetexthasnotreallybeentfanslated.”∞nZai)【i,2000:323)
t啪slationisthel沁mltranslation.HeActually,Yanviewsthathis
hiInselfsays“thereweresometimesadditionsofdeletions遍mytranslati彻andwhentralIlslating,Ieveninvertedtheof追inalorderofw∞dsorphf鹪esforagoodtranslation.Butt11ismemodisnotreallyperfbctandshouldnot
14
bef01lowed.”(chenFukang,2000:115)
the胁nslator’sRoleinthewest
2.1.2The№glectof
InnlewesttheBibletfanslation。
likeChina’stranslationof“BuddhistScript”,mm【esagreatpartinwcstemtr锄slationhistoryandhas掣eat
innuenceonitstraIlslatingpracticeandtheo珥BecausetheBibleisrcgarded鹪the“Holyworl【s”,tlleprillcipleofrestdctfaithflllnessis
t11e丘rst伽nousBibktmnslatorsinappliedbym锄ytr卸slators.Oneof
mediaevaltimes(aboutADll00-1500)isPhiloJudaeIlS,whoholdsthattranslatingBibleisasacredjob缸mpoilltsoutthattheprelHiseofthattr蛐slationis“theinspirationofdivinity”.InJuda哪’sopinion,“atfanslatorisjustonlyamediumtowfitedawnwhatGoddictatestohim,,Cranzaixi,2000:29)andtlletraIlslator’sinitiativeis曲solutelydeprivedo戴stAugustiIle,whofollowsPhnoJudacus’sopinionfi珊岘alsoexpresseshisviewofabsolutefaithflllness丘omtheVi剑叩10intofl托g弧ge锄alysis,
s籼eandhiSideaoftmnslationthatdiffbrcntl距guagescanexpressthe
me孤ingandwordisthebasicllIlitofha璐lation.Later,ManliusBaethjus
fbc惦onobjectivefactsandthetr锄slatorproposesthat“translationshollld
shouldgiVeuphis吼l;b_jectiVejudgmentin仃anslating.”(rIhza仅i,2000:43)
InBaethius’sInind.thetmslalorsh砌ds扛essontheacamtecont∞tinsteadoftllegfacestyleoftlleoriginaltext.Therefore,forhimtllebesttraIlslatingmethodfofⅡle打anslator’sad印dngistheword-fof-wordtranslation.
InmodemtiInes谢tllthedevelopmentoft埘lslationstIldyespecially
aftermerenaiss柚oe,manytr越slators锄dtheoriStsstillholdfirllllythe
tmslationpract娩.Inthe17也c∞tIlmprincipleoffaithflllnessiIltheif
be铆ixtme柳oextremesofpar{lphraseDrydensays“Ithoughtfittosteer
andliteraltranslationtokeepasnearmyauthorasIcould,谢t110utlosingaUllis黟aces,themosteminentofwhichareiIlthebeautyofhiswords”(JeremyMllnday,2001:25)1kn,heconcludeshisargllmentandproposesthefbllrbasicprinciples:
“1.Nomanisc印ableof仃anslatillgp∞trywho,besidesageniusto
t11at0ut,isnotamasterbothofhisauthor’slangtIage粕dofitsown.
2.Normustweunderstandtllelanguageonlyofmepoet,buthisparticulartIlmofthou曲tsaIldofexpression,whicharethecharacterstllatdis咖guiShand,asi£were,indiyidualhim硒m羽lovcr删tc佩3.The1ikecaremustbetakenofthemoreauMardom锄ents,thewords.
4.,I'llesenseofanautlloI,generauyspeaking,istobesacred蚰d
inviolable.”(MarysneⅡ-Horby,2001:12)
胁efourprinciplescancor印1etelyrcpresent脚den’semphasisonb咖gabs01utelyfaithfIll协tlleoriginal.InhisVi删point,no0nec蛐translatcpoe仃yunlessheis酉ftedandbom.The仃纽slatorshollldpaySpecialatlentiontothewordsoftlleoIigillalbecausetlle删iginalautborissacredandinvi01曲1e.Dryden’stheoryisstiHauthor-orientedaIldnotawordisemployedtodescribethetr勰slator’sroIe.Inthe18强centu彤趟exallderP0pea掣eeswimD『ydenandbelievesthat“thetr锄slatorshollldfollowmeaumorfimllybutnotattempttosurpasshim."(zhouⅪaoling,2002:2)~tlIou曲Popedoesnotne_孚ecttheroleofnlet£孤slator,
is也e咖1slator’scompletcobedience.1111790,whatheemphasi乃es
赳exanderDnerwriteshisfamo惦worki11whichheputsfo】Mardthe
i6
well—‰own“mfeeprindplesoftranslation",thatis,量泌缈s彻缋P肭—P蛔够乃铆隅kf如席whichisregardedas“thefirStworkontranslationtheory诬thewest”.
“Itwillf0U0、矾
1..nlatthe妇璐lationshould昏veac0扛lplete妇ns翻ptoftheideasoftheoriginal、Ⅳork.
2.natthes哆le如dthemaIlnerof
s咖e
writingshouldbeoftlle
characterwiththat0ftheoriginal.
3.’111atthetranslationshollldhaVeallnlee勰eofori酉nalcomposition.”C聊lcr,1790:9)
Btlerpulsfo唧ardhisViewoffaithfulnessto龇砥勘alcontentandstyleiIlthesewcll-knownand丘equentlyqumedprinciples.Theycanbeseenas锕oex仃emesintranslati蚰.qtler’sthree砸nciplesoftranslation,toagreatextent,similarwimChinesetranslatorYanFu’s“three-character”principle.Itisverydearthatbothmal【ethefailhfulnessasthenlost呻0nantla'wmtranslation.IIithe18也centIlry’charlesBatteuxwhoisafa衄ousFrenchtranslationcritic,“illustratesthep血cipleoffaithfIllness孤dcorrecnlessf如mthean出eofⅡlepreciselillguistica11alysis.,’(zhou)(iaoling,2002:3)Hisb舔icVieWaboutnletr觚slationisthat“thetranslatorasaserv孤tnotamastcrshouldfollowthe耐giIlal跏thor丘瑚lytoreproducc也esourcel锄gIlagetextcompletely.”(zhou)(iaoling,2002:3)
Inthemodemtime,thestatllsoftlletranslatorisstillnotiIllpfoved.
tmslationtheoristssuchasFedorov’Ca勖rd,PcterNewm破,etc.Many
givetheire唧hasestotheequival髓ccbe细∞nthesourccl柚guage觚d
17
theta玛etlaIlgIlage舶mthepfecise鲫alysisof似olanguageS.La帆ence
t枷slat甜’svcnuliusesthevividexpression“invisibnity’,to“des‘’ribelhe
situatianand瓣ityinconteⅡlporaryAn酉。
一AInericancIlmlre."Hesays“themorenuentthetranslation,themoreinvisiblethetmnslator,aIld
theforeigntext"
presumably,themorevisiblethewriterofmeaningor
(、,enuti,1995:9)
2.2Contemporary、,iewson7Ihnslator’sstatlls
Thetranslators’h唧nblestatushaschangedincontempor缸ytranslationtheofieswhe碍the£fanslator,sstatus主simproved£oagfca£
啦duselessextent.r11ranslatorsareno10ngefconsideredaspassive
reccptionistsoftheori百naltextandaumor,insteadnleyareactiveandeSs钮tialpanidpamsintheprocessoftraIlslation.Moreandmoresch01aTs
ofthem·recogIlizetheirvitalfoles.Thefollowingopinionsrepresentsome
2.2.1HerIneneutics
Greek,‘‘h咖eneuein’’which田lete瑚“he珊eneutics”comeSfrom
inmeansinterpretation,clar讧icationandtranslation.Hermeneuticsbegan
methe16也century,withmeime印retationasitstheoreticaIbasis.Later,in
20mcent删v。
Hermeneut斌showsthenewfeatIlreofp蛐osophicalom0109y-
r01e遗地e妇n耍ationHermeneuticsemphasizesthetr勰siafof,sac娃Ve
isnotapassivebutoflitemrytexts.AccordiI坞tothismeory,thetranslator
ofIneaning,
anactiveandcfeativep缸ticipantinthemal;【ing
SteineremphasizesthatthereiSnoabs01utelysameorigiIlalmeaniIlginthetargettext,beca【usetlleimerpretationofthetraIIslator埘【ustbe
inVolVedillt啪slationbesidesthatofmereader.Illtheprefaceto4,}盯矗曲“Steinersays“r110understandistodecipher.1bhear8远nificanceisto
tr锄slate.”(steiner,2001,Vii)Healsocategorizes“Thefour.beatmodelof
thehemeneuticmotioninactoftranslationa唱uedin4,}盯肋西订…一initiativetmst…一aggfession…一inc0叩oration…一rcciprocityor
rcstitution…-makesnodaimto‘theory’.ItisanarradVeofprocess.”(Steiner,2001,xvi)Hatimsaysthat‘‘AsSteiIlerpointsout,eachactof
itself锄actoftfa船lation,i.e.如imerprctation.readingate】【tisin
Unavoidably,tfamslatorsfeedtheirownbeliefs,1mowledge,anitudes柚dso
onintotheirprocessillgoftext,sothatan)7translationwill,tosomeextent,renecttranslator’sownmentalandcIllttlra重ounook,despitetheimpartialimentions’’(Hatim,2001:11)GadamergiVesadearstatem∞tthat“noonecandoubttllatthetranslationofatext,howcvermuchthe仃.mslatormayhavedealtwith锄dempathizedwimhisaumor,callnotbesimplyare.awakeningoftheorigiIlalprocessiIlthewritcr’smind.Rather,itisnecessar酊are—creatio五0fthete】(tgIlidedbytllewaythe。
translatbrunderst跏dswhatitsays.Noonec锄doubtmatwhat晡rearedealh培hereisinterpretation蚰dnotsimplereproduction.”(Gadamer,1990:385)Intheir
tr强slator’shi8toricalback伊oundandsubjeccivitymustbeopinions,nle
tmceableintheta玛ettext.
2.2.2Eeminism
Feministtr锄slationthcorygiVesits唧h船isonthetargettcxt她ddeniestheabsolutecentcff讲eofmes叫fcetext.T1listheo巧isprcValenti11CanadaasBarbaraGodard锄dSherySimon觞itstworepresentadVes.FbmiIlistspufsues廿lattllcmanandthewomaⅡareequal.MassadierKe胍y
19。