四六级语法整理
- 格式:docx
- 大小:23.99 KB
- 文档页数:4
(简明版)大学英语四级语法大全一、名词(Noun)名词是一个词汇类别,用于表示人、动物、事物、地点等。
在句子中,名词可以作为主语、宾语、定语、表语等。
例如:- 主语:Cats are cute animals.Cats are cute animals.- 宾语:I love dogs.dogs.- 定语:The green tree is beautiful.green tree is beautiful.- 表语:My brother is a doctor.doctor.二、代词(Pronoun)代词是一个词汇类别,用于替代名词。
它们可以替代特定的人或事物,以避免重复使用相同的名词。
例如:- 人称代词:I am going to the store.I am going to the store.- 物主代词:That book is mine.mine.- 指示代词:This is my car.This is my car.- 相互代词:They saw each other at the party.each other at the party.三、形容词(Adjective)形容词是用于描述名词或代词的词汇。
它们可以提供关于名词或代词的特征、性质、状态等信息。
例如:- 描述名词:She has a beautiful voice.beautiful voice.- 描述代词:I am so tired.so tired.- 修饰词组:He bought a red sports car.red sports car.四、副词(Adverb)副词是用于描述动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词汇。
它们可以提供关于时间、地点、程度等信息。
例如:- 描述动词:She sings beautifully.beautifully.- 描述形容词:He is extremely tall.extremely tall.- 描述副词:She runs very fast.very fast.- 描述整个句子:Certainly, I can help you.Certainly, I can help you.五、动词(Verb)动词是用于表示动作、状态或发生事件的词汇。
英语四六级语法总结大全不论是在四级考试中,还是在英语学习中,语法部分始终都是一切的基础,今天小编就给大家分享一下英语的知识大全,大家可以看看哦英语知识一、虚拟语气。
应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语,由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。
二、独立主格题。
一般说来,在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是无力连接两个句子的,其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式,要么是独立主格结构。
两种结构都做状语,不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。
三、时态。
英语中共有16个时态。
四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。
四、名词性从句。
形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点,用什么引导词,引导词前面的介词形式,引导词在从句中做什么成分,从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。
此外,主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。
五、主谓一致。
这类考题灵活性大,需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。
一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式,如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则:主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时,谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。
六、倒装结构。
分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句,部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别,as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等,都是考生应当重视的地方。
七、非谓语动词。
①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系,确定使用主动语态或被动语态,然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。
英语四六级语法归纳状语从句对于,状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多,接下来就一起来看看吧!更多消息请关注。
时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导:when, whenever, as, while, since, until, till, before, after, as soon as, once, hardly (scarcely) …when, no sooner …than。
I will discuss the matter with you when we meet tomorrow.时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词(the moment, the instant, every time,等)和副词(instantly, directly等)引导:I will tell you the news the instant I know.Note:①before除了可表示“在…之前”外,还可用来强调主句所表达的时间、间隔很长或花费的力量相比拟大,可译为“…才”。
(“not …before”可用来强调主句所表达的时间、间隔很短或花费的力量相比拟小,可译为“…就”)。
It was a long time before I got to sleep again.②如果位于when引导的分句之前的主句使用过去进展时、过去完成时或“was/were about to, was/were on the point of”等构造时,when表示突然发生某事,可译为“正在…突然”或“刚…就”等。
这时,不能够用as或while来代替when。
I was walking on the street when I ran into my old friend John.条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导:if, unless,providing/provided (that), suppose/supposing (that), on condition (that), as/so long as, in case等。
完整版)大学英语四级语法大全doing/to do:to do" means to。
doing something in order to do something else。
while " doing" means to simply。
doing something。
For example。
"XXX" means they ped what they were doing in order to smoke。
while "I must。
smoking" means to quit XXX.XXX: She reached the top of the hill and ped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.XXX do:et to do" means to et to do something that you were supposed to do。
while "etting doing" means to et that you have already done something.XXX: The light in the office is still on。
He ot to turn it off。
(He didn't turn it off.) He ot turning the light off。
(He ot that he had already turned it off.)XXX do:Remember to do" means to remember to do something that you need to do。
while "remembering doing" means to remember that you have already done something.XXX: XXX.)Remember to go to the post office after school。
四六级英语句型本文介绍常见的四六级英语句型,帮助读者提高英语语法水平。
1. 主语 + 谓语这是最基本的英语句型,表示一个句子的基本结构。
例句:The cat is sleeping on the sofa.(猫正在沙发上睡觉。
) 2. 主语 + 动词 + 宾语这个句型表示主语进行了一个动作,并且动作的对象是宾语。
例句:I like to eat pizza.(我喜欢吃披萨。
)3. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语系动词连接主语和表语,表示主语的状态或特征。
例句:She is a teacher.(她是一名教师。
)4. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语这个句型表示主语进行了一个动作,动作的对象是直接宾语,而间接宾语是动作的接受者。
例句:I gave my friend a book.(我把一本书送给了我的朋友。
) 5. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补宾补是补充说明宾语的词或短语,通常是形容词或名词。
例句:She made me happy.(她让我感到快乐。
)6. There be 句型这个句型表示存在某物或某人。
例句:There is a cat in the room.(房间里有一只猫。
)7. 疑问句疑问句以问句结尾,用来寻求信息或确认某件事情。
例句:Do you like coffee?(你喜欢咖啡吗?)8. 否定句否定句用否定词来否定主语的状态或动作。
例句:I don't like spicy food.(我不喜欢辣食。
)以上是常见的四六级英语句型,读者可以通过练习来熟练掌握,提高英语语法水平。
四级常用语法知识汇总一:时态:所谓"时态",就是时间+状态。
谓语动词时态见下表:1. 积极形式2. 被动形式CET-4常考三种时态:过去完毕时;未来完毕时; (目前/过去) 完毕进行时。
时间状语从句当中时态:二:非谓语动词1. 不定式:一) 不定式常考形式:1) 一般形式: He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能:表达和谓语动词同步发生2) 完毕形式: He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式: The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能:表达发生在谓语动词之前二) 不定式常考考点:1) 不定式做定语----将要发生2) 不定式做状语----目的3) 不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式省略感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表达动作完整性,真实性;+ doing 表达动作持续性,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见她在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见她正在花园里干活。
(强调"我见她正干活"这个动作)感官动词背面接形容词而不是副词: The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)同样被动后来要还原 toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’ t have to be made to learn.help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如:want, wish, hope, manage, promise, refuse, pretend, plan, offer, decide, agre e, expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有时候 to 背面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forw ard to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort t o; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/ closeness to; be dedicati on/ dedicated to; be opposition/ opposed to; be similarity/ similar to.2. 动名词:具有动作性特性名词1)是名词 seeing is believing2)具有动词性特性可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.一)动名词形式:一般形式: I don't like you smoking.完毕形式: I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式: This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词宾语是动名词3)动名词否认直接在其前加否认词,通过代词宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would appreciate back this afternoon.A. you to callB. you callC. you callingD. you' re calling(Key: C your calli ng 也对)I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; den y; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; e xplain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it inv olves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpon e; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understan d...此外尚有部分接-ing形式常见说法:it's no good; it's no/ little/ hardly any/ use; it's not/ hardly/ scarcely us e; it's worthwhile; spend money/ time; there's no; there's no point in; there' s nothing worse than; what's the use/ point...5)有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean 背面用不定式和-ing形式,意义截然不容。
四六级语法知识点详解英语四六级考试是大学英语水平考试的一种,对于很多学生来说,语法是其中一个比较难以掌握的部分。
本文将详细解释四六级考试中常见的语法知识点,帮助学生更好地应对考试。
一、时态和语态1. Simple Present Tense(简单现在时)简单现在时表示经常或习惯性发生的动作、真理、客观存在的事实等。
结构:主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数在动词后加s或es)例句:I eat breakfast every morning.(我每天早上吃早餐)2. Present Continuous Tense(现在进行时)现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。
结构:主语 + am/is/are + 动词ing形式例句:She is studying in the library now.(她正在图书馆学习)3. Simple Past Tense(简单过去时)简单过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
结构:主语 + 动词过去式例句:They visited their grandparents last weekend.(他们上周末去看望了他们的祖父母)4. Past Continuous Tense(过去进行时)过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
结构:主语 + was/were + 动词ing形式例句:I was watching TV when she called me.(她打电话给我时,我正在看电视)5. Simple Future Tense(简单将来时)简单将来时表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。
结构:主语 + will + 动词原形例句:We will have a party next week.(我们下周要开个派对)6. Future Continuous Tense(将来进行时)将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。
结构:主语 + will be + 动词ing形式例句:I will be sleeping when you arrive.(当你到达时,我将正在睡觉)7. Passive Voice(被动语态)被动语态用于强调动作的承受者而不是施动者。
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇一、语法结构部分。
1. 时态。
- 一般现在时。
- 用法:表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观事实。
- 结构:主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数主语时动词加 -s或 -es)。
例如:I play football every Sunday.(play,动词原形,[pleɪ])He plays football every Sunday.(plays,动词第三人称单数形式,[pleɪz])- 一般过去时。
- 用法:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 结构:主语+动词的过去式。
例如:I saw a movie yesterday.(saw,see的过去式,[sɔː],动词)- 现在进行时。
- 用法:表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 结构:主语+be动词(am/is/are)+动词的 -ing形式。
例如:She is reading a book.(is,be动词第三人称单数形式,[ɪz];reading,动词的 -ing形式,['ri ːdɪŋ])- 过去进行时。
- 用法:表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
- 结构:主语+be动词(was/were)+动词的 -ing形式。
例如:He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.(was,be动词第一、三人称单数过去式,[wɒz];watching,动词的 -ing形式,['wɒtʃɪŋ])2. 从句。
- 定语从句。
- 概念:在句中作定语,修饰名词或代词。
- 关系代词:who(指人,主格,[huː]),whom(指人,宾格,[huːm]),which(指物,[wɪtʃ]),that(指人或物,[ðæt])。
例如:The boy who/that is standing there is my brother.(这里who/that引导定语从句修饰the boy)- 名词性从句。
大学英语4级语法笔记
1. 主谓一致
- 主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致。
- 当主语是单数第三人称时,谓语动词要加s。
- 当主语是复数时,谓语动词不加s。
2. 动词时态
- 一般现在时:表示经常性或惯性的动作。
- 现在进行时:表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作。
- 过去进行时:表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
- 现在完成时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作对现在造成的影
响或结果。
- 过去完成时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作对过去的另一个
时间或动作造成的影响或结果。
3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
- 比较级:注意形容词和副词在比较级前面要加上more或less。
- 最高级:注意形容词和副词在最高级前面要加上the most或the least。
4. 名词所有格
- 表示属于关系时,在名词后面加's。
- 表示复数名词所有格时,在名词后面加'。
5. 祈使句和感叹句
- 祈使句表示命令、请求或建议,一般用动词原形。
- 感叹句表示惊讶、赞叹等情感,常以What、How等引导。
6. 介词的用法
- 介词用于表示位置、时间、方式等关系。
- 常用的介词有in、on、at、under、over等。
以上是大学英语4级语法的一些基础知识点,请在学习和写作时注意运用。
大学英语四级必考语法汇总大学英语四级考试是学生们普遍参加的考试,语法是其中必考的部分,以下是四级必考语法汇总:1. 时态英语时态有12种,四级考试中要掌握以下几种:- 一般现在时:表示经常性或惯性的动作,或现在的状况。
- 现在进行时:表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
- 过去进行时:表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
- 现在完成时:表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
- 过去完成时:表示过去某个时间之前曾经发生的动作或状态。
- 将来时:表示将来某个时间发生的动作。
2. 从句从句是指一个完整的句子,它在句子中充当某个成分,四级考试中要掌握以下几种:- 定语从句:修饰某个名词或代词。
- 主语从句:作为主语的从句。
- 宾语从句:作为宾语的从句。
- 同位语从句:阐述前面名词或代词的内容。
- 状语从句:修饰或补充主句的内容。
- 结果状语从句:表示结果的从句。
- 让步状语从句:表示让步的从句。
- 条件状语从句:表示条件的从句。
3. 词性和词组四级考试中需要掌握名词、代词、动词、形容词和副词的用法,以及一些固定用法的词组,例如:- be based on:基于。
- be fond of:喜欢。
- as soon as possible:尽快。
- break the ice:打破僵局。
4. 语态英语语态有两种,四级考试中需要了解和区分主动语态和被动语态,以及两种语态在句子中的变化。
5. 语气英语语气有三种,四级考试中需要了解和区分陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
以上就是大学英语四级必考语法的汇总,希望对大家备考有所帮助。
英语六级考试语法重点改革后的英语四六级中,有些题型考生还不是很熟悉,以下是为大家搜索整理的考试语法重点,希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们!1、情态动词的完成式1)must have done——表示对过去的事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测,常译为“一定,准是,肯定”,其否定形式是can’t/couldn’thave done,意为“决不可能,不太可能”。
e.g. Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.2)should/ought to have done——表示过去应该做的却没有做,常含有后悔、责备、埋怨的口吻,意为“本应该”,“应该就好了”; e.g. With all the work finished, I should have gone to your birthday party last night.3)shouldn’t/oug ht not to have done——表示过去不该做的事却给做了,也常含有责备、不满之意,意为“本不该”。
e.g. You shouldn’t have gone back to work yesterday without the doctor’s permission.4)may/might have done——表示对过去的事情的推测,但不十分有把握,意为“可能,或许已经”。
e.g. A traffic accident happened yesterday and a driver may have been hurt.5)could have done——表示过去有可能或有能力做某事,而实际未做、未能实现的事;有时也表示轻度批评,意为“本来可以,完全可以”。
e.g. The gas leakage could have been avoided if thegas company took immediate measures after the warning call.6)needn’t have done——表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为“其实没有必要”。
(完整word版)英语四级考试重点语法精选汇总⼤学英语四级语法精要⼀、动词(时态,语态,⽤法,省略,⼀致性等)(⼀)时态1、主动形式过去现在将来过去将来⼀般did do will/shall do should/would do进⾏was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /完成had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done⽤于虚拟语⽓完成进⾏had been doing have/has been doing / /2、被动形式过去现在将来过去将来⼀般was/were given am/is/are given Will / shall begiven should/would be given进⾏was/were being given am/is/are being given / /完成was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成进⾏/ / / /· CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进⾏时。
·时间状语从句当中的时态:⼀般过去时所有的过去⽤⼀般现在时表⽰现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成3(have/has + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.· I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve bee n sitting in the garden.4、过去完成进⾏时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前⼀直在进⾏的动作· We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.5、将来完成进⾏时: 将来某个时刻以前⼀直在进⾏的动作.· By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.6、将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发⽣的事.· I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.(⼆)语态1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:· He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.·能同时适⽤于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表⽰“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有:assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等。
英语四六级重点语法英语四六级重点语法汇总动名词1. 某些动词后要接动名词某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语,其中最常用动词的有admit, avoid, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, involve, imagine, can’t help, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, resent, risk, resist, suggest等。
She suggested spending another day in the mountain area.There’s no way to escape doing the work.She is considering asking her employer for a rise.Note:①在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式The clock needs/wants repairing. (=The clock needs/wants to be repaired)The disabled deserve respecting. (=The disabled deserve to be respected.)②在like、hate、prefer等动词后,如果表示一般倾向,则用动名词作宾语;如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动,则要用不定式。
I like reading books of this kind, but I don’t like to read that book.She prefers walking to cycling.I prefer to stay at home today.③在remember、forget、regret等动词后,如果用动名词作宾语,则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前;如果用不定式作宾语,则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后I remembered locking the door. (=I remembered that I hadlocked the door.)I remembered to lock the door (=I remembered that I was to lock the door.)I regret telling you about it. (=I regret that I told you about it.)I regret to tell you he has fallen ill. (=I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)2. 动名词作介词的宾语动名词可作介词的宾语,与介词一起构成介词短语,在句中作定语、状语或表语。
四级语法精要浓缩精华版(一)非谓语动词1. 不定式1) 形式主动形式被动形式一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done进行式 to be doing完成进行式 to have been doinga) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book aboutworkers.He pretended not to have seen me.b) 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years. We are happy to have been working with you.d) 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2) 功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.3) 不带to 的不定式:a) 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?e) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f) 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g) 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”,“thing +关系分句”,“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成,并带有do的某种形式,这时,作为主语补语的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4) 不定式的其他用法a) too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’s only too pleased to help her.so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.相关内容: 四级语法精要-浓缩精华版(二)2.V+ing1) 形式a) 完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember everseeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b) 被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse. These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always beingpointed out to the customers.c) 完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2) 句法功用a) 作主语:Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b) 作宾语:Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c) 作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多. 它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d) 作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people. 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语. 一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词; 在表示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式.e) 作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.f) 作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought. 现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句: Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us. She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3) 前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语. Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind myreading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4) 只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss5) 既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate,dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want (need) to come.The house wants (needs) cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.6) 悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态. Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking 是we的动作, 正确)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (错误)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正确) Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (错误)相关内容: 四级语法精要-浓缩精华版(二)3.分词1) 意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义; 而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2) 句法作用a) 作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, armed forces武装部队, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间, clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业, heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造卫星b) 作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词: I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal. He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.c) 过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager. 过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds. 有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句. This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years. 相关内容: 四级语法精要-浓缩精华版(二)。
英语六级语法重点整理一. 主语和谓语动词的一致主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。
如果主语是第三人称单数,谓语动词要加-s或-es。
例:He sings well.(他唱歌很好。
)二. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形容词和副词的比较级前加more,最高级前加most。
部分形容词和副词有不规则变化。
例:beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful(美丽的 - 更美丽的 -最美丽的)三. 动词的时态和语态动词有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等时态。
主动语态和被动语态的构成也需掌握。
例:She is studying English.(她正在学习英语。
)The food was eaten by me.(食物被我吃了。
)四. 动词的非谓语形式动词的非谓语形式包括不定式、动名词和分词。
不定式前常有助动词to,动名词作主语、宾语等,分词可作定语或状语。
例:I want to buy a new phone.(我想买一部新手机。
)Running is good for your health.(跑步对你的健康有好处。
)五. 名词的单复数和所有格普通名词的复数有加-s或-es等形式,不规则变化的名词需记住。
名词所有格用's或'形式表示。
例:I have two cats.(我有两只猫。
)John's book is on the table.(约翰的书在桌子上。
)六. 代词的用法代词分人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词等。
需掌握各类代词的用法和形式。
例:He is my friend.(他是我的朋友。
)What is your name?(你叫什么名字?)七. 冠词的用法冠词包括不定冠词a/an和定冠词the。
不定冠词用于泛指,定冠词用于特指。
例:I want an apple.(我想要一个苹果。
)The dog is barking.(那条狗在叫。
俄语四六级知识点总结归纳俄语四六级是俄语能力备考的一种考试,对于提升俄语水平有着非常重要的作用。
下面将针对俄语四六级的知识点进行总结归纳。
一、词汇知识在俄语四六级考试中,词汇知识是非常重要的一部分。
学习者需要掌握足够的词汇量,才能更好地应对听力、阅读、写作等部分的考试。
词汇知识的总结归纳包括以下几个方面:1. 常用词汇:包括日常生活中常用到的词汇,如问候语、购物、吃饭、旅游等方面的词汇。
2. 学术词汇:包括学术、科技、经济等领域的专业词汇,如医学、机械、IT、金融等方面的词汇。
3. 动词:动词的活用形式、时态和语态,以及不同动词的用法和搭配。
4. 形容词和副词:形容词和副词的变化规则,以及其在句子中的用法。
5. 介词和连词:介词和连词的用法和搭配,在句子中连接不同成分的关系。
6. 量词和数词:量词和数词的用法和搭配,表示数量和计数的意思。
7. 同义词和反义词:学习者需要掌握一些同义词和反义词,以充实自己的词汇量。
8. 习惯用语和俗语:学习者需要了解一些俄语的习惯用语和俗语,以便更好地理解和表达。
以上是词汇知识的总结归纳,学习者需要通过不断地积累和练习,才能掌握足够的词汇量,从而在考试中取得好成绩。
二、语法知识俄语的语法知识在四六级考试中占据了较大的比重,学习者需要掌握一定的语法知识才能更好地完成阅读、写作等部分的考试。
语法知识的总结归纳包括以下几个方面:1. 名词:名词的性、数、格和形式变化规则,以及不同名词的用法和搭配。
2. 代词:包括人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、疑问代词等代词的变化规则和用法。
3. 形容词和副词:形容词和副词的变化规则,以及其在句子中的用法。
4. 动词:动词的活用形式、时态和语态,以及不同动词的用法和搭配。
5. 介词和连词:介词和连词的用法和搭配,在句子中连接不同成分的关系。
6. 句型结构:不同类型的句子结构,包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句等句型的构造和用法。
7. 语法现象:包括语气、语态、时态、语态等语法现象的用法和特点。
四六级语法整理1、Many manufacturers were accused of concentrating too heavily on cost reduction, often at the ________ of the quality of their products. 【2005年12月四级48题】A) expense B) exposure C) expansion D) expectation【考点及解析】考察词义辨析,at the expense of 以……为代价,固定搭配。
exposure解释为暴露, expansion解释为膨胀, expectation解释为期望,所以本题答案为A2、At same time, educational researchers have come up 【2006年四级改错题S7】【考点及解析】考察冠词把“at same time’改为‘at the same time’3、因其数量极少,大熊猫已被列为濒危物种。
【2014年12月四级翻译一】【考点及解析】考察代词,前文涉及大熊猫,再次出现,用代词,故本题答案为Because of their small number, giant pandas have been listed as an endangered species4、年轻人在大城市和著名景点花的时间少了。
【2014年12月四级翻译三】【考点及解析】考察比较级,本题答案:Young people spend less time in big cities and famous sights.5 Fred bought a car last week. It is______________________(比我的车便宜一千英镑【2012年6月四级88题】【考点及解析】考察比较级,本题答案:It is 1000 pounds cheaper than mine6、Fast foods and TVs have been _64_ us for a long time. [2010年CET6 ]A) among B) along C) beside D) wit【考点及解析】此句话中的选择空前没有可以与介词产生的搭配的词,该空后有us代表我们,其中B) along的意思为“沿着”与us不搭配,而整句话的意思大概是说“众多快餐和电视节目已经陪伴我们很长时间了”,以下选项中只有D) with可以表示“陪伴,伴随”的意思。
故选D。
7、Which of the following sentences expresses WILLINGNESS? 【2012年四级考试情态动词类选择题】A)By now she will be eating supper.B)I shall never do that again.C)You shall get a promotion.D)My brother will help you with the luggage.【考点及解析】A选项是一种猜测一种可能性,B选项否定故排除,C选项是一种意图,目的。
故选择D。
8、It is not uncommon for there___problems of communication between the old and the young. 【2007年四级考试不定式非谓语类选择题】A) being B)would be C)be D)to be【考点及解析】There be句型有两种非谓语动词形式,there being与there to be,一般来说在介词之后用其动名词形式,但在介词for之后必须用其不定式形式,故正确答案为D。
9、“What a nice day!How about the three of us ___walking in the park nearby?”【2009年四级考试动名词非谓语类选择题】A)to take B)take C)taking D)to be taking【考点及解析】How about...?表示“......怎么样?”用于提出建议或征求意见,后接名词或动名词,故正确答案为C。
10、Fool ___Jerry is,he could not have done such a thing. 【2010年四级考试倒装句类选择题】A)who B)as C)like D)that【考点及解析】根据句意和句子结构可知,逗号前的部分应该是表示让步关系的状语从句,as引导让步状语从句时需把被强调的词放在as之前,构成倒装语序,故正确答案为B。
11、该比例在所有核国家中居第30位,几乎是最低的。
【2014年6月英语四级翻译原文一】【考点及解析】本句话考察定语从句。
The proportion is in 30th among all nuclear-capable countries, which is almost the lowest.12、There, among the photos of current members and students are portraits of the current head of the department ,Marjorie Shapiro and four other women whoseresearch 42 everything from the mechanics of the universe to the smallest particlesof matter.【2013年12月英语四级选词填空】【考点及解析】:此题考察定语从句。
空格前是whose research,空格后是everything from...to...,因此空格处应填人及物动词,作 whose引导的定语从句的谓语。
结合备选动词可知covers"包含"符合题意,故为答案。
13、一部分人认为这是没有必要的,学生就应该学习传统的课程。
【2013年12月英语四级翻译原文一】【考点及解析】本句话考察宾语从句。
Some people argue that it is not necessary to do this since the traditional courses are supposed to be learned.14、相传,中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶,并用来治病。
【2013年12月英语四级翻译原文二】【考点及解析】本句话考察同位语从句。
There is a legend that one Chinese emperor found tea 5,000 years ago and used it to cure illnesses.15、Studies indicate that many girls are affecting as well (S6) and not getting help. 【2006年6月英语六级改错第六题】【考点及解析】affecting → affected,此题考察被动语态。
因为女生们是被影响,所以此处应用“affected”.16.I’m going to persue this course,无论我要做出什么样的牺牲。
【2007年23月四级】答案解析:no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make.状语从句中的让步状语从句。
no matter what作连词,引导让步状语从句,不能独立承担句子成分而只起词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的作用。
17、Some psychologists claim that people出门在外可能感到孤独。
【2006年12月四级】答案解析:may feel loney when they are away from home.状语从句中时间状语从句。
when作时间连词,连接主从句。
常见连接词还有:before,after,while,as soon as,until,since...18. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun________round the earth.【 2013年六级】A. were circlingB. circlesC. is circlingD. be circling答案解析:虚拟语气。
if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气,表示同时或将来的情况,动词要用过去式(be动词用were)或would(could等)+动词原形,本句话中指的是当时的情况,所以要用过去式,故(A)是正确答案。
19、 You and I could hardly understand, ______?(专四 1995)A. could IB. couldn’t youC. couldn’t weD. could we答案解析:本题选D反义疑问句。
”hardly”含否定意义,因而反问用肯定could。
常见句式为:1.陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式可记为前肯后否定.eg.They work hard, don’t they?2.陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式可记为前否后肯定.eg.You didn't go, did you?20、San Francisco is usually cool in the summer,but _______Los Angeles .【2010年四级】A)is rarely B)rarely is C)is hardly D)is scarcely答案解析:本题选B 省略句。
句中有情态动词、助动词或to be时,rarely等要放在这些动词之后、主要动词之前。
但在省略句中,这类词要放在情态动词、助动词或to be之前。
句意:旧金山夏天通常凉爽,洛杉矶夏天很少有凉爽的时候。
外汉一班金丹红万瑜君陈忆瑶郑佳丽。