专项语法——过去完成时
撰稿：郭素清审稿：白雪雁
【概念引入】
过去完成时的概念：
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before 等引导的从句或通过上下文提示等。
His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected.
当他终于收到他盼望已久的杂志时，他兴奋得两眼闪光。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.
12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。
【用法讲解】
1. 过去完成时的构成【高清课堂：过去完成时】
1）过去完成时基本构成形式: had +过去分词。
We had reached the top of the hill before midnight.
在半夜之前我们已登上了山顶。
2）过去完成时的否定形式: had + not + 过去分词。
They hadn’t finished the work when we got there.
我们到那儿时,他们还没有完成工作。
3）过去完成时的一般疑问句及其回答形式:
疑问句要把had提到句首；回答用Yes, 主语+ had. / No, 主语+ hadn’t.
—Had he told you to go there earlier yesterday? 他昨天告诉过你早点儿到那儿吗? —Yes, he had. (No, he hadn’t.) 是的,他告诉了。(不,他没有。)
注意：had not 常简略为hadn't。
2. 过去完成时的用法
过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是，过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前，与现在无关。
1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。
Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.
海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。
When Jack arrived，he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.
杰克到达后得知玛丽离开近一个小时了。
2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.
到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。
He said he had made great progress since he came here.
他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步。
3）放在said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.
我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。
He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.
他问我前一天晚上是否看过那部电影。
She wondered who had left the door open.
她想知道谁敞着门的。
【拓展】
1）用在“It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中。
在此句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.
这是三十九年后他们第一次见面。
It was the first time we had spoken together.
这是我们第一次在一起说话。
2）当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧密衔接时，由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系，因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.
做完早操之后，我们吃早饭。
The train started to move just before we reached the station.
我们到车站时火车刚开动。
As soon as they got there, they started to study.
他们一到那里就开始学习了。
