上海高考英语各类体裁概要写作技巧Rubrics for summary writing (2019-9-14)
评分标准:
1. 此题总分为15分, 其中内容10分, 语言5分。〔这部分还有待最终确认，可能是5+5〕
2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。
3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。
各档次给分要求:
内容部分
A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。
B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。
C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。
D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。
E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。
F. 完全未作答或作答与此题无关。
语言部分
A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。
C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。
D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。
E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。
F. 完全未作答或作答与此题无关。
把握文体特点
记叙文：what who when where why how
议论文：opinion/ idea+ argument (supporting ideas / reasons)
说明文：phenomenon/ problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may c hange, what makes it new or significant)
新闻：a focus on the first paragraph, and the first or last sentence of the other paragraphs
样题解读
Dirt
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good t hing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washin g off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A partic ular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famous ly dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordere d that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. S cientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water s upply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since Wo rld War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be wh iter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush,
an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in th e dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gai ning some ground. 〔299W〕
解析：
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good t hing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washin g off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A partic ular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famous ly dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordere d that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scien tifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water suppl y and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it see ms that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, h owever, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time paren ts nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dir t to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
