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托福阅读中句子插入题的解题技巧
在托福阅读考试中，同学们会遇到句子插入题。那么本文就来探讨一下句子插入题的解题技巧供大家参考。
在做题的时候，我们需要先读句子插入题中出现的句子，再看原文。这样做的好处是比较省时间，可以较快的找到被插入句子的主语。而且重点把握该句的动词和名词，从而为读原文做好准备。举个例子，比如TPO34中Passage 3 Protection of Plants by Insects里的第13题：
Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.
Where does the sentence best fit?
通过这句话，我们可以发现they是该句的主语，动词capture是谓语，而insects 是句子中的宾语，那么抓住这个句子的主干再去做题，就明确了回原文阅读的目的了。
下面我们来看原文：
Ants are probably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants.[A] Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy.[B]To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar.[C]Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.[D]
此时我们需要注意的，将句子插入原文后，插入后的句子不能改变原文间的内在逻辑关系。
如果我们放在A处，那么插入后的文章给人的感觉就比较突兀，因为第一句话与第二句话没有铺垫，联系不够紧密。而如果放在B处的话，前边的plants supply ants with abundant energy和后边的to return this favor的内在联系就被打破了，同样也是不可取的。那么如果放在C处，句子的主语并没有改变，而且driving away or killing intruding insects和capture the insects也是有关联的。因此C 处是合适的。而如果放在D处，那么intruders和插入句中的insects是同一回事，可是句子的主语却是they。因此句子的逻辑就不对了，所以不能插入在D处。
在做题过程中，我们还发现，衔接词和指代词也是需要我们仔细斟酌的。因为这些标志性的信号词，直接决定我们做题的正确与否。衔接词，比如表示并列、转折、因果等关系的词汇，例如and, but, so, therefore等等。指代词，常见的有it, they, this, that等词汇。在阅读原文的过程中，我们只要牢牢地盯紧这些词汇，就能确保对文章内在逻辑的把握，就能减少判断错误的可能性。
希望同学们在做这类题的时候，认真思考，反复掂量，必要的话还需对这类题目做一些总结，在保证做题正确率的前提下，提高阅读速度，从而在阅读中取得高分，早日与托福分手。
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托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题（一） 托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。 在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下： ①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象； ②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置； ③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。 接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。 案例： Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. 11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.
TOEFL iBT阅读技巧—关键词法解题 关键词在阅读理解中的重要作用： key words—结构（structure） —推断（inference） 1.key words—结构（structure） 针对题型：大意概括题 解题步骤：1.找结构关键词（but, and, as ,while, so, to……）; 2.分析句子结构; (并列，递进，从属，因果……) 3.结合文本大意选出正确选项。 例1 TPO34 Islamic Art and the Book Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A) It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art. B) Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art. C) Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries. D) Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain. [解析] 关键词：but, because of. But 连接的是两个句子的转折，而because of 是
托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原 本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析, 这三类错题原本可以避免,今天给大家带来了托福阅读题型解析，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读题型解析这三类错题原本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析一简化题 形成原因： 这种题型可能大家最常见的解决方法就是根据翻译来解题，但是你的翻译正确吗?这就是这种题型错误的主要原因了。 分析及解决方法： 这种题型的正确解题方法应该是利用对句子的理解来解题，而不是靠翻译，再说你的翻译也不一定是正确的。这类题型容易出错的主要原因在于考生往往先对原句进行翻译，然后从选项中找出和原句翻译类似的答案。这样的解题方式的弊端在于浪费时间，而且往往选项翻译都和原句出入不大，在选择时常常出错。
句子简化题的正确做法是利用逻辑解题。使用这种方式不容易出错，因为这种解题方法是从题型考察目的得来的。步骤是：首先看到句子之后的第一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有两种转折或者因果。举例来说，若原句有转折的逻辑关系，第一步需要做的事情是排掉选项中逻辑关系不对的即不是表示转折的，若选项中还有两个以上逻辑关系都相符合，那么采用的原则是逻辑成分的对应。托福阅读*技巧：这是第一步有逻辑关系的时候采用的方法;如果原句中没有明显的逻辑关系需要采用第二步--提取原句中的主干信息，排掉选项中主干信息不符的选项。 托福阅读题型解析二词汇题 形成原因： 这是托福阅读考试当是出场率较高的一类题型，这种题型的易错原因主要是因为词汇量不足、忽略词汇语境的作用导致的。 分析及解决方法： 对于托福阅读考试当中出现频率较高的题型——词汇题，大部分原因是因为考生的词汇的不足，造成词汇不熟悉或者被选项词给难住了。考生需要知道的是，托福阅读考试词汇题一般考察的是英语六级以上的词汇水平，要想这类题型不出错，那么你的词汇基础就一定要打好。
托福培训丨托福阅读句子插入题解题要点 朗阁托福培训中心孙亚楠 句子插入题是托福阅读中的一道必考题型，题量不多，每篇文章中出现一道。句子插入题是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应该加入1-2个段落中的四个黑方块的哪个部分，用鼠标点击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解待插入的句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。下面朗阁托福培训中心的专家将就句子插入题的解题步骤做出详细的说明。 解题步骤与解题要点 阅读并分析待插入的句子，找出其中的线索词； 从第一个小黑方块前一句开始读，逐一代入进行验证； 插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索） 从此步骤中可以看出掌握线索词是解答此题的关键，那么线索词都有哪些？主要有两大类，指代线索和逻辑线索。 1. 指代线索 (1). 指代词(they, it, them)必然有所指代；指代词(this, these, their, other, another, such)后面若有名词短语，则向前寻找此名词短语或其同义改写。 例题1: Paragraph 4: Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. ■Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground.
托福阅读句子简化题真题分析 在学会确定句子简化题（简称“句简题”）的核心信息后，我们来做一道来做好人力资源，企业无忧 自TPO 31的句简题。题目如下： Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process. Q12 Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Graves’s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated. B.Graves’s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation. C.Graves’s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginning. D.Graves’s study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fishes register neutral or adaptive mutations. 1. 首先确定句子核心信息 Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, 【divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.】 词汇： A glimpse of 看见，瞥见 Mutation 突变，变种 Divergence 变化，变异 Allopatric speciation 异地物种形成 2. 理解大意 该句是由because引导的原因状语从句和方括号内的主句组成的嵌套句，从句的主谓宾已用绿色字体标出，大意为：因为G的研究让人们看到了突变的逐渐 1
新托福阅读之文本插入题解析 朗阁海外考试研究中心 南昌朗阁英语培训中心 文本插入题（Insert Text Questions）是新托福每次必考题型，每次题量不是很多，通常每篇文章0-1个左右。 问题形式： 在这类问题中，题目中给出一个新的句子，然后要求考生们利用文章的逻辑和句子之间的语法联系（比如代词的指代）来确定此句子在文章中最合适的位置。 注意：在文章中会出现四个黑色的方块，这些方块分布在句首或句末。四个方块有时都出现在一个段落中，有时分布在一段的末尾和下一段的开头。 Look at the four squares (■) that indicate where the following sentences could be added to the passage. （考生会看到一个黑体的句子） Where would the sentence best fit? 考生要做的是点击其中的一个方块，将这个句子插入文章。 解题步骤： 1. 读被插入的句子，找出句首或句尾的关键词或关键意思 2. 阅读可以插入方块前后的信息，寻找与插入句相关的意思 3. 选择与插入句最相关的方块 注意：如果出现以下情况，答案都可能是错误的：
★打乱了相邻句子之间的逻辑性 ★影响了转折语的正确使用 ★打乱了代词与其指代对象之间的逻辑关系 ★隔开了本是相邻的两句话 解题技巧： 1. 利用一些过渡词（如某些逻辑关系词或短语等）帮助确定插入句子的位置，或者帮助确定排除不适合的位置。 Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.█It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█ The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away? Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 技巧分析：首先读被插入的句子，它能给出的线索就是，该句子后面的信息应该是讲述“决定流干的水和不能流干的水的含量的因素”。读文中四个方块前后的信息，第一个方块前面的句子和后面的句子用关系逻辑词“but”连接，形成转折关系，不可插入其他内容；第二个方块后面的句子中出现“it”, 指代方块前面句子中的“some”, 插入其他内容会导致指代混乱，因此不可插入句子；第三个方块前后的信息用逻辑关系词“therefore”衔接，形成因果关系，也不可以插入其他内容，因此我们可以把被插入句子放在第四个方块那儿。如果考生们不确定，可以进一步读下一段中第一句
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲, 3个步骤搞定难点题型，今天给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲。希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲3个步骤搞定难点题型 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程介绍 1 看原句是否有逻辑关系 2 原句有逻辑关系，看选项，保留逻辑关系选项，去除无逻辑关系选项 3 半句细节对比解题 注：逻辑关系一般有，对比、转折、因果、条件等等 托福阅读句子简化题思路实例分析 If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores. B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension. C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film. D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist. 解题： 1看原句是否有逻辑关系，初步浏览了一下，看到了but这个表转折的连接词，这是一个有逻辑关系的句子。 2 看选项，找到表转折的连接词，只有A选项符合。 原句的大意是： 如果孔很大，那么里面的水就大如水滴，表面的张力不能将其托住，里面的水很快就会流尽;但是如果孔足够小，孔里的水
逻辑上的纽带——过渡词/转折词 附加并列：in addition first second third 对比：however but in contrast 举例：for example 因果：because due to 强调：clearly indeed in fact surely 语法上的纽带——插入句子前后语法时态保持一致 词汇上的纽带——代词（指代一直） 例1 Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra高山苔原. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.█Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.█At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 例2、█Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton骨架and skin were often one.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
. Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. ■The function of these is quite different. ■Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. ■Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.■ 13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In fact, it is the action and not the figure itself that is important. So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. ■The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. ■However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. ■As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. ■Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that. . 13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass. Where would the sentence best fit? Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. ■ A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. ■ These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings.■ In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.■
托福阅读解题有没有技巧怎么办 托福阅读解题有没有技巧?提升硬实力才是高分关键力。今天给大家来托福阅读解题有没有技巧，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读解题有没有技巧?提升硬实力才是高分关键 托福阅读对词汇量要求很严格 从某种意义上来讲，你积累的英语词汇量的多少，影响着你在托福考试中取得的成绩。如果说你具备的词汇量达不到最基本的要求，即使你的语言能力再强也过不了托福难关。想要训练阅读能力首先就要从词汇量上下手，只有掌握足够多的词汇后，你才具备他警告阅读能力的最低标准。 遇到生词，即使不知道什么意思，也可以根据上下文语境弄清它们之间的关系，运用逻辑推理的方法作出正确的答案。其次，还可以分析选项，进行对比，往往会发现选项中通常会出现两个意思相反的选项，此时再仔细重读原文就可以排除错误选项了。 托福阅读要积累英语*量增加知识面 读书破万卷，下笔如有神，放在托福阅读备考中依然适用。考生利用业余时间丰富自己的知识面，对各国或各地区等相关文
化及常识有一定了解后，在参加托福考试时，当阅读到自己有所了解的东西后，解题试题时就会比较有自信和感觉，不会因为自己的不了解或是不清楚，对*要说的东西特别盲目，答题的准确率自然而然的也就会有所上升。 总而言之，托福阅读虽然也需要一定技巧，但每位同学需要掌握的技巧都是不同的，适合别人的不一定适合自己。比起一味训练解题技巧，提升如词汇量和阅读量方面的硬实力，其实才是真正通往阅读高分的必经之路。 托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Contrary to the arguments... 托福阅读100个长难句实例分析 原句案例： Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. 词汇讲解： maroon作动词，表示“被困于荒无人烟且无法脱身的地方”，比如：The car broke down leaving usmarooned in the middle of
句子简化题专项练习 简单 1.OG-1 The Origins of Cetaceans Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone. ○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke. ○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales. ○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam. 本句主干：The structure of the backbone shows 本句逻辑： 本句话翻译：脊椎的构造表明，她可以像现在鲸类一样上下移动身体尾部，尽管他没有尾巴 2.OG-2 Desert Formation Paragraph 10: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）
插入句子题练习（翻译被插入句子，并找出keRwords） 1. 1.ButthereisalsoanotherspecialkindofconversationalflowamongSouthernwomenthatcontribut edtotheirwriting.2.Someoftheirtalktooktheformoftalesandvignettestoldfortheirownsake.3.So metimeshumorous,sometimessad;allwereasbrightasthefiguresinthefineneedlepoint.4. “Thesetalesincludedgrotesque,comic,andpoeticdescriptions,charactersketches,nar ratives,gustsoffeeling,delicateironies,andastuteobservations。” 翻译：_______________________________________________________________________ 2.AbovethetreelinethereisazonethatisgenerallRcalledalpinetundra.■ImmediatelRadjacenttothe timberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlRcompletecoveroflow-lRingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whil ehigherupthenumberanddiversitRofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasio nalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.■Someplantscanevensurviveinfavorabl emicrohabitatsabovethesnowline.Thehighestplantsintheworldoccurataround6,100meterson MakaluintheHimalaRas.■Atthisgreatheight,rocks,warmedbRthesun,meltsmallsnowdrifts.■ThiseRplainshow,foreRample,alpinecushionplantshavebeenfoundgrowingatanaltitude of6,180meters. 翻译： 3.■ Althoughorigininritualhaslongbeenthemostpopular,itisbRnomeanstheonlRtheorRabouthowth etheatercameintobeing.■StorRtellinghasbeenproposedasonealternative.■UnderthistheorR,relatingandlisteningtostoriesareseenasfundamentalhumanpleasures.■Thus,therecallingofanevent(ahunt,battle,orotherfeat)iselaboratedthroughthenarrator’spantomimeandimpersonationandeventuallRthrougheachrolebeingassumedbRadifferentpers on. Toenhancetheirlisteners’enjoRment,storRtellerscontinuallRmaketheirstoriesmoreenga gingandmemorable. 翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 4.Muchofthewaterinasampleofwater-saturatedsedimentortherockwilldrainfromitifthesampleis putinasuitabledrRplace.■Butsomewillremain,clingingtoallsolidsurfaces.■ItisheldtherebRthefo rceofsurfacetensionwithoutwhichwaterwoulddraininstantlRfromanRwetsurface,leavingittotal lRdrR.■Thetotalvolumeofwaterinthesaturatedsamplemustthereforebethoughtofasconsistingo fwaterthatcan,andwaterthatcannot,drainawaR.■ What,then,determineswhatproportionofthewaterstaRsandwhatproportiondrainsawa R? 翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 5.■ ModernarchitecturalformsgenerallRhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsoft hehumanbodR;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipme nt,similartothebodR’svitalorgansandsRstems.■Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.■OfcourseinearlRarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.■ However,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcretero rair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifRingskeletonandskin. 翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 6.■ EcologistsareespeciallRinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunities becauseclimaRcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelRdamagedordestroRedbRhuman activities.■ThedestructioncausedbRthevolcaniceRplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedSt ates,foreRample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbRhumans.■WeneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunitRaremostimportanttothecommunitR’