托福阅读句子插入题实例剖析
每篇阅读文章的倒数第二题为句子插入题。此题给出一个额外的句子，并且在原文的几个句子间给出四个方块，每个方块分别代表前后两个句子之间的空位。我们需将这个句子放入其中的某一个位置，作为最佳答案。
这种题长这样：
怎么做插入句子题?
题目给出的句子(后文直接称之为“插入句”)能被放入其中一个位置的原因，就是这个句子与正确位置的前后文存在着某种语义上的联系。在阅读原文之前，若能根据一些信息词找出这种联系，并且推测前后文的信息，则我们在找答案的时候就会更准确。
做插入句子题时的步骤应该是酱紫的：
1)仔细阅读插入句，准确理解句意
2)根据句内信息词，推断插入位置前或后可能出现的内容
3)寻找复合推测的位置
4)将句子放入，讲插入句及前后两句话连起来通读一遍，检验是否流畅逻辑严谨、语意流畅
信息词是啥?如何根据这类词推测?
插入句子题中出现的信息词分两类：1. 代词;2. 逻辑词
1)指代词
这里的指代词指的是：1. 代词;2. 定冠词the+名词所组成词。
代词(Pronoun)是代替名词或一句话的一种词类。the+名词的结构，在文中有时会起指代前文的作用。大部分出现指代词的插入句子题非常简单。
当题目的句子中出现指代词，插入位置前面必然会提到其指代的内容。这个时候，若我们能根据代词的种类、指代词的词义和插入句的句意推断出指代的具体内容，那么只需要将插入句放入出现该内容的句子之后的位置，即可满足指代关系，得到答案
# 情况1
如果四个位置中，只有一个位置前面出现句中指代词的指代对象，则这个位置就是我们的正确答案。
例题如下：
句中出现代词“this massive population”，这巨大的群体数量来自于“twelve pairs of imported rabbits”，则插入位置前面必然提到巨大的兔群数量。
只有第一个位置前面的句子提到“hundreds of millions of European rabbits”，可以构成指代的对象。所以A就是妥妥的正确答案。
# 情况2(较少出现)
如果四个位置中有多个位置的前面存在着“可能成为”指代词的指代对象的信息，那么往往只有其中一个内容能够符合指代词的“特性”。
例题如下：
句中出现代词“this period”，插入位置前面必然提到某一个时期。同时，我们还要注意，句子还提到，这个时期里Sweden和Denmark经济发展特别好。
原文前三个位置之前的句子都提到了时期，分别是18世纪、19世纪上半叶和19世纪下半叶。然而前两句话所说的时期中，Sweden和Denmark都是处在落后的位置。而第三句话however转折之后的信息提到，19世纪下半叶，尤其是最后二三十年，它们(指的是Netherlands、Denmark、Norway和Sweden)发展特别快。也就是说，19世纪下半叶才是插入句中this period指代的内容，前两个时期都不能复合指代内容的特性。所以C是正确答案。
# 情况3
有些插入句由于代词性质比较特殊，又或对于代词的描述信息较少，故无法直接准确的推测出代词所指的内容，只能得到一个大概的方向。此时需要结合原文句意，逐个位置确认和排除。
例题如下：
句中出现“for this reason”，前文所提到的信息导致“相同面积下，desert中的the
total amountof plant material比temperate forest中的the total amount of plant material低100倍”。此时并不能直接得出this reason所指信息具体内容，但可知，该reason为插入句的原因，正确位置必然能满足这个因果关系。
找到1、2位置之间的句子“Water controls the volume of plant matter produced.”。其中the volume of plant matter和the total amount of plant material意思相同，其次由于water 的控制作用，确实会导致两个水量不同的地区(desert和forest)产生差别，前后逻辑非常严谨，所以B是正确答案。
2)逻辑词
逻辑词仅仅是为了简(zhuang)洁(bi)而起的一个名字，指的是能够表示句间逻辑关系的那些词，如however、but、therefore、also、then等等。
出现这些逻辑词的时候，代表着插入句的句意和其前句或后句在信息上存在着某种逻辑关系。根据找到的逻辑关系，结合插入句的句意，可以大致推测一下前文或后文的句意，以此作为寻找正确答案的指向性信息。
例题1
句中出现“also”，根据句意，可以推测正确位置之前至少会提到与动物相关的某种特性，所以才会紧跟插入句所说的“also有雄性O动物的call”。发现第二个位置前面提到rhinoceros hornbill 的叫声cries和gibbons的喊声calls，那么把插入句放到第二个位置，起到了进一步举例说明的作用，满足了also的关系，前后逻辑严谨。
例题2
题目出现however，表示本句为转折句。转折句出现表示前后文应该出现论述重点的不同，较多出现的情况为后文反驳前文，较少出现的情况也会表示后文开始论述与前文不完全相同的另一个内容。
根据插入句的句意“然而，为了更好理解睡眠中的呼吸，先搞清楚平时是如何呼吸是很有帮助的”，可以推断出本句具有明显的承上启下的作用，承接上文论述的“睡眠中的呼吸”，引起下文所述的“平时是如何呼吸的”。根据推断寻找后，发现C位置符合承上启下的关系，即为正确答案。
3)信息的重复
还有一些插入句，既不包含指代词，也不包含逻辑词。但这类插入句的难度其实并不大。
和所有插入句相同，不包含信息词的插入句也和正确位置的前句或后句存在语义上的联系，这个联系就是信息的重复。当我们找到原文某一个句子，所述内容与插入句内容相关时，再来判断应该把插入句放在这个句子的前面还是后面，就能得到答案了。
看一道例题会更清楚。
插入句并没有指代词和逻辑词出现，只表达了句意“城市里有着多种多样的生活和工作”。这个时候，我们直接回原文，寻找哪个句子提到或围绕“城市里的生活和工作”进行论述。发现原文第二句话“Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants.”，其实就是具体的阐述city里的工作都有什么，人们都干嘛，与插入句句意是重复的。且前面一句话最后提到了secular，暗指的其实就是日常生活和工作。所以A是最合适的位置。
前一句话先表达出“除了政治经济和宗教活动，cities还有很多日常活动”，紧接着后两句话先总述“城市中的(日常)生活和工作是多种多样的”，之后再非常具体的举例描述都存在什么样的工作和生活，前后逻辑非常吻合，语意流畅。
4)综合
本句既出现代词“this”也出现逻辑词“however”，不过this指代内容比较模糊。可以推测出，
前面提到的句意，在插入句中得到了否定(not the case)。其次，根据however存在的转折和承上
启下的关系，后文非常有可能展开论述this指代内容为何不是真实情况(not the case)。结合推测，找到C位置的前后，符合这个关系。前一句话说“如果理论正确，则呼吸二氧化碳多会导致打哈欠
增多，呼吸氧气多会减少打哈欠”，后一句话表示“真实情况是(in fact)，不管是二氧化碳还是氧气，
打哈欠的频率都是相同的”，所以后一句话就是通过描述真实情况，而对前一句理论所推测和估计的情况起到反驳的作用。
记得带进去检验
检验指的是前文做题步骤中的第四步：将句子放入，讲插入句及前后两句话连起来通读一遍，检验是否流畅逻辑严谨、语意流畅。
这个步骤必不可少，来看一道例题。
本句出现“moreover”，表示插入句和前文是递进关系，表示进一步的论述。后面出现“
other evidence”，指出前面应该有某些evidence。句中出现even if的让步关系，再结合句意“
此外，其他证据表明，即使无冰走廊确实存在，它也会缺乏人类居住所必须的资源”，可以推测出，前文的evidence应该是在论证“ice-free corridor”不存在，这里才会递进+让步，表示“即使存在，也…”的句意。根据这个推测发现C位置前面一句话指出：Glen Macdonald证明支持“ice-free corridor”存在的信息其实是错误的。也就是在暗示“ice-free corridor”不存在，能够和插入句紧密连接。
但万万没有想到的是，C位置后面依旧在论述这种corridor不存在：他非常有力地指出，这种无冰走廊直到之后的时期才出现。并且此句中开头第一个单词就是“he”，指代的是前句所论述的Glen Macdonald，而插入句却并没有能够满足he这个指代的内容。所以，插入句应该放在D位置，待本段最后两句话把corridor不存在的事情讲完，再出现“moreover”进行递进。
这个题目告诉我们，不仅需要确认某个位置的前文与插入句紧密连接，还要往后看一句，确保万无一失。
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题（一） 托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。 在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下： ①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象； ②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置； ③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。 接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。 案例： Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. 11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.
托福阅读句子简化题真题分析 在学会确定句子简化题（简称“句简题”）的核心信息后，我们来做一道来做好人力资源，企业无忧 自TPO 31的句简题。题目如下： Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process. Q12 Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Graves’s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated. B.Graves’s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation. C.Graves’s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginning. D.Graves’s study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fishes register neutral or adaptive mutations. 1. 首先确定句子核心信息 Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, 【divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.】 词汇： A glimpse of 看见，瞥见 Mutation 突变，变种 Divergence 变化，变异 Allopatric speciation 异地物种形成 2. 理解大意 该句是由because引导的原因状语从句和方括号内的主句组成的嵌套句，从句的主谓宾已用绿色字体标出，大意为：因为G的研究让人们看到了突变的逐渐 1
托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原 本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析, 这三类错题原本可以避免,今天给大家带来了托福阅读题型解析，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读题型解析这三类错题原本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析一简化题 形成原因： 这种题型可能大家最常见的解决方法就是根据翻译来解题，但是你的翻译正确吗?这就是这种题型错误的主要原因了。 分析及解决方法： 这种题型的正确解题方法应该是利用对句子的理解来解题，而不是靠翻译，再说你的翻译也不一定是正确的。这类题型容易出错的主要原因在于考生往往先对原句进行翻译，然后从选项中找出和原句翻译类似的答案。这样的解题方式的弊端在于浪费时间，而且往往选项翻译都和原句出入不大，在选择时常常出错。
句子简化题的正确做法是利用逻辑解题。使用这种方式不容易出错，因为这种解题方法是从题型考察目的得来的。步骤是：首先看到句子之后的第一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有两种转折或者因果。举例来说，若原句有转折的逻辑关系，第一步需要做的事情是排掉选项中逻辑关系不对的即不是表示转折的，若选项中还有两个以上逻辑关系都相符合，那么采用的原则是逻辑成分的对应。托福阅读*技巧：这是第一步有逻辑关系的时候采用的方法;如果原句中没有明显的逻辑关系需要采用第二步--提取原句中的主干信息，排掉选项中主干信息不符的选项。 托福阅读题型解析二词汇题 形成原因： 这是托福阅读考试当是出场率较高的一类题型，这种题型的易错原因主要是因为词汇量不足、忽略词汇语境的作用导致的。 分析及解决方法： 对于托福阅读考试当中出现频率较高的题型——词汇题，大部分原因是因为考生的词汇的不足，造成词汇不熟悉或者被选项词给难住了。考生需要知道的是，托福阅读考试词汇题一般考察的是英语六级以上的词汇水平，要想这类题型不出错，那么你的词汇基础就一定要打好。
托福培训丨托福阅读句子插入题解题要点 朗阁托福培训中心孙亚楠 句子插入题是托福阅读中的一道必考题型，题量不多，每篇文章中出现一道。句子插入题是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应该加入1-2个段落中的四个黑方块的哪个部分，用鼠标点击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解待插入的句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。下面朗阁托福培训中心的专家将就句子插入题的解题步骤做出详细的说明。 解题步骤与解题要点 阅读并分析待插入的句子，找出其中的线索词； 从第一个小黑方块前一句开始读，逐一代入进行验证； 插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索） 从此步骤中可以看出掌握线索词是解答此题的关键，那么线索词都有哪些？主要有两大类，指代线索和逻辑线索。 1. 指代线索 (1). 指代词(they, it, them)必然有所指代；指代词(this, these, their, other, another, such)后面若有名词短语，则向前寻找此名词短语或其同义改写。 例题1: Paragraph 4: Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. ■Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground.
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲, 3个步骤搞定难点题型，今天给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲。希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲3个步骤搞定难点题型 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程介绍 1 看原句是否有逻辑关系 2 原句有逻辑关系，看选项，保留逻辑关系选项，去除无逻辑关系选项 3 半句细节对比解题 注：逻辑关系一般有，对比、转折、因果、条件等等 托福阅读句子简化题思路实例分析 If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores. B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension. C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film. D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist. 解题： 1看原句是否有逻辑关系，初步浏览了一下，看到了but这个表转折的连接词，这是一个有逻辑关系的句子。 2 看选项，找到表转折的连接词，只有A选项符合。 原句的大意是： 如果孔很大，那么里面的水就大如水滴，表面的张力不能将其托住，里面的水很快就会流尽;但是如果孔足够小，孔里的水
新托福阅读之文本插入题解析 朗阁海外考试研究中心 南昌朗阁英语培训中心 文本插入题（Insert Text Questions）是新托福每次必考题型，每次题量不是很多，通常每篇文章0-1个左右。 问题形式： 在这类问题中，题目中给出一个新的句子，然后要求考生们利用文章的逻辑和句子之间的语法联系（比如代词的指代）来确定此句子在文章中最合适的位置。 注意：在文章中会出现四个黑色的方块，这些方块分布在句首或句末。四个方块有时都出现在一个段落中，有时分布在一段的末尾和下一段的开头。 Look at the four squares (■) that indicate where the following sentences could be added to the passage. （考生会看到一个黑体的句子） Where would the sentence best fit? 考生要做的是点击其中的一个方块，将这个句子插入文章。 解题步骤： 1. 读被插入的句子，找出句首或句尾的关键词或关键意思 2. 阅读可以插入方块前后的信息，寻找与插入句相关的意思 3. 选择与插入句最相关的方块 注意：如果出现以下情况，答案都可能是错误的：
★打乱了相邻句子之间的逻辑性 ★影响了转折语的正确使用 ★打乱了代词与其指代对象之间的逻辑关系 ★隔开了本是相邻的两句话 解题技巧： 1. 利用一些过渡词（如某些逻辑关系词或短语等）帮助确定插入句子的位置，或者帮助确定排除不适合的位置。 Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.█It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█ The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away? Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 技巧分析：首先读被插入的句子，它能给出的线索就是，该句子后面的信息应该是讲述“决定流干的水和不能流干的水的含量的因素”。读文中四个方块前后的信息，第一个方块前面的句子和后面的句子用关系逻辑词“but”连接，形成转折关系，不可插入其他内容；第二个方块后面的句子中出现“it”, 指代方块前面句子中的“some”, 插入其他内容会导致指代混乱，因此不可插入句子；第三个方块前后的信息用逻辑关系词“therefore”衔接，形成因果关系，也不可以插入其他内容，因此我们可以把被插入句子放在第四个方块那儿。如果考生们不确定，可以进一步读下一段中第一句
句子简化题专项练习 简单 1.OG-1 The Origins of Cetaceans Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone. ○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke. ○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales. ○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam. 本句主干：The structure of the backbone shows 本句逻辑： 本句话翻译：脊椎的构造表明，她可以像现在鲸类一样上下移动身体尾部，尽管他没有尾巴 2.OG-2 Desert Formation Paragraph 10: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）
逻辑上的纽带——过渡词/转折词 附加并列：in addition first second third 对比：however but in contrast 举例：for example 因果：because due to 强调：clearly indeed in fact surely 语法上的纽带——插入句子前后语法时态保持一致 词汇上的纽带——代词（指代一直） 例1 Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra高山苔原. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.█Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.█At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 例2、█Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton骨架and skin were often one.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
. Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. ■The function of these is quite different. ■Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. ■Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.■ 13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In fact, it is the action and not the figure itself that is important. So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. ■The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. ■However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. ■As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. ■Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that. . 13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass. Where would the sentence best fit? Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. ■ A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. ■ These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings.■ In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.■
精选45句托福阅读长难句翻译及词汇注释 （涵盖部分句子简化题翻译） 1.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment（沉积物）-laden（装满的）river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing（沉积）the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope（斜面）. 虽然是较为小型的，但类似的事情也在当下发生，无论什么地方的、大量携带沉积物的河水或溪流从山谷中流至较为平坦的地带，都会随着流速的减慢会沉淀下它的携带物。 河流通常以扇形蔓延，使沉积物以一种平滑的扇形斜面的形式沉积。 2.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie（躺在某上） what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they ar e now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels （石子，砂砾）and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars（沙洲，堤坝）, will be saturated（浸湿）with groundwater. 在地势较低的城市里，地面上几乎所有曾是河床的地方都被土壤掩埋。如果曾是河床的地方现在处于河流（的上表面）之下，旧时河床的石砾、沙子和沙洲就会被地表水浸湿。 3.But note that porosity（孔隙度）is not the same as permeability（渗透率）, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities（腔，洞）and the crevices （裂缝，缺口）linking them. 但是要注意的在测量水可以从一种材料间通过的轻松程度的时候，孔隙度并不等同于渗透率。这个要依材料中每个独立的洞和裂缝的大小而定。 4.If the pores（毛孔，气孔）are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain（使液体流走）away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films（薄膜）, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. 如果气孔很大，其内部的水分会以滴的形式存在，水分会由于过重、不能被表面张力持住而流走。反之，如果气孔很小，其内部的水分会以薄膜的形式存在，水分太轻以至于不能克服固定它们的表面张力，因此水分就会被以膜的形式保留。 5.But the myths that have grown up around the rites（隆重的仪式或典礼）may continue as part of the group’s oral（口头的; 口述的）tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced（分离）from these rites.
新托福阅读句子简化解题方法探析 朗阁海外考试研究中心徐露露 在托福阅读的十大题型中，句子简化题相对来说是一个比较低调的题型，它以每篇文章一道题的概率默默而坚实地存在着。而就该题型的难度来说，处于十大题型的中间水平；就答题技巧性而言，属于十大题型中技巧性较强的题型。该题型需要考生从四个选项中选出一个句子能够作为段落中一个阴影句子的同义句。 朗阁福州托福培训中心的托福培训专家认为，该题型主要考察两个方面：逻辑&语义。因此，考生可以沿着这两个方向去解题。 一、逻辑 所谓逻辑层面，即同义替换句与原句必须保持在逻辑关系上的一致。常考的逻辑关系包括因果关系，转折关系，比较关系。 A. 因果关系 a. 显性因果 1）因： Because; for; as; since; on account of; with 2）果： So; so that; therefore; thereby; as a result; hence; thus; consequently; accordingly b. 隐性因果 1）导致（因→果） Cause; lead to; give rise to; result in 2）由…而来（果→因） Result from; derive from; originate from; initiate from; stem from 3）反映/体现（果→因）
Reflect; demonstrate; suggest 4）考虑到/依赖于（因→果） Reason; considering; in view of; thanks to; rely on; depend on; according to; resort to 例题： The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected， as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. 10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？ Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ○ Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. ○ Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. ○ The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. ○ Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is redu ced in the vast areas affected. 解题步骤： 1.观察阴影部分句子，发现表隐性因果的短语result from 2.浏览选项，发现A和B选项含有因果关系 3.分析原句： 原句中“因”： ？大量受到影响的土地vast areas of land
插入句子题练习（翻译被插入句子，并找出keRwords） 1. 1.ButthereisalsoanotherspecialkindofconversationalflowamongSouthernwomenthatcontribut edtotheirwriting.2.Someoftheirtalktooktheformoftalesandvignettestoldfortheirownsake.3.So metimeshumorous,sometimessad;allwereasbrightasthefiguresinthefineneedlepoint.4. “Thesetalesincludedgrotesque,comic,andpoeticdescriptions,charactersketches,nar ratives,gustsoffeeling,delicateironies,andastuteobservations。” 翻译：_______________________________________________________________________ 2.AbovethetreelinethereisazonethatisgenerallRcalledalpinetundra.■ImmediatelRadjacenttothe timberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlRcompletecoveroflow-lRingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whil ehigherupthenumberanddiversitRofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasio nalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.■Someplantscanevensurviveinfavorabl emicrohabitatsabovethesnowline.Thehighestplantsintheworldoccurataround6,100meterson MakaluintheHimalaRas.■Atthisgreatheight,rocks,warmedbRthesun,meltsmallsnowdrifts.■ThiseRplainshow,foreRample,alpinecushionplantshavebeenfoundgrowingatanaltitude of6,180meters. 翻译： 3.■ Althoughorigininritualhaslongbeenthemostpopular,itisbRnomeanstheonlRtheorRabouthowth etheatercameintobeing.■StorRtellinghasbeenproposedasonealternative.■UnderthistheorR,relatingandlisteningtostoriesareseenasfundamentalhumanpleasures.■Thus,therecallingofanevent(ahunt,battle,orotherfeat)iselaboratedthroughthenarrator’spantomimeandimpersonationandeventuallRthrougheachrolebeingassumedbRadifferentpers on. Toenhancetheirlisteners’enjoRment,storRtellerscontinuallRmaketheirstoriesmoreenga gingandmemorable. 翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 4.Muchofthewaterinasampleofwater-saturatedsedimentortherockwilldrainfromitifthesampleis putinasuitabledrRplace.■Butsomewillremain,clingingtoallsolidsurfaces.■ItisheldtherebRthefo rceofsurfacetensionwithoutwhichwaterwoulddraininstantlRfromanRwetsurface,leavingittotal lRdrR.■Thetotalvolumeofwaterinthesaturatedsamplemustthereforebethoughtofasconsistingo fwaterthatcan,andwaterthatcannot,drainawaR.■ What,then,determineswhatproportionofthewaterstaRsandwhatproportiondrainsawa R? 翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 5.■ ModernarchitecturalformsgenerallRhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsoft hehumanbodR;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipme nt,similartothebodR’svitalorgansandsRstems.■Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.■OfcourseinearlRarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.■ However,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcretero rair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifRingskeletonandskin. 翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 6.■ EcologistsareespeciallRinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunities becauseclimaRcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelRdamagedordestroRedbRhuman activities.■ThedestructioncausedbRthevolcaniceRplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedSt ates,foreRample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbRhumans.■WeneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunitRaremostimportanttothecommunitR’