【实例讲解】托福阅读句子插入题-the Mechanical Clock
句子插入题(InsertText
Questions)是托福阅读部分的必考题型，每篇文章后都会有一个该题型;且出题位置固定，为倒数第二道题。该题型要求考生将一句话插入到原文四个黑色空格的其中一个当中，使得段落看起来更通顺。那么，在以下内容中我们就为大家带来一些托福句子插入题的实例详解，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
托福阅读句子插入题：The Invention of the Mechanical Clock
【Paragraph 4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church
authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping
throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of
Rome, church time was nature’s time.■Day a nd night were divided into the same
number of parts, so that except at theequinoxes, days and night hours were
unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with
the seasons.■But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a n ew
time reckoning.■The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours
for about a century.■From the start, however, the towns and cities took
equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and
market squares became the very symbol of anew, secular municipal authority.
Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of
war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.(The Invention of the Mechanical Clock)
Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious
ritual.
Where would the sentence best fit?
托福阅读句子插入题答案：3
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题（一） 托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。 在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下： ①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象； ②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置； ③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。 接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。 案例： Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. 11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.
托福阅读句子简化题真题分析 在学会确定句子简化题（简称“句简题”）的核心信息后，我们来做一道来做好人力资源，企业无忧 自TPO 31的句简题。题目如下： Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process. Q12 Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Graves’s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated. B.Graves’s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation. C.Graves’s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginning. D.Graves’s study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fishes register neutral or adaptive mutations. 1. 首先确定句子核心信息 Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, 【divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.】 词汇： A glimpse of 看见，瞥见 Mutation 突变，变种 Divergence 变化，变异 Allopatric speciation 异地物种形成 2. 理解大意 该句是由because引导的原因状语从句和方括号内的主句组成的嵌套句，从句的主谓宾已用绿色字体标出，大意为：因为G的研究让人们看到了突变的逐渐 1
托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原 本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析, 这三类错题原本可以避免,今天给大家带来了托福阅读题型解析，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读题型解析这三类错题原本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析一简化题 形成原因： 这种题型可能大家最常见的解决方法就是根据翻译来解题，但是你的翻译正确吗?这就是这种题型错误的主要原因了。 分析及解决方法： 这种题型的正确解题方法应该是利用对句子的理解来解题，而不是靠翻译，再说你的翻译也不一定是正确的。这类题型容易出错的主要原因在于考生往往先对原句进行翻译，然后从选项中找出和原句翻译类似的答案。这样的解题方式的弊端在于浪费时间，而且往往选项翻译都和原句出入不大，在选择时常常出错。
句子简化题的正确做法是利用逻辑解题。使用这种方式不容易出错，因为这种解题方法是从题型考察目的得来的。步骤是：首先看到句子之后的第一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有两种转折或者因果。举例来说，若原句有转折的逻辑关系，第一步需要做的事情是排掉选项中逻辑关系不对的即不是表示转折的，若选项中还有两个以上逻辑关系都相符合，那么采用的原则是逻辑成分的对应。托福阅读*技巧：这是第一步有逻辑关系的时候采用的方法;如果原句中没有明显的逻辑关系需要采用第二步--提取原句中的主干信息，排掉选项中主干信息不符的选项。 托福阅读题型解析二词汇题 形成原因： 这是托福阅读考试当是出场率较高的一类题型，这种题型的易错原因主要是因为词汇量不足、忽略词汇语境的作用导致的。 分析及解决方法： 对于托福阅读考试当中出现频率较高的题型——词汇题，大部分原因是因为考生的词汇的不足，造成词汇不熟悉或者被选项词给难住了。考生需要知道的是，托福阅读考试词汇题一般考察的是英语六级以上的词汇水平，要想这类题型不出错，那么你的词汇基础就一定要打好。
托福培训丨托福阅读句子插入题解题要点 朗阁托福培训中心孙亚楠 句子插入题是托福阅读中的一道必考题型，题量不多，每篇文章中出现一道。句子插入题是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应该加入1-2个段落中的四个黑方块的哪个部分，用鼠标点击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解待插入的句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。下面朗阁托福培训中心的专家将就句子插入题的解题步骤做出详细的说明。 解题步骤与解题要点 阅读并分析待插入的句子，找出其中的线索词； 从第一个小黑方块前一句开始读，逐一代入进行验证； 插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索） 从此步骤中可以看出掌握线索词是解答此题的关键，那么线索词都有哪些？主要有两大类，指代线索和逻辑线索。 1. 指代线索 (1). 指代词(they, it, them)必然有所指代；指代词(this, these, their, other, another, such)后面若有名词短语，则向前寻找此名词短语或其同义改写。 例题1: Paragraph 4: Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. ■Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground.
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲, 3个步骤搞定难点题型，今天给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲。希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲3个步骤搞定难点题型 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程介绍 1 看原句是否有逻辑关系 2 原句有逻辑关系，看选项，保留逻辑关系选项，去除无逻辑关系选项 3 半句细节对比解题 注：逻辑关系一般有，对比、转折、因果、条件等等 托福阅读句子简化题思路实例分析 If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores. B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension. C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film. D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist. 解题： 1看原句是否有逻辑关系，初步浏览了一下，看到了but这个表转折的连接词，这是一个有逻辑关系的句子。 2 看选项，找到表转折的连接词，只有A选项符合。 原句的大意是： 如果孔很大，那么里面的水就大如水滴，表面的张力不能将其托住，里面的水很快就会流尽;但是如果孔足够小，孔里的水
新托福阅读之文本插入题解析 朗阁海外考试研究中心 南昌朗阁英语培训中心 文本插入题（Insert Text Questions）是新托福每次必考题型，每次题量不是很多，通常每篇文章0-1个左右。 问题形式： 在这类问题中，题目中给出一个新的句子，然后要求考生们利用文章的逻辑和句子之间的语法联系（比如代词的指代）来确定此句子在文章中最合适的位置。 注意：在文章中会出现四个黑色的方块，这些方块分布在句首或句末。四个方块有时都出现在一个段落中，有时分布在一段的末尾和下一段的开头。 Look at the four squares (■) that indicate where the following sentences could be added to the passage. （考生会看到一个黑体的句子） Where would the sentence best fit? 考生要做的是点击其中的一个方块，将这个句子插入文章。 解题步骤： 1. 读被插入的句子，找出句首或句尾的关键词或关键意思 2. 阅读可以插入方块前后的信息，寻找与插入句相关的意思 3. 选择与插入句最相关的方块 注意：如果出现以下情况，答案都可能是错误的：
★打乱了相邻句子之间的逻辑性 ★影响了转折语的正确使用 ★打乱了代词与其指代对象之间的逻辑关系 ★隔开了本是相邻的两句话 解题技巧： 1. 利用一些过渡词（如某些逻辑关系词或短语等）帮助确定插入句子的位置，或者帮助确定排除不适合的位置。 Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.█It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█ The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away? Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 技巧分析：首先读被插入的句子，它能给出的线索就是，该句子后面的信息应该是讲述“决定流干的水和不能流干的水的含量的因素”。读文中四个方块前后的信息，第一个方块前面的句子和后面的句子用关系逻辑词“but”连接，形成转折关系，不可插入其他内容；第二个方块后面的句子中出现“it”, 指代方块前面句子中的“some”, 插入其他内容会导致指代混乱，因此不可插入句子；第三个方块前后的信息用逻辑关系词“therefore”衔接，形成因果关系，也不可以插入其他内容，因此我们可以把被插入句子放在第四个方块那儿。如果考生们不确定，可以进一步读下一段中第一句
句子简化题专项练习 简单 1.OG-1 The Origins of Cetaceans Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone. ○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke. ○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales. ○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam. 本句主干：The structure of the backbone shows 本句逻辑： 本句话翻译：脊椎的构造表明，她可以像现在鲸类一样上下移动身体尾部，尽管他没有尾巴 2.OG-2 Desert Formation Paragraph 10: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）
逻辑上的纽带——过渡词/转折词 附加并列：in addition first second third 对比：however but in contrast 举例：for example 因果：because due to 强调：clearly indeed in fact surely 语法上的纽带——插入句子前后语法时态保持一致 词汇上的纽带——代词（指代一直） 例1 Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra高山苔原. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.█Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.█At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 例2、█Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton骨架and skin were often one.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
. Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population. ■The function of these is quite different. ■Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. ■Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.■ 13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In fact, it is the action and not the figure itself that is important. So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. ■The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. ■However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. ■As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. ■Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that. . 13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass. Where would the sentence best fit? Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. ■ A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. ■ These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings.■ In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.■
精选45句托福阅读长难句翻译及词汇注释 （涵盖部分句子简化题翻译） 1.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment（沉积物）-laden（装满的）river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing（沉积）the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope（斜面）. 虽然是较为小型的，但类似的事情也在当下发生，无论什么地方的、大量携带沉积物的河水或溪流从山谷中流至较为平坦的地带，都会随着流速的减慢会沉淀下它的携带物。 河流通常以扇形蔓延，使沉积物以一种平滑的扇形斜面的形式沉积。 2.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie（躺在某上） what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they ar e now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels （石子，砂砾）and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars（沙洲，堤坝）, will be saturated（浸湿）with groundwater. 在地势较低的城市里，地面上几乎所有曾是河床的地方都被土壤掩埋。如果曾是河床的地方现在处于河流（的上表面）之下，旧时河床的石砾、沙子和沙洲就会被地表水浸湿。 3.But note that porosity（孔隙度）is not the same as permeability（渗透率）, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities（腔，洞）and the crevices （裂缝，缺口）linking them. 但是要注意的在测量水可以从一种材料间通过的轻松程度的时候，孔隙度并不等同于渗透率。这个要依材料中每个独立的洞和裂缝的大小而定。 4.If the pores（毛孔，气孔）are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain（使液体流走）away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films（薄膜）, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. 如果气孔很大，其内部的水分会以滴的形式存在，水分会由于过重、不能被表面张力持住而流走。反之，如果气孔很小，其内部的水分会以薄膜的形式存在，水分太轻以至于不能克服固定它们的表面张力，因此水分就会被以膜的形式保留。 5.But the myths that have grown up around the rites（隆重的仪式或典礼）may continue as part of the group’s oral（口头的; 口述的）tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced（分离）from these rites.
新托福阅读句子简化解题方法探析 朗阁海外考试研究中心徐露露 在托福阅读的十大题型中，句子简化题相对来说是一个比较低调的题型，它以每篇文章一道题的概率默默而坚实地存在着。而就该题型的难度来说，处于十大题型的中间水平；就答题技巧性而言，属于十大题型中技巧性较强的题型。该题型需要考生从四个选项中选出一个句子能够作为段落中一个阴影句子的同义句。 朗阁福州托福培训中心的托福培训专家认为，该题型主要考察两个方面：逻辑&语义。因此，考生可以沿着这两个方向去解题。 一、逻辑 所谓逻辑层面，即同义替换句与原句必须保持在逻辑关系上的一致。常考的逻辑关系包括因果关系，转折关系，比较关系。 A. 因果关系 a. 显性因果 1）因： Because; for; as; since; on account of; with 2）果： So; so that; therefore; thereby; as a result; hence; thus; consequently; accordingly b. 隐性因果 1）导致（因→果） Cause; lead to; give rise to; result in 2）由…而来（果→因） Result from; derive from; originate from; initiate from; stem from 3）反映/体现（果→因）
Reflect; demonstrate; suggest 4）考虑到/依赖于（因→果） Reason; considering; in view of; thanks to; rely on; depend on; according to; resort to 例题： The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected， as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. 10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？ Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ○ Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. ○ Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. ○ The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. ○ Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is redu ced in the vast areas affected. 解题步骤： 1.观察阴影部分句子，发现表隐性因果的短语result from 2.浏览选项，发现A和B选项含有因果关系 3.分析原句： 原句中“因”： ？大量受到影响的土地vast areas of land
插入句子题练习（翻译被插入句子，并找出keRwords） 1. 1.ButthereisalsoanotherspecialkindofconversationalflowamongSouthernwomenthatcontribut edtotheirwriting.2.Someoftheirtalktooktheformoftalesandvignettestoldfortheirownsake.3.So metimeshumorous,sometimessad;allwereasbrightasthefiguresinthefineneedlepoint.4. “Thesetalesincludedgrotesque,comic,andpoeticdescriptions,charactersketches,nar ratives,gustsoffeeling,delicateironies,andastuteobservations。” 翻译：_______________________________________________________________________ 2.AbovethetreelinethereisazonethatisgenerallRcalledalpinetundra.■ImmediatelRadjacenttothe timberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlRcompletecoveroflow-lRingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whil ehigherupthenumberanddiversitRofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasio nalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.■Someplantscanevensurviveinfavorabl emicrohabitatsabovethesnowline.Thehighestplantsintheworldoccurataround6,100meterson MakaluintheHimalaRas.■Atthisgreatheight,rocks,warmedbRthesun,meltsmallsnowdrifts.■ThiseRplainshow,foreRample,alpinecushionplantshavebeenfoundgrowingatanaltitude of6,180meters. 翻译： 3.■ Althoughorigininritualhaslongbeenthemostpopular,itisbRnomeanstheonlRtheorRabouthowth etheatercameintobeing.■StorRtellinghasbeenproposedasonealternative.■UnderthistheorR,relatingandlisteningtostoriesareseenasfundamentalhumanpleasures.■Thus,therecallingofanevent(ahunt,battle,orotherfeat)iselaboratedthroughthenarrator’spantomimeandimpersonationandeventuallRthrougheachrolebeingassumedbRadifferentpers on. Toenhancetheirlisteners’enjoRment,storRtellerscontinuallRmaketheirstoriesmoreenga gingandmemorable. 翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 4.Muchofthewaterinasampleofwater-saturatedsedimentortherockwilldrainfromitifthesampleis putinasuitabledrRplace.■Butsomewillremain,clingingtoallsolidsurfaces.■ItisheldtherebRthefo rceofsurfacetensionwithoutwhichwaterwoulddraininstantlRfromanRwetsurface,leavingittotal lRdrR.■Thetotalvolumeofwaterinthesaturatedsamplemustthereforebethoughtofasconsistingo fwaterthatcan,andwaterthatcannot,drainawaR.■ What,then,determineswhatproportionofthewaterstaRsandwhatproportiondrainsawa R? 翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 5.■ ModernarchitecturalformsgenerallRhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsoft hehumanbodR;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipme nt,similartothebodR’svitalorgansandsRstems.■Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.■OfcourseinearlRarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.■ However,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcretero rair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifRingskeletonandskin. 翻译：________________________________________________________________________ 6.■ EcologistsareespeciallRinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunities becauseclimaRcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelRdamagedordestroRedbRhuman activities.■ThedestructioncausedbRthevolcaniceRplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedSt ates,foreRample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbRhumans.■WeneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunitRaremostimportanttothecommunitR’