第二节英语诗歌的【2 】节拍英诗的节拍来自于诗的格律和音步,而音步是格律的根本单位.音步是必定命目标重读音节和非重读音节按照必定的规矩分列而成.音步的分列方法则组成英诗的格律.按照每一音步中重读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的分列方法,可以把音步分成不同的种类,合格律.常见的英语诗歌格律有以下四种.（1）顿挫格：音步由一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节组成.（2）扬抑格：音步由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节组成.（3）扬抑抑格：音步由一个重读音节加上两个非重读音节组成.（4）抑顿挫格：音步由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节组成.（1）顿挫格iambus ,the iambus footShe walks in BeautyShe walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that's best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellow'd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impair'd the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly lightens o'er her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling-place. And on that cheek, and o'er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent!（2）扬抑格 trochee, the trochaic footMen of England, wherefore ploughFor the lords who lay yelowNever seek to tell thy love,Love that never told can be.（3）扬抑抑格Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon behind them Volley'd andthunder'd;Storm'd at with shot and shell,While horse and hero fell,They that had fought so wellCame thro' the jaws of DeathBack from the mouth of Hell,All that was left of them,Left of six hundred.(4) 抑顿挫格Annabel lee顿挫格一音步Thus IPass byAnd dieAs oneUnknownAnd gone----Tell me not, in mournful numbers,Life is but an empty dream!For the soul is dead that slumbers,And things are not what they seem.Life is real! Life is earnest!And the grave is not its goal;Dust thou art, to dust returnest,Was not spoken of the soul.Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,Is our destined end or way;But to act, that each to-morrowFind us farther than to-day.Art is long, and Time is fleeting,And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still, like muffled drums, are beatingFuneral marches to the grave.In the world's broad field of battle,In the bivouac of Life,Be not like dumb, driven cattle!Be a hero in the strife!Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant!Let the dead Past bury its dead!Act,--act in the living Present!Heart within, and God o'erhead! Lives of great men all remind usWe can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind usFootprints on the sands of time; Footprints, that perhaps another,Sailing o'er life's solemn main,A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,Seeing, shall take heart again.Let us, then, be up and doing,With a heart for any fate;Still achieving, still pursuing,Learn to labor and to wait.----H.W. Longfellow扬抑格四音步The trumpet of a prophecy! O wind,If winter comes, can spring be far behind?第三节英诗的音韵_英诗的音乐性还表如今音韵上.音韵是经由过程反复应用雷同或邻近的音素而产生,是组成诗歌音乐美和艺术情趣的主要元素.英诗中常见的音韵情势可以分为两大类：行中韵（internal rhyme）和尾韵 (end rhyme) 1行中韵是指诗行内经由过程反复应用雷同或邻近似的音素而产生,具体表现为以下几种情势.（1）头韵 alliteration头韵是指一行诗或一个句子中,较为邻近的两个或两个以上的词首先子音雷同而产生的音韵.Look at the stars! Look, look up at the skies!O look at all the fire-folk sitting in the air!The bright boroughs, the circle-citadels there!—G. M. Hopkins, “The Starlight NIght”-------------------------------------------------------------------I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,Among my skinning swallows.---------------------------------------------------------------------Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast,暗头韵 internal or hidden alliterationHere in the long unlovely street---------------------------------------------------------------------The Scian and the Teian muse,The hero’s harp, the lover’s lute,Have found the fame your shores refuse.头韵与双声（2）腹韵（assonance）腹韵也称原音迭韵或半谐音.From the cradle to the graveDo not go gentle into that good nightOld age should burn and rave at close of day.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Because their words have forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that good night.(3)假韵（consonance）Dash-fish hand-send add-read______________________________________________ At once a voice arose amongThe bleak twigs overheadIn a full hearted evensongOf joy illimited.(4)倒尾韵（Reverse Rhyme）great-grazed student-studio sell-sendsoul-sold well-weld painting-patienceA boy’s will is the wind’s willAnd the thoughts of youth are long long thoughts.(5)类尾韵（pararhyme）sit-sat send-sold great-groatspit-spat sweet-sweatYour looks were like the raven,Your bonie brow was brent.2 尾韵（end rhyme）尾韵又称脚韵,是指诗行与诗行之间在行末的押韵.尾韵常分为“完整韵”（perfect rhyme）和“不完整韵”( imperfect rhyme)两种.（1）完整韵一般来说,两个或两个以上的词鄙人列情形下才能被以为是押完整韵：1)重读元音必须雷同;2)该元音后面的音素（子音.子音群,甚至轻读音节）必须完整雷同;3)该元音前面的子音必须是不同的音素.eg lie-high stay-play park-lark fate-late first-burstfollow-swallowheat-deceit rotten-forgotten win-begin sober-October(2)不完整韵不完整韵也称半韵（half rhyme）: 两个或两个以上的词的重读元音雷同,但元音前面和后面的子音却不雷同.这种不完整韵在某种情形下是一种腹韵在诗行末尾的表现,如fern-bird, faze-late, like-right假韵A quietness distilled,As twilight long begun,Or Nature, spending with herselfSequestered afternoon.类尾韵-脚韵Strange MeetingIt seemed that out of battle I escapedDown some profound dull tunnel, long since scoopedThrough granites which titanic wars had groined.Yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned,Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred.Then, as I probed them, one sprang up, and staredWith piteous recognition in fixed eyes,Lifting distressful hands as if to bless.And by his smile, I knew that sullen hallBy his dead smile I knew we stood in Hell.（3）阳韵（masculine rhyme）与阴韵( feminine rhyme)从押韵的诗行是以重读音节照样非重读音节结尾,英诗的尾韵还可以分为阳韵和阴韵两类.阳韵指互相押韵的诗行都是以重读音节的词或是单音节单词结尾,如兰斯顿·休斯的《愿望》（Hope）Sometimes when I am lonely,Don’t know why,Keep thinking I won’t be lonelyBy and by.当押韵的诗行是以非重读音节结尾时,即为阴韵,The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seemed a vision; I would ne'er have striven3. 韵式（1）持续韵,联韵或流韵,相邻的两行互相押韵的格局Tiger(2)交叉韵,隔行押韵WITH rue my heart is ladenFor golden friends I had,For many a rose-lipt maidenAnd many a lightfoot lad.By brooks too broad for leaping 5The lightfoot boys are laid;The rose-lipt girls are sleepingIn fields where roses fade.（3）首尾韵评论( 0 ) / 推举( 3 ) When You Are Oldby William Butler YeatsWhen you are old and grey and full of sleepAnd nodding by the fire,take down this bookAnd slowly read,and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur,a little sadly,how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.当你老了叶芝当你老了,头白了,睡意昏沉壁炉旁打盹,请取下这本书慢慢读回忆你曾有的温顺而深奥的眼神若干人爱你风华正茂时假意,或者真心但只有一小我爱着你纯洁的魂魄爱你年轻了的脸上苦楚的皱纹跪在熊熊炉火旁哀声低语诉说爱的逝去而爱已飞越山巅在群星中隐没了脸庞这首诗,叶芝写给他平生厌恶而没有得到的女人,爱尔兰平易近族自治活动的引导人之一.有名的女演员茉德·冈.对我来说它的动听只是那两行“但只有一小我爱着你纯洁的魂魄/爱你年轻了的脸上苦楚的皱纹”.不禁又想起了《恋人》的开首,那段被王小波盛赞的译文：我已经老了.有一天,在一处公共场所的大厅里,有一个汉子向我走来,他自动介绍本身,他对我说：“我熟悉你,我永久记得你.那时刻,你还很年青,人人都说你美,如今,我是特为来告知你,对我来说,我以为如今你比年青的时刻更美,那时你是年青女人,与你那时的面孔比拟,我更爱你如今备受摧残的面庞.”爱情这种器械,即使它倏忽而至也经常倏忽而去,我们照样会沉迷于把它和某个悠久的时光维度相衔接.是为了证实它真实照样忠诚？风华退去后,沉淀下的才是最形而上的情绪吧？回到实际中,我们却仓皇胆怯急躁.一个姐姐的MSN名字是：“只是颗偶落的种子,为什么非要天天从土里掘出来看着它成长呢？”然而成长太漫长了,进程太漫长了,我们要的只是成果.瑞士蒙特洛城堡地牢中的灯,它幽眇的光一向让我激动.据说拜伦曾被软禁于此.绑缚在行刑柱上的诗人,曾经昂首瞻仰过它. ——————————这一路上的阴郁那么长微弱的光怎么把你照亮。
