2021考研英语测试卷(英语一)详解

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise an average of 2.7percent,maybe a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er (CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network.Should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of the Mid lands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement,so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should from part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services interrupted by regularchaos when time tables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.They threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger fares.[A]has kept pace with inflation.[B]is a big surprise to commuters.[C]remains an unreasonable measure.[D]will ease train operators burden.22.The stockbroker in Paragraph2is used to stand for.[A]rail travelers.[B]car drivers.[C]local investors.[D]ordinary taxpayers.23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators.[A]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.[B]have failed to provide an adequate service.[C]are offering compensation to commuters.[D]are trying to repair relations with the unions24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face.[A]the loss of investment.[B]the collapse of operations.[C]a reduction of revenue.[D]a change of ownership.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn't Work[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the programme has providedenough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But the CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15provinces.“We see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Farrow says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty.Ferraro says,“the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs”26.According to the first paragraph,CCT programmes aim to____.[A]Facilitate health-care reform[B]help poor families get better off[C]Improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that____.[A]cattle raising has been a major livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Farrow intends to find out____.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in that____.[A]it will benefit other Asian countries[B]it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can benefit grain production30.What is the text centred on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transfer-ability of a study.Text3As a historian who’s always searching for the test or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I’ve found quite a few,and—since I started posting them on Twitter —they have been causing quite stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorian had fun and could, and did,laugh.They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of'Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure ties were much quicker by the1880s and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the1890s so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth.”ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular“pearly whites”wasa rare sight in Victorian society the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks,tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a heartly laugh,said that when it came photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to paragraph1,the author’s posts on Twitter____.A.illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB.highlighted social media’s tole in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public imageD.changed people’s impression of the Victorians.32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A.They are rare among photograph of that ageB.They show effect of different exposure timesC.They mirror19th-century social conventionsD.They are in popular use among historians33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the1890s?A.Their inherent social sensitivenessB.Their tension before the cameraC.Their unhealthy dental conditionD.Their distrust of new inventions34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was_____.A.a thought-provoking ideaB.a misguide attitudeC.a controversial viesD.a deep-rotted belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B.When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C.What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals.That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providersfrom picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of push-back from broadband providers anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court unchanged in again.Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution.It only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the dirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications(FCC.)on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted.When it had a democratic majority in2015.But rejected the commission's authority.To require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as a broadband-providing conglomerable like ATRT favors its own vide0-stressing service at the expense of Notfish and Appie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court.Unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband.provides citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulating more.But Judge.Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that“the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service”,and said Congress on the Supreme Court could intervene to avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules.On not neutrality,while preserving the Commission's power to prompt individual going on between the Justice Department and California when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband providers would.A.bring web-based firms under controlB.show partiality in treating clientsC.slow down the traffic on their networkD.intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the FCC.A.takes an anti-regulatory stanceB.sticks to an out-of-date orderC.has issued a special resolutionD.has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?A.It engages in anti-competitive practicesB.It protects against unfair competitionC.It is under the FCC’s investigationD.It is in pursuit of quality service39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision.A.focuses on trivialitiesB.conveys an ambiguous message.C.is out of touch with realityD.is at odds with its earlier rulings.40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?A.Broadband providers'rights should be protectedB.The FCC should be put under strict supervisionC.Rules need to be set to diversify online servicesD.Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(AI)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,”says Pedro Domingos,author of The Master Algorithm:How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.In addition,“(41)”One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring processMore effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42)These are“tools that helppeople use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately assess risk.Domingos says,“(43)”Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,”says Winston.It"helps people make smarter decisions.”(44)Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology toinspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingos.“(45)”A.AI replaces the boring parts of your job.If you’re doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevantsources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.B.There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels likeAdwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.C.One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along withemployees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.D.We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyondhuman scale.E.You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.F.AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.G.Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,or they would chargethem too little and then it would cost the company money.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World WarⅡwas the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies.(46)Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successfulwar against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly(though unevenly)during the1970s and1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48)in many counties of Western Europe,the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight,or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization.When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49) and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty,And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the 1960s and1970s,European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions：A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of160-200words based on the picture below.In your essay,you shoulddescribe the picture briefly,explain its intended meaning andgive your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（20points）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points).1.根据句意“It”指的是前文的“fluid intelligence”,“fluid intelligence”在人年轻的时候.....,后文第2空之后又说随着我们年龄增长开始慢慢下降，因此第1空应该是一个表示上升的词，比较选项，[A]pauses终止，[B]return归还；返回，[D]fades凋零；衰退，都不符合文意，只有[C]peaks达到巅峰，符合文意，故正确答案为C。

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语一）参考答案及解析SectionⅠUse of English【1】C peaks解析：A pause暂停B return返回C peaks顶峰D fades衰退文中后面讲到decline，表明此时处于最高峰。

【2】D generally解析A alternatively两者选之一地B formally正式地C accidentally 偶然地D Generally总地来说文中第一二句内容是对第一句的顺接，带入唯有generally合适【3】A while解析：A while转折B since因果C once条件D until时间文中前肯后否，选择while.【4】C Consumption解析：A detection识别B accumulation积累C consumption消耗D separation区分;and前后语义一致，前面是loss后面就是consumption【5】A possibility解析：B decision决定C goal目标D requirement要求，后面出现了might,体现了内容的不确定性，因此答案是possibility.【6】A delay解析：B ensure确保C seek寻找D utilize利用ｏｒ前后结果一致，因此语义相近prevent与delay一致。

【7】C included解析：A modified改变B supported支持D predicted后面讲到４０００多男性和女性研究对象，所以只能是included【8】B Compared解析：前文讲到什么这些数据，因为是实验文章，所以是比对数据，进行分析。

【9】A with此处为伴随动作，所用介词为ｗｉｔｈ【10】C scored此处属于动词和名词的匹配关系，什么与measure进行搭配，表示获得什么标准。

【11】D went by解析：考固定搭配，as the years went by随着岁月的流逝，go by表示（时间）流逝。

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C] or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16,there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise,an average of2.7percent,may be a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares________.[A]will ease train operation’s burden[B]has kept pace with inflation[C]is a big surprise to commuters[D]remains an unreasonable measure22.The stockbroker in Para.2is used to stand for________.[A]car drivers[B]rail traverllers[C]local investors[D]ordinary tax payers23.It is indicated in Para.3that train operators________.[A]are offering compensations to commuters[B]are trying to repair ralations with the unions[C]have failed to provide an adequate source[D]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face________.[A]the loss of investment[B]the collapse of operations[C]a reduction of revenue[D]a change of ownership25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn’t Worlk[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren’t SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,“we see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”26.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to________.[A]facilitate health care reform[B]help poor families get better off[C]improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that________.[A]cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out________.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that________.[A]it will benefit other Asian countries[B]it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can boost grain production30.What is the text centered on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transferability of a study.Text3As a historian,who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of“Smiling Victorians”makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,”ran one popular Victorian maxim,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular“pearly whites”was a rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers)lacked class:drunks, tramps,prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to Paragraph1,the author’s posts on Twitter________.[A]illustrated the development of Victorian photography[B]highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies[C]re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image[D]changed people’s impression of the Victorians32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A]They are rare among photographs of that age.[B]They show effects of different exposure times.[C]They mirror19th-century social conventions.[D]They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?[A]Their inherent social sensitiveness.[B]Their tension before the camera.[C]Their distrust of new inventions.[D]Their unhealthy dental condition.34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was________.[A]a deep-root belief[B]a misguided attitude[C]a controversial view[D]a thought-provoking idea35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B]Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?[C]What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?[D]How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers,anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband providers,citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that"the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,"and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to"avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California,which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would.[A]bring web-based firms under control[B]slow down the traffic on their network[C]show partiality in treating clients[D]intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the FCC.[A]sticks to an out-of-date order[B]takes an anti-regulatory stance[C]has issued a special resolution[D]has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?[A]It protects against unfair competition[B]It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C]It is under the FCC'S investigation.[D]It is in pursuit of quality service.39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision.[A]focuses on trivialities[B]conveys an ambiguous message[C]is at odds with its earlier rulings[D]is out of touch with reality40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A]Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C]Rules need to be set to diversify online services.[D]Broadband providers'rights should be protected.Part BDirections：In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For questions41–45,choose the most suitable one from the list A–G to fit into each of numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(AI)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.One common application?Preventing electronic security breaches, which,rather than eliminating IT jobs,actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better Hiring PracticesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews aremuch more biased than what AI does,”says Domingos.In addition,(41)One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More Effective MarketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10 percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42) ________________These are“tools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving Customers MoneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk.(43)Improved Accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,”says Winston.It“helps people make smarter decisions.”(44)Protecting and Maintaining InfrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingos.“(45)”[A]I replace the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.[B]One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.[C]There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will be most effective.[D]You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for [employees]to go to.[E]“Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,”says Domingos,“or they would charge them too little and then it would cost[the company] money.”[F]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone…to accomplish something beyond human scale.[G]AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern western societies.(46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than asecondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending to a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48) in many countries of Western Europe the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the decade of the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight,or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization.When a very large proportion of all the members of an institution are new recruits,they threaten to overwhelm the processes whereby recruits to a more slowly growing system are inducted into its value system and learn its norms and forms. When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty and its standards.And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into acommunity of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the1960s and1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.They also saw higher levels of student discontent,reflecting the weakening of traditional forms of academic communities.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:One foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Please write an email to him/her to make some suggestions.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the pictures below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2021年答案速查表SectionⅠUse of English(10points)1.C2.D3.A4.B5.A6.A7.C8.B9.A10.C11.D12.B13.C14.D15.D16.B17.D18.A19.A20.C SectionⅡReading Comprehension(60points)Part A(40points)Text121.D22.B23.C24.D25.DText226.B27.D28.C29.C30.AText331.D32.A33.D34.A35.AText436.C37.B38.B39.D40.APart B(10points)41.G42.C43.E44.B45.DPart C(10points)46.二次世界大战以后，出现了这样的一些西方国家。

2021考研英语一真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It _____(1)in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time, and then_____(2)starts to slowly decline as we age.But_____(3)aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the_____(4)of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the_____(5)that lifestyle factors might help prevent or_____(6)this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that_____(7)measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and_____(8)that data toreported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people_____(9)higher measures of abdominal fat_____(10)worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years_____(11).For women,the association may be_____(12)to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be_____(13)It is hoped that future studies could_____(14)these differences and perhaps lead to different_____(15)for men and women._____(16)there are steps you can_____(17)to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental_____(18).The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your_____(19)of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style_____(20)that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.【题干】1._____【选项】A.pauseB.returD.fade【答案】C2.【题干】2._____【选项】A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally【答案】D3.【题干】3._____【选项】A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.until【答案】A4.【题干】4._____A.detectioB.accumulatioC.consumptioD.separatio【答案】B5.【题干】5._____【选项】A.possibilityB.decisioC.goalD.requirement 【答案】A6.【题干】6._____【选项】A.delayB.ensureC.seek【答案】A7.【题干】7._____【选项】A.modifyB.supportedC.includedD.predicted【答案】C8.【题干】8._____【选项】A.devotedparedC.convertedD.applied【答案】B9.【题干】9._____【选项】A.withB.aboveC.byD.against【答案】A10.【题干】10._____【选项】A.aboveB.managedC.scoredD.played【答案】C11.【题干】11._____【选项】A.ran outB.set offC.drew iD.went by【答案】D12.【题干】12._____【选项】A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant【答案】B13.【题干】13._____【选项】A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled【答案】C14.【题干】14._____【选项】A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explai【答案】D15.【题干】15._____【选项】pensatioB.symptomC.demandD.treatments【答案】D16.【题干】16._____【选项】A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.Instead【答案】B17.【题干】17._____【选项】A.changeB.watchC.countD.take【答案】D18.【题干】18._____【选项】A.well-beingB.proceC.formatioD.coordinatio【答案】A19.【题干】19._____【选项】A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space【答案】A20.【题干】20._____【选项】A.desigB.routineC.dietD.prescriptio【答案】CPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)A.Stay calm.B.Stay humble.C.Decide whether to waitD.Be realistic about the risks.E.Don't make judgements.F.Identify a shared goal.G.Ask permission to disagree.How to disagree with someone more powerful than youYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic.What do you see when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do?How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up?And if you do,what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41.You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through,or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks.If you think other people are going to disagree,too,you might want to gather your army first.People can contribute experience or information to your thinking一all the things that would makethe disagreement stronger or more valid.It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in ameeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42.Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerful person cares about一it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time.You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.State it overtly,contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying toadvance a common objective.The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.43.This step may sound overly deferential,but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control. You can see something like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first quarter commitment here.I have reasons to think that won't work.I'd like to layout my reasoning-Would that be OK?" This gives the person a choice,allowing him to verbally optin.And,assuming he says yes,it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44.You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain natural in both your words and actions.When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,it undercuts the message.It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gels to choose what signals to read.Deep breaths can help,a can speaking more slowly and deliberately. Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendtotalklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthep aceandtalkinginaneven tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you.It also makes youseemconfident,even if you aren't.Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion,not gospel truth.It may be a well-informed,well-researched opinion,but it's still an opinion,so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying,“If we set an end of quarter deadline,we will never make it"say,"This is just my opinion,but I don't see how we will make that deadline."Having asserted your opinion(as a position,not asa fact),demonstrate equal curiosity about other views.Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique.Be open to hearing other opinions.参考答案：43.[C]Decide whether to wait42.[F]Identify a shared goal43.[G]Ask permission to disagree44.[A]Stay calm45.[B]Stay humblePart C46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSIWER SHIEET.(15points) We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection,laughter,and warmth.While that may well be true,researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago -area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them.On average,participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers,it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us.Much of the time,however,this belief is false.As it tums out,many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.参考译文：我们倾向于认为朋友和家人是我们关系、欢乐和温暖的最大来源。

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000 middle-to-oIder-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,lhe association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men. the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended litestxdc approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consum ption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]levels[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A.B.C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can Britain*s train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger lares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year's rise an average of2.7 percent,maybe a fraction lower than last year's,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er(CPI) measure of inflationSuccessive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing iii and running the rail network.Should be bome by those who use it.rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner fiom Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey? Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of the Mid lands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators tmmpeting the improvements they are making to lhe network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.Tlie Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement,so thateven? when strikes occur,services can continue to operate This should from part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways.Yes.more investment is neededbul passengers will not be willing?to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services interrupted by regular chaos when time tables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.They threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger tares[A]has kept pace with inflation.[B]is a big surprise to commuters.[C]remains an unreasonable measure.[D]will ease train operators burden.22.The stockbroker in Paragraph2is used to stand for[A]rail travelers.[B]car drivers.[C]local investors.[D]ordinary taxpayers.23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators[A]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.[B]have failed to provide an adequate service.[C]are offering compensation to commuters.[D|are trying to repair relations with the unions24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face（本题有争议）[A]the loss of investment.（网络答案）[B]the collapse of operations.（海文考研）[C]a reduction of revenue.[D]a change of ownership.（何凯文答案）25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn't Work[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]A ever-rising fares Aren't SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia's bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or gel regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia.the programme has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But the CCT programs don't generally consider eftects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don't prove cause and effect. l*hc only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Fenaro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012一including during Indonesia's phase-in of the aiitipoverty program一in7.468forested villages across15provinces."We see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,Farrow says.That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess.Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the environment.Even if this program didn't reduce poverty.Ferraro says,"the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs"26.According to the first paragraph,CCT programmes aim to[A]Facilitate health-care reform[B]help poor Fmilies get better off[C]Improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rales27.The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that.[A]cattle raising has been a major livelihood fbr the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoveily eftbrts require the participation of local flirmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Farrow intends to find out.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in.that[A]it will benefit other Asian countries|B|it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can benefit grain production30.What is the text centred on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transfer-ability of a study.Text3As a historian who's always searching for the lest or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what bettei'way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I've found quite a few,and—since I started posting them on Twitter一they have been causing quite stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorian had fun and could,and did,laugh. They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of'Smiling Victorians‘makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shitted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure ties were much quicker by the1880s and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today's digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the1890s so we must look elsewhere fbr an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin."Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth.n ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular"pearly whites"was a rare sight in Victorian society the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks,tramps and music hall perfonners might gum and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll,s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look fbr properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a heartly laugh,said that when it came photographic portraits there could be"nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed IbTever”.31.According to paragraph1,the author's posts on Twitter.A.illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB.highlighted social media's tole in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorian's notion of public imageD.changed people's impression of the Victorians.32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A.They are rare among photograph of that ageB.They show effect of different exposure timesC.They mirror19th-century social conventionsD.They arc in popular use among historians33.What miglit have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the1890s?A.Their inherent social sensitivenessB.Their tension before the cameraC.Their unhealthy dental conditionD.Their distrust of new inventions34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was.A.a thought-provoking ideaB.a misguide attitudeC.a controversial viesD.a deep-rotted belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?A.Why did most Victorians look stem in photographs?B.When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C.What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals.That's why there has been such a strong demand fbr rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of push-back from broadband providers anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court unchanged in again.Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution.It only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the dirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications(FCC.)on net neutrality,adopted on a partyline vote in2017.The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted.When it had a democratic majority in2015.But rejected the commission's authority.To require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as a broadband-providing conglomerable like ATRT favors its own video-stressing service at the expense of Notfish and Appie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court.Unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband,provides citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulaling more.Bui Judge.Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that"the result is unhinged from the realities of modem broadband service",and said Congress on the Supreme Court could intervene to avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules.On not neutrality,while preserving the Commission's power to prompt individual going on between the Justice Department and California when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of the FCC's abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and fbr all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband providers wouldA.bring web-based firms under controlB.show partiality in treating clientsC.slow down the traffic on their networkD.intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand fbr net neutrality rules,the FCCA.takes an anti-regulatory stanceB.sticks to an out-of-date orderC.has issued a special resolutionD.has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?A.It engages in anti-competitive practicesB.It protects against unfair competitionC.It is under the FCC's investigationD.It is in pursuit of quality service39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decisionA.focuses on trivialitiesB.conveys an ambiguous message.C.is out of touch with realityD.is at odds with its earlier rulings.40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?A.Broadband providers'rights should be protectedB.l he FCC should be put under strict supen isionC.Rules need to be set to diversify online servicesD.Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.PartBDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to lit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(Al)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to Al in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is Al changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.Here are a few ways Al is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions."There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews arc much more biased than what Al does,"says Pedro Domingos,author of The Master Algorithm:How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.In addition,"(41)G"One company that's doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring processMore effective marketingSome Al software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42)C These are'lools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,"says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science al MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use Al to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies.meanwhile,can base their premiums on Al models that more accurately assess risk.Domingos says,"(43)E"Improved accuracy"Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable/'says Winston.It"helps people make smarter decisions."(44)BProtecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use Al image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen."If they fail first and then you fix them,it's very expensive/'says Domingos."(45)D"A.l replaces the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research,you can have Al go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.B.One accounting firm.EY,uses an Al system that helps review contracts during an audil.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.C.There are also companies like Acquisio.which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords.Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising ftinds will yield best results.D.You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useRil for employees to go to.E.Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.F.We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish somethingbeyond human scale.G.Al looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.PartCDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modem Western sociclies.(46)Thosc societies came out of the war wilh levels of cnrollmenl lhai had been roughly constant at3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades befbre the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising our of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university befbre the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly(though unevenly)during the1970s and1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in tum have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48)in many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight.or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49)and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty,And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation，they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the1960s and 1970s,European universities saw marked changes in their governance anangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.46.战争结束后，这些社会的入学率在战前的几十年里一直保持在相关年龄段的3-5%。

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。

2. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题纸指定位置的边框区域内，写在其它地方无效。

3. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或钢笔书写，涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。

4. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册一并装入试题袋中交回。

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It __1__ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then __2__ starts to slowly decline as we age. But __3__ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the __4__ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the __5__ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or __6__ this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that __7__ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and __8__ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people __9__ higher measures of abdominal fat __10__ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years __11__.For women, the association may be __12__ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be __13__. It is hoped that future studies could __14__ these differences and perhaps lead to different __15__ for men and women.__16__ there are steps you can __17__ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental __18__. The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your __19__ of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style __20__ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1. [A] pauses [B] returns [C] peaks [D] fades2. [A] alternatively [B] formally [C] accidentally [D] generally3. [A] while [B] since [C] once [D] until4. [A] detection [B] accumulation. [C] consumption [D] separation5. [A] possibility [B] decision [C] goal [D] requirement6. [A] delay [B] ensure [C] seek [D] utilize7. [A] modified [B] supported [C] included [D] predicted8. [A] devoted [B] compared [C] converted [D] applied9. [A] with [B] above [C] by [D] against10. [A] lived [B] managed [C] scored [D] played11. [A] ran out [B] set off [C] drew in [D] went by12. [A] superior [B] attributable [C] parallel [D] resistant13. [A] restored [B] isolated [C] involved [D] controlled14. [A] alter [B] spread [C] remove [D] explain15. [A] compensation [B] symptoms [C] demands [D] treatments16. [A] Likewise [B] Meanwhile [C] Therefore [D] Instead17. [A] change [B] watch [C] count [D] take18. [A] well-being [B] process [C] formation [D] coordination19. [A] level [B] love [C] knowledge [D] space20. [A] design [B] routine [C] diet [D] prescriptionSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year's rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year's, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willingto pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21. The author holds that this year's increase in rail passengers' fares _____.[A] will ease train operation's burden.[B] has kept pace with inflation.[C] is a big surprise to commuters.[D] remains an unreasonable measure.22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for _____.[A] car drivers[B] rail travelers[C] local investors[D] ordinary taxpayers23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators _____.[A] are offering compensations to commuters.[B] are trying to repair relations with the unions.[C] have failed to provide an adequate service.[D] have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face _____.[A] the loss of investment.[B] the collapse of operations.[C] a reduction of revenue[D] a change of ownership.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B] Constant Complaining Doesn't Work[C] Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D] Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText 2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia's bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7, 468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, "we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says.That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, peoplemay clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to _____.[A] facilitate health care reform.[B] help poor families get better off.[C] improve local education systems.[D] lower deforestation rates.27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that _____.[A] cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.[B] CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.[C] antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.[D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out _____.[A] its acceptance level of CCTs.[B] its annual rate of poverty alleviation.[C] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.[D] the role of its forests in climate change.29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that _____.[A] it will benefit other Asian countries.[B] it will reduce regional inequality.[C] it can protect the environment.[D] it can boost grain production.30. What is the text centered on?[A] The effects of a program.[B] The debates over a program.[C] The process of a study.[D] The transferability of a study.Text 3As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I've found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. "Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth," ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular 'pearly whites' was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever".31. According to Paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter _____[A] changed people's impression of the Victorians.[B] highlighted social media's role in Victorian studies.[C] re-evaluated the Victorians' notion of public image.[D] illustrated the development of Victorian photography.32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A] They are in popular use among historians.[B] They are rare among photographs of that age.[C] They mirror 19th-century social conventions.[D] They show effects of different exposure times.33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?[A] Their inherent social sensitiveness.[B] Their tension before the camera.[C] Their distrust of new inventions.[D] Their unhealthy dental condition.34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was _____.[A] a deep-root belief.[B] a misguided attitude.[C] a controversial view.[D] a thought-provoking idea.35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A] Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B] Why did the Victorians start view photographs?[C] What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?[D] How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text 4From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service," and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to "avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on betweenthe Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36. There has long been concern that broadband providers would _____.[A] bring web-based firms under control.[B] slow down the traffic on their network.[C] show partiality in treating clients.[D] intensify competition with their rivals.37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC _____.[A] sticks to an out-of-date order.[B] takes an anti-regulatory stance.[C] has issued a special resolution.[D] has allowed the states to intervene.38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?[A] It protects against unfair competition.[B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C] It is under the FCC's investigation.[D] It is in pursuit of quality service.39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision _____.[A] focuses on trivialities.[B] conveys an ambiguous message.[C] is at odds with its earlier rulings.[D] is out of touch with reality.40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A] Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B] The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C] Rules need to be set to diversify online services.[D] Broadband providers' rights should be protected.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees: Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. "There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does," says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. (41) ___________. One company that's doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) _____. There are "tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people," says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. "Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much," says Domingos, (43) "__________."Improved accuracy"Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable," says Winston. It "helps people make smarter decisions." (44) _________.Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive," says Domingos. (45) _________.[A] AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have AIgo out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.[B] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during anaudit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performanceacross multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's usefulfor employees to go to.[E] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them toomuch, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money.[F] We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone toaccomplish something beyond human scale.[G] AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selectsthe more promising candidates.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies. (46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as inFrance, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation, they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. DirectionsA foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end. Use "Li Ming" instead.You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should 1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）参考答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1. [C] peaks2. [D] generally3. [A] while4. [B] accumulation5. [A] possibility6. [A] delay7. [C] included8. [B] compared9. [A] with10. [C] scored11. [D] went by12. [B] attributable13. [C] involved14. [D] explain15. [D] treatments16. [B] Meanwhile17. [D] take18. [A] well-being19. [A] level20. [C] dietSection Ⅰ Reading Comprehension Part AText 121. [D] remains an unreasonable measure.22. [B] rail travelers23. [C] have failed to provide an adequate service.24. [D] a change of ownership.25. [D] Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText 226. [B] help poor families get better off.27. [D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28. [C] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.29. [C] it can protect the environment.30. [A] The effects of a program.Text 331. [A] changed people's impression of the Victorians.32. [B] They are rare among photographs of that age.33. [D] Their unhealthy dental condition.34. [A] a deep-root belief.35. [A] Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?Text 436. [C] show partiality in treating clients.37. [B] takes an anti-regulatory stance.38. [B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.39. [D] is out of touch with reality.40. [A] Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.。

2021年考研英语真题及答案（完整版）2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题详解Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, onthe whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the abilityto make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 ,he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day。

To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 。

2021 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1the ability to makejudgments which are unbiased by2factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that aninability to consider the big3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the dailysamles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 ofapperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison7 he hadalready sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。

To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others10randomly for interview during the sameday, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was11。

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C] or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16,there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise,an average of2.7percent,may be a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares________.[A]will ease train operation’s burden[B]has kept pace with inflation[C]is a big surprise to commuters[D]remains an unreasonable measure22.The stockbroker in Para.2is used to stand for________.[A]car drivers[B]rail traverllers[C]local investors[D]ordinary tax payers23.It is indicated in Para.3that train operators________.[A]are offering compensations to commuters[B]are trying to repair ralations with the unions[C]have failed to provide an adequate source[D]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face________.[A]the loss of investment[B]the collapse of operations[C]a reduction of revenue[D]a change of ownership25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn’t Worlk[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren’t SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,“we see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”26.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to________.[A]facilitate health care reform[B]help poor families get better off[C]improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that________.[A]cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out________.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that________.[A]it will benefit other Asian countries[B]it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can boost grain production30.What is the text centered on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transferability of a study.Text3As a historian,who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of“Smiling Victorians”makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,”ran one popular Victorian maxim,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular“pearly whites”was a rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers)lacked class:drunks, tramps,prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to Paragraph1,the author’s posts on Twitter________.[A]illustrated the development of Victorian photography[B]highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies[C]re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image[D]changed people’s impression of the Victorians32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A]They are rare among photographs of that age.[B]They show effects of different exposure times.[C]They mirror19th-century social conventions.[D]They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?[A]Their inherent social sensitiveness.[B]Their tension before the camera.[C]Their distrust of new inventions.[D]Their unhealthy dental condition.34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was________.[A]a deep-root belief[B]a misguided attitude[C]a controversial view[D]a thought-provoking idea35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B]Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?[C]What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?[D]How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers,anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband providers,citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that"the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,"and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to"avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California,which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would.[A]bring web-based firms under control[B]slow down the traffic on their network[C]show partiality in treating clients[D]intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the FCC.[A]sticks to an out-of-date order[B]takes an anti-regulatory stance[C]has issued a special resolution[D]has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?[A]It protects against unfair competition[B]It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C]It is under the FCC'S investigation.[D]It is in pursuit of quality service.39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision.[A]focuses on trivialities[B]conveys an ambiguous message[C]is at odds with its earlier rulings[D]is out of touch with reality40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A]Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C]Rules need to be set to diversify online services.[D]Broadband providers'rights should be protected.Part BDirections：In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For questions41–45,choose the most suitable one from the list A–G to fit into each of numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(AI)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.One common application?Preventing electronic security breaches, which,rather than eliminating IT jobs,actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better Hiring PracticesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews aremuch more biased than what AI does,”says Domingos.In addition,(41)One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More Effective MarketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10 percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42) ________________These are“tools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving Customers MoneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk.(43)Improved Accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,”says Winston.It“helps people make smarter decisions.”(44)Protecting and Maintaining InfrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingos.“(45)”[A]I replace the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.[B]One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.[C]There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will be most effective.[D]You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for [employees]to go to.[E]“Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,”says Domingos,“or they would charge them too little and then it would cost[the company] money.”[F]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone…to accomplish something beyond human scale.[G]AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern western societies.(46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than asecondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending to a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48) in many countries of Western Europe the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the decade of the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight,or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization.When a very large proportion of all the members of an institution are new recruits,they threaten to overwhelm the processes whereby recruits to a more slowly growing system are inducted into its value system and learn its norms and forms. When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty and its standards.And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into acommunity of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the1960s and1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.They also saw higher levels of student discontent,reflecting the weakening of traditional forms of academic communities.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:One foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Please write an email to him/her to make some suggestions.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the pictures below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2021年答案速查表SectionⅠUse of English(10points)1.C2.D3.A4.B5.A6.A7.C8.B9.A10.C11.D12.B13.C14.D15.D16.B17.D18.A19.A20.C SectionⅡReading Comprehension(60points)Part A(40points)Text121.D22.B23.C24.D25.DText226.B27.D28.C29.C30.AText331.D32.A33.D34.A35.AText436.C37.B38.B39.D40.APart B(10points)41.G42.C43.E44.B45.DPart C(10points)46.二次世界大战以后，出现了这样的一些西方国家。

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C] or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16,there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise,an average of2.7percent,may be a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares________.[A]will ease train operation’s burden[B]has kept pace with inflation[C]is a big surprise to commuters[D]remains an unreasonable measure22.The stockbroker in Para.2is used to stand for________.[A]car drivers[B]rail traverllers[C]local investors[D]ordinary tax payers23.It is indicated in Para.3that train operators________.[A]are offering compensations to commuters[B]are trying to repair ralations with the unions[C]have failed to provide an adequate source[D]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face________.[A]the loss of investment[B]the collapse of operations[C]a reduction of revenue[D]a change of ownership25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn’t Worlk[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren’t SustainableText2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,“we see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Ferraro says.That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”26.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to________.[A]facilitate health care reform[B]help poor families get better off[C]improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that________.[A]cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out________.[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that________.[A]it will benefit other Asian countries[B]it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can boost grain production30.What is the text centered on?[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.[D]The transferability of a study.Text3As a historian,who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of“Smiling Victorians”makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the1840s and1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the1880s,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,”ran one popular Victorian maxim,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular“pearly whites”was a rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the super-rich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers)lacked class:drunks, tramps,prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to Paragraph1,the author’s posts on Twitter________.[A]illustrated the development of Victorian photography[B]highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies[C]re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image[D]changed people’s impression of the Victorians32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A]They are rare among photographs of that age.[B]They show effects of different exposure times.[C]They mirror19th-century social conventions.[D]They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?[A]Their inherent social sensitiveness.[B]Their tension before the camera.[C]Their distrust of new inventions.[D]Their unhealthy dental condition.34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was________.[A]a deep-root belief[B]a misguided attitude[C]a controversial view[D]a thought-provoking idea35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B]Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?[C]What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?[D]How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text4From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers,anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,but instead of providing a badly needed resolution,it only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in2017.The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015,but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything.The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday,the appeals court unanimously upheld the2017order deregulating broadband providers,citing a Supreme Court ruling from2005that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that"the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,"and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to"avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."In the meantime,the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality,while preserving the commission’s power to pre-empt individual state laws that undermine its order.That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California,which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would.[A]bring web-based firms under control[B]slow down the traffic on their network[C]show partiality in treating clients[D]intensify competition with their rivals37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules,the FCC.[A]sticks to an out-of-date order[B]takes an anti-regulatory stance[C]has issued a special resolution[D]has allowed the states to intervene38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph3?[A]It protects against unfair competition[B]It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C]It is under the FCC'S investigation.[D]It is in pursuit of quality service.39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision.[A]focuses on trivialities[B]conveys an ambiguous message[C]is at odds with its earlier rulings[D]is out of touch with reality40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A]Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C]Rules need to be set to diversify online services.[D]Broadband providers'rights should be protected.Part BDirections：In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For questions41–45,choose the most suitable one from the list A–G to fit into each of numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) In the movies and on television,artificial intelligence(AI)is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life.When it comes to AI in business,we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities.One common application?Preventing electronic security breaches, which,rather than eliminating IT jobs,actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better Hiring PracticesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions.“There are experiments that show that,naturally,the results of interviews aremuch more biased than what AI does,”says Domingos.In addition,(41)One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor.It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More Effective MarketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates.One company in the UK,Phrasee,claims their software can outperform humans by up to10 percent when it comes to email open rates.This can mean millions more in revenue.(42) ________________These are“tools that help people use data,not a replacement for people,”says Patrick H.Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving Customers MoneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills,saving them money while helping the panies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.Insurance companies,meanwhile,can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk.(43)Improved Accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics,which makes data more valuable,”says Winston.It“helps people make smarter decisions.”(44)Protecting and Maintaining InfrastructureA number of companies,particularly in energy and transportation,use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen.“If they fail first and then you fix them,it’s very expensive,”says Domingos.“(45)”[A]I replace the boring parts of your job.If you're doing research,you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.[B]One accounting firm,EY,uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit.This process,along with employees reviewing the contracts,is faster and more accurate.[C]There are also companies like Acquisio,which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords,Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will be most effective.[D]You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for [employees]to go to.[E]“Before,they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,”says Domingos,“or they would charge them too little and then it would cost[the company] money.”[F]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone…to accomplish something beyond human scale.[G]AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to,and selects the more promising candidates.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern western societies.(46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war,great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than asecondary school education.(47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending to a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education,beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways,and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.There was first the rate of growth:(48) in many countries of Western Europe the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the decade of the1960s and doubled again in seven,eight,or10years by the middle of the1970s.Second,growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.And third,growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.For example,a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance,of administration,and above all of socialization.When a very large proportion of all the members of an institution are new recruits,they threaten to overwhelm the processes whereby recruits to a more slowly growing system are inducted into its value system and learn its norms and forms. When a faculty or department grows from,say,five to20members within three or four years,(49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty and its standards.And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students,the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students,with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy,West Germany,and Japan.(50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into acommunity of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the1960s and1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements,with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.They also saw higher levels of student discontent,reflecting the weakening of traditional forms of academic communities.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:One foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China.Please write an email to him/her to make some suggestions.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the pictures below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2021年答案速查表SectionⅠUse of English(10points)1.C2.D3.A4.B5.A6.A7.C8.B9.A10.C11.D12.B13.C14.D15.D16.B17.D18.A19.A20.C SectionⅡReading Comprehension(60points)Part A(40points)Text121.D22.B23.C24.D25.DText226.B27.D28.C29.C30.AText331.D32.A33.D34.A35.AText436.C37.B38.B39.D40.APart B(10points)41.G42.C43.E44.B45.DPart C(10points)46.二次世界大战以后，出现了这样的一些西方国家。

2021考研英语一真题及答案解析（转自凯程教育）Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。

Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark [A]，[B]，[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1。

（10 points）3。

A。

close B。

arrange C。

renew D。

postpone5。

A。

Unless B。

Less C。

After D。

Although 6。

A。

into B。

within C。

from D。

through 7。

A。

or B。

since C。

but D。

so8。

A。

test B。

copy C。

recite D。

create 9。

A。

folding B。

piling C。

wrapping D。

tying 10。

A。

passing B。

lighting C。

hiding D。

serving 11。

A。

association B。

meeting C。

collection D。

union 12。

A。

deal B。

part C。

grow D。

live 13。

A。

whereas B。

until C。

for D。

if14。

A。

avoid B。

follow C。

challenge D。

obtain 15。

A。

isolated B。

persuaded C。

viewed D。

exposed 16。

A。

wherever B。

whatever C。

whenever D。

ho wever17。

A。

changed B。

brought C。

shaped D。

pushed 18。

A。

invested B。

divided C。