4 Calamities and Rescues

Unit 4Calamities and RescuesObjectives:★first listen, and then talk about traffic accidents★read about calamities and rescues★write to describe how an airplane crash takes place★practice the use of subject clauses★write to apply for holiday insurance★visit Culture Salon for an introduction to the Red CrossI Passage A Death of a Dream1.SummaryIn 1961 the 18 members of the US figure skating team boarded a plane to travel to Belgium on their way to the world championships in Czechoslovakia. As the plane approached Brussels, the weather was good, but something was wrong with the plane. Twice it descended as if to land but pulled up and ascended again. The second time it exploded and crashed to the ground. All 72 people on the plane were killed and there were ten families that had lost at least two dear members. The crash site was a scene of total destruction. Later three pairs of melted skates were found dangling from one of the wings. The competition in Prague was canceled to honor the dead. Never before had such a terrible tragedy occurred in the sport of skating.nguage Points1.championship: a competition held to determine the champion; position of a championExamples:An American team won the pairs championships.They won the men’s and women’s singles championships respectively. 2.beam: smile brightly and happilyExamples:He is beaming with delight.He beamed inside.3.dazzling: showing skill, qualities or beautyExamples:She gave him a dazzling smile.She has a dazzling diamond.4.senior: older in years; higher in rank, authority, etc.Examples:Mr. Gray is a senior officer in this bank.He is too senior to try for a young man’s job.5.bound: ready to start, having started (for)They were on the New York express, bound for Maine.That ship is bound for South America.6.distress: a state of danger or great difficultyExamples:If the storm continues on the mountain, the climber will be in distress by morning.The lifeboat went out to rescue a ship in distress.7.signal:(n.) something intended to warn, command, or give a messageExamples:A red light is often used as a danger signal.American Indians used to occasionally send smoke signals.(v.) send a signal or signals toExamples:The general signaled to his officers for the attack to begin.She was signaling wildly, waving her arms.8.contact: get in touch with somebodyExamples:I shall contact you by telephone.I must contact my lawyer before I make my fi nal decisions.9.lower: move or let down in heightExamples:Lowering the window shade will keep out the sun.He sat quite still, with his gaze lowered to the carpet.10.approach:(n.) movement towards or near to somethingExamples:Our approach drove away the wild animals.With the approach of the Spring Festival the weather turned cold. (v.) come near or nearerExamples:Walk softly as you approach the bed.I saw a figure approaching towards me.11.collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directionsExamples:The liner is reported to have had a collision with an oil tanker.The two cars were broken into pieces in the collision.12.in any case: whatever happensExamples:In any case, I shall return in a day or two.In any case, I would insist upon your being paid.(n.) a violent vehicle accidentExamples:There have been a lot of crashes lately.All the passengers were killed in the plane crash.(v.) fall or strike suddenly, violently and noisilyExamples:I heard the dinner tray crash to the floor.Standing on the beach, I could hear the waves crashing against the rocks.14.rear: raise; lift upExamples:A lion suddenly reared its head from among the tall grass.The skyscraper rears above the neighboring buildings.15. explode: burst or cause to burst violently and noisilyExamples:The boiler exploded and many people were injured by the hot steam.He pumped the ball up too much and it exploded.16. scatter: separate or cause to separate widelyExamples:A flock of birds scattered when the shot was fired.The government scattered the factories instead of concentrating them ina single area.17.stun: shock into helplessnessExamples:He was stunned by the unfairness of their judgment.She was stunned by the news of her fat her’s death18.tragic: very sad; unfortunateExamples:The tragic accident took eight lives.The driver of the car made a tragic mistake.b through: search something thoroughlyExamples:The students spent many hours in the library, combing through old books looking for facts they wanted.He combed through the files searching for evidence of fraud.20.wreckage: the broken parts of a destroyed thingExamples:After the accident, the wreckage of the cars was removed from the highway.The shore was covered with the wreckage of the destroyed ship1.championship: a competition held to determine the champion; position of a championAn American team won the pairs championships.They won the men’s and women’s singles championships respectively. 2.beam: smile brightly and happilyExamples:He is beaming with delight.He beamed inside.3.dazzling: showing skill, qualities or beautyExamples:She gave him a dazzling smile.She has a dazzling diamond.4.senior: older in years; higher in rank, authority, etc.Examples:Mr. Gray is a senior officer in this bank.He is too senior to try for a young man’s job.5.bound: ready to start, having started (for)Examples:They were on the New York express, bound for Maine.That ship is bound for South America.6.distress: a state of danger or great difficultyExamples:If the storm continues on the mountain, the climber will be in distress by morning.The lifeboat went out to rescue a ship in distress.7.signal:(n.) something intended to warn, command, or give a messageExamples:A red light is often used as a danger signal.American Indians used to occasionally send smoke signals.(v.) send a signal or signals toExamples:The general signaled to his officers for the attack to begin.She was signaling wildly, waving her arms.8.contact: get in touch with somebodyExamples:I shall contact you by telephone.I must contact my lawyer before I make my fi nal decisions.9.lower: move or let down in heightExamples:Lowering the window shade will keep out the sun.He sat quite still, with his gaze lowered to the carpet.10.approach:(n.) movement towards or near to somethingOur approach drove away the wild animals.With the approach of the Spring Festival the weather turned cold. (v.) come near or nearerExamples:Walk softly as you approach the bed.I saw a figure approaching towards me.11.collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directionsExamples:The liner is reported to have had a collision with an oil tanker.The two cars were broken into pieces in the collision.12.in any case: whatever happensExamples:In any case, I shall return in a day or two.In any case, I would insist upon your being paid.13.crash:(n.) a violent vehicle accidentExamples:There have been a lot of crashes lately.All the passengers were killed in the plane crash.(v.) fall or strike suddenly, violently and noisilyExamples:I heard the dinner tray crash to the floor.Standing on the beach, I could hear the waves crashing against the rocks.14.rear: raise; lift upExamples:A lion suddenly reared its head from among the tall grass.The skyscraper rears above the neighboring buildings.15. explode: burst or cause to burst violently and noisilyExamples:The boiler exploded and many people were injured by the hot steam.He pumped the ball up too much and it exploded.16. scatter: separate or cause to separate widelyExamples:A flock of birds scattered when the shot was fired.The government scattered the factories instead of concentrating them ina single area.17.stun: shock into helplessnessExamples:He was stunned by the unfairness of their judgment.She was stunned by the news of her father’s death18.tragic: very sad; unfortunateThe tragic accident took eight lives.The driver of the car made a tragic mistake.b through: search something thoroughlyExamples:The students spent many hours in the library, combing through old books looking for facts they wanted.He combed through the files searching for evidence of fraud.20.wreckage: the broken parts of a destroyed thingExamples:After the accident, the wreckage of the cars was removed from the highway.The shore was covered with the wreckage of the destroyed ship3.Important sentences1. This was going to be the time of their lives.This was going to be their most important and memorable experience.2. The crash site was a scene of total destruction.The place where the plane crashed was completely covered with wreckage.3. The crash stunned skaters and figure skating fans around the globe.The crash shocked figure skaters and their fans everywhere in the world.4. All that remained as rescuers combed through the wreckage were three pairs of melted skates dangling from one of the wings.When rescue workers carefully looked through the wreckage, the only things they found (to remind them of the skaters) were three pairs of melted skates suspended from one of the wings.II Passage B In the Nick of Time1.SummaryAs Katie Pritchard unloaded some groceries from her car, she thought her two sons were playing safely nearby. But they had wandered onto a railroad track and into the path of an approaching train. The train’s engineer and its conductor saw them on the track but could not stop t he train in time. The boys ignored the train’s whistling horn and screeching brakes. So the conductor, Tony Falzo, a former gymnast, hung from the front of the train, jumped at exactly the right moment, and rescued the two boys from the moving train, which barely missed crushing them before it finally stopped. One of the boys had a minor cut and the other was unharmed. The mother said she could find no word in a dictionary to express her gratitude to Tony. nguage Points1.unload: remove (a load) from (something)Examples:They unloaded the books from the car.The plane unloaded the passengers at the terminal.2.wander: move about without aim or purposeExamples:After tea I wandered alone about the town.What peculiar pleasure it is to wander through a strange city.3.cluster: a number of things of the same kind growing or being close together in a groupExamples:Many flowers grow in clusters.Here and there in the suburbs are newly built houses in clusters.4.put away: place something tidilyExamples:The letters were all put away in numbered files.If you have finished with those tools, I wish you’d put them away.5.roar: a deep loud continuing soundExamples:She was frightened by the lion’s roars.The roar of airplane engines announced a coming air aid.6.kneel: go down or remain on the knee(s)Examples:She knelt down to pull a weed from flower-bed.He went into the church, knelt (down) and began to pray.7.head for: move towardExamples:—“Where are you heading for?”—“I’m heading for London.”It’s not clear how many of them will be heading for Shang hai.8.slam: push, move hurriedly and with great forceExamples:He slammed the book down on the table and angrily walked out.She slammed on the brakes and the car came to a stop.9.steer: direct the course of (as a ship or vehicle)Examples:He steered the car skillfully through the narrow streets.He steered the boat between the islands.10.screech: a harsh, piercing soundExamples:The girl’s screeches brought the police.The forest seemed full of monkeys’ screeches.11.pound: beat repeatedlyExamples:With a madly pounding heart he took the steps three a time.Her heart began to pound and new life came into her limbs.12.leap: jump overExamples:When the bus slowed down the man leaped off.He leaped six meters in the broad jump.13.scoop: take up or outExamples:He scooped his books off the floor.She scooped the baby up in her arms and ran from the flame.14.crush: press with great force so as to break, hurtExamples:Don’t crush this box; there are flowers inside.Several people were crushed to death as they tried to escape from the burning theater.15. beneath: belowExamples:They sheltered themselves beneath their umbrellas.She concealed the bottle beneath her mattress.16. instant: a moment of timeExamples:Not for an instant did I believe he had lied.Mr. Carey considered the question for an instant.17.giant: very largeExamples:He bought giant Christmas trees last year.The giant packet gives you more for less money.18.stride: a long step in walkingExamples:In a few strides he crossed the room.He reached the house several strides before us.19.tuck: put into a convenient narrow space for protection, safety, etc. Examples:The bird tucked its head under its wing.Jack tucked a napkin under his chin.20.perch: (cause to) go into or be in the stated position (especially unsafely, or on something high)Examples:He would take out his spectacles and perch them on the end of his nose.The little village perches high among the hills.21.everlasting: lasting for ever; endlessExamples:What is the key to everlasting happiness?Their contributions to science have earned them an everlasting place in history.22.appreciation: grateful feelingExamples:He showed no appreciation of my help.How can we express our appreciation for your help?3.Sentence Explanation1. Just over a slight rise to the west, a 19-car freight train slowly made its way up the incline.On the other side of a small hill to the west, a 19-car freight train slowly climbed up the slope.2. Falzo knew right away that the train was going too fast to stop in time.Falzo quickly realized that the train was going too fast to stop before it hit the children.3. ... Falzo knew he couldn’t outrun it....Falzo knew he couldn’t run faster than the train.4. With one child tucked under each arm, he pressed Todd and Scott down into the roadbed gravel.He held the two kids one under each arm and pushed them down into the roadbed gravel between the rail tracks1. This list goes on, and it is expanding every day.he list of different kinds of advertisements is very long, and it is getting longer and longer.2. Without them acting as sponsors we would not be able to stage international sporting events.Large companies provide the necessary financial support needed for international sporting events, and in return they get to advertise their products at these sporting events.3. As useful as it is, advertisements are sometimes abused by unscrupulous people.Although advertisements have many advantages, some people use them in a dishonest way, usually for a bad purpose.4. Yet these advertisers blatantly ignore facts and promote their products nonetheless.Though these advertisers are consciously aware of the harm of smoking, they choose to overlook the obvious facts and keep on advertising cigarettes.5. Besides giving us a mental jolt they methodically numb and abuse our minds until we watch them without actually seeing and hear their chatter without actually listening.Not only do advertisements surprise us and distract us from the middle of an exciting program, they also attack us mentally to such an extent that we simply feel we don’t see or hear anything when the same advertisements are being repeated.6. Presently advertisement on television is based on hard-selling and relentless assault on the viewers.Now advertisers usually promote their products by putting viewers under extreme psychological pressure and attacking them with repetitive advertising of the same prodIII General Writing: Subject ClausesSubject clauses, which are introduced by that, what, why, whether, who, which, how and so on, are dependent clauses used as a subject in a complex sentence. Example: What you intend to do is interesting.。

大学体验英语综合教程2unit4笔记Unit 4 Calamities and rescues△board,on board,go on board1)Passengers checked their baggage before boarding the plane.2)Many of tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesman.3)The hijackers kept the pilot on board the plane as hostage(人质).4)We went on board Sabena yesterday morning.我们昨天早上登上Sabena号。

△championship n.1.冠军称号2.(pl)锦标赛1)What team did the woman's team championship go to?哪个队获得女子团体体赛冠军？2)The world men's basketball championships 世界男篮锦标赛3)The world singles figure skating championships 世界花样滑冰个人锦标赛△beamVt.vi.smile brightly and happilyN.(日光、灯光等)(一)道、束、柱[比喻]喜悦、笑颜1.beam of sunlight fell on the wall through the window2.Her face beaned with joy.喜形于色3.He beamed his approval of the new idea.4.He beamed on his visitors.△laugh出声(大)笑Smile微笑Giggle女人，孩子Beam书面，喜形于色△bound:adj.1.(~for) going to or intending to go to2.(~to do sth)certain to do sth1)The weather is bound to get better tomorrow.2)Where are you bound for?3)He was said to be bright at school and was almost certainly bound for university.4)There are bound to be times when he or she will encounter difficulties and problems.△distress n.1)危难The life boat went out to a ship in distress.2)穷苦(困) They did what they could to reduce distress among the poor.3)忧虑Two in distress make sorrow less.The mother was in great distress when her baby became ill.△approach vt.1)靠近，接近2)动手处理N.1)途径，方法2)接近1)The winter vacation is approaching.2)The lion's approach drove away the small animals.3)The best approach to learning a foreign language is the study of the spoken language.4)It might be possible to approach the problem in a different way.△collide: 1)crash together with violent impact碰撞2) be or come into conflict砥触，冲突1)If the aims of two countries collide，there may be a war.2) As the bus turned the corner, it collided with a van.3)They were on their way to the airport when their car was involved in a collision with a truck.△rear1) v.(1) (~ up) (of a horse, etc) raise itself on its legs(2) raise esp. one’s head(3) bring up (children)2) n.后部, 尾部, 后方the back part of somethingbring up the rear站在队尾；落在最后；殿后1)The engine of this bus is in the rear.2) Move to the rear of the bus. There are plenty of rear seats.3)We plead for an opportunity to live in decent houses and localities, for a chance to rear the children in physical and moral cleanliness.我们要求有机会住于象样的住房和地区，要求有机会在身心健康的环境中养育我们的孩子。

应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册迟清华鄢明才编著地质出版社·北京·1内容提要本书汇编了国内外不同研究者提出的火成岩、沉积岩、变质岩、土壤、水系沉积物、泛滥平原沉积物、浅海沉积物和大陆地壳的化学组成与元素丰度，同时列出了勘查地球化学和环境地球化学研究中常用的中国主要地球化学标准物质的标准值，所提供内容均为地球化学工作者所必须了解的各种重要地质介质的地球化学基础数据。

本书供从事地球化学、岩石学、勘查地球化学、生态环境与农业地球化学、地质样品分析测试、矿产勘查、基础地质等领域的研究者阅读，也可供地球科学其它领域的研究者使用。

图书在版编目（CIP）数据应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册/迟清华，鄢明才编著. －北京：地质出版社，2007.12ISBN 978－7－116－05536－0Ⅰ. 应… Ⅱ. ①迟…②鄢…Ⅲ. 地球化学丰度－化学元素－数据－手册Ⅳ. P595－62中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2007）第185917号责任编辑：王永奉陈军中责任校对：李玫出版发行：地质出版社社址邮编：北京市海淀区学院路31号，100083电话：（010）82324508（邮购部）网址：电子邮箱：zbs@传真：（010）82310759印刷：北京地大彩印厂开本：889mm×1194mm 1/16印张：10.25字数：260千字印数：1－3000册版次：2007年12月北京第1版•第1次印刷定价：28.00元书号：ISBN 978－7－116－05536－0（如对本书有建议或意见，敬请致电本社；如本社有印装问题，本社负责调换）2关于应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册（代序）地球化学元素丰度数据，即地壳五个圈内多种元素在各种介质、各种尺度内含量的统计数据。

它是应用地球化学研究解决资源与环境问题上重要的资料。

将这些数据资料汇编在一起将使研究人员节省不少查找文献的劳动与时间。

这本小册子就是按照这样的想法编汇的。

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

论体验式教学法在大学英语教学中的应用［摘要］文章对体验学习理论进行了研究和探讨，提出了在大学英语教学中使用体验式教学的概念和模式，这一概念能够反映体验式教学的本质和优势，教学模式也在教学实践中获得了比较好的效果。

［关键词］体验英语教学模式互动一、研究的必要性体验式学习强调的是学习者自主学习，在学习的过程中把所学的内容转化为自身知识并掌握知识的本质。

而体验式英语教学是在目前外语教学理论的发展基础上，借鉴体验式学习的优势而提出的。

当全球的外语教育培训机构力图寻找一种好的培训方式时，体验式学习以其独特的魅力和效果持久的优势照亮了渴求者的眼睛。

体验式培训有效地把“听—看—做”思维与学习者的行动结合在一起，并在这些过程中促使学习者的角色发生转换，成为积极主动的学习体。

学习者通过体验获得了效果持久的知识，同时也体会到了学习是一种莫大的乐趣。

目前，我们国家大学外语教学的发展现状不容乐观，教师基本上使用传统教学模式，课堂成为“讲堂”，教师灌输，学生接受。

如，不少教师在教学目标上，过分重视“记忆”，轻视实际能力的培养；在教学组织上，对创设教学情境，激发和吸引学生主动学习方面重视不够；在课堂师生互动中，重“教师讲话，学生听话”，“对话式”的问答行为少，“质问式”的问答行为多。

这种单一的教授文化的课堂模式异化了学生的学习动机，不利于学生主动发展，需要改革。

要改变以教代学的局面，即采用任务型外语教学法。

体验式教学正是顺应时代发展的需要，故研究这一课题具有重要意义。

二、研究的主要内容1.创设情境，包括情感情境和学习情境。

创设情感情境，是要激励学生学习的兴趣、动机和态度。

创设学习情境，是要容纳学生多样化的学习方式。

创设情境的方法有语言描述、音乐渲染、图画再现、实物演示等。

下面为我们在教学过程中设计的各种学习任务：（1）创设情感情境。

先播放与学习任务有关的音乐，如谈到奥运会时，利用多媒体播放相关情景，让学生感受这方面知识，激发他们的学习兴趣。

大学体验英语二（综合教程）Unit 4Calamities and RescuesListen and TalkLead inNature imposes difficult conditions upon the earth from time to time. The tornado and forest fire destroy natural , homes and other structures, and very often harm or kill people. Technological tragedies happen with little or no warning as we see trains crash and airplanes fall from the sky shortly after take-off. As tragic as calamities are, they seem to best in human nature. People trained in arrive at the scene and begin assisting the injured. Others come with equipment to remove debris. Men, women, and young people willingly come to the scene of an to be of help in some way. These selfless acts of kindness make our world a better place. Compassion eases the wounds of calamities.American Airlines flight number 587 crashed less than three minutes after JFK Airport in New York in November, 2001. an engine fire develop on the plane's number one engine located under the left wing of the Seconds later, the homes, completely destroying four of them. All 260 people airplane were killed along with six people at the crash site, leaving many people to mourn the their loved ones. The residents (people who live in the area of the crash)rallied together to comfort those grieving, while others removed bodies from the wreckage and did the necessary clean-up.Key:1. resources; 2. bring out;3. emergency; 4. accident; 5. taking off;6. Witnesses;7. aircraft;8. crashed into;9. aboard; 10. loss.Passage A: Death of a Dreamthe following questions with the information from the passage.1. Who was a better skater, Laurie or her sister MaribelLaurie was a better skater.was the weather like that dayThe weather was very good. It was warm and sunny with no storms or high winds.3. How many times did the pilot try to landThe pilot tried to land twice but failed.did officials in the Brussels control tower sense that there must be something wrong with the planeThey sensed that something must be wrong when the pilot lost contact with the control tower during the last few minutes before the scheduled landing.do you think was the impact of this plane crash on the sport of skating in the U.S.Answer:Open.3. Choose the best answer to each question based on the information you obtain from the passage.1. The 1961 world ice skating competition was planned to be held __________.A) in New YorkB) in BrusselsC) in BergD) in Prague2. The American skaters were excited when they boarded the plane because __________.A) they were going to fly to Brussels and PragueB) they were a group of young and energetic athletesC) they were heading for a great time in their livesD) they had a large team of eighteen members3. We can infer from the passage that __________.A) Laurie was selected into the team for Prague because she won the North American title for womenB) a skater in a family is likely to influence other members of the family so that they become skaters tooC) Laurie's mother taught her and her sister, Maribel, how to skate when they were little girlsD) Maribel became successful in skating in the United States earlier than her sister Laurie4. A witness of the plane crash reported seeing all of the following except that __________.A) the plane was about to land normallyB) the plane was circling the airportC) the plane climbed suddenly and steeplyD) the plane crashed onto the ground5. To show mourning for the skaters who were killed in the plane crash, __________.A) the skating competition for that year was cancelledB) the rescuers searched the wreckage for melted skatesC) skaters and skating fans helped to collect scattered debrisD) skating fans cried because of the death of their dreams and hopes Anwser: 1. D; 2. C; 3. B; 4. B; 5. A4. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. The driver gave a ____ that he was going to turn right.2. It was reported that 41 people were killed in a plane ____ in the Himalayas last week.3. The ship's captain radioed that it was in ____ .4. The skaters moved over the ice with a smooth, effortless ____ .5. The bomb was taken away and the soldiers ____ it at a safe distance from the houses.6. They were on their way to the Shropshire Union Canal when their car was involved in a ____ with a truck.7. The Central Bank ____ interest rates by 2 percent.8. He ____ a cheerful welcome as he opened the door for the distinguished guest.9. He used to ____ his toys all over the floor and I had to pick them up.10. The _____ of the world's forests concerns everyone in some way. Anwser:1. signal 2. crash 3. distress 4. grace 5. exploded6. collision7. lowered8. beamed9. scatter 10. destruction5. Complete the following sentences with phrases or expressions from the passage.1. Marta ____ a box of old photographs, looking for the baby'sportrait.2. The cost of the house may be lower than we first thought; but ___ it will still be beyond our reach.3. The struggle between the drug company and the Government over prices finally ___ a satisfactory settlement.4. She was on a plane ____ Moscow when she fell ill.5. As soon as I was ____ , I began to have second thoughts about leaving.Anwser: 1. combed through 2. in any case 3. ended in 4. bound for 5. on boarda dictionary for the usage of the following words and make a sentence with each of them.1. The ____ (crew) are paid to do all the work on the ship.’d be a fool not ____ (embrace) an opportunity as good as that.3. The horse ____ (rear) up when it heard the gun shot.general election, originally ____ (schedule) for 29th September, is to be postponed until December.flower show ____ (grace) by the presence of the Queen.Anwser: 1. crew 2. to embrace gracedthe following sentences into English.1. 她在公共汽车站一直等到末班车进站。

Unit 4 Calamities and RescuesPassage A Death of a DreamThey boarded the plane in New York City with high hopes. The 18 members of the United States figure skating team would fly to Brussels, Belgium. Then they were to go on to Prague, Czechoslovakia, for the world ice skating championships. A photo was taken of the team members as they stood on the steps of the Sabena Airlines 707 jet. The best of America's skaters beamed for the camera. Mostly young, they laughed and giggled, their eyes dancing with excitement. This was going to be the time of their lives.There were three ice skating pairs on the plane. Two were brother-and-sister teams: Laurie and William Hickox and Ida and Ray Hadley. There was also the husband-and-wife team of Patricia and Robert Dineen. But the brightest star of all was a singles skater. Her name was Laurence "Laurie" Owen. Only 16 years old, she had won the North American title for women just two days earlier. Laurie had great skill, dazzling grace, and a winning smile.Laurie came from a skating family. Her mother, Maribel, had won the U.S figure skating championship nine times. Laurie had an older sister who shared her mother's name. Maribel Owen, age 20, was not quite as strong a skater as Laurie. Still, she had just won the U.S. senior pairs championship. All three of the Owen women were on the plane bound for Brussels.Sabena Flight 548 took off at 7:30 P.M. on February 14, 1961. The flight across the Atlantic was pleasant. Early the next day, the plane neared the airport at Brussels. There seemed to be no cause for concern. There was no distress signal of any kind from the pilot, Captain Louis Lambrechts. There were no storms or high winds in the region. In fact, the weather was perfect. It was warm and sunny.But something must have gone wrong in the cockpit. During the last few minutes before the scheduled landing, Captain Lambrechts did not contact the Brussels airport. Just before 10:00 A.M., he lowered the wheels of the jet and began his approach to land. But, at the last moment, he pulled the plane up. Perhaps he saw another jet taking off and feared a collision. Or perhaps he already knew that something was wrong with his plane. In any case, he circled the airport and prepared to try again.Lambrechts came in a second time, flying about 500 feet over a farm near the village of Berg, northeast of Brussels. Then he suddenly increased his speed and pulled the plane into a steep climb. By this time, officials in the Brussels control tower could tell that something was very wrong. "We saw the crash coming," said one official. "They couldn't have been faster," the official said. "But there was nothing they could do."A man riding on a train saw that the plane was in trouble. "The plane appeared to be making a normal approach to land when it suddenly reared up into the sky," he said. "Then it fell back like a great stone and we heard the explosion."It was 10:05 A.M. when the Sabena jet hit the ground and exploded in a ball of flames. It just missed hitting a row of houses. All 72 people on board were killed, including 49 Americans and 11 members of the crew. There was nothing anyone could do. The crash site was a scene of total destruction. Debris was scattered over 200 yards. Charred remains and body parts were strewn all over the area. Several couples on the plane were found locked in a final embrace.The crash stunned skaters and figure skating fans around the globe. Never before had anything so tragic happened in their sport. To honor the dead, the Prague competition was canceled. The crash was particularly devastating for some families. In addition to the Owen family, with its loss of three women, nine other skating families suffered more than one death. The hopes and dreams of these athletes had ended in a flash. All that remained as rescuers combed through the wreckage were three pairs of melted skates dangling from one of the wings.PA 梦断魂萦在纽约，美国花样滑冰队的18名成员踌躇满志地登上飞机。

1化学的起源化学可以被广泛的定义为分子的科学和它们之间的转换;和数学不同,化学在人类之前;我们的星球地球上的生命和人类的外观很可能是化学进程的具体结果;化学过程从历史的开端一直到现在都出现在人们的生活中;最初,这些过程不在我们的掌控之中,例如,果汁的发酵,肉和鱼的腐烂,木头的燃烧;后来我们学着去控制化学进程使用它来生产不同的产品,比如食物,金属,陶瓷和皮革;在化学的发展上,主要区分为四个阶段：史前化学,希腊化学,炼金术,科学化学;早期的化学很明显是被人们实际需要所激发的;火的发现提供了史前人类开始控制化学反应的一次机会;他们合成一些黄铜,青铜和其他易得材料的物品;因为人类早期对化学过程的应用早于记载,所以没有关于它们化学技能的记录;唯一可以判断它们化学能力的是考古的发现和不同的人造品;正如早期数学发展一样,实际需要影响着化学的发展;但是化学和数学在这个阶段很可能没有关系;即使有,也没有记录来确定这些;希腊化学主要建立在推测的基础上而不是在实验的基础上;这是古希腊所有科学的普遍特征;古希腊科学家实际上是哲学家,所以希腊对思考如此感兴趣盛于实验也就不足为奇了;事实上他们很少做思考之外的实验;这对数学是一个好的方法但是却不是对于物理,化学和生物科学;然而,希腊人思考了许多关于自然和物质结构,他们可以被看作早期化学理论的创造者;希腊引进了元素的概念总共提出了四种元素;Thalesren认为所有的东西来自一种基本的物质,就是水;Anaximenes,接受了元素的概念,但他认为来单独的元素自于空气中的物质;Heraclitus,认为宇宙的基本的特点是不断变化的,把火作为永久变化的元素;Empedocles摒弃了了单独元素的概念并引进了四种元素：水,空气,火和土,他也因为他的实验证明了空气是一种物质结构而出名;火这种元素最早被柏拉图引用他猜测每种元素的粒子有特定的形体,尽管这种粒子太小以至于看不见;因此,火的最小的粒子有规则的四面体结构,空气是八面体,水是二十面体,土是立方体主要是六面体;规则的四面体,八面体,二十面体,立方体是多面体的例子,总共有五种;规则的的多面体表面是全等的规则体,点和点是全等的;火是被认为最小,最尖锐和最轻的在所有的元素中,因为它很容易伤人和熄灭;看似规则的四面体是自然的选择被认为是火的形状,因为它是规则多面体中最小和最尖锐的;水是最大,最滑和最重的,因为它总是从地表光滑的流入峡谷;因此,正二十面体似乎是一种自然的选择,其形状由二十个正三角形组成;空气在火与水之间,于是出现了自然分配规则的八面体由八种正三角形组成空气;那就是正八面体有相同的面;正三角形,作为正四面体和正八面体的面;它面得数量在那两个面数量之间;事实上,这些四面体,八面体和二十面体可以被分解成也可以相似的形成其他多面体的正三角形,柏拉图认为,火,空气和水是可以相互转化的,也就是说,说能够被火转化成空气,然而在高层大气中当空气中没有火时,它就只能转化为水,形成雨或雪;最后一种元素是重而稳定的土;它被假设成为立方体形,由六个正方形组成;因为它不可能减少立方而转变为三角形,也不可能转变为正方形,所以柏拉图认为土不能够转变成为火,空气或者是水;这些都在柏拉图的蒂迈欧篇的对话中被讨论过;在十二面体中,柏拉图看到了宇宙的外部形状,因为在所有规则的正多面体中,它的体积是最接近球体体积的;蒂迈欧篇也包含了一些有关于有机和无机体的组成的讨论,可以被视为一个基本的有关化学的论文;在这一点上应该也许强调,柏拉图教导,理念,形式,是真正的基本模式背后的现象,这是说,思想是最根本的对象;柏拉图的这种四种元素的形状规则很有可能第一次用数学的模型应用在化学上;因为规则的多面体是数学结构物体;这种规则存在着点,面,楞的数量关系,第一次被欧拉发现,所以称为欧拉定理;描述为：V+F-E=2这是被认为第二完美的数学公式;有趣的是,为什么希腊人没有发现欧拉公式呢可能最简单的解释就是希腊数学比拓扑学要早两千年;作为数学的一部分,拓扑学只注重于处理事物之间的联系,而不关心事物的本质和度量;关于上述元素的一般化论述是被Aristotle提出的;他接受了四种元素的理念,同时引进了元素变化的概念;Aristotle认为通过结合事物相反的基本属性就能获得这些元素;这些属性包括冷、热和冷、湿和干;湿和热的结合产生了空气,湿和冷的结合形成了水;类似的,冷和干形成土;Aristotle还提出了第五种元素,被称为典范的醚;他认为天空和宇宙就是有着第五种元素构成;它定义了一种简单体,其他的物质都能分解为这种简单体但它本身却不可再分;他对一些化学反应进行了分类,首先提到的就是汞和蒸馏技术;Aristotle的思想主导了科学界近两千年;希腊学者还提出了关于物质结构的另一种理论,这关系到物质的可分割性;Leucippus是思考这个问题的打一个希腊哲学家;他认为物质是不能被无穷分解的,应为在物质分解的过程中,物质迟早会被分解的小到无法再被分解;他的学生Democritus,来自于Abdera,继续发展了他的理论;Democritus将这种最终的物质命名为原子,以为不可再分割的;我们常说的术语原子被来源于此;原子的概念是物质结构的原子理论和唯物主义哲学的基础;希腊哲学家们,特别是Aristotle不接受Leucippus和Democritus的原子理论;然而,原子理论并没有就此完结,因为Epicurus将原子理论作为他哲学思想的一部分,Epicurus的哲学思想在接下来的几个世纪都为人追捧;其中之一就是罗马诗人和哲学家Lucretius,他写的一本名曰De,Rerum Nature的精彩教学性诗集;在这本书中他大力颂扬原子理论的Democritus和Epicurus;Democritus和Epicurus的大部分工作记录都遗失了,但Lucretius的诗集完整无缺的保留了下来,并担任起向现代希腊人传达原子理论的中人;院子的分离和原子弹的出现就证实了原子理论是一个多完美的理论模型;在整个历史过程中,唯心主义哲学和唯物主义哲学一直的相反的,从化学的角度来看哲学,唯物主义为理解化合物的结构提供了一个基础;然而,物质的宏观性质,例如气味、颜色和味道也能被Plato的思想解释,同时他的理论也特别适合学习化合物结构的数学性质;如果我们结合唯物主义哲学在化学方面的实验性成果和唯心主义哲学的理论性成果,很明显,它们都是为化学发展所需的;当然,对于其他学科也是如此;炼金术作为一种化学形式,存在于公元前300年一直到十七世纪的后半叶;这是一个对于化学发展少有帮助的时期;因为炼金术士是一群对于理论和数学都不怎么关心的实验性人员;他们有两个主要目的：1点石成金；2长生不老;炼金术来源于古埃及;炼金术士的工作中有许多的魔法,并且他们的符号也很难被破译;然而,许多炼金术士所使用的译码系统都是真正的密码和一些基础数学;必须强调的是,化学作为一门科学真正始于时期实际的后半叶;随着Boyle的The Sceptical Chymist一书的出现,炼金术已逐渐转化为现在为人所知的科学化学;从炼金术到科学化学的转化时期持续了一个多世纪;它始于Boyle的书,终止于Lavoisier的Ttaite Elementire de Chimie;在这一时期出现了第一个统一性化学理论,名曰燃素理论;燃素来源于希腊词汇Φλογστοσ,意思为易燃的;如今,许多字典将化学定义为“研究物质组成、结构、性质和物质相互转化的反应的科学”;然而,知道了化学的定义并不等同于理解了它的实质;事实上,化学是一门实验科学;实验充当了两个角色;它为观察提供了基础,通过观察我们可以定义一些能被理论所解释的问题;同时,它为验证新理论的正确性提供了了一种途径;我们强调实验对于化学的重要性;2饮用水质量和健康消除水体中感染的病源是确保公共供水系统安全的主要考虑的因素;在上个世纪,当人们认识到细菌的起因,消除了下水道水污染,应用了消毒处理后,英国和欧洲其他国家的主要流行病：霍乱和伤寒基本消灭了;1937年在英国,由于氯化处理所有的公共供水系统导致了伤寒流行病;从那时到1986年,在英国的记录中一共有34次水体疾病的爆发;在这些疾病中,21次是由于公共供水系统的消毒失败和水处理带来的污染所造成的;近来出现了一些影响水系统微生物安全性的新问题;但是在保持有效监控策略的同时,通过数种合适的消毒措施保持足够的安全性却使其达到记录史最高水平;尽管早期饮用水标准中已经包含了铅及其他有毒元素的标准;但20世纪后半叶以来,人们对健康因素于饮用水中化学成分关系的关注却仍在不断增加;在20世纪70年代和80年代,最主要的水质化学处理的热点源于色谱以及后来的质谱的应用;起初源于杀虫剂,这些和随后分析科学的发展第一次揭示在痕量中水中的有机物含量有很大范围的变化;这些东西对健康的重要性仍然还不清楚,但毫无疑问,在如此高的浓度下,很多现象已经显现出来;很不幸,饮用水中化学物质的组成严重影响健康,尽管它含量很少很难测量,但在人一生中如此低的浓度的含量也很容易显现出来;由于缺少影响人类健康的鲜明证据,以毒理学估计为基础,许多国家,国际组织采取对饮用水化学成分的预防限制;例如：世界健康组织,美国环境保护署,加拿大健康及福利社,欧盟等;这些限制包含了无机物和有机物的限制;在1971年,世界健康组织一共提出了饮用水中九种化学物质的限制,八种无机物和一种有机物;到1993年,在WHO中饮用水指标中的化学物质限制共增长到94项,22种无机物,72种有机物;这一阶段因此很明显和饮用水标准中增加的复杂性有关;除了考虑对健康的影响外,饮用水的化学成分在消费者的可接受性方面也是相当重要的;它涉及外观,气味,味道,硬度和腐蚀性等;目前公共供水系统的质量要求的规定是在1989年的英国和威尔士的供水法规上定义的;而相同的标准已经被苏格兰和北爱尔兰废除了;英国标准必须符合欧盟指令,指令是水质必须是以人们的消费为目的的;这个法令限低了水中44种物质的含量,很多地区被规范;在欧盟中这些指令提供了国家关于饮用水中物质最低量的基础;对更大范围内的污染物进行更严格的限制,必须包含在自然法规中;例如,英国饮用水标准中增加了11项标准;在1984年和1993年,WHO提出了饮用水指标,这是世界专家所做的最新综述和建议;并且,提出这些是为了负责地给世界范围内的国家机构提供制定饮用水标准的指导;WHO指标还没有立法效应,但它广泛的提供了在饮用水健康方面的有用信息;欧盟的饮用水质量标准的基础,在1985年推行,但貌似在某种程度上WHO的饮用水标准自1970年推出后从没实行过;这个标准已经广泛的被科学界所批判,现在正在审查最近WHO提出的大多数指标;未处理的天然水通常铅的含量很低,饮用水中铅含量几乎完全由家庭中的铅管和服务设施所带来的,它经常但不总是于软水连接在一起,随着和铅管的接触,铅溶解的浓度增加,最大铅含量是在早上首次使用时;现代管道系统避免了铅的使用,但英国的许多旧设施仍然用铅管,甚至在软水地区;除了用铅管,铅也可能是某种焊接材料的成分,合金和聚氯乙烯管也会接触到饮用水;铅通常是一种有毒物并在骨骼内积累,血铅含量经常作为铅含量的指标,许多研究已经表明血铅含量和水中铅含量有关;当今英国饮用水血铅浓度限制是低于50ug/L;饮用水中如此低的铅含量可以导致检测血铅总量的增加,虽然它引起了对可能的结果的关注,但这一事实本事并非坏事;影响儿童学习能力,一般行为的神经生理学因素是最重要的,这些儿童以及孕妇,婴儿是人口中最易感人群;根据一些证据的审核,WHO在1993年建立了一个健康标准,饮用水中铅含量要低于10ug/L;水处理是铅溶解可能的补救措施中最引人注目的;小心的调节PH使其在8到8.5之间,加入少量的正磷酸盐,在某种情况下可以有效的将铅含量减少到50ug/L;然而没有办法用水处理方法来完成10ug/L的铅限量,唯一的补救措施就是完全代替铅而用一种更可行的材料;这是一种很昂贵的选择,WHO已经认识到需要时间来找到这种材料;人们都知道铅溶解难以解决,因而必须来减少消费者对水腐蚀的接触,并建议人们避免使用‘首次’的水;流经铅管多次的水的含铅浓度根据不同因素决定如接触时间和流量,最主要的是在对比铅的标准进行的水检测时确保样品的条件具有充分的代表性;自从1960年之后,在大英联合王国有大量的证据表明水中硝酸盐的含量有所增加,虽然把这种现象的原因归因于过多的氮肥使用,但是也有一些额外的因素需要被考虑;这些因素包括改变土地的使用,特别是把草原转变成耕地,以及不断增加的废水流入底下水的循环;硝酸盐在引用水中的限制基于它对血液疾病的影响,如正在哺育的婴儿所患有的正铁血红蛋白症;1970年世界健康组织欧洲饮用水标准合适的硝酸盐含量为50mg/L,含量在50~100mg/L被认为是可以接受的供量,医学权威警告说超过这个量就有患上婴儿正铁血红蛋白症的可能危险;欧盟饮用水指导允许的最大硝酸盐含量50mg/L,这也是世界健康组织在1933年设立的指导值;在英国硝酸盐的含量超过50mg/L就对邻近的数百万人有潜在的影响,但是并没有婴儿正铁血红蛋白症案例的证据;人们大量的关注在成年人的胃里摄取的硝酸盐被还原成亚硝酸盐的可能性,亚胺的存在导致了内部含氮亚硝基化合物的合成;含氮亚硝基化合物的重要性在于它们中的大多数对实验室的动物有高致癌性,同样也关注到水中高的硝酸盐含量与肠胃和泌尿系统癌症不断增加的发生率有关;在英国整个情况并不是如此,然而还是能支持这个观点;不仅当硝酸盐含量增加是肠胃癌发生率增加,而且在许多地区发现当饮用水中硝酸盐含量很低时仍有很高的肠胃癌发生率;世界健康组织审查了有关水中硝酸盐和胃癌关系的有利证据,得出：胃癌和水中硝酸盐含量的关系没有可信的证据,但在当前指标中,高于这个浓度时,证据是不确定的;3 元素周期表随着对原子的描述越来越详尽,我们发现自己处于进退两难之地;涉及着100种元素,我们怎样使这些元素保持连续性;一种方法是用元素周期表,周期表把原子信息列成表;它记录着一种元素含有多少质子和电子,它使我们可以计算出大多数元素同位素的中子数;周期表也存有每种元素的电子排列情况;周期表最不寻常的是它的发展是在人们还不知道原子中含有质子和中子之前;道尔顿提出了他的原子模型后不久一种不可再分的粒子,它的质量取决于它的性质,化学家开始根据原子质量来排列元素;当得出这种元素表,科学家们观测到元素的规律;例如,那些出现在特定的位置重的元素有某些相似性,这一观点已经越来越明显;当时已知的约60种元素中,第二种和第九种元素表现出相似性,第三种与第十种元素,第四种与第十一种元素也都具有相似的性质;1869年,门捷列夫,一个俄国化学家,提出了他们的元素周期表;他列表时考虑到原子质量和元素某种特性的周期性;这些元素主要是按原子质量递增的顺序排列的;在特别情况下,门捷列夫把较重的元素放在较轻元素之前;他这样做是为了在相同列上的元素有相似的化学性质;比如,他把蹄原子质量=128放在碘原子质量=127之前,因为蹄的性质和硫及硒相似,而碘的性质和氯及溴相似;门捷列夫i在他的周期表中列了许多气体,在他的周期表中留下了一些空格,他非但没有将那些空格看成缺憾,反而大胆地预测还存在着未被发现的元素;而且,他还预测了许多未知元素的性质;在接下来的几年里,许多气体被填充在新发现的元素中;这些元素的性质通常和门捷列夫预测的非常接近;这些伟大创新的预测使门捷列夫的元素周期表被广泛接受;我们都知道,一种元素的性质主要取决于原子最外层能级上的电子数;Na在它的最外层能级第三层有一个电子,Li原子在它的最外层第二层有一个单独的电子;Na和Li的化学性质相似;He和Ne原子已将所有能级排满,它们性质也相似,就是不容易发生化学反应;很明显,不仅具有相似性电子构型排列的原子有相似的化学性质,而且,某种电子排列会比其他的排列更稳定;在门捷列夫的元素周期表中,大多数情况下元素是按照原子质量排列的;这种排列也揭示了元素化学的周期性;因为电子数决定了元素的化学性质,所以电子数也应该决定元素在周期表中的位置;在现代元素周期表中,元素是按照原子序数来排列的;注意,这个数表明在一种元素的中性原子中有多少质子和中子;现代元素周期表,根据原子序数的递增而排列的,而门捷列夫周期表是以原子质量的递增来排列的,通常原子序数的增加是与原子质量的增加同步的;在特殊情况下,原子质量落后于原子序数,因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的而加和,故原子质量并不完全随原子序数增加而增加;有可能一种较低原子序数的原子有更大的原子质量;因此可以在元素周期表上看出来;Ar原子的质量比k原子的质量重;Te原子比I原子质量重;现代元素周期表的竖列叫做族;每一族的元素在最外层能级上有相同的电子数,因而有相反的化学性质,水平的行叫做周期;每一新周期预示着主电子能级的开始;例如,na从第三行开始;它的最外电子层是第三层第一个电子,因为每一行就开始了一个新的能级,所以我们可以从上到下预测原子的大小,因为当电子远离中子是,容易移动,我们也可以预测到原子越大,电离能越低,电离能是能移动电子的能量;在化学中,元素被分为两大类,金属元素和非金属元素,金属元素通常很硬,有光泽的元素,是可竖的,有延展性,我们也知道电子可以导电导热,现代社会建设中所需的许多坚固框架就是来自金属;五千多年前,金属的发明和使用将人类文明带出石器时代;第二类元素的特点是缺乏金属性,它们是非金属元素;非金属元素通常是气体或液体并不导电;在普遍性之外也有许多需要值得注意的例外,也有非常硬的非金属和很软的金属;比如,C的一种非金属金刚石是现知最硬的物质;汞,一种金属,在室温下为液体;几乎每个人对金属有普遍的认识; 除了物理性质之外,金属和非金属在化学性质上也有不同,我们将在后面章节中讨论;区别金属和非金属的性质也不是绝对的,许多元素有折中的性质,许多可归为独立的一类;划分元素并不局限于将他们划分为这两类;我们发现所有的金属并不完全相同,所以进一步分类是有可能的;这就像人类分为两种性别,男和女;但后来发现可以根据性格进一步划分内向和外向;关于金属,我们首先注意到许多化学性质并不活泼;一些金属如铜、金、银是非常耐腐蚀、耐生锈的;许多金属制的硬币和珠宝,不仅因为他们相对稀有美观,也因为他们有化学惰性;由于这个原因他们被称为贵金属;发现于几百年前沉船上的金币和银币沉入海底后,仍然可以打磨出他们原有的光泽;其他的金属却很不同,他们与水和空气反应很剧烈,实际上锂、钠、钾必须保存在油中,因为他们可以与水剧烈地反应可以达到爆炸;这些金属可以归纳为我们所知的活泼金属;因此,铜、银、金可以归为一类金属,锂、钠、钾可以归为另一类;以这些金属的相似关系,我们也适当的进行了归类;到目前为止,周期表中我们主要强调的是竖列;包含一族元素;事实上,在水平行上也有许多相同的特征;周期表中水平行中的元素叫做周期元素;每一周期是以一族元素结束的,称为惰性气体;这些元素就像贵金属一样,由单原子组成性质不活泼;低一周期包含两种元素,H和He;第二、三周期有八种元素,第四、五周期有十八种元素;第六周期有三十二种元素,第七周期有26种第七周期如果排满将包含三十二种元素;每一族是按该元素上方的数字编号的,最常用的是罗马数字后紧随A和B;另一种方法最终被接受,从第一族到第十八族;现在还不确定哪种方法胜出,或选用其他方法会被普遍接受;4总结化合物宿命包括：水,盐,糖,氨和石英;Compounds common names include water , salt , sugar, ammonia ,and quartz.1.阳离子命名the names of cations1.单原子阳离子的名称同元素的名称相同,后跟随离子一词;The names of monatomic cations are the same as the name of the element , with the addition of the word ion .例如：钠离子Sodium ion2 当一种元素可以形成不止一种阳离子,用编码---罗马数字等于离子电荷数来命名;When an element can form more than one kind of cation , we use the stock number , a Roman numeral equal to the change of the cation .例如：亚铜离子Cu+copperI ion 铜离子Cu2+ copperII ion亚铁离子Fe2+ironII ion 铁离子Fe3+ironIII ion2.阴离子命名Names of Anions1单原子阴离子命名时,元素名作为第一部分,加上后缀—ide;Monatomic anion are named by adding the suffix—ide and the first part of the。

大学英语精读课程教学大纲（实验班）一、层次与学制：本科，四年制二、教学时数：260学时，第一、二、三、四学期开设；周学时4三、适用专业：国际工商管理学院2010级1、2班四、课程性质与任务大学英语教学是我国高等教育的一个有机组成部分，也是体现我校“成人、成才、成功”教育理念的一门必修公共基础课。

大学体验英语综合教程教学是以英语语言知识与使用技能、学习策略和跨文化交际为主要内容，以外语教学理论为指导，充分利用现代化信息技术，采用基于计算机和课堂的大学英语精读教学模式，改进以教师讲授为主的单一教学模式，有利益促进学生个性化学习方法的形成和自主学习能力的发展。

大学英语精读课教学的终旨是培养学生的英语综合应用能力及以口头和书面的形式进行信息交流的能力。

五、教学教学目的与基本要求大学英语教学的目的是：培养学生的英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流，同时增强其自主学习能力，提高综合文化素养，以适应我国社会发展和国际交流的需要。

教学要求：1. 听力理解能力能听懂英语授课并能听懂日常英语谈话和一般性题材的讲座，能基本听懂慢速英语节目，语速为每分钟120词左右，能掌握其中心大意，抓住要点，能运用基本的听力技巧帮助理解。

2. 口语表达能力能在学习过程中用英语交流，并能就某一主题进行讨论，能就日常话题和英语国家的人士进行交谈，能就熟悉的话题，经准备后做简短发言，表达比较清楚，语音、语调基本正确。

能在交谈中使用基本的会话策略。

3. 阅读能力能基本读懂一般性题材的英文文章，阅读速度达到每分钟70词。

在快速阅读篇幅较长、难度略低的材料时阅读速度达到每分钟100词。

能基本读懂国内英文报刊，掌握中心意思，理解主要事实和有关细节；能读懂工作、生活中常见的应用文体；能在阅读中使用有效的阅读方法。

4. 书面表达能力能完成一般性的写作任务，能描述个人的经历、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出不少于150字的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯；能掌握基本的写作技能。

英语口语话题英语口语话题1. Do you think a girl should share the expenses or let the boy pay the bill?2. If you were given a billion dollars, what would you do with it?3. What do you think is the most important factor that leads you to buy something: price, quality orbrand name?4. If a student is afraid of speaking English in front of other people, what suggestions can you give?5. Do you think the bicycle is an old or new form of transport?6. Is there a friend who is very special to you? Explain why your friendship is special.7. How should we learn from our mistakes?8. What is the role of money in your life?9. What do you think are the qualities of good parents?10. When you need search for new information, which will you resort to, Internet or books? 11. What is the role of mobile phone in your life? How can college students use money properly? 12. If you don’t have enough money, will you borrow a lot of money from bank to buy a house? 13. Compared with traditional Chinese culture, do young people show more interests on foreign cultures?Why?14. What is your favorite English movie? Why?15. Do you think it is good for parents to send their children to study abroad when they are still young? 16. Since there is only one child in the family, many parents spoil their children. Do you think thisbehavior is a kind of love?17. Should college students be encouraged to take up part-time jobs?18. If you could choose, would you prefer to be famous or ordinary?19. Many people believe that “a woman’s place is in the home”. Do you agree or disagree with this idea?20. What does the sentence “A friend in need is a friend indeed” meanto you?21. What does the sentence “Where there is a will，there is a way” mean to you?22. What does the sentence “Time and tide wait for no man” mean to you?23. What does the sentence “No pains，no gains” mean to you?24. What does the sentence “It's never too late to learn.” mean to you?25. What does the sentence “Knowledge is power” mean to you?26. What does the sente nce “Practice makes perfect” mean to you?27. Should different cultures integrate or keep their own characteristics?28. What is the relationship between one’s attitude to life and one’s fate? Does the former determine thelatter or is it the other way round?29. After finishing undergraduate studies, would you like to find a job or pursue a postgraduate degree?Why?30. In what ways can people become confident?31. What is your opinion on plastic surgery?32. What is your opinion on GM(genetically modifies) foods?33. What is your opinion on mercy killing?34. Do you think it is necessary for Chinese students to spend so much time on English? 35. Is university education necessary for most senior middle school graduates? 36. How do you see the importance of communication in modern society?37. Can you tell your own experience the shortcomings of the traditional ways of foreign languageteaching and learning in China?38. What would you suggest to improve our language learning?39. Which do you prefer, traveling by train or by plane?40. What kind of qualities would make a teacher popular among students?41. If everything in the world had to change to the same color, what color would you choose and why? 42. If you were an animal, what would you choose to be?43. If you were a musical instrument, what would you choose to be?44. If you were the teacher, how would our class be different?45. Tell us what is your ideal lifestyle?1. Please talk about the importance of time. What’s your view on it?2. Green food is now becoming more and more popular. Do you know why? And can you say something about the changes in people’s diet nowadays?3. Your best friend’s sister is going to marry an American, and you two talk about the marriage across nations.4. Finding a job, further study or going abroad, which will you choose and how do you prepare to achieve the goal?5. You find your best friend is smoking, and you want to stop him /her, so you talk with him /her about the harm of smoking and try to persuade him /her to quit smoking.6. “The thinner, the better?” You are free to exchange your views on beauty.7. How would you like to get rid of your stress in daily life? Please share your experiences with your partner.8. Live to work or live to enjoy? You are required to present your opinions to your partner.9. How do you understand “Green Olympics”, what do you think is our duty to achieve thisgoal?10. Campus marriage: good or bad?11. Do you think surfing on the Internet can help you? And how?12. Do you believe in love at first sight? What’s your definition of “true love”?13. What can you do to resist temptation(诱惑) when shopping? (Your partner is crazy abouteach hot item on sale, while you are rather sensible and are ready to give some advice.)14. Do you have a mobile phone? If you do, do you think it’s good or bad? If you don’t,would you like to buy one? Why?15. Do you like developing friendship or love with a key pal(网友)? Why or why not?16. Is it better for a woman to find a good husband than to find a good job? You two are on opposite sides and are supposed to give your own opinions.17. If you got 5,000,000 Yuan by winning lottery ticket, what will you do? Share your opinion with your partner.18. “Laughter is the best medicine.” You two can discuss it freely.19. Do you think there is a friendship between parents and children? How can you improve it? 20. Do you often judge people by appearances? How do you think about it? 21. My view on the value of life.22.There still exists sexual discrimination against the female in job market in China. What’s your opinion on it?23. Do you think honesty is going out of style ?why or why not?24. Are you afraid of making mistakes? What helps you overcome them? Can you give an example?25.Have you ever cheated on exams or thought of cheating on exams? What are the reasons? 26. What is intelligence? Does a high score in an intelligence test mean one is intelligent ? 27.What kind of feeling do you have when you are praised? How do you feel when you are blamed?28. If a foreigner comes to visit our university, how do you make a brief introduction of our campus to him or her?29. Your friends ask you to go to see a film this evening. You don't want to go as you havea lot of homework to do. What do you say to them?30. What is your idea of a qualified teacher?31. What are the essential qualities to success?32. Do you think what is your most difficult part when you learn English?33. Can you describe the importance of self-confidence? Can you give some examples or tell your own experience about it?34. What do you think a young person can learn from an old man?35. Do you think who are more important, old friends or new friends? What’s the most important among friends?36. Do you have any idea of the greenhouse effect?37. What’s your feeling about the earthquake in Wenchuang?38. When an earthquake comes, what should we do to protect ourselves?39. Discuss a person you respect or admire. And why?40. What can we do to build up a healthy environment?41. My view on opportunity and challenge.42. Discuss the difference between college life and middle school life. 43. Do you want to find a job you are interested in or a well-paid one? You’re free to talkabout your future jobs.44. What kind of TV programs do you like best? You are required to makea conversation about one of your favorite TV programs you have watched recently?45. How do you define “Happiness”?46. Have you ever taken part in a certain elective course? How is it going on? Why did you choose it? Do you benefit a lot from it?47. What kind of physical challenges do you enjoy best? Describe the excitement of that activity. And how about mental challenges? (Reference words: mountaineering, skating, car racing,chess games, marketing, etc.)48. What’s your own way of spending two-day weekend? Anything special? You are welcometo name some advisable choices for our weekend.49. What is your favorate holiday? (reference: Spring Festival ,Moon’s Day, Thanksgiving Day,Easter , Christmas, etc.)50. Do you love traveling? What places of interest have you ever been to? Please share yourtraveling experiences with your partner and tell him or her what you learn from it?51. Teacher, a person who you care, famous, neighbor, old person, my friend:52. child53. An activity in English class:54. Advantages of studying English:55. When to start to study English for children:56. English is useful if you work in a Chinese company:57. Second foreign language58. Shopping59. Business:60. A story heard in your childhood61. Films62. The experience of being late:TOPIC 1 Famous UniversitiesSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Universities”.1( What kind of universities are good universities in your eyes?2( Do you think universities should try their best to provide their students with more scholarships? Whyor why not?3( Do you feel encouraged by Passage B “Students, you represent our best hope”? Explain.4( If you had the opportunity to further your study in famous universities either at home or abroad,which would you choose, Why?5( What is the aim for your college life,Explain.6( Please briefly introduce your university or a famous university in the world.Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What can make a university famous? Please give as many examples as possible.TOPIC 2 Jobs and CareersSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Jobs and Careers”.1. Do you often log on the Internet? What do you usually do online?2. Do you think the Internet will be used more extensively in your lifetime? Please explain.3. Do you know how to find the right job for you?4. Have you ever had any part-time job? If yes, share your experience with your partner. If not, do youwant to have one?5. Do you think having a part-time job might affect your academic performance? Why or why not?6. Do you think you can find your dream job via the internet?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What factors influence young people when they are deciding on their future jobs and careers?TOPIC 3 Advertising and EntertainmentSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Advertising andEntertainment”.1、 What can we benefit from public service advertisements?2、 Why do people fall victim to advertisements?3、 How can we take good advantage of advertisements?4、 Why do people love entertainment celebrity news?5、 Do you think the clothes one wears define what kind of person he or she is? Explain.6、 Do you always follow fashion when buying clothes for yourself? Explain.Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What are the correct attitudes towards advertisements?TOPIC 4 Calamities and RescuesSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Calamities and Rescues”.1、 Can you explain the causes of natural disasters?2、 What damage do you think disasters may bring about?3、 How should one react when he or she is in some sort of emergency?4、 Is there anything we can do to help reduce the dangers and losses from natural disasters? 5. Can human beings conquer natural disasters? Please state your opinions clearly and give evidence to support your argument.6. What can we learn from the story “In the Nick of Time”?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What can we do to help those in distress in a disaster-stricken area? What role do you think the government should play in helping the victims of a disaster?TOPIC 5 Ways to SuccessSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic on “Ways to Success”.1. What kind of image does a superman produce in your mind?2. Do you know any successful persons? What do you think make them become successful?3. What are the biggest difficulties you have met with in your life and how have you overcome them?4. Some students choose to work for a while before going to a university. What do you think of this?5. As a student, how will you make the most of college?6. What role do you think school education plays in one’s success?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:How do you interpret “success”? What aspects of one’s personality determine his success?TOPIC 6 Sports and HealthSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Sports and Health”.1. What do you usually do when facing difficulties?2. What have l earned from Paul Wylie’s story?3. What sports do young people prefer? And what sports do you think are suitable for older people?4. Have you ever had a diet? Why or why not?5. Do you often work out/exercise? And what is your favorite sport?6. If you need to lose weight, what are you going to do about it?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:Can goals be reached no matter how many obstacles lie in the way,You can support your argumentwith the example from the text or an example from your personal experience.TOPIC 7 Family TiesSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Family Ties”.1、 Do you believe that love can work a miracle? Explain.2、 What do you think is best about motherhood? Why do people often praise the greatness ofmotherhood?3、 Will words of encouragement from parents have a lifelong influence on their children? Explain.4、What is “family”? And what do you expect of the family?5、 What are the customs and traditions in your hometown during the Spring Festival? What are yourfamily doing at that occasion?6、Do you know which days are Mother’s Day and Father’s Day? What do you and your families usuallydo on those days?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:A father has a great influence on his children, so the qualities that a father has are really important. Talk about the important qualities you expect of a good father.TOPIC 8 Computers and SecuritySection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Computers and Security”.1、 Is it possible for us to find way to get rid of computer viruses permanently?2、 When you surf the Internet, your privacy tends to be threatened by hackers. How to protect yourself?3、 As to the security problem of using computers, what do you think is the best way to solve it?4、 Has your computer ever been attacked by viruses? What are the symptoms?5、 Do you think your computer system is safe? Have you installed any anti-virus software to protect yourcomputer?6、 Have you ever heard of hackers?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:Companies should do more than invest in anti-virus software to protect against computer viruses. 1. What college subjects did you like least?why?2(Do you think your grades are a good indication of your academic achievement? Why or why not? 3. If you became very rich suddently, what would you do with the money?4(Say something about your best friend.5. How often do you read books? Do you read more for pleasure or to get information?why?6. Do you think cheating on campus is a big problem? Why or why not?7(What is the greatest challenge you’ve get in your life?Why do you think so?8(Do you think mastering a foreign language is a great help to your work and study? Why or why not? 9(What do you prefer when travelling within a city,by bike or by bus?why?10. what do you think are the most important qualities a person should have?why? 11(Tell us a piece of interesting or amusing news you heard or read recently?12. How would you describe your own personality?Could you tell us a person you feel most grateful to? 13. what was the last major problem that you were confronted with?What action did you take on it? 14. Who impressed you most during your college year?Why do you think so?15. What job do you think is best for you?What has been the biggest difficult you have had in your Englishstudy?How did you deal with that?16. Do you think helping others is a great pleasure to you?Why or why not?17. Some people woule rather not work if they can’t find an idealjob.What is your opinion of this?18. What is the greatest challenge you’ve met in your life?Why do you think so?19. Do you spend much time on computer?What do you do with the computer?20. Could you give us a brief introduction about yourself?21. What was the last major problem that you were confronted with?What action did you take on it? 22. How do you think you could improve your health?Why do you say so?23. Do you think you are an ambitious person?Is it always good to be ambitious? Why or why not? 24. Say something about your hobbies.25. Which of your teachers impressed you most?Why ?26. Do you spend much time on computer?What do you do with the computer? 27. Could you describe an event that made you angry?28.What do you think is your biggest weakness in your English?How can you improve on this? 29.Do you like traveling? Why or why not?30.What’s your favorite sport?Why do you like it?What sorts of people do you enjoy getting along with most?Why?31. Some people would rather not work if they can’t find an idealjob.What is your opinion of this?32. What qualities must one have in order to become a successful and qualified doctor? 33. Do you think recitation of the text a good method of learning English? Why or why not? 34. What kind of things do you feel most confident in doing?why?35. Why do you think are the qualities of a good teacher?Why do you say so? 36. What change do you hope to see in college education in the future? Why do you say so? 37. What is your favorite part of the day?Why do you say so ?38. Tell us about an ambition you have in life.39. Do you like pets?Do you think people should keep pets? Why or why not? 40. Tell us about a famous person who you particularly admire.41.What change(s) do you hope to see in college education in the future? Why do you say so? 42. Describe a person who has greatly influenced you in your life.43. Describe a person who has greatly influenced you in your life.44. How improtant do you think it is to be fashionable in your appearance?Why do you think so? 45. How is your memory?Talk about some ways that can help you remember things better. 46. Do you think recitation of the text a good method of learning English? Why or why not?47. What do you think are the qualities of a good friend?Why do you say so ? 48. What is you favorite part of the day? Why do you say so ?49. Among the people you know,who do you admire most?Why?50. Could you say something about your college life?51. What do you think are the qualities of a good book?52. What do you think are the qualities of a good parent? Why do you say so ? 53. Tell us about something really exciting or interesting you have done in your life. 54. If you have more free time,what would you do?Why do you choose to do this(these)? 55. If you could go to any foreign country for a holiday,where would you go?Why do you say so? 56. Say something about the role money plays in your life.57. Say something about your best friend.58. How do you usually spend your weekends?59. Do you like sports? Why or why not?60. Describe your study habits.61. What do you think are the qualities of a good parent?Why do you say so? 62. Many people say that computers are making children less intelligent. Do you agree? Why or why not? 63. Describe your study habits.64. Do you like watching sport games on TV? Why or why not?65. In the future, do you think that books printed on paper will disappear?Why? 66. Do you think that Chinese movies and Western movies are simliar or different? In what way are theysimilar or different?67.What was the last movie you saw?Can you describe the movie briefly?68. What college subjects did you like least?Why?69.Do you like study alone or with you classmates?Why?70.What are the advantages and disadvantages of television?71.Do you like shopping? Why or why not?72.Say something about your family.73. If you could choose your future job freely, what job would you choose?Why? 74. How are you goning to spend the coming May Day?75. What do you see as the most difficult task in learning English?Why do you think so? 76.What do you usually do in your spare time?77. Could you describe a day you will never forget?78.What kind of things do you feel most confident in doing?why?79. What’s your favorite sport?Why do you like it?80.Tell us a piece of interesting or amusing news you heard or read recently. 81.How ofter do you read books? Do you read more for pleasure or to get information?why? 82.How do you keep cheerful when things are not easy?83. Do you think examinations are good means to judge a student’s achievements in his or her studies?Why or why not?84.Could you say something about your college life?85. Describe your most significant success or failure in recent years. 86.Do you like shopping? Why or why not?87.Why did you decide to pursue postgraduate studies in this university?88.Say something about the role money plays in your life.89. When you buy clothes,do you pay more attention to the quality or the price of what you buy?Why? 90.Could you talk about something you find interesting and funny>91.What do you see as the most difficult task in learning English?Why do you think so? 92. What do you usually do in your spare time?93.Could you describe a movie you like most?94. What do you think has been your biggest challenge in your life? Why do you think so? 95.What is your style of getting along with people?why?96.Do you think friends are very important in your life? Why or why not?97.What do you think is(are) the best way(s) to learn foreign language well?why? 98. How is your memory?Talk about some ways that can help you remember things better. 99.Where do you like to live,downtown or in the suburbs? Why?100. Describes your ideal future job.101.What kind of books do you like best and why?102.What is your style of getting along with people?why?103.Tell us about something you own which is very useful or important to you.104. If you could go to any foreign country for a holiday,where would you go?Why do you say so? 105.Do you like advertisement on TV? Why or why not?106.What do you think are the qualities of a good book?107.Could you describe an interesting trip? What job do you think is best for you? 108.When you buy clothes,do you pay more attention to the quality or the price of what you buy?why? 109.What was your favorite subject at high school?why?110.What sorts of people do you enjoy getting along with most?why?111.How would you describe your own personality?112..What has been the biggest difficult you have had in your English study? How did you deal with that? 113.Do you like sports? Why or why not?114.Do you think helping others is a great pleasure to you? Why or why not?115.Why did you decide to pursue postgraduates studies in this university?116. Do you think mastering a foreign language is a great help to your work and study? Why or why not?。

⼝语话题TOPIC 1 Famous UniversitiesSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Universities”. 1．What kind of universities are good universities in your eyes?2．Do you think universities should try their best to provide their students with more scholarships?Why or why not?3．Do you feel encouraged by Passage B “Student s, you represent our best hope”? Explain.4．If you had the opportunity to further your study in famous universities either at home or abroad, which would you choose？Why?5．What is the aim for your college life？Explain.6．Please briefly introduce your university or a famous university in the world.Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What can make a university famous? Please give as many examples as possible.TOPIC 2 Jobs and CareersSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Jobs and Careers”.1.Do you often log on the Internet? What do you usually do online?2.Do you think the Internet will be used more extensively in your lifetime? Please explain.3.Do you know how to find the right job for you?4.Have you ever had any part-time job? If yes, share your experience with your partner. If not, doyou want to have one?5.Do you think having a part-time job might affect your academic performance? Why or why not?6.Do you think you can find your dream job via the internet?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What factors influence young people when they are deciding on their future jobs and careers?TOPIC 3 Advertising and EntertainmentSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Advertising and Entertainment”.1、What can we benefit from public service advertisements?2、Why do people fall victim to advertisements?3、How can we take good advantage of advertisements?4、Why do people love entertainment celebrity news?（和⽂章关系度不⼤，去掉）5、Do you think the clothes one wears define what kind of person he or she is? Explain.6、Do you always follow fashion when buying clothes for yourself? Explain.Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What are the correct attitudes towards advertisements?TOPIC 4 Calamities and RescuesSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Calamities and Rescues”.1、What damage do you think disasters may bring about?2、How should one react when he or she is in some sort of emergency?3、Is there anything we can do to help reduce the dangers and losses from natural disasters?5. Can human beings conquer natural disasters? Please state your opinions clearly and give evidence to support your argument.6. What can we learn from the story “In the Nick of Time”?7.Retell the story of Passage A or Passage B.（该题⽬为新增）Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What can we do to help those in distress in a disaster-stricken area? What role do you think the government should play in helping the victims of a disaster?TOPIC 5 Ways to SuccessSectio n One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic on “Ways to Success”.1. What kind of image does a superman produce in your mind?2. Do you know any successful persons? What do you think make them become successful?3. What are the biggest difficulties you have met with in your life and how have you overcome them?4. Some students choose to work for a while before going to a university. What do you think of this?(该题⽬还可以做成future plan after graduation)5. As a student, how will you make the most of college?6. What role do you think school education plays in one’s success?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:How do you interpret “success”? What aspects of one’s personality determine his success?TOPIC 6 Sports and HealthSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Sports and Health”.1.What do you usually do when facing difficulties?(和上⼀单元的3有重复，去掉)2.What have learned from Paul Wylie’s story?3.What sports do young people prefer?And what sports do you think are suitable for olderpeople?4.Have you ever had a diet? Why or why not?5.Do you often work out/exercise? And what is your favorite sport?6.If you need to lose weight, what are you going to do about it?7.Retell Passage A(新增)Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:Can goals be reached no matter how many obstacles lie in the way？You can support your argument with the example from the text or an example from your personal experience. TOPIC 7 Family TiesSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Family Ties”.1、Do you believe that love can work a miracle? Explain.2、What do you think is best about motherhood? Why do people often praise the greatness ofmotherhood?3、Will words of encouragement from parents have a lifelong influence on their children? Explain.4、What is “family”? And what do you expect of the family?5、What are the customs and traditions in your hometown during the Spring Festival? What areyour family doing at that occasion?6、Do you know which days are Mother’s Day and Father’s Day? What do you and your familiesusually do on those days?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:A father has a great influence on his children, so the qualities that a father has are really important. Talk about the important qualities you expect of a good father.TOPIC 8 Computers and SecuritySection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Computers and Security”.1、Is it possible for us to find way to get rid of computer viruses permanently?2、When you surf the Internet, your privacy tends to be threatened by hackers. How to protectyourself?3、As to the security problem of using computers, what do you think is the best way to solve it?4、Has your computer ever been attacked by viruses? What are the symptoms?5、Do you think your computer system is safe? Have you installed any anti-virus software toprotect your computer?6、Have you ever heard of hackers?Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:Companies should do more than invest in anti-virus software to protect against computer viruses.。

U1 TOPIC 1 Famous UniversitiesSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Universities”.1．What kind of universities are good universities in your eyes?First of all, it should have a strong studying atmosphere. I hope students there can talk about their own opinions freely. Secondly, the teachers are high standard. Then, teaching equipment should be good, which will contribute to our study.2．Do you think universities should try their best to provide their students with more scholarships? Why or why not?I don’t think more scholarships are necessary. Merit-based scholarships, which are mainly awarded by universities, aim to encourage the students to learn more. It’s a motivation, or a reputation. Students who have financial problems could apply for need-based scholarships. So it’s not necessary for universities to provide more scholarships.3．Which is more important in your college life, study or working experience? Why? In my opinion, we students should put study in the first place. Only by learning enough knowledge and skills now can we get a good job in the future. Our main task is to lay a solid foundation for the future. While we can get working experience anytime we want. So, it’s out of question that study is more important in college life. 4．If you had the opportunity to further your study in famous universities either at home or abroad, which would you choose？Why?To be honest, I’d like to go abroad. First, I want to broaden my horizon. I have been dreaming about something quite different. Second, the academic atmosphere is freer abroad. Finally, I hope to meet more friends from all over the world. So, if possible, I’d like to go out to experience the study life there.5．What is the aim for your college life？Explain.Above all, it’s beyond question that I want to acquire the knowledge and skills I expected. We can surely gain some working and even social experience. But they should not be our main aim. We should respect our university, the last place from where we get system education. So, my aim for college life is to learn as much as I can. 6．Do you think having a part-time job might affect your academic performance?Why or why not?Personally I think it will. It’s certain that taking a part-time job will occupy some study time. Study is not just doing homework. It requires many practices. Having a part-time job may affect our further study and our academic performance.Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What can make a university famous? Please give as many examples as possible. Famous universities such as Harvard, MIT, Oxford, Cambridge, etc, take only those students who have achieved very good grades.It is also another reason that in reputed institutions the teachers are also high standard ,so it is difficult for the ordinary students to follow their instructions.U2 TOPIC 1 Jobs and CareersSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Jobs and Careers”.1.What kind of jobs do you think will be the most popular in the future?It is no surprise that one of the fastest growing areas of employment in recent years relates to computer technology. Technological advance and the continued integration of IT and digital communications into the workplace throughout the private, public and voluntary sectors ensure that this trend will continue for some time.2.Do you know how to find the right job for you?First of all, I will take some time for introspection to know what field I am qualified to work in. Secondly, I will explore every avenue available to me to search for job openings. Then, I will apply for the job and get prepared for the job. I believe that after all the efforts I can find the right job for me.3.Have you ever had any part-time job? If yes, share your experience with yourpartner. If not, do you want to have one?No, I haven’t. In fact, I want to have one. I want to get some working experience, which will do good to us. Having a part-time job can help us know more about the society. And we can know more clearly about what we should learn.4.Do you think having a part-time job might affect your academic performance?Why or why not?5.Do you think you can find your dream job via the internet?Yes, I think so. When we try to find a job, we can embark on a full scale networking campaign with others in the field we are looking to find work in. We should learn how to search online jobsites and even where to find the best job search engines. This is the age of the information superhighway and the internet can be our number one ally in seeking out the perfect job.（此部分可以出5-6个题，从本学期考试情况来看，4个题有点少）Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What factors influence young people when they are deciding on their future jobs and careers?.1. Many people are heavily influenced by the professions that their parents favor.2. Others follow the career paths that their educational choices have opened up for them.3. Some choose to follow their passions, regardless of how much or how little money it will make them.4. Others look to the career that pays them the highest salary.U3 TOPICS Advertising and EntertainmentSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the two topics .1. What can we benefit from public service advertisements(公益广告)?Public service advertisements, disseminated via the mass media, have been credited with "positive attitudinal effects". They actively shape people‘s attitudes and behavior on such issues as environmental protection and legal reform. More broadly, public service advertising is aimed at holding together an increasingly diverse andfragmented society.2. Why do people fall victim to advertisements?Some companies invite some famous stars to introduce their products. What’s worse, some products are harmful to our health. But they have beautiful package and provide some discounts, which lure us to buy them. Generally speaking, we should not follow advertisements easily.3. How can we take good advantage of advertisements?The advertisement informs the consumer about qualities and price of goods and this makes purchasing easy for the consumers. And it also helps us to save time. So we can take good advantage of advertisements.4. Why do people love entertainment celebrity news?One of the main reasons that people love entertainment celebrity news is for the simple amusement of reading about and viewing photos from famous people’s lives. Another reason is the simple diversion of reading celebrity news and looking at their scandalous photos.5. What is the most important factor in entertainment choices? Why?We can always make a choice. We can select the most uplifting activity. We can choose what music to play. And, of course, we can choose what movies and TV shows to watch. Only by choosing something inspiring can we lead a positive life.Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What are the correct attitudes towards advertisements? Please give as many examples as possible.U4 TOPIC 1 Calamities and RescuesSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Calamities and Rescues”.1. Can you explain the causes of disasters?Human activities play a role in the frequency and severity of disasters.2. What damage do you think disasters may bring about ?Increase price of objects. Hold back the development of economy and society. Leave shadows in people’s mind. Natural disasters may do harm to the environment.3. Have you ever experienced any kind of disaster or accident? Please describe it.4. Is there anything we can do to help reduce the dangers and losses from natural disasters?Increase our consciousness of self-rescue. Protect the environment in daily life. Strengthen the natural disaster monitoring.5. Have you ever considered what should be done when an earthquake suddenly strikes? What do you think you would do first if the room started to shake?Stay as safe as possible during an earthquake. Be aware that some earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur. Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place and stay indoors until the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is safe.6. What role do you think the government should play in helping the victims of adisaster?Facilitating the Receipt of Private Compensation for the Consequencesof a Disaster• Assuring Insurance Availability for Disaster Victims When the MarketFails to Do So• Providing Victim Compensation Either When Government ShouldHave Prevented the Disaster or When It Is the Sort of Disaster WeAspire to Have Government Prevent• Providing Victim Compensation as an Alternative to Tort Recovery• Providing Victim Assistance to Overwhelmed Communities ForReasons of Altruism and National Solidarity7. What can people do to help those in distress in a disaster-stricken area?First, we can donate something to them, including money and clothes. Besides, we can encourage them to live bravely. We should support them. In addition, we can help to rebuild.Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:Can human beings conquer natural disasters? Please state your opinions clearly and give evidence to support your argument.No. man is part of nature. When people try to change and destroy nature system, nature also has a reflected effect on man. All people’s liver are from birth to death, which is a rule of nature.U5 TOPIC 1Section One Each of the students w ill be asked one question on the topic on “Ways to Success”.1. What kind of image does a superman produce in your mind?The man of steel, the man of tomorrow. I will think of a man with great power to protect everyone he can. And he is always ready to fight against injustice and maintain justice.2. Do you know any successful persons? Why do many people want to be successful? Yes, I respect them. Being successful means proving one’s own worth. People will get a happy feeling on their way struggling to success. They want to realize their dreams and give happiness to the people he loves.3. What are the biggest difficulties you have met with in your life and how have you overcome them?My biggest difficulty is the College Entrance Examination. Because in the early two years in high school I laid a poor foundation, I have to struggle hardly to get a satisfactory result. I get up early and have no time to relax. Finally I come here with one year’s hard struggling.4. What are your goals in life now?First of all, I aim to study my major well and lay a solid foundation to my further study. Besides, I must learn English well, which counts much in latter study. And I would like to build a strong relationship with others.5. How do you improve the way you study to gain success?First I will figure out my learning style. And I will learn time management skills. Takeyour time, make a plan, and stick with it. The key to improving study skills is to study smart, not hard.6. What role do you think school educatio n plays in one’s success?School education gives us systematic knowledge, which is effective. It gives us a right way of seeing and thinking about things. It can protect us from doing wrong things after we graduate. School life also means obeying orders, which helps us a lot. Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:How do you interpret “success”? What aspects of one’s personality determine his success?In my opinion, success is finishing what you planned to do.Being an introvert may be seen as a serious hindrance to success. Being an extrovert is not a guarantee of success in life, but it is a good place to start if your aim is to become rich and famous, rock-star style.U6 TOPIC 6 Sports and HealthSection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Sports and Health”.1.Do you often work out/exercise? And what is your favorite sport?No, not quite often. But I do love sports. My favorite sport is badminton. It’s easy to learn and play. At the same time, we can increase the flexibility of the body. It helps relax and while away the free time. It also helps in reducing stress.2.Why do people play sports?While, there are various reasons. Some people develop a great interest in a sport and try to make it as a career. Some play as a routine as a kind of exercise to their bodies. Some play in order to maintain fitness.3.What sports do young people prefer? And what sports do you think are suitablefor older people?1. Soccer, basketball, swimming, track, tennis, volleyball, skating and so on2. older people tend to have team sports. They would like dancing, playing tennis, jogging and so on. Some even like to camping and climbing.4.Have you ever had a diet? Why or why not?Yes. First of all, I want to keep fit. Having good health is the most important. Besides, I want to stay slim or to loss weight. I think having a diet does do good to us.5.What do you think are the causes of obesity/fatness?The first is taking in more calories than are required by our body on a daily basis. Some illnesses may lead to weight gain. There are also other underlying issues that often lead to weight gain, such as genetics, environmental factors, psychological issues, and eating disorders.6.If you need to lose weight, what are you going to do about it?The true secret to weight loss is making small changes each day and you'll slowly (but surely) lose those extra pounds. The key is to forget about instant results and settle in for the long run. Doing exercises and keeping healthy diet are basic.Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:What does good health mean? And what do we need to do to keep healthy?Good health is not only about not being ill, it is about being happy and feeling wholefrom a physical, mental and spiritual point of view.Being healthy is not anymore just about taking medicines when unwell, it means taking care of ourselves to prevent any illnesses and to change our attitude when we need to heal or get better after the illness. Taking care of our health today means doing a lot of things to feel good, from eating the right way to taking vitamins, from exercising to having a job we enjoy.U7 TOPIC 1 Famous UniversitiesSection One Each of the students will be ask ed one question on the topic “Family Ties”.1. Do you believe that love can work a miracle? Explain.Yes. Love never fails. Like the song sings, The miracle of love will take away your pain. Love has an invisible power, which will give us unexpected confidence and courage. Happy or sorrow, love is the solution of all problems.2. What do you think is best about motherhood? Why do people often praise the greatness of motherhood?It gives us great love, which always is there and encourages us to hold on forever.The mother is the panacea for all kinds of calamities. The existence of the mother invests one with protection; the reverse deprives one of all protection.3. Will words of encouragement from parents have a lifelong influence on their children? Explain.Yes, I do think so. People tend to remember something special, especially when they are in trouble and they are told by somebody special. When children are facing difficulties, they will bear their parents’encouragement firmly. And when they get trouble latter in life, they will surely think of it.4. What is “family”? And what do you expect of the family?A nuclear family is a family group consisting of a father, mother and their children. Relationship first of all, to be exactly, it’s love. Love from parents , brothers and sisters. Then something about how to be a man, and how to get along with others.5. What are the customs and traditions in your hometown during the Spring Festival? What are your family doing at that occasion?Before the New Year comes, the people completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes and everybody goes out to purchase necessities for the New Year. Waking up on New Year, everybody dresses up. And we will eat dumplings ,burn fireworks and then extend greetings.6. Do you know which days are Mother’s Day and Father’s Day? What do you and your families usually do on those days?Yes, of course. Mother’s day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May and father’s day on third Sunday in June. We usually have a big dinner or go out to have a happy day together. It is certain that I will thank them and wish them happy.Section Two Please have a group discussion on the following topic:A father has a great influence on his children, so the qualities that a father has are really important. Talk about the important qualities you expect of a good father.1.They make their children feel protected.2. Remembers what it’s like to be a childand honors his children’s feelings 3.be supportive and patient 4. They have integrity.5. They have a good work ethic6. they have fun7. they listenU8 TOPIC 1 Computers and SecuritySection One Each of the students will be asked one question on the topic “Computers and Security”.1. What do you know about computer viruses?Computer viruses are programs written by "mean" people. These virus programs are placed into a commonly used program so that program will run the attached virus program as it boots, therefore, it is said that the virus "infects" the executable file or program.2. Do you use computer everyday? What purposes do you use computer for?Most time I will search the internet to find something useful for my study. Sometimes I do homework with computer. Occasionally I surf the internet to relax myself by watch some videos or chatting trough the Internet.3. As to the security problem of using computers, what do you think is the best way to solve it?Use a reputed firewall that keeps hackers away from your network. Use a software that creates log of all the activities on the network. The server (the main computer in case of peer to peer networks) needs to have powerful anti-malware.4. Has your computer ever been attacked by viruses? What are the symptoms?Yes. After a virus begins to spread, many program files can become unstable and display warnings. The operating system may not launch properly, and the computer user may need to reboot and restart the computer frequently to ensure all programs are starting and working fine.5. Do you think your computer system is safe? Have you installed any anti-virus software to protect your computer?Yes. I installed Norton Antivirus 2011. Norton Antivirus 2011 software protection packages feature alerts and updates on a daily basis, making it easy to stay ahead of any viruses that may be spreading. It helps me manage the daily operations and functions of a healthy computer and computer network.6.Have you ever heard of hackers?Yes. A hacker is a person who breaks into computers and computer networks for profit, as protest, or sometimes by the motivation of the challenge.Section Two When you surf the Internet, your privacy tends to be threatened by hackers. How to protect yourself? Please give as many examples as possible.1. Use ‘anti virus software" and keep it up to date.2. Don't open email from unknown sources.e hard-to guess passwords4. use firewalls to protect your computer from internet intruders.5. Back up your computer data.。

洛阳神鹰救援队英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Brave Eagles of LuoyangAs a high school student, I've always been fascinated by stories of heroism and selflessness. And one group that has truly captured my admiration is the renowned Luoyang Eagle Rescue Team. These courageous men and women have dedicated their lives to saving others, often putting themselves in harm's way to protect the people of our city.Luoyang, a city with a rich history stretching back over 3,500 years, is no stranger to natural disasters and emergencies. From catastrophic floods to raging fires, our ancient city has weathered its fair share of calamities. But through it all, the Eagle Rescue Team has been a beacon of hope, swooping in to rescue those in need with unwavering courage and skill.Their origins can be traced back to the late 1990s when a group of daring rock climbers and mountaineers banded together to form a volunteer rescue squad. Driven by a desire to help others and fueled by their love for adventure, they begantraining tirelessly, honing their skills in rappelling, rock climbing, and emergency response.As word of their heroic deeds spread, the Eagle Rescue Team quickly gained recognition and support from the local government and community. They were officially established in 2001, with state-of-the-art equipment and a dedicated headquarters strategically located in the heart of Luoyang.What truly sets the Eagle Rescue Team apart is their unwavering dedication and professionalism. These men and women come from all walks of life – teachers, engineers, doctors, and even students like myself. But when the call for help comes, they drop everything and spring into action, ready to face any challenge head-on.I vividly remember the first time I witnessed their heroics in person. It was during the devastating floods of 2016, when torrential rains caused the Luo River to swell beyond its banks, submerging entire neighborhoods in a matter of hours. As families were trapped on rooftops, desperately awaiting rescue, the Eagle Rescue Team arrived with their bright orange uniforms and powerful boats, cutting through the raging waters like true guardians of the city.With nerves of steel and an incredible level of teamwork, they meticulously evacuated civilians one by one, navigating treacherous currents and debris-filled waters. I'll never forget the look of relief on people's faces as they were pulled to safety, or the sheer determination etched on the rescuers' faces as they carried out their mission.But their duties extend far beyond flood rescues. The Eagle Rescue Team is trained to handle a wide range of emergencies, from high-rise building fires and collapsed structures to wilderness search and rescue operations. They are true masters of their craft, constantly training and adapting to new challenges.One aspect that truly inspires me is their commitment to education and community outreach. The team regularly visits local schools and community centers, teaching essential survival skills and promoting disaster preparedness. They believe that by empowering citizens with knowledge, we can all play a role in keeping Luoyang safe.During one of their visits to my school, I had the privilege of speaking with some of the team members. Their stories of courage and selflessness left a profound impact on me, and I couldn't help but admire their unwavering dedication to serving others.As I approach the end of my high school journey and contemplate my future, the Luoyang Eagle Rescue Team serves as a shining example of the power of service and community. Their actions have inspired me to consider pursuing a career in emergency response or disaster relief, where I too can make a difference in the lives of others.In a world that often seems consumed by conflict and selfishness, the Eagle Rescue Team stands as a beacon of hope, reminding us of the incredible feats that can be achieved when we come together for a common cause. Their bravery, skill, and compassion are a testament to the indomitable spirit of our city, and they will forever hold a special place in the hearts of Luoyang's citizens.So, to the brave men and women of the Luoyang Eagle Rescue Team, I say thank you. Thank you for your unwavering service, your courage in the face of danger, and your commitment to protecting our beloved city. You are the true heroes of Luoyang, and your legacy will continue to inspire generations to come.篇2The Valiant Eagles of LuoyangAs a young student growing up in the ancient city of Luoyang, I was always fascinated by the legends and tales of heroism that echoed through its historic streets. Little did I know that right in my own backyard, a group of modern-day heroes was making their mark, soaring above the city on the wings of bravery and compassion.The Luoyang Eagle Rescue Team, a volunteer organization dedicated to saving lives and providing emergency relief, has become a beacon of hope for our community. Their unwavering commitment to their cause has earned them a special place in the hearts of Luoyang's citizens, including mine.It all began when a group of daring individuals, drawn together by a shared passion for adventure and a desire to help others, decided to form a team that could respond swiftly to emergencies in our city's rugged terrain. With their collective skills in mountaineering, rock climbing, and first aid, they set out to establish a formidable force capable of navigating even the most treacherous landscapes.At first, their efforts were met with skepticism and doubt. How could a ragtag group of volunteers hope to make a difference in a city with established emergency services? But the Eagle Rescue Team was undeterred. They trained tirelessly,honing their skills and forging an unbreakable bond of trust and camaraderie.As fate would have it, their mettle was put to the test sooner than expected. A devastating earthquake struck a remote village near Luoyang, leaving countless people trapped beneath the rubble. When the call for help went out, the Eagle Rescue Team responded without hesitation, their wings spread wide in defiance of the daunting challenges that lay ahead.What I witnessed in the aftermath of that disaster was nothing short of extraordinary. These ordinary citizens, driven by an extraordinary sense of duty, descended upon the ravaged village like guardian angels. With remarkable skill and unwavering courage, they navigated the treacherous terrain, scaling precarious slopes and crawling through collapsed structures, determined to reach those in need.Time and again, they emerged from the wreckage, cradling survivors in their arms – some clinging to life by a thread, others miraculously unharmed. Their actions spoke louder than any words ever could, a testament to the indomitable spirit of human kindness and selflessness.But the Eagle Rescue Team's exploits did not end there. Over the years, they have responded to countless emergencies, fromdaring mountain rescues to life-saving evacuations during natural disasters. Their reputation has grown, inspiring others to join their ranks and carry on their noble mission.I still remember the day when one of their own, a young woman named Mei, risked her life to save a trapped hiker on a perilous cliff face. With nerves of steel and a determination that defied logic, she rappelled down the sheer rock face, inch by agonizing inch, until she reached the terrified hiker. In a display of remarkable strength and skill, she secured the hiker to her harness and guided them both to safety, emerging from the ordeal as a true heroine.Mei's story, and countless others like it, have become part of the fabric of our city's lore, inspiring generations of Luoyang's youth to embrace the values of courage, sacrifice, and service to others. For me, the Eagle Rescue Team represents the very best of what humanity has to offer – a shining example of how ordinary people can achieve extraordinary things when united by a noble cause.As I look towards my own future, I cannot help but feel a sense of pride and gratitude for these valiant individuals. They have shown me that true heroism lies not in grand gestures orhollow boasts, but in the quiet resolve to take action when others cannot or will not.Perhaps one day, I too will have the opportunity to soar alongside these modern-day eagles, lending my own wings to their noble endeavors. Until then, I will carry their legacy with me, a constant reminder that even in the darkest of times, there are those who shine a light, guiding us towards a brighter tomorrow.The Luoyang Eagle Rescue Team is more than just an organization; it is a symbol of hope, a testament to the indomitable spirit of those who dare to dream and act in service of others. Their stories will forever be etched into the annals of our city's history, an enduring inspiration for generations to come.篇3The Luoyang Swift Rescue Team: Unsung HeroesAs a student growing up in the ancient city of Luoyang, I've always been fascinated by the tales of bravery and selflessness that have echoed through its historic streets. One group that has particularly captured my imagination is the Luoyang Swift Rescue Team – a elite unit dedicated to saving lives and protecting our community from disasters and emergencies.While many of my classmates idolize pop stars or athletes, I find myself in awe of these everyday heroes who put their lives on the line day after day. Their courage and commitment to helping others is truly inspiring, and their impact on our city cannot be overstated.The Luoyang Swift Rescue Team was established in the late 1990s in response to a series of major incidents that highlighted the need for a specialized emergency response unit. Comprised of highly trained firefighters, paramedics, and rescue specialists, the team is equipped to handle a wide range of scenarios, from building collapses and hazardous material spills to natural disasters and terrorist attacks.What sets the Swift Rescue Team apart is their unwavering dedication and advanced training. These men and women undergo rigorous physical and mental conditioning, mastering disciplines like urban search and rescue, high-angle rope rescue, swift water rescue, and more. They are true masters of their craft, able to think quickly and adapt to any situation.One of the most impressive aspects of the team is their array of specialized equipment and vehicles. From heavy-duty hydraulic tools capable of cutting through reinforced concrete to state-of-the-art communication systems and thermal imagingcameras, they have access to the latest technology to aid in their life-saving missions.But what truly makes the Swift Rescue Team so remarkable is the spirit of its members. Time and again, I've heard stories of their incredible acts of bravery and selflessness. Like the time they rescued a family trapped in a burning apartment building, or when they worked tirelessly for days to locate survivors after a devastating earthquake. Their commitment to protecting our city and its people is truly inspiring.Perhaps one of the most powerful examples of their heroism occurred during the infamous 2012 Luoyang flood. When a massive storm system unleashed torrential rains, causing the city's rivers to overflow their banks, the Swift Rescue Team sprang into action. Despite the raging waters and treacherous conditions, they worked around the clock, evacuating stranded residents and providing emergency medical care.I'll never forget the images of these brave men and women wading through waist-deep floodwaters, carrying elderly residents and young children to safety. Their determination and disregard for their own well-being in the face of such danger was nothing short of awe-inspiring.In the aftermath of the flood, countless stories emerged of the team's heroic actions. Like the one about the team member who swam through a submerged apartment complex, rescuing a trapped family one by one. Or the time they used their specialized equipment to cut through a collapsed building and pull a young boy to safety.These incredible acts of valor and sacrifice are just a few examples of the vital role the Luoyang Swift Rescue Team plays in our community. They are the unsung heroes who stand ready to face any challenge, no matter how daunting, to protect the lives of their fellow citizens.As I've grown older and learned more about the incredible work of this elite unit, my admiration for them has only deepened. They represent the very best of humanity – brave, selfless individuals who have dedicated their lives to serving others, often at great personal risk.In a world that often seems fixated on celebrity and material wealth, the members of the Luoyang Swift Rescue Team are a powerful reminder of what truly matters: compassion, courage, and a willingness to put the needs of others before your own.While they may not receive the fanfare and adulation of famous athletes or musicians, these everyday heroes have myutmost respect and admiration. They are the guardians of our city, the ones we turn to in our darkest hours, and the reason why so many of us can sleep peacefully at night.As I look towards my own future and contemplate the path I wish to take, I can't help but be inspired by the example set by the Luoyang Swift Rescue Team. Their unwavering commitment to service and their ability to remain calm and focused in the face of danger are qualities that I strive to emulate in my own life.Who knows, perhaps one day I'll have the honor of joining their ranks, carrying on the noble tradition of these modern-day heroes. But even if my path leads me elsewhere, I will always hold a deep respect and gratitude for the brave men and women of the Luoyang Swift Rescue Team – the guardians of our city, and the embodiment of true courage and selflessness.。

2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (11)Save the Mountain Lion拯救美洲狮主题语境：人与自然 主题语境内容：野生动植物保护【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。

）Los Angeles,as everyone knows,is a noodle bowl of highways.As everyone may not know, it is also one of only two cities in the world where big cats wander wild inside the city boundaries (the other is Mumbai). One even live near the Hollywood sign. But big cats and highways do not mix,which is why Los Angeles will soon be home to one of the world’s biggest wildlife corridors（走廊）.The cats are mountain lions. They live in the Santa Monica Mountains. Their numbers are stable. Their habitat is mostly wilderness（荒野）, full of deer, the lions’ food. The ecology of their range, the largest urban national park in the world, is healthy, thanks in part to their presence. Yet animals can come under threat without habitat loss. Genetic degradation（退化） can be just as deadly.Cutting through the mountains is Route 101,carrying up to 10,000 vehicles an hour.It cuts the Santa Monica range off from a larger wilderness to the north. The southern area is not big enough for all the lions,which each require hunting grounds of 60-150 square miles.The result is a population trapped on an environmental island, with inbreeding(近亲繁殖) and genetic degradation.A study in 2016 found that,given their environment,the Santa Monica mountain lions’chances of extinction in 50 years would be 15-22%;because of their genetic deterioration,the chance of extinction was more like 99.7%.Four years after that study came the first evidence that the big cats were suffering physical damage: a young male was found with a 90-degree kink(扭结) in his tail .Researchers had seen that before.In the early 1990s biologists studying the Florida panther, a closely related animal, found that many of the males had the same genetic flaws(缺陷). The Florida panther escaped extinction only thanks to the introduction of females brought from Texas to refresh the gene pool.California does not need to go that far. There are healthy mountain-lion populations north of the Santa Monica range, separated by the ribbon ofroad.Hidden cameras show the animals crouched (蹲)at the side of the highway,not daring to cross.The solution is a 165-foot-wide dirt bridge which would allow them to travel high over the traffic.Such corridors have worked elsewhere, from large spans for elk（麋鹿） over the Trans-Canada highway to a small clawbridge for migrating red crabs（红蟹） on Christmas st month the governor,Gavin Newsom,launched construction.The animals become sexually mature at 2½to 3 years and have babies every other year. So within ten years of the corridor’s completion the great-grandchildren of the first mating beyond the mountains could have cubs. Genetically,even a few matings would make a difference.“We’ll definitely save the mountain lion,”thinks Paul Edelman of the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority. “It’s just a matter of how long it takes.”【课标词汇精讲】1.boundary n.分界线；边界National boundaries are becoming increasingly meaningless in the global economy. 在全球化的经济中，国界已经变得越来越没有意义了。

海姆利希急救法英语作文Life is priceless. Each of us has only one life, so we should cherish life and learn medical knowledge from childhood.We often see some people suddenly have emergency symptoms and get sick quickly. Even if they call the emergency number, they still can't save their lives. These examples are vivid and distressing on TV or in newspapers. A few days ago, our school invited experts from the People's Hospital to give us an emergency lecture. We learned that the best time for first aid is called "golden four minutes".Here, we will discuss airway obstruction and Heimlich maneuver. For example, this can save a life before emergency services arrive at the scene.Generally speaking, when we eat, food should reach the stomach through the esophagus, but the mouth and nose are connected, sometimes because of bad personal habits. For example: push, bitter, laugh when eating... Food may enter the trachea and respiratory tract by mistake, thus showing airway obstruction. Airway obstruction has the following manifestations: First, airway obstruction; Second, complete obstruction; 3、Can't talk, four, can't cough, five, can't breathe. If we can't speak, how can we let our family know what we are doing? The way to do this is the "V" gesture, which is an internationally recognizedgesture with arms crossed on the neck.Heimlich's maneuver was adopted, and different methods were selected according to age: adult mutual aid 1-standing abdominal shock; Adult mutual aid 2 - supine abdominal tremor. Self rescue - abdominal shock; Abdominal shock in children. The principle is very simple: by tapping the abdomen, the air will be expelled from the lungs after the airflow, and the blocked foreign bodies will be expelled.Therefore, it is beneficial for oneself and others to master "Heimlich's operation". We hope you can form good habits and wish you health, safety and happiness.。

海姆立克急救英语作文The Heimlich maneuver, also known as abdominal thrusts, is a crucial first aid technique that has saved countless lives worldwide since its invention by Dr. Henry Heimlich in the 1970s. This simple yet effective method is used to treat choking caused by an obstruction in the airway, often due to food or other foreign objects.IntroductionChoking is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate action. When a person chokes, their airway becomes blocked, preventing them from breathing. If not treated promptly, choking can lead to unconsciousness and even death. The Heimlich maneuver provides a quick and effective way to dislodge the obstruction and restore normal breathing.The Mechanism of the Heimlich ManeuverThe Heimlich maneuver works by creating pressure in the abdomen, which forces air upwards and dislodges the obstruction in the airway. This pressure is generated by using the hands to push sharply and upwards into the abdomen, just below the ribcage. The goal is to create a sudden increase in pressure in the chest and force the object out of the airway.Performing the Heimlich ManeuverThe Heimlich maneuver can be performed on different age groups and situations, including conscious adults and children, unconscious individuals, and even self-rescue. Here are the basic steps for performing the Heimlich maneuver on a conscious adult or child:Stand behind the choking individual and wrap your arms around their waist.Make a fist with one hand and place the thumb side of the fist against the person's abdomen, just below the ribcage.Grab your fist with the other hand and press upward into the abdomen with a quick, firm thrust.Repeat the thrusts until the obstruction is dislodged and the person can breathe again.For infants under 1 year of age, the Heimlich maneuver is modified to avoid injury to the delicate abdomen. Instead, the rescuer should place the infant face down on their forearm, supporting the head and neck with their hand. Then, using the heel of their other hand, give firm back blows between the infant's shoulder blades. If this does not dislodge the obstruction, turn the infant face up and give chest thrusts with two fingers in the center of the chest, just below the nipples.Self-RescueIf no one is around to help and you find yourself choking, you can still perform a modified version of the Heimlich maneuver. Stand withyour back against a solid object, such as a chair or table. Make a fist and place it above your navel, then use the other hand to push inward and upwards into your abdomen. Alternatively, you can use the blunt edge of the object to apply pressure to your abdomen.Emergency ResponseIt is important to note that the Heimlich maneuver should only be performed on someone who is choking and unable to speak, cough, or breathe. If the person is still able to speak or cough, they may still be able to clear the obstruction on their own. However, it is always advisable to call emergency services immediately if someone is choking, even if you plan to perform the Heimlich maneuver.ConclusionThe Heimlich maneuver is an indispensable tool in emergency situations involving choking. Its simplicity and effectiveness have saved countless lives over the years. Everyone should learn how to perform this life-saving technique and be prepared to act quickly in an emergency. By doing so, we can all play a role in ensuring the safety of those around us.。

西夏文星曜礼忏文献《圣曜母中道法事供养根》译考《圣曜母中道法事供养根》是一部珍贵的西夏文星曜礼忏文献，它反映了西夏王朝一个重要的宗教仪式——供养根的内容和形式。

本文将对《圣曜母中道法事供养根》的译文进行考察。

在翻译《圣曜母中道法事供养根》时，我们首先需要理解其中的一些关键词汇和术语。

“圣曜母”指的是西夏王朝的神灵，是统治者的守护神；“中道法事”是指这个宗教仪式的名称；“供养根”是指在仪式中供奉给神灵的物品。

理解了这些概念后，我们可以着手进行译文的考察。

1. 原文：“群生主我，即救赎于間，司众四海，救济众生。

”译文：“The ruler of all beings, save us from calamities, reigns over the four seas, rescues all living creatures.”这句话中的“群生”指的是所有的生命，而“主我”表示这个神灵具有统治和拯救众生的能力。

原文中的“即救赎于間”可以译为“save us from calamities”，表示这个神灵能够拯救我们免受灾祸之苦。

“司众四海，救济众生”意味着这个神灵统治着四个方向的海洋，并拯救和救济所有的生命。

2. 原文：“上天圣曜精，煜我国家康宁。

”译文：“The holy light from heaven shines upon our prosperous nation.”这句话中，“上天圣曜精”指的是来自上天的神圣之光，它照耀着我们繁荣的国家。

“煜我国家康宁”表示这个光辉使我们的国家变得富庶和安宁。

这句话中的“恶云恶土”指的是恶劣的天气和不良的土地条件，它们阻碍了善事的进行并干扰了国家的正常运行。

原文中的“不容善事”译为“hinder virtuous deeds”，表示这些不良条件阻碍了人们做善事。

而“干扰国家”则是“disturb the nation”的意思，表明这些恶劣条件对国家的正常运行造成了困扰。