国际商务合同复习资料10
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国际商务合同的结构商务合同的基本结构一、合同的前言,称为“合同的效力条款”AAA agrees to dismiss without prejudice the lawsuit referred to in the preamble to this Agreement.1) 合同的名称。
2) 合同各方名称,地址。
3) 订约日期及地点4) 合同各方法律关系:买方,卖方;出让方,受让方;贷款人,借款人。
5)合同订立语句。
Both parties agree to buy and sell the following commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.This Agreement is made and concluded in duplicate in Beijing, China by and between XYX Company, a Corporation incorporated under the law of USA having its Head Office and a place of business in the city of New York, USA, (hereinafter called XYZ) as the First Party and China Dalian Corporation (hereinafter called Party B) as the Second Party.In consideration of the mutual convents and agreements hereinafter contained, the ABC and the Purchaser agree on the following terms, conditions and provisions hereof:This agreement was made this 12th date of October 2006 in Beijing China by and between ABC Company, a company (hereinafter referred to as the Company) and the Seiji Bank Ltd. Hong Kong Branch, a bank incorporated in Japan but registered in Hong Kong (hereinafter referred to as the Bank). Whereas the Bank has agreed to extend a Short-term Credit Facility for the purpose of providing general working capital to the Company, it was hereby mutually agreed as follows:二、合同的正文1. 合同种类和范围1)合同价格,支付金额,支付方式和附带费用Contract Price, Amount, Method of Payment, Incidental ChargesThe registered capital of the Joint Venture Company shall be the same as the total amount of the investment, i.e. 4.5 million U.S. dollars (four million and five hundred thousand U.S. Dollars).Party A shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Contract, pay to Party B the Technical Documentation Fee o f USD 2, 400,000 (two million and four hundred thousand U.S. Dollars only). The above price shall be firm including all expenses for sending the technical Documentation CIF Beijing Airport, Party B’s technical personnel and training of Party A’s personnel (excluding Sub-clause 4.8 of Annex 3 and Sub-clause 5.3 of Annex 4).Price of the ContractPrice of the contract shall be calculated on Royalty in accordance with thecontent and scope stipulated in Section 2 to the contract and the currency shall be in US Dollars.Royalty under the contract shall be paid from the month after the date of coming into force of the Contract in terms of Calendar Year. The date of settling accountsshall be December 31 of each year.Royalty at the rate of …% (say percent) shall be calculated in terms of netselling price after the Contract Products are sold in the year, the Contract products which have not been sold shall not count.The report of the selling quantity, net selling amount of the Contract Products and Royalty which should be paid for the past year shall be submitted to Licensor in written form by Licensee within 10 (ten) days after the date of settling accounts to Royalty. The specific methods for calculating net selling amount and Royalty are detailed in Appendix 3 to the Contract.If Licensor demands to audit the accounts of Licensee, he should notice Licensee within 10 (ten) days after receiving the written notice from Licensee in accordance with Section 3.4 of the Contract.The specific content and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 to the Contract.2.合同的转让条件 conditions for the assignment of ContractIf one party to the Joint Venture intends to a ssign all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party, consent shall be obtained from the other party to the Joint Venture and approval from the examining and approving authorities is required. When one party assigns all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party, the other party has p re-emptive right. When one party assigns its investment subscribedto a third party, the terms of assignment shall not be more favorable than those to theother party to the Joint Venture. No assignment shall be effective should there be any violation of the above stipulations.Party B shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Contract, guarantee thathe is the legitimate owner of such Know-how and such Technical Documentation as are supplied to Party A and that he is lawfully in a position to transfer the Know-howto Party A. (国际专有技术转让合同)3. 违反合同的赔偿及责任 Liability to Pay Compensation and other Liabilitiesfor Breach of ContractThe purchaser agrees to pay Corporation the Total Purchase Price, as follow:The Purchaser shall, upon receipt of Corporation’s respective invoices therefore, payto Corporation all amounts which become due by the Purchaser to Corporation hereunder, including w ithout limitation an amount equal to taxes and duties.If by reasons of delay on the part of the Purchaser or Purchaser’s agent orthe representative, any payments due to Corporation are not made in accordance with agreed payment schedule, Corporation reserves the right to apply a late payment charge of one and one-half (1.5%) percent per month (19.56% per annum) on all overdue amounts and Purchaser agrees to promptly pay any such late payment charges which are properly due hereunder. In the event that one or more payments are delayed for sixty (60) days or more, Corporation shall have the right to stop all work under this Agreement and shall also have the right to claim such period of work stoppage and the effects thereof as excusable delay pursuant to Article 7 hereof (Excusable Delay). Purchaser agrees to reimburse Corporation for those additional reasonable costs incurred by Corporation resulting from such work stoppage(s) and restart(s). should one or more payments be delayed for one hundred and twenty (120) days or more, this Agreement may, at Corporation’s option, be deemed to be cancelled under the provisions of paragraphs (b) through (e) of Article 23 hereof (termination for Insolvency & Cancellation).’s agent or If by reasons of delay on the part of the Purchaser or Purchaser representative, any payments due to Corporation are not made in accordance withthe agreed payment schedule, Corporation reserves the right to apply a late paymentcharge of one and one-half (1.5%) percent per month (19.56% per annum) on all overdue amounts and Purchaser agrees to promptly pay any such late payment charges which are properly due hereunder.Purchaser agrees to reimburse Corporation for those additional reasonable costs incurred by Corporation resulting from such work stoppage(s) and restart(s). should one or more payments be delayed for one hundred and twenty (120) days or more, this Agreement may, a t Corporation’s option, be deemed to be cancelled under the provisions of paragraphs (b) through (e) of Article 23 hereof (termination for Insolvency & Cancellation).Liabilities for Breach of Contract:Should either Party A or Party B fails to pay on schedule the contributions in accordance with Clause 5 of this Contract, the breaching Party shall pay the other Party 10% of interest of the contribution from the month after exceeding the time limit. Should breaching Party fail to pay the contributions after 3 months exceedingthe time limit, the other Party shall, in accordance with the Clause 53 thereof, have the right to terminate the Contract and to claim damages to the breaching Party.In the event that Party B fails to complete the Works in time owning to such reasonsas Party B shall b e liable for, Party B shall pay a penalty for the default based on0.1% of the total price for work per day, i.e., Party B shall pay one thousand two hundred and sixty (1 260) U.S. Dollars only for day of such default.If, under the contract, the Purchaser requests to cancel the Contract, ABC Company shall, upon written request by the Purchaser, advise Purchaser of the estimated cancellation costs for which Purchaser would be liable.4. 合同争议解决方法Any disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the Contractshall be settled through mutual consultations between the Parties thereto. In case no settlement can be reached through consultations, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration. The arbitration shall take place in Beijing, China, and shall, in accordance with its rules of procedures, be conducted by the Foreign Economic and TradeArbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade. The a rbitration award shall be final and binding on the parties thereto.Any disputes arising out of this Contract shall first be settled by the Parties hereto through consultation with their higher authorities in accordance with the spiritof mutual trust. Should such consultation fail to settle the dispute within thirty (30) days of notification to such higher authorities, mediation may be conducted by a third party selected by the Parties hereto.The arbitration shall take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and shall be conducted by the Arbitration Institute of Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in accordance with the statues of the institute in question.Arbitration: All disputes in connection with this Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by negotiation between two parties. If no settlement can be reached, the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration in the country of defendant in accordance with the arbitration regulations of the arbitration organization of the defendant country. The decision made by the arbitration organization shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties. The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.The arbitration tribunal shall consists of three arbitrators, one appointed by each Party and, if either of the Parties fails to appoint an arbitrator within the time specified in the Arbitration Rules, the Chairman of CCPIT shall make such appointment, taking into consideration the criteria s et out in this Article 18.25. 保险条款Insurance ClauseMarine insurance policies or certificates in negotiable form, for 110% full CIF invoice value covering the risks of War & W. A. as per the People’s Insurance Co. of China dated 1/1/1976. with extended cover up to Kuala Lumpur with claims payablein (at) Kuala Lumpur in the currency of draft (irrespective of percentage).Insurance policy or certificate settling agent’s name is to be indicated, any additional premium to cover uplift between 10% and 17% may be drawn in excess of the credit value.This insurance must be valid for a period of 60 days after arrival of merchandise as inland destination.Insurance to be covered against all risks including war risks as per ocean marine cargo clauses and air transportation cargo insurance clauses and ocean marine cargo war risk clauses and air transportation war risk clauses of the People’s Insurance Companyof China dated…6. 不可抗力条款 Force MajeureThe Sellers shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lotor portion of the goods under this Sales Confirmation on consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.Force Majeure: The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-delievery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. The sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days thereafter. The Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance a certificate of the accident. Under such circumstances the Sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods.Should either of the Parties to the Contract be prevented from executing the Contract by force majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire and war and other unforeseen events, and their happening and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, t he prevented Party shall, by fax, notify the other Party without any delay, and shall, within 15 days thereafter, provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the Contract. The Parties to the Contract shall, through consultations, decide whether to terminate the Contract or to exempt the part of obligations forimplementation of the Contract or whether to delay the execution of the Contract in accordance with the effects of the events on the performance of the Contract.7. 合同的有效期 Period of Validity for the ContractThis Contract shall come into force after it has been approved by the examination and approval authority of China.This Contract shall be valid for two years after its effective date, and shall be renewable for two years thereafter.This Contract comes into effect on the first day of the engaged party’s arrival at theAA University and ceases to be effective at its expiration. If either party wishes to renew the Contract, the other Party shall be notified in writing one month before it expires. Upon agreement by both parties through consultation, a new contract may be signed between two parties.三、合同的结尾 Final Clauses1. 合同使用文字及效力This Contract is made out in two originals, each copy written in Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally valid. In case of any divergence of interpretation, the Chinese text shall prevail.Any amendment and/or supplement to this Contract shall be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written document(s), forming integral part(s) of this Contract.This contract shall come into force after the signature by the authorized representatives of both parties.This agreement is written in Chinese and English languages and is signed in triplicate by Party A and Party B as follows:In case of difference of interpretation, the English version shall be valid for the Parties hereto.2. 附件 AppendicesActual names and specifications of Products are shown in Appendix 1.Details of the information offered by Party B to Party A are shown in Appendix 2.The appendices attached hereto are made an integral part of this Contract and are equally binding on both parties.The annexes as listed in Articles 19 this Contract shall form an integral part of this Contract.得险别。
国际商务跟单员2010版复习资料一、名词解释1.进口贸易(Import Trade):将外国商品输入本国国内市场销售,叫做进口贸易或输入贸易。
2.一般贸易:这是指日常逐笔售定的单边进口贸易或单边出口贸易(Unilateral Import or Export)。
3.来料加工(Processing with given materials):这是指国外客户提供全部或部分原料、辅料、包装物料,由我方按照合同规定的质量(规格、色样)、数量,加工成成品,交付对方以赚取加工费用。
4.沟通:是指信息从发送者到接受者的传递过程,沟通在管理的各个方面得到了广泛的运用。
5.礼貌:是人与人之间在接触交往中,相互敬重和友好的行为规范。
它体现着人格和个人品质。
6.礼节:是人们在日常生活及交际场合中,相互问候、致意、祝愿、慰问以及给予必要的协助与照料的惯用作法。
礼节是礼貌的具体表现。
7.发盘(Offer):又称发价,是买方或卖方向对方提出各项交易条件,并愿意按照这些条件达成交易、订立合同的一种确定的表示。
8.进出口申报:是指报关单位在规定的期限按照海关规定的形式和要求向海关报告进出口货物的情况,申请海关按其申报的内容放行进出口货物的行为。
9.出口贸易(Export Trade):将本国生产和加工的商品运往他国市场销售,称为出口贸易或输出贸易。
10.寄售(Consignment):寄售是寄售人(即卖方)先将货物运往国外,委托国外客户(亦即代售人)按照事先双方商定的条件在当地市场上代为销售。
商品售出后所得货款由代售人扣除佣金和费用后汇付给寄售人。
11.FOB:FOB术语的全文是Free on Board(…named port of shipment),即船上交货(…指定装运港),习惯上称为装运港船上交货。
12.EDI(Electronic Data Interchange,电子数交换)技术:是指企业之间通过计算机网络所进行的统一结构和标准信息的交换。
国际商务师专业知识复习资料优选份国际商务师专业知识复习资料 1(一)、欧洲中长期贷款的种类:1、双边贷款:金额较低,期限较短的贷款,一般只由一家欧洲银行提供.2、银团贷款(bank group Loan) 或辛迪加贷款(Syndicate Loan):由几家、十几家甚至几十家银行组成贷款银团,通过一家或几家信誉较高的大银行出面__,按照相同条件共同向借款人提供贷款。
(二)、银团贷款的两种形式:1、直接银团贷款,即参加贷款银团的各成员银行直接向借款人提供贷款,贷款的具体工作由贷款合同中指定的__银行__进行。
2、间接银团贷款,即由一家或几家大银行作为牵头银行向借款人做出贷款安排,具体方式是由牵头银行将贷款分别转售给其他成员银行,它们按各自承担的份额提供贷款,贷款工作由牵头银行负责管理。
(二) 、银团贷款的成员组成:1、牵头银行,即在__银团贷款中起主要作用的银行,主要责任是与借款人商定贷款的条件和有关条款,负责在成员行之间分配贷款份额,对市场情况进行估计。
2、参与银行,即其他被邀请并接受邀请参加贷款的银行。
3、经理银行,即在参与行中承担的贷款份额较大,并给牵头银行出谋划策和协助其__银团贷款活动的银行。
4、__银行,即负责__管理银团贷款的具体事项,负责向借款人收回贷款并根据承担的份额向各银行发放收回贷款的`银行。
__银行往往由牵头银行来担任。
(三) 银团贷款的一般程序:a) 借款人选定牵头银行:借款人出具委托书授权牵头银行__贷款银团。
b) 牵头银行准备筹资备忘录,向市场说明借款人情况c) 牵头银行邀请参与银行d) 银行反映良好,追加贷款数量;反映不好,份额低于贷款数量如果各参予银行参与的份额低于贷款数额,则经理银行(包括牵头银行)有责任补足余额。
补足的做法分为两种:一种是完全承贷,即经理银行(包括牵头银行)必须提供足额的贷款;另一种是尽力而为,即经理银行只需尽力而不一定补足余额,在尽力后仍不能补足的话,则借款人需要减少借款或修改条件。
2010年国际商务师考试国际贸易术语案例分析专题一、FOB合同争议案案例1买卖双方按照FOB条件达成一笔大麦种子的买卖合同。
合同规定大麦种子的发芽率必须在9 0%以上。
卖方在装船前对货物进行了检验,结果符合合同的规定。
然而,货到目的港,买方提货后由指定的检验机构进行检验,却发现大麦种子发芽率不到60%。
于是,买方要求退货,并提出索赔。
卖方予以拒绝,其理由是:卖方在装船前进行检验,证明所交货物是合格的;买方在目的地检验发现质量有问题,说明货物品质的变化是在运输途中发生的。
按照国际贸易惯例,在FOB 条件下,货物在装运港装船时越过船舷,风险转移,运输途中货物品质变化的风险,应该由买方承担。
双方协商后无法达成一致意见,遂将争议提交仲裁。
仲裁庭审理时发现,大麦种子包装所用的麻袋上粘有虫卵,正是这些虫卵在运输途中孵化成虫,咬坏了种子胚芽,造成发芽率降低。
但应由谁来承担这一后果,买卖双方仍各执一词。
[案例分析]本案中的卖方引用国际贸易惯例,以货物越过船舷风险既已转移给买方为由拒绝赔偿,其主张是不能成立的。
因为货物品质中途发生变化,其损失是由于包装不良造成的,这说明致损的原因在装船前就已经存在,货物发生损失已带有必然性,这属于卖方履约过程的过失,应构成违约。
虽然根据国际贸易惯例对FOB的风险转移的解释,如途中由于突发的意外事件导致货物的损失由买方承担,但是本案所说的情况不属于惯例规定的范围,而是包装不良造成的,故卖方拒赔是没有道理的,他应当承担自己违约的后果。
案例2我方进口商以FOB条件从巴西进口橡胶,但是我方由于租船困难,不能在合同规定的时间内到装运港接运货物,从而出现了较长时期的货等船现象,于是巴西方面要求撤销合同并向我方进口商提出赔偿损失的要求。
巴西出口商的做法是否合理?[案例分析]根据FOB条件成交,要求买方在约定的期限租船到指定的装运港接运货物。
我方没能及时派船接运货物,属于违约行为,因此巴西出口商有权以此为由撤销合同并要求赔偿损失。
国际商务单证员复习资料(答案)
一、选择题
1.下列属于进口商开立的单证是: A. 报关单 B. 发票 C. 装箱单 D. 提单
答案:B. 发票
2.单证员在处理单证时应注意以下哪项要求: A. 单据真实有效 B. 单据
日期要晚于合同签订日期 C. 单据要盖有公章 D. 单据金额应高于实际成交金额
答案:A. 单据真实有效
二、简答题
1.请简要说明FOB和CIF的区别。
答:FOB是指卖方交货到船上的价格术语,卖方必须在货物通过船边缘时完成交货,此时责任和风险由卖方转移到买方。
而CIF是成本、保险费和运费的价格术语,卖方负责支付货物运输至目的港口的所有费用和保险费,直到将货物交付给买方。
2.请列举国际贸易中常见的主要单证。
答:主要单证包括发票、装箱单、提单、保险单、商业发票、产地证、商检证、质检证、卫生证、消毒证等。
三、案例分析题
某公司从中国购买一批货物,运费和保险费由卖方承担,到达目的港后,买方
提供给单证员以下单据,请根据单据内容分析是否完整并给出处理建议。
1.发票:金额与合同一致
2.装箱单:详细列明商品名称、数量、毛重、净重、尺寸等
3.提单:注明目的港名称、船名、航次、货物品名、数量、船公司信息
4.保险单:包括所有险种,保险金额与发票金额相符
答:根据提供的单据内容来看,发票、装箱单、提单和保险单均完整,且信息
准确无误,建议单证员进行核对无误后即可办理货物清关手续。
以上是国际商务单证员复习资料的答案部分,希望对大家复习有所帮助。
祝大
家顺利通过考试!。
考试题型:四、名词解释:15分五、简答题:30分六、论述题:20分第一章 国际贸易与国际投资基本理论一、单项选择题1.资本主义早期的国际贸易理论是 A A.重商主义 B.重农主义 易主义2.对资本主义生产方式最早的理论探讨是 A.重农主义 B.重商主义义3.属于贸易保护理论的是 AA.贸易乘数理论B.绝对成本论说4.将取之于对外贸易中的货币仅作为财富珍藏下来,而不再投入对外贸易流通的 理论称之为 AA.货币差额论B.贸易乘数理论C.贸易差额论D.贸易平衡 论5 .将货币当作资本,以便从对外贸易中得到更多货币的理论称之为 C A.货币差额论 B.贸易乘数理论 C.贸易差额论 D.货币平衡 论6 .晚期重商主义最杰出的代表人物是 BA.斯塔福德B.托马斯•孟C.博丹7 .提出保护幼稚工业学说的经济学家是 D A.斯塔福德 B.托马斯•孟 C.凯恩斯8.在第一次世界大战与第二次世界大战之间盛行的贸易保护政策是A.早期重商主义B.晚期重商主义C.超保护贸易主义D.新贸易保 护主义 9.属于贸易保护理论代表人物的是 D A.亚当•斯密 B.大卫•李嘉图 C.俄林D.凯恩斯10 .凯恩斯的代表作是 D《国际商务》 复习题 (1610)一、单项选择题:15分二、多项选择题:10分 三、填空题:10分 C.凯恩斯主义 BC.凯恩斯主义 C.比较成本论D.超保护贸 D.马克思主 D.要素禀赋 D.孟克列钦 D.李斯特A.《国富论》B.《政治经济学及赋税原理》C.《政治经济学的国民体系》D.《就业、利息和货币通论》11 .为证明增加新投资对就业和国民收入的好处,凯恩斯提出了 BA.重商主义学说B.投资乘数理论C.比较成本理论D.保护幼稚工业学说12 .属于自由贸易理论的是 CA.贸易乘数理论B.货币差额论C.绝对成本论D.贸易差额论13 .属于自由贸易理论代表人物的是 AA.亚当•斯密B.托马斯•孟C.李斯特D.凯恩斯14.在历史上第一次从生产领域出发,说明国际贸易发生与发展必然性的理论是明17.认为在劳动要素的质的方面具有相对优势,有利于生产和出口技术密集型产品的理论是 DA.依附理论B.绝对成本论C.比较成本论D.人力技能与人力资本理论18 .提出偏好相似理论的经济学家是 BA.俄林B.林德C.赫克歇尔D.凯恩斯19 .从需求方面,即由人均收入水平的相同来解释国际贸易商品流向的理论是 CAA.绝对成本论B.比较成本论 说 15 .大卫•李嘉图的代表作是BA.《国富论》C.《就业、利息和货币通论》 16 .提出依附理论的经济学家是 DA.凯伦B.格鲁贝尔C.重商主义D.要素禀赋 B.《政治经济学及赋税原理》 D.《英国得自对外贸易的财富》C.巴拉萨D.萨米尔•阿A.产业内贸易理论B.新贸易理论C.偏好相似理论D.依附理论20.最早的现代跨国直接投资理论是 CA.竞争优势理论B.产品周期理论C.断优势理论D.国际生产折衷理论 21.产品周期理论的首创者是 BA.海默B.维农C.邓宁D.波特22.维农从美国制造业的情况出发,将产品周期分为三个阶段,其中不包括 DA.成熟产品阶段B.新产品阶段C.标准化产品阶段D.专业化产品阶段 23.目前对跨国公司及直接投资影响最大的一种理论是 DA.竞争优势理论B.产品周期理论C.垄断优势理论D.国际生产折衷理论 24.提出国际生产折衷理论的是 CA.海默B.维农C.邓宁D.波特25.国际生产折衷理论的核心是提出了三个决定一国企业对外直接投资的变量,其中不包括 AA.竞争优势B.所有权优势,内部化优势 D.区位优势26.世界各国(地区)之间货物和服务交换的活动称为 AA.国际贸易B.出口贸易C.进口贸易D.进出口贸易27.一国(地区)与其他国家(地区)之间商品和服务的交换活动称为 DA.国际贸易B.世界贸易C.全球贸易D.对外贸易28.一个国家(地区)在一定时期内出口额与进口额的相差数称为 CA.贸易顺差B.贸易逆差C.贸易差额D.国际收支差额 29.一个国家在一定时期出口贸易额和进口贸易额之和称为 AA.对外贸易额B.对外贸易量C.国际贸易额D.国际贸易量30.世界各国出口贸易额的总和称为 BA.对外贸易额B.国际贸易额C.净出口额D.累计出口额31.出口商品价格与进口商品价格之间的比率称为 A8 .当出口贸易额大于进口贸易额时,可称之为 ADE A.贸易顺差 B.贸易逆差 C.贸易赤字D.贸易盈余E.出A.贸易条件B.贸易差额C.出超D.入超32.用一个简短的概念或英文缩写字母来表示价格的构成和交易的其他条件,称为A.贸易方式B.贸易工具C.贸易术语33 .仅适用于海运和内河运输的国际贸易术语是 AA.FOBB.FCAC.CPT 34 .适用于各种运输方式的国际贸易术语是 BA.FOBB.FCAC.CFR 35 .货物的有关保险手续应当由卖方负责办理的国际贸易术语是A.CIFB.FOBC.FCA 36 .以银行为付款人的即期汇票是 AD.贸易条件 D.CIP D.CIF AD.CPTA.支票B.汇票C.本票D.信用证二、多项选择题1 .属于贸易保护理论的有 ADE A.货币差额论 B.比较成本论 易差额论2 .贸易保护理论的代表人物有 ABCD A.汉密尔顿 B.托马斯•孟 当?斯密3 .早期重商主义的代表有 ABE A.孟克列钦 B.博丹 廉?斯塔福德4 .晚期重商主义的代表主要有 BDE A.俄林 B.柯尔培尔 东尼奥?塞拉5 .属于自由贸易理论的有 BCE A.贸易差额论 B.比较成本论 素禀赋说6 .自由贸易理论的代表人物有 BCDE A.凯恩斯 B.亚当•斯密 卫•李嘉图7 .古典自由贸易理论有 BCC.绝对成本论D.贸易乘数理论E.贸C.凯恩斯D.李斯特E.亚C.亚当?斯密D.大卫•李嘉图E.威C.赫克歇尔D.托马斯•孟E.安C.绝对成本论D.贸易乘数理论E.要C.赫克歇尔D.俄林E.大C.绝对成本论D.货币差额论E.要超9.当出口贸易额小于进口贸易额时,可称之为 BCEA.贸易顺差B.贸易逆差C.贸易赤字D.出超E.入超10.仅适用于海运和内河运输的国际贸易术语有 ABCA.FOBB.CFRC.CIFD.FCAE.CPT11.适用于各种运输方式的国际贸易术语有 ADEA.CIPB.CFRC.CIFD.FCAE.CPT12.货物的风险在船舷转移的国际贸易术语有 ABEA.FOBB.CFRC.CIPD.FCAE.CIF三、填空题1.贸易保护的起点是(重商主义)。
国际商务单证销售合同的主要知识点
1. 合同的当事人呀!就像一场比赛的选手,一方是卖方,另一方是买方,他们可是合同的核心呢!比如说,小明的公司要向国外卖一批货物,那小明公司就是卖方,国外的买家就是买方啦。
2. 合同的标的那可是很关键的哟!就如同是一场冒险中要寻找的宝藏呀。
像小红要出口一批手机,这些手机就是合同的标的呀。
3. 价格条款也不能马虎呀!这不就是买卖的“天平”嘛!比如说小李和国外客户谈的价格,直接决定了他们的利润和成本呢。
4. 交货条款可是像接力比赛中的交接棒一样重要呢!比如王五的公司承诺在某个时间把货物交到指定地点,这可得做到呀。
5. 支付条款就像是给对方的“报酬承诺”呢!好比赵六的国外客户按照约定付款,这才是诚信的交易呀。
6. 检验条款像是给货物做“体检”呀!万一有问题可要及时发现呢。
就像陈七的那批货,经过检验才知道合不合格。
7. 违约条款就像是给合同上了一道“保险”呀!以防对方不守信呢。
比如孙八的合同里规定了违约的责任,让双方都更有保障。
8. 争议解决条款就像是为解决纠纷准备的“通道”呀!当有矛盾时就知道该怎么走啦。
就像周九和客户在合同里约定好怎么解决争议,多省心呀!
我的观点结论就是:这些国际商务单证销售合同的主要知识点就像一个个小零件,组合好了才能让合同这辆“车”顺利跑起来呀!。
国际商务谈判期末复习资料一、名词解释(4分*5个)1、广义的谈判:包括各种场合和各种形式下进行的交流、洽谈和协商。
2、国际商务谈判:指在国际商务活动中,处于不同国家或地区的商务活动当事人为了满足一定需要,彼此通过交流、沟通、协商、妥协而达成交易目的的行为过程。
3、最高期望目标:也称理想目标,是对谈判者最有利的一种理想目标,它是指在满足某方的实际利益之外,还有一个“额外的增加值".4、可接受目标:也称立意目标,是谈判人员根据各种主客观因素,考察种种具体情况,经过科学论证、预测和核算之后所确定的谈判目标。
5、商务谈判探测:是指谈判人员依据谈判任务寻找、了解交易对象的活动。
6、宠将法:在谈判中,切合实际或不切合实际的颂扬对方,以合适的物资赠送对方,使对方产生一种友善、一种好感,甚至信任,从而放松思想警戒,软化谈判立场,使己方的谈判目标得以实现。
7、激将法:在谈判中,故意运用适当话语刺激对手,使其感到坚持自己的观点和立场已直接损害其形象、自尊心和荣誉,从而动摇或改变其所持谈判态度和条件的做法。
8、分配性谈判:双方利益呈完全负相关关系,亦即增加一方的获利必然同时减少另一方的获利.9、整合型谈判:建立在对问题的共同理解上,并且试图整合谈判各方的需求,认为各方的目标彼此可以兼容,问题的解决给双方都带来利益,即所谓的双赢。
二、简答题(5分*10个)1、国际商务谈判的特征(1)一般性特征:①商务谈判以获得经济利益为目的,追求谈判的经济利益;②商务谈判以价格为核心,其他因素可折算为价格;③商务谈判是参与各方“合作”与“冲突"的对立统一;④商务谈判中双方利益追求受一定的利益界限的约束;⑤商务谈判各方最终获利的大小,取决于谈判各方的实力和谈判能力;⑥商务谈判注重合同条款的严密性与准确性。
(2)特殊性特征:①跨国性;②政策约束性;③文化差异性;④谈判人员的高素质。
2、国际商务谈判的类型:①个体谈判和集体谈判;②双边谈判和多边谈判;③主场谈判、客场谈判和中立地谈判;④民间谈判、官方谈判和半官半民谈判;⑤让步型谈判、立场型谈判和原则型谈判。
编号:_______________本资料为word版本,可以直接编辑和打印,感谢您的下载国际商务合同复习资料10甲方:___________________乙方:___________________日期:___________________2、如何降低外汇风险How to reduce the risk of foreign exchange?①the seller can pay in the currency of his or her own country or more stableand relatively stronger currency②The buyer can pay in weak or soft currency③Payment in a unit of account (such as a special drawing right SDR)④Use of a factor⑤Use of forward and options contracts in a process known as hedging3.为什么保护知识产权很重要?P71-P72 +后果Why the protection of intellectual property is very important?Unique designs, methods, names, and symbols constitute industrial and intellectual property. The exclusive rights to such property are valuable. For example, a name can serve not only to distinguish your goods are services but also to extend the buyer 's trust to your entire product or service line.If another trader use your name or copy your design without your consent, you may lose not only sales but also the value of your reputation. You may even lose your exclusive rights to your name, work, or design. So the contractual protection of your exclusive rights to your industrial and intellectual property is very important.4、合同纠纷解决要扩展(page 113)Contract dispute resolutionCommunication, waiver, modification and negotiation 沟通、豁免、修改、谈判Communication between you and your foreign business partner is essential to keeping the relationship.你们和你的外国商业伙伴之间的交流是保持关系是至重要原因的。
备考2024湖北省国际商务师之国际商务理论与实务练习题(十)及答案一单选题(共60题)1、发生下列哪些情况时,违约方可以援引不可抗力条款受求免责,()A.战争B.外汇风险C.延迟交货D.商品价格波动试题答案:A2、根据《INCOTERMS2000》的规定,采用FOB或CIF术语成交,货物在海运途中损坏灭失的风险A.由卖方承担B.由买方承担C.前者由卖方承担,后者由买方承担D.前者由买方承担,后者由卖方承担试题答案:B3、凡做成限制性背书的汇票,只能由凭票取款。
A.其他被背书人B.指定的被背书人C.银行D.买方试题答案:B4、在国际贸易的纠纷解决过程中,如果买卖双方在合同中订有仲裁协议,则他们A.只能通过法院解决纠纷B.只能通过仲裁机构解决纠纷C.既可以到法院,也可以到仲裁机构去解决纠纷D.应该先到仲裁机构去,如果一方不服裁决,可再到法院上诉试题答案:B5、下列属于国民待遇条款适用范围的权利有()。
A.领海捕鱼权B,购买上地权C.船舶在港的待遇D.沿海航行权6、目前我国第一大类出口商品是()。
A.高新技术B.机电产品C.纺织服装D.电子产品试题答案:B7、按CFR贸易术语成交的出口合同中,不应计入货物价格的是A.货物成本B.运费C.保险费D.各项出口税费试题答案:C8、某项发盘于某月15日以信函方式送达受盘人。
但在送达受盘人的前一天,发盘人以传真告知受盘人发盘无效,此行为属于A. 一项新发盘B.发盘的修改C.发盘的撤回D.发盘的撤销试题答案:C9、独家代理和包销两种贸易方式,()。
A.都是买卖关系B.都是委托代理关系C.前者是买卖关系,后者是委托代理关系D.前者是委托代理关系,后者是买卖关系试题答案:D10、T/T 是指A.电汇B.提单C.信用证D.银行保函试题答案:A11、E组与F组贸易术语的主要区别在于A.前者卖方在出口国内陆交货;后者卖方在进口国内陆交货B.前者适用F各种运输方式;后者仅适用于•水上运输方式C.前者卖方不负责办理出口手续;后者卖方负责办理出口手续D.前者以工厂作为风险划分界限;后者以船舷作为风险划分界限试题答案:C12、CFR术语成交()对卖方而言需要特别注意。
国际商务专业知识-10(总分91.5,考试时间90分钟)一、单项选择题1. 某企业生产2种玩具,准备在中国内地、香港、美国和日本开展营销,该企业宜采用______组织形式。
A.职能结构B.地区结构C.产品结构 D.矩阵结构2. 能尽快大批量生产、需求弹性又比较大的新产品,比较适合于定价。
A.撇脂 B.产品线 C.市场渗透 D.折扣3. 生产者在某一地区仅通过少数几个精心挑选的中间商来分销产品,这是分销策略。
A.广泛 B.密集 C.强力 D.选择性4. 进口国提起反倾销的条件不包括______A.低价进口 B.存在倾销行为 C.出口产品对进口国的相关工业造成实质损害或实质损害的威胁,或者对该国相关工业的建立产生实质性阻碍 D.倾销与损害之间存在因是关系5. 因未预期到的汇率变动通过影响企业生产销售数量、价格和成本等,引起企业未来一定时期的收益和现金流量减少的风险称为。
A.交易风险 B.会计风险 C.经济风险6. 按照我国法律规定,下列具有独立的法人资格的是。
A.公司 B.个人企业 C.合伙7. 赋予员工以挑战性的工作任务,激发他们取得成绩,这种激励形式是。
A.目标激励 B.认同激励 C.成就激励 D.领导激励8. 由出票人签发的,委托银行于见票时无条件向受款人支付一定金额的票据是。
A.汇票 B.本票 C.支票9. 是指公司的利润额在尽可能短的时间内达到最大。
A.股东财富最大化 B.利润最大化 C.市场占有率最大化 D.市场份额最大化10. 当汽油的价格上升时,对小汽车的需求量将。
A.减少 B.保持不变 C.增加11. 是以组织中历史数据为基础,对数据进行分析,从而确定具体的标准。
A.经验标准 B.统计标准 C.时间标准 D.经济标准12. 卖方信贷是指在大型成套设备贸易中由______提供的贷款A.卖方所在地银行向卖方 B.买方所在地银行向卖方 C.买方所在地银行向买方 D.卖方所在地银行向买方所在地银行13. 无论是国内营销调研还是国际营销调研,企业首先要做的是。
国际商务单证员(单证基础理论与知识)模拟试卷10(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. 单项选择题 2. 多项选择题 3. 判断题单项选择题40小题,每小题1分,共40分。
单项选择题的答案只能选择一个,多选不得分,请在答题卡上将相应的选项涂黑。
1.轻工进出口公司出口电冰箱共1000台,合同和信用证都规定不准分批装运。
运输时有30台被撞,包装破裂,冰箱外观变形,不能出口。
根据《UCP500》规定,只要货款不超过信用证总金额,交货数量允许有5%的增减。
据此,轻工公司发货时,可以装运( )A.1000台B.970台C.950台正确答案:A2.根据海关规定,进口货物的进口日期是指( )。
A.载货的运输工具申报的日期B.向海关申报货物进口的日期C.申报货物准予提取的日期D.申报货物进入海关监管仓库的日期正确答案:A3.某合同价格条款规定为每公吨CIF新加坡100美元,这种价格是( ) A.净价B.含佣价C.离岸价D.折扣价正确答案:A4.保兑信用证的保兑行,其责任是( )A.在开证行不履行付款义务时履行付款义务B.在开证申请人不履行付款义务时履行付款义务C.承担第一性的付款义务D.开证行承担第一性的付款责任,保兑行承担第二性的付款责任正确答案:C5.进口商在货物到达目的港后,应在运输工具进境之日起( )天内向海关申报。
A.3天B.7天C.14天D.15天正确答案:C6.各种单据的签发日期应符合逻辑性和国际惯例,通常( )日期是议付单据出单最早的时间A.发票B.提单C.保险单报关单正确答案:A7.“Transshipment permitted, part shipments allowed ,but part shipment of each item not allowed,, 的中文意思是( )。
A.转运允许,分运允许,但每个品种的货物不得分运B.转运不允许,分运允许,但每个品种的货物不得分运C.转运允许,分运允许,但每个品种的货物必须分运D.转运允许,分运不允许,但每个品种的货物不得分运正确答案:A8.使用Freight Prepaid的方式支付运费的是( )。
第十章涉外仲裁机构或其他仲裁机构仲裁额,当事人不得向人民法院起诉。
是当事人承担必须将争议提交仲裁解决,并按仲裁协议规定的仲裁程序规则,指定仲裁员和参与仲裁审理的义务。
我国企业在订立涉外经济合同时,对仲裁地点主要采取的规定办法有哪些?答:(1)明确规定在中国,由中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会或海事仲裁委员会进行仲裁。
我国大多数涉外经济合同都是这样规定的。
(2)明确规定在被告所在国家的仲裁机构进行仲裁。
这往往是双方都力争在本国进行仲裁而又无法达成一致意见时所采取的一种折中做法。
一般交易为双方当事人所接受。
(3)规定在双方当事人同意的第三国的仲裁机构进行仲裁。
在采取这种做法时,应选择对我国友好的国家作为仲裁地点。
7.简述1958年纽约公约的内容。
答:(1)公约明确规定,缔约国在承认应该相互承认和执行对方国家所作出的仲裁裁决,并规定在承认和执行对方国家的仲裁裁决时,不应该在实质上比承认和执行本国的仲裁裁决提出更为麻烦的条件或征收更高的费用。
(2)公约第4条规定,申请承认和执行裁决的一方当事人,应提供经过适当证明的仲裁裁决的正本或副本,以及仲裁协议的正本或经过适当证明的副本,必要时还应附具译本。
(3)公约第5条规定了拒绝承认和执行外国仲裁裁决的条件。
按照公约的规定,凡外国仲裁裁决有下列情况之一者,被请求执行的机关可依被诉人的请求,拒绝予以承认和执行。
①被诉人证明仲裁协议的当事人无行为能力,或根据仲裁协议选定的准据法,或根据作出裁决国家的法律,该项仲裁协议是无效的。
②被诉人没有得到关于指定仲裁员或进行仲裁程序的适当通知或者由于其他原因而不能对案件提出意见。
③裁决的事项超出仲裁协议所规定的范围。
④仲裁庭的组成或仲裁程序与双方当事人的协议不相符合,或者在双方当事人无协议时,与仲裁地国家的法律不相符合。
⑤仲裁裁决对当事人尚未发生拘束力,或者裁决已被仲裁地国家的有关当局撤销或停止执行。
(4)公约还规定,如果被请求承认和执行仲裁裁决的国家的有关当局认为,按照该国的法律,裁决中的争议事项不适合以仲裁方式处理,或者认为裁决的内容违反该国的公共秩序,也可以拒绝予以执行。
2009年7月高等教育自学考试福建省统一命题考试国际商务合同试卷(课程代码07970)一、填空题(本大题共10空,每空1分,共10分)请在每小题的空格中填上正确答案。
错填、不填均无分。
1.贸易术语是用_______或者用_______来表明货物价格的构成、买卖双方有关费用的负担、手续的办理以及风险责任的划分。
2.合同的变更是在原合同基础上的_______内容的_______或补充。
3.买卖合同是出卖人转移——的所有权,买受人——的合同。
4.标准条款是当事人为了_______而_______,并在订合同时未与对方协商的条款。
5.《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》要求撤回的通知应_______发价到达对方,至少要_______,否则,发价不能撤回。
二、单项选择题(本大题共10小题。
每小题1分,共1O分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
6.下列术语中,用于表示工厂交货的是【】A.FOB B.CIF C.CFR D.EXW7.关于诉讼和仲裁时效的起算时间,《国际商会国际销售示范合同》规定是【】 A.在货物到达之日起B.在汴讼原因发生后C.自当事人知道权利受到侵害之日起D.从货物到达的第二日起8.下列合同中一般不采用信用证作为付款方式的是【】A.FOB合同 B.CIF合同 C.CFR合同 D.EXW合同9.根据我国《民法通则》,诉讼时效需要暂停计算的是【】A.诉讼时效的中断 B.诉讼时效的中止C.诉讼时效的终止 D.诉讼时效的停止10.区别国际货物买卖合同与国内货物买卖合同的标准是【】A.双方当事人的住所地 B.双方当事人的营业地C.双方当事人的国籍与营业地 D.双方当事人的国籍11.根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定,对以下哪项的修改是对发价的非实质性变更【】A.货物数量 B.发票份数C.交货时间 D.解决争议的方法12.CFR价格与CIF价格相比少了【】A.保险费 B.运费 C.装船费 D.卸货费13.以下哪项不是合同的变更必须具备的条件【】A.合同的变更经合同当事人协商一致B.合同的变更是善意的C.合同的变更是公平的D.合同的变更是无条件的14.《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》对贸易惯例的适用,以下说法错误的是【】 A.当事人可明确表示接受任何贸易惯例B.当事人对贸易惯例可默示接受C.可明示接受的贸易惯例必须是双方都涉及过的D.可明示接受的贸易惯例可以是当事人之间确立的任何习惯作法15.根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》规定,下列承诺无效的是【】A受约人电话通知要约人表示接受B.受约人按要约的规定开立信用证C.受约人对要约保持沉默D.受约人希望木箱包装改为纸箱包装三、多项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)在每小题的五个备选_项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
国际商务材料题
题目:国际货物贸易合同
一.合同双方
甲方:(卖方)
乙方:(买方)
二.合同条款
1. 货物描述:
甲方同意出售以下货物给乙方,货物品名、规格、数量、质量等详情如下:
2. 价格和付款方式:
乙方同意按照以下条件支付货物购买价格:
- 单价:
- 总金额:
- 付款方式:
- 付款期限:
3. 装运方式和保险:
- 装运方式:
- 装运港口:
- 目的港口:
- 承担保险方:
- 保险费用:
4. 交货日期及验收标准:
甲方将按以下时间表交付货物,并乙方负责进行货物的验收:
- 交货日期:
- 验收标准:
5. 适用法律和争议解决:
本合同受________法律管辖。
任何因本合同引起的争议,双方同意通过友好协商解决。
如果协商不能解决,争议将提交仲裁机构,并按照该机构的仲裁裁决执行。
6. 违约责任:
- 甲方违约:
- 乙方违约:
7. 其他条款:
- 保密条款:
- 不可抗力:
- 合同变更:
- 合同生效:- 合同解除:
三.亲笔签名
甲方:
乙方:。
国际商务合同复习资料2、如何降低外汇风险How to reduce the risk of foreign exchange?①the seller can pay in the currency of his or her own country or more stable and relatively stronger currency②The buyer can pay in weak or soft currency③Payment in a unit of account (such as a special drawing right SDR)④Use of a factor⑤Use of forward and options contracts in a process known as hedging3.为什么保护知识产权很重要?P71-P72 +后果Why the protection of intellectual property is very important?Unique designs, methods, names, and symbols constitute industrial and intellectual property. The exclusive rights to such property are valuable. For example, a name can serve not only to distinguish your goods are services but also to extend the buyer’s trust to your entire product or service line.If another trader use your name or copy your design without your consent, you may lose not only sales but also the value of your reputation. You may even lose your exclusive rights to your name, work, or design. So the contractual protection of your exclusive rights to your industrial and intellectual property is very important.4、合同纠纷解决要扩展(page 113)Contract dispute resolutionCommunication, waiver, modification and negotiation 沟通、豁免、修改、谈判Communication between you and your foreign business partner is essential to keeping the relationship. 你们和你的外国商业伙伴之间的交流是保持关系是至重要原因的。
Negotiation, followed by written confirmation of any waiver or modified contract term, is the most effective means of resolution in terms of cost and time谈判,紧随其后的书面确认任何放弃或修改合同期内,最有效的手段是在成本和时间方面决议1) Mediation调解The process of Mediation is in essence a negotiation that is facilitated by an object third person.调解的过程,本质上是一次借助于一个对象是第三人的谈判Advantages and disadvantages: the focus of mediation is on the future relationship of the parties.优点和缺点:调解的焦点是对未来双方的关系。
This process is informal, relatively easy and fast, and less costly than arbitration or trial.这个过程被非正式的、相对简单和快速,仲裁费用少于或审判。
Procedures: the parties typically choose a mediator or are referred to mediation by a court before litigation is pursued.2) ArbitrationArbitration is an adjudicatory process that is held before an object third party who renders a decision based on the adversarial presentations of the disputing parties.仲裁是一个评判过程举行前呈现一个第三方的对抗性的演讲The process of arbitration is controlled by laws, rules, and regulations specific to the forum chosen for the arbitration. Thus the procedures will vary depending on the forum selected by the parties仲裁的过程的控制是由法律、规则和特定规定。
因此,程序将取决于法庭当事人选择3) LitigationLitigation is costly, time consuming, and even if ultimately resolved in your favor still does not address a primary concern. The courts of many countries are biased in favor of their own nationals, and foreigners rarely, if ever, obtain satisfaction. The best advices is to avoid litigation altogether诉讼是昂贵的,耗时的,即使最终解决有利于你,但是诉讼仍然没有解决当事人主要关心的问题。
很多国家的法院诉讼都有利于自己的公民而不利于国外公民,如果可以的话,,皆大欢喜的情况,最好的建议完全是为了避免诉讼5、如何使合同条款更加严谨?How to tighten your clauses? P88 10选66、仲裁与诉讼的比较Advantages to arbitration 仲裁的优势1、It is less expensive and faster than a court trial2、The parties tend to have more control over the choice of the decision makers3、Many of the rules governing procedures and admission of evidence are relaxed inarbitration proceedingsDisadvantages to arbitration 仲裁的不足1、In many countries, arbitration is unavailable or is just being developed2、The relatively low cost of arbitration when compared with trial proceedings doesnot mean that arbitration is cheap3、The arbitration will resolve past differences, but often will not build a continuingrelationshipLitigation to Advantages 诉讼的优势1、In many countries , the court systems are well-developed and effective, you mayjust get a quick and fair trial2、You may even be a awarded costs and attorney’s fees as the winning party3、You may find that enforcement is fairly easyDisadvantages to litigation 诉讼的不足1、Litigation is more expensive and slower than arbitration2、The parties tend to have less control over the choice of the decision maker3、Many of the rules governing procedures and admission of evidence are strict in Litigation7、买方的隐形成本P16——P19 写满即可不用全部抄下The Buyer’s Hidden Costs一、International shipping→P161)Customs clearance→If the seller is not responsible for clearing goods throughcustoms, you will be2)Insurance→You should consider obtaining against the risk of loss of damage to thegoods in transport, particularly if a substantial amount of money is involved3)Interruption of business→You should consider whether you will have anyinterruption in your own business when the goods arrive, whether for training, installation. Testing, maintenance, or otherwise4)Hospitality Cost→Whether you are buying goods or services, you may incur costsfor entertaining a visiting seller5)Third Party Expenses6)Lost sales or production Delays→If satisfactory goods do not arrive or services areinadequate, you may lose your own sales or you may have to delay your own production7)Temporary Facilities→If a shipment is late, you may have to retain an emptystorage facility for the imminent but uncertain arrival of the goods8)Replacement Goods or Services→A delay in performance may require you to payfor replacement goods for services二、The Seller’s Hidden Costs 卖方的隐形成本1)Product Adaptations→International markets may require modification of yourgoods of service to follow national laws or consumer cultural preferences2)International Shipping→P183)Customs Clearance→Depending on the deal you are able to make, you may beresponsible for clearing goods through customs in your own country and possibly through customs in the country of importation4)Insurance→You should consider obtaining insurance against the risk of loss ordamage to the goods in transport, at least until the goods are delivered to the buyer5)Third-Party Expenses6)Temporary Facilities7)Mitigation Expenses→If a contract for the sale of goods fails completely, you willhave to find a new buyer8、卖方如何保护自己的知识产权?sellers protection against infringement P73小标题下The seller how to protect their intellectual property?(1)First, Make the application to register. Never voluntarily allow sales of your goods in a country where you have not applied to register your intellectual property with a government agency. (2)Your contract should specify that you have registered or have a pending registration of the property rights in the buyer’s country.(3)Add an incentive for the Buyer’s help in stopping infringement.(4)Make a liquidated damages clause.(5)Seller should know the Buyer’s business background before making the sale.(6)Seller must be certain to follow the progress of the buyer’s sales.9、in what circumstances it is an invalid contract 什么情形下的合同是无效合同1)One party induced conclusion of the contract though fraud of duress, thereby harmingthe interests of the state2)The parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, thecollective or any third party3)The parties intended to conceal an illegal purpose under the guise of a legitimatetransaction4)The contract harms public interests5)The contract violates a mandatory provision of any law, of administrativeregulation53条1)Excluding one party a liability for personal injury caused to the other party2)Excluding one party liability for property loss caused to the other party by itsintentional misconduct or gross negligence3)《合同法》第五十二条有下列情形之一的,合同无效:(一)一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同,损害国家利益;(二)恶意串通,损害国家、集体或者第三人利益;(三)以合法形式掩盖非法目的;(四)损害社会公共利益;(五)违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。